同济大学博士生入学考试试题
同济大学神经病学2012,2014年考博真题
1.闭锁综合征（题是英文的）
2.脊髓半切综合征（题是英文的）
3.Todd瘫痪
4.蛋白-细胞分离
5.肌无力危象
二、简答（10’×4题）
1.脑血管病的一级预防
2.视神经传导通路受损后的各种视野缺损表现，并说明何时出现黄斑回避
3.简述癫痫发作的类型
4.单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的诊断依据
三、问答（20’×2题）
1.蛛网膜下腔出血的并发症及治疗
2.帕金森病长期应用左旋多巴治疗后出现的运动并发症及治疗。
二、简答与论述
1、多发性周围性神经病的临床表现，
2、帕金森病的临床表现及左旋多巴治疗出现的中枢性负作用，
3、脊髓压迫征的临床表现，
4、简述2010对缺血性卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防脂代谢异常的控制措施。
同济大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
同济大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
脊髓休克，基底型偏头痛，延髓背外侧综合征，JACKSON EPLIEPSY,MYASTHETIC CRISIS,
同济大学病理学2017年考博真题考博试卷
4、肿瘤异常增生的异常性表现在哪方面（5 分） 5、列表说明癌与肉瘤在形态学上的区别（4 分） 6、肿瘤的演进和异质性，并简述它们关系（4 分） 7、影像学发现一患者左肺上叶一大小为 3*4cm 的结节状阴影，从病理变化角 度，说明最可能的疾病？（8生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
第1页 共1页
同济大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、选择（1*30=30 分） 单选 15 分，多选 15 分。 二、填空（0.5*30=15 分） 白细胞的局部作用，分子**， 最早发现的抑癌基因在_病毒中发现，主要有哪三中病毒，肿瘤局部浸润的四 个步骤，出血性梗死的条件_，解剖学因素_,_。 白色血栓的成分，透明血栓的成分，原癌基因主要合成的蛋白主要是对人体细 胞发展有重要作用的_和_。 层粘连蛋白和基底结合的受体是_。 肿瘤生长快慢的指标_,_,_ 三、名词解释（2*10 分=20 分） 1、 肉芽肿 2、 肿瘤异型性 3、 接触抑制机制 4、 急性转化病毒 5、 肿瘤相关抗原 6、 间接致癌物 7、 上皮内瘤变 8、 肝转移性胃癌 9、 槟榔肝 10、 脂肪心 四、简答题（35 分） 1、列表说明干性坏疽与湿性坏疽的区别（4 分） 2、列表说明脓肿与蜂窝织性炎的区别（4 分） 3、列表说明坏死与凋亡的区别（6 分）
同济大学2007年博士生入学考试试题 结构动力学
同济大学2007年博士生入学考试结构动力学
一、简答题（每题4分，共20分）
1. 结构自由度
2. 达朗贝尔原理
3. 用半幅值法推导
0.11
m
ς=。
4. 比较周期大小，三栋楼房A、B、C，每栋八层，其中在A座第四层和C座第八层分别放置相同质量，由大到小排列T A，T B，T C。
5. 写出单自由度系统欠阻尼的响应表达式。
二、计算题
1. 求自振周期。
图1
2. 悬臂梁，M1和M2由电磁吸引，去除电磁力使M2下落，求M1的振幅。
图2
3. 两层框架结构如图3所示，已知m1=m2=1kg，K1=2000，K2=4000，阻尼都为0.05。
1）求所有振型及自振频率；
2）求线性阻尼；
3）广义质量、广义刚度、广义阻尼；
4）用振型叠加法求稳态响应。
图3
4. 如图4所示，位移为3.038时自由释放，t=0.64s时再次达到最大，此时振幅为2.1844，质量M=90800kg，求刚度、阻尼和阻尼比。
图4
5. 求液体黏度系数u。
板重W，面积A。
在空气中自由振动，不计空气阻力，测得振幅为T1；放入液体中后，测得振幅T2，已知液体阻力F=πuAv（v为相对速度），求u。
图6
6. 推导悬臂梁横向振动的正交性。
（10分）
7. 求简支梁的振动频率。
（5分）。
同济大学城市规划博士入学考试题目
博士考试由3门课程，英语、规划原理和规划分析。
1、英语一定要去上补习班，要不就复印听课资料,考试会送20-30分的题目。
2、原理考试，多看最近三年的规划杂志。
要作到言之有物，辩之有据。
3、规划分析由多个老师轮换着出题，我那年的考试方向大变，基本上是道路交通和GIS内容的。
所以大家要多看书。
2004年的考题，博士3课中，英语、规划原理都满50就行了, 规划分析要60分。
2008年11月规划博士考题城市规划原理1．从你所在学科（可以是城市规划或其它相关学科）的视角，论述中国城市化进程的基本特征和主要挑战。
2．结合你的硕士学位论文或一个研究项目，论述研究方法论的应用。
（以下为四选二）3．从资源节约和环境友好的视角，论述中国城市可持续发展的主要策略。
4．从城市规划作为公共政策的视角，论述中国城市规划变革面临的主要议题。
5．论述经济全球化对于城市和区域发展的影响。
6．论述你所在学科（可以是城市规划或其它相关学科）中与城市相关的主要研究议题及其最新发展趋势。
城市规划设计与分析现在控规的制定中常常附带总平面设计，但往往缺乏整体设计观点、和对于整体空间把握的深度。
请结合案例分析。
江南某省会城市临近铁路站场的居住区，面积150公顷，被主干道分割，地铁从地块右侧经过并设站，铁路位于地块西南侧。
城市公园位于地块东北角，两条河流从基地内穿过。
现给出该地块的控规和总平面意向方案，请分析其特点并给出优化调整意见，要求图文结合。
文字不超过1500字。
主要可以从以下三个方面入手：1．对原方案的解读，要求文图结合（文20分，图15分）2．对原方案进行评价（20分）3．提出优化调整方案，要求图文结合（图25分，文20分）2007年11月规划博士考题城市规划原理回忆版本1．从你所在的学科（可以是城市规划或其它学科）谈中国城市可持续发展的主要议题及其相关对策。
2．就你所做的一项研究，谈谈研究中方法论的应用。
（以下为四选二）3．论述城市中效率与公平的看法。
同济大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题《病理生理学》
同济大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题《病理生理学》2013年真题一、名词解释（12*2.5分）1.恶性循环2.多器官功能障碍综合征3.应激4.缺血再灌损伤5.基本病理过程6.发热7.休克8.微血管性溶血性贫血9.高渗性脱水10.代谢性酸中毒11.功能性分流12.尿毒症二、选择题（一）A型题（30*0.5分）以水电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱为主，兼顾缺氧和再灌注的试题（二）K型题（15*1分）覆盖面广，基本每个章节都涉及到三、问答题（5*8分）1. DIC引起出血的机制2. 何谓限制性通气不足，发生的原因；引发呼吸衰竭的机制3. 心肌肥大的定义、类型及特点；对机体的有利之处和不利之处4. 肝性脑病血氨清除减少的机制；血氨增高对脑组织的影响5. 病例题：慢性肾功能不全的发病机制，伴随的代谢改变并说明代谢改变中三种的发生的机制2012年真题一、名词解释1.脑死亡2.MODS3.ARDS4.肾功能不全5.呼吸衰竭6.应激性溃疡7.充血性心力衰竭8.PH反常9.内生致热源10.热休克蛋白11.心室重构12.微血管性溶血性贫血13.激素不敏感14.等渗性脱水二、选择题三、问答题1.急性全身性DIC为何会引起广泛出血和休克，其机制如何？2.心力衰竭者腹水的发生机制（是一个案例分析，大概是这个意思）3.风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理变化4.简述急性肾炎发生的机制5.肝性脑病时假神经递质有哪些？它们是如何引起肝性脑病的？2010年真题一、名词解释7、细胞信号转导1、基本病理过程2、抗利尿激素3、等渗性脱水4、PH反常5、内生致热源6、LPS8、MAPK9、激素不敏感/抵抗综合症10、充血性心力衰竭11、心肌肥大12、应激性溃疡13、热休克蛋白14、缺血再灌住损伤15、DIC二、填空1、病理生理学的任务是2、疾病转归3、休克早期局部扩血管物质4、肿瘤分泌的促细胞增殖因子5、全身适应综合症分期三、选择题1、有关于低钾血症对骨骼肌、细胞电位、高钾血症对心脏的影响；2、酸碱平衡紊乱有关AG正常酸中毒、代酸对机体影响等；3、吸氧对哪种疾病效果最佳、CO中毒、各种缺氧的血氧变化特点；4、肿瘤的细胞内信号转导异常；5、细胞凋亡的改变Caspases；细胞凋亡基因；6、应激时GC的影响；7、自由基对细胞膜的影响；8自身输血自身输液；9心脏舒张功能障碍。
同济大学博士研究生入学考试(环境微生物)试题
同济大学博士研究生入学考试（环境微生物）试题
一、填空
1．饮用水细菌总数不超过（）个，不肠杆菌不超过（）个。
2．配平方程式。
硬酯酸氧化
CH3(CH2)10CO-SCoA + CoASH + FAD + NAD + H2O→
3. 酶的分类（）、（）、（）、（）、（）、（）六类。
4．对碳源同化能力的不同，微生物分为（）、（）、（）、（）、（）五类
二、名词解释
1．Nocardia & Zoogloca infudilerla
2. PFU
3. 铁卟啉
4. 硝化细菌
5．PHB & BIP
三、问题
1．1mol丙酮酸经TCA循环的反应过程，化学方程式以及能量平衡。
2．乙醇发酵反应过程，方程式及能量平衡。
3．氧对好氧菌及专性厌氧菌的关系，为什么？
4．氮循环反应类型，图示说明。
5．厌氧三阶段理论，各阶段特点，细菌。
6．氯消毒机理，管网末端及水厂出口何保证一定的余气量，量为多少。
7．细菌及病毒遗传物质，何为遗传，举例说明。
生长曲线及各阶段特征。
2013年 同济大学博士入学考试 弹性力学真题
v
同济大学博士生入学考试 弹性力学试题
1.试用四面体证明： Ti ij vi . 2.已知函数 f ( x, y) x 2 ye1 yze3 ，求 F , F , F 。 3.已知 ij ，坐标轴绕 x 轴旋转 角，求 2'2' , 13 ' ' . 4.试用六面体证明： i , j xi 0 。 5.如图 1 所示矩形截面简支梁受三角形分布荷载作用，试取应力函数为： 。 Ax3 y3 Bxy5 Cx3 y Dxy3 Ex3 Fxy ，求简支梁的应力分量（体力不计）
2C ，
A (1 ) 2(1 )C ， 应变分量 u 0， E
u H I cos K sin ，试确定个各应力分量和应变分量中的参数。
图 3 8.试写出图示平面物体的边界条件。
图 4
图 1 6.如图 2，给出挠度函数 w A1 (1 cos
x
L
) A2 (1 cos
3 x ) ，用瑞利—李兹法求挠度。 L
Байду номын сангаас
图 2 7.有一个内、外半径分别为 a 和 b 的圆环，受均布力 q1 ， q2 作用，如图 3 所示。应力分量
A
2
2C ，
A
2
同济大学外科博士试题汇总
同济医科大学1986-1998年硕士入学考试外科试题一.名词解释等渗性脱水(94)失血性休克(94)心肺复苏(94败血症(94)痈(94)多系统器官衰竭(93)表层皮片(93)髂窝脓肿(93)滑动性疝(93)混合痔(93)whipple氏三联症(92)延期愈合(92)蜂窝织炎(92)弥漫性肝癌(92)十二指肠血管压迫综合症(92) 肱骨外上髁炎(92)疲劳骨折(92)骨筋膜室综合征(92)直腿抬高试验(92)丹毒(91) 脓肿(91) 全胃肠外营养(91) 呼吸性酸中毒(91) 二期愈合(91) kasabach－merritt综合征(91) wilm瘤(91) 畸胎瘤(91) 低张性脱水(91) 静脉高营养(91) TPN(98)MSOF(98)ARDS(98)急性蜂窝织炎(98)伤后糖尿病(96)菌群交替症(96九分法(96ARDS(96)失血性休克(90)败血症(90)肿瘤（90）低渗性缺水(90)负氮平衡(90)混合痔(86)Charcot三联症(86)Richter疝(86)BAO(86)PTC(86)二.问答题述急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病理生理。
(91)列举八种常见体表肿瘤，并简述其特征。
(91)休克的监测内容有哪些？(91)胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的诊断和鉴别诊断。
(91)代谢性酸中毒的病因，临床表现，诊断和治疗原则？(92)心跳呼吸骤停紧急处理的原则？常用的心内注射药物有哪些,并简述其主要药物作用机理?(92）急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的发病机理,病理生理变化及防治原则？(92)原发性肝癌的病因和病理生理变化，并试述现代肝胆外科在原发性肝癌诊断和治疗方面的新进展？（92）试述低渗性缺水的病因，病理生理及治疗原则.(93)简述破伤风杆菌如何引起破伤风发病？如何预防破伤风？治疗原则为何?要求写出三种控制和解除痉挛的常用药的用法.(93)试述胃大部切除术后碱性返流性胃炎发病的机理和典型临床表现，简述其诊断和治疗.(93)试述胆囊结石合并急性胆囊炎的病理改变，临床表现和手术处理原则，谈谈治疗胆囊结石有那些新进展？(93) 述感染性休克的治疗。
同济大学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题(西方哲学专业)
同济大学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题（西方哲学专业）专业一:西方哲学史:
名词解释:（每题5分）
人是万物的尺度
唯名论
美德即知识
《上帝之城》
我思故我在
自我设定非我。
二，简答每题20分)
1，为什么亚里士多德说“人是政治的动物”？
2，知性为自然产法。
3，柏拉图的“洞穴”说？
三，论述（3选2）(每题30分)
1，比较柏拉图、亚里士多德的存在学说的异同。
2，联系唯理论哲学谈谈对黑格尔“实体即主体”的理解。
3，谈谈经验论哲学的发展历程
现代西方哲学
一，名词解释（每题10分）:
1，罗素的摹状词理论
2，胡塞尔的中止判断
3，海德格尔的此在
4，伽达默尔的效果历史
5，哈贝马斯的交往行为理论
6，新托马斯主义
二，论述题（4选3，每题30分）
1，述评孔德的人类思想发展三阶段论
2，述评胡塞尔的“生活世界”理论
3，述评德里达对“逻各斯中心主义”的理解4，谈谈你对“后现代思潮”的理解。
同济大学医学院考博历年真题诊断学试题
同济医科大学20XX年诊断学（博士）一、名词解释（8*5）1.三凹征2.猫喘3.毛细血管博动症4.Murphy征阳性5.眩晕6.肿瘤标记物7.抗核抗体8.医院感染二、简答题（10×6）1.简述咯血与呕血的区别2.简述慢性腹泻的原因3.用文字简述心肌梗塞的基本图形4.诊断疾病的步骤有哪些？5.正常人血沉的参考值，试述血觉加快的临床意义6.脑脊液检查的适应征，脑脊液中的葡萄糖降低的意义同济医科大学20XX年诊断学（博士）一名解（共5题，每题3分，共15分）1.塔颅2.猫喘3.Austin Flint杂音4.液波震颤5.Bence-Jones蛋白二简答题（共8题，共55分）1.简述心肌梗塞的心电图特点。
（5分）2.何谓Louis角？其有何临床意义？（5分）3.简述正常呼吸音的种类及其各自特点。
（5分）4.简述营养状态的判断方法及其分级标准。
（5分）5.简述Cheyne-Stokes呼吸的特点及其临床意义。
（5分）6.简述第一心音和第二心音产生的机制及其临床特征。
（10分）7.简述左心衰竭发生呼吸困难的机制及左心衰竭的体征。
（10分）8.简述全身浅表淋巴结的组群分布及左、右锁骨上淋巴结群各收集哪些区域的淋巴液。
（10分）三.选答题（任选2题，每题15分，共30分）1.试述肝脏病检查项目的选择原则及常见肝病的肝功能改变。
2.试述胸腔积液与肺炎在体征上有何区别？渗出液和漏出液如何鉴别？3.主动脉瓣关闭不全的临床表现。
4.脑脊液检查的适应症？禁忌症？脑脊液检查葡萄糖降低的临床意义？同济医科大学20XX年诊断学（专基）（博士）科目代码：826注明：所有的答案内容必须答在答题纸上，凡答在试题纸上的一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1．Oliver征2、gallop rhythm3、board-like-rigidity4、非选择性蛋白尿5．Troube区6、嗜睡7、胸膜摩擦感8、中性粒细胞核左移二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1．简述房颤的心电图特点。
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。
同济大学博士研究生入学考试(环境工程微生物)试题
同济大学博士研究生入学考试（环境工程微生物）试题
一、填空
1．六界微生物系统（）
2．G氏染色法，（）色的是（）、（）色的是（），区别在于的（）的不同。
3．病毒没有（）结构，营（）的超微生物，噬菌体是（）病毒，可分为（）和（）。
4．呼吸类型（）、（）和（）
5．原生动物的营养方式（）、（）、（）和（）
二、名词解释
1．P/H指数
2．酶的活性中心
3．硝化作用
4．自养微生物
5．世代时间
6．Bacollus sabtitis & Salcima methanica
三、问题
1．菌胶团、原生动物、微型原生动物在污水处理中的作用。
2．沼气三阶段理论，产气的微生物及产物？
3．细菌在PH=1时和PH=9时的带什么电荷？原因？
4．好氧微生物的营养要求及主要生存条件？
5．选择培养基/鉴别培养基？举例。
6．氨基酸脱氨的方式？化学方程式。
7．废水处理中细菌与氧的关系，用何培养技术，如何判断？
8．1mol丙酮酸、1mol乙酸在好氧处理中如何代谢？各获得多少ATP？
9．好氧/厌氧微生物与氧气各有什么关系，为什么？10．抗菌素对微生物有哪几方面的影响？如何影响？11．什么叫生态系统？组成和功能？。
同济大学博士入学考试考题--企业管理学
同济大学博士入学考试考题
企业管理学（共七题）
1．波特提出的五种竞争战略，其中之一是抢占市场战略，即突然出现在竞争对手面前，让对手卒不及防。
有人说提高转换成本可以防止竞争对手采用这种战略，你对此是否同意？如果同意，请解释为什么小商小贩十年前可以发财，现在却发不了财？并说明如何对待替代品竞争者。
（15分）
2．目标成本的含义是什么？请你解释目标成本的指导思想和含义。
实施目标成本的步骤有哪些？目标成本的制定有哪些方法？（15分）
3．人力资源管理的发展趋势是什么？在知识经济下对人力资源的管理将更为复杂，对此可采取哪些对策？（15分）
4．质量控制体系的排列图、直方图、控制图的目的是什么？在控制图中，点子处于怎样的分布状态时，表明质量处于非控制过程状态。
（15分）5．消费者对电视机的最高承受价格是2500元，如果批发商的利润是5％，零售商要求的毛利为20％，问（1）电视机厂家的出厂价格为多少？（2）如果厂家的成本和费用合计大于（1）中计算的价格，你认为应如何处理，说明你的理论根据。
（10分）
6．设某一旧设备现在的变现价值为80 000元，可继续使用4年，继续使用的相关资料如下：
购买新设备的投资为500 000元，可使用10年，第10年末的残值为80 000元，假设折现率为12％，问是否应更换旧设备？如果更换，在第几年更换最宜。
（20分）
7．您为报考“企业管理”专业博士生作了哪些准备？例如所进行的科研项
目和发表的论文。
假如您成为一名博士生，您准备进行哪些方面的工作？（10分）。
同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题
同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Tongji University PhD in Management Science and Engineering English ExamIntroduction:The PhD in Management Science and Engineering at Tongji University is a prestigious program that attracts top scholars and researchers from around the world. To gain admission to this program, candidates must pass a rigorous English exam that tests their language proficiency and academic writing skills. This article will provide a sample of the types of questions that may be included in the exam.Sample Exam Questions:1. Essay Question:Write an essay discussing the impact of technological advancements on the field of management science and engineering. Consider how innovations in artificial intelligence, data analytics, and automation are shaping the future of thisdiscipline. Provide examples of companies or organizations that have successfully implemented these technologies to improve their operations.2. Reading Comprehension:Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:"Supply chain management plays a critical role in the success of modern businesses. By optimizing the flow of goods and services from suppliers to customers, companies can reduce costs, improve efficiency, and enhance customer satisfaction. However, disruptions in the supply chain can have serious consequences, leading to delays, stockouts, and lost revenue."a. What is the importance of supply chain management in modern businesses?b. How can disruptions in the supply chain impact a company's operations?3. Case Study Analysis:Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow:"Company X is a manufacturing firm that produces electronic devices. Due to increased competition and changing consumer preferences, the company is facing declining sales and profitability. As a management consultant, how would you advise Company X to improve its performance and regain its competitive edge?"a. Identify the challenges facing Company X.b. Propose a strategic plan to help Company X overcome these challenges.Conclusion:The English exam for the PhD in Management Science and Engineering at Tongji University is designed to assess candidates' ability to communicate effectively and analyze complex information. By practicing with sample questions like the ones provided in this article, applicants can better prepare themselves for success in the program.篇2Tongji University Management Science and Engineering PhD English ExamInstructions:1. This exam consists of four parts: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, and speaking.2. Total exam time is 4 hours.3. Students are required to bring their own pens, pencils, and erasers. No electronic devices are allowed during the exam.Part 1: Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)1. Listen to the recording and answer the following questions.a) What is the main topic of the conversation?b) Who are the two speakers and what is their relationship?c) What are the three main points discussed in the conversation?Part 2: Reading Comprehension (60 minutes)Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage: In today's highly competitive business world, effective leadership is crucial for the success of any organization. Leaders must possess a combination of skills, including excellent communication, strategic thinking, and the ability to motivateand inspire their team members. Without strong leadership, a company is unlikely to survive in the long run.Questions:1. Why is effective leadership important in business?2. What skills must a leader possess to be successful?3. How can a leader motivate and inspire team members?Part 3: Writing (90 minutes)Choose one of the following topics and write an essay of 500-700 words.1. The impact of technology on modern business2. The importance of diversity in the workplace3. Strategies for improving employee productivityPart 4: Speaking (30 minutes)Students will be given a topic to discuss for 5-10 minutes. The topic will be related to current management issues or trends. The student will be evaluated on their fluency, vocabulary, coherence, and critical thinking skills.Good luck to all students taking the exam! Remember to stay calm and focused, and do your best.篇3Tongji University Doctoral Program in Management Science and EngineeringPhD English Exam Sample QuestionsWelcome to the Tongji University Ph.D. Program in Management Science and Engineering English exam. This exam is designed to assess your English proficiency and readiness for advanced study in the field of management science and engineering. Please read each question carefully and provide detailed responses in English.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage:Recent studies have shown that companies that prioritize sustainability and social responsibility tend to perform better financially in the long run. This is because consumers are increasingly looking for environmentally friendly and sociallyconscious products and services. Companies that fail to meet these expectations risk losing market share to more responsible competitors. In addition, sustainable practices can also lead to cost savings and efficiency improvements within the organization.Questions:1. What is the relationship between sustainability and financial performance according to recent studies?2. Why do companies that prioritize sustainability have a competitive advantage in the market?3. How can sustainable practices benefit organizations beyond just social responsibility?Section 2: WritingWrite an essay of 500-600 words on the following topic:"In your opinion, what are the key challenges facing businesses in the 21st century in terms of sustainability and social responsibility? How can companies overcome these challenges and achieve long-term success?"Section 3: Oral PresentationPrepare a 10-minute oral presentation on a topic related to management science and engineering. You will be assessed on your ability to communicate clearly and effectively in English.Good luck with your exam! We look forward to welcoming you to the Tongji University Ph.D. Program in Management Science and Engineering.。
同济大学考博英语模拟题2
同济大学博士研究生入学考试模拟试题一Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab gray suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can: anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hash't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might he reversed, The old--if they are prepared to admit it--could earn a thing or two from their children. one of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions, It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the continual threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?1. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Enjoyment will be the only Pursuit in our Life.B. The Older Generation is Constantly Under Fire.C. Violence Cannot Apply to All Aspects of Life.D. The Younger Generation Knows Not the Less.2. What does the author intend to demonstrate with "office hours" adopted by the old (Paragraph 2) ?A. A type of enforced systems.B. A symbol for human initiatives.C. A sort of freedom deprivation.D. A token for the old' obsoleteness.3. It is evident that the author illustrates his point mainly by______A. exemplifying the misdeeds of the old.B. refuting general assumptions.C. quoting famous sayings and proverbs.D. resorting to statistical evidence.4. When mentioning "the rat-race" (Paragraph 2), the author is pouring scorn on the old for their______A. undignified competition for social status.B. failure to solve human conflicts by violence.C. guilty for not learning the art of enjoymentD. adherence only to their challenged values.Passage 2Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrongfor a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment The American Medical Association's policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper "Active and Passive Euthanasia" I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die --if one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction "leave the traditional position untouched".Is my argument really irrelevant? I don' t see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if' it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.But traditionalists like professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia--the direct killing of patients--is not morally permissible; so, if thy argument is sound, their view must ,be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument "leave the traditional position untouched".However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary.5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is______A. to air his opinions on Sullivan's fallacies.B. to attack the traditional view on euthanasia.C. to explain why his argument is relevant.D. to draw a line between killing and letting die.6. According to the author, the views held by traditional orthodox Catholics on euthanasia is______A. rather confusing.B. partially true.C. quite convincing.D. totally groundless.7. Which of the following best defines the word "omission" (Paragraph 6) ?A. InvolvementB. Sympathy.C. Suspension.D. Appraisal.8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. orthodox Catholics accept some kinds of killing in some circumstances.B. Sullivan contends that there is difference between killing and letting die.C. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.D. The author doesn't agree that he left the traditional position untouched.Passage 3Science writer Tom Standage draws apt parallels between the telegraph and the gem of late 20th-century technology, the Internet. Both systems grew out of the cutting edge science of their time. The telegraph's land lines, underwater cables, and clicking gadgets reflected the 19th century's research in electromagnetism. The Internet's computers and high-speed connections reflect 20th-century computer science, information theory, and materials technology.But, while gizmos make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happen. Standage's insight in this regard adds depth to his technological history. It underscores the relevance to our own time of the struggles of Samuel Morse in America, William Cooke in England, and other telegraph pioneers. They made thetechnology work efficiently, sold it to a skeptical public, and overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles. The solutions they found smooth the Internet's way today.Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet data is sent from one server computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners.Then there is the social impact. The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individuals scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the Start report quickly without the Internet. In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers that had focused on local affairs. A provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever.Some prophets naively hailed this as a force for world peace. They predicted that tensions over cultural and ethnic differences would relax as people interacted in real time. Visionaries say the same about the Internet. While communications can smooth this process, they don't automatically make it happen. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, peace takes the will to make it work and sustained effort by all parties.9. In the opening paragraph, Tom Standage takes advantage of the strategy of______A. making a comparison.B. posing a contrast.C. drawing an analogy.D. enumerating details.10. The word "gizmos" (Paragraph 2) most probably means______A. scientists.B. devices.C. pioneers.D. institutions.11. Why is it that the global telegraph network truly revolutionary?A. It renders virtual communities worldwide feasible.B. It facilitated the breakup of pervasive provincialism.C. It makes real time global news service possible.D. It accelerated the liberalization of world trade.12. As used in the context, the denotation of "provincialism" (Paragraph 4) is closely associated with______A. rigidity in thinking.B. interests in global affairs.C. limitedness in outlook.D. residence in the provinces.13. It can be concluded front the text that the contribution of technological progresses to world peace will ultimately depend upon______A. smooth applications.B. universal access.C. global news services.D. human factors.Passage 4In an effort to alleviate America's increasing dependence on foreign oil and mitigate the worst effects of the current power crisis, Sens Frank Murkowski and John Breaux recently introduced the National Security Energy Act of 2001.While the bill contains a wide array of provisions, including everything from $ 1 billion for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program to the promotion of alternative fuel vehicles, the most controversial measure calls for opening a small portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for oil and gas exploration.Liberals have already gone to war over the measure, charging that the potential resources in ANWR are negligible, that drilling in ANWR will have calamitous effects on the environment, and that any oil and gas that does come out of the area will arrive too late to solve any of the energy challenges consumers currently face.Yet such arguments simply don' t stand up to the evidence. In the first place, no one actually knows howmuch oil is available. A 1998 survey by the U. S. Geological Survey estimated that there are between 4. 3 and 11.8 billion barrels of oil within the area that could be recovered. Even using the low estimate, this would still be enough to supply all of the energy needs of the United States for nearly two-thirds of a year, more than enough to merit further exploration into the ANWR environment.Moreover, there is little evidence that the environment will be harmed by such activity. The New York Times Science Section recently pointed out that innovations in technology and technique have greatly reduced the environmental "footprint" left by oil exploration in general, and Mr. Murkowski estimates that the development resulting from even a large ANWR oil field would cover only about three square miles. Since drilling began in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, the herds of nearby caribou have greatly increased in size. Populations of nesting migratory birds have also gotten larger, "Over the past 20 years, the population of polar bears has remained exceedingly healthy," according to Mr. Murkowski.Helping the public is the primary reason for such drilling, even if the oil won't reach the market for months after the first well is capped. In the long-term, oil from ANWR will help lower energy prices, alleviate long-term energy shortages and reduce America's dependence on foreign oil.Currently, about 55 percent of America's dally oil consumption of almost 20 million barrels comes from foreign sources--700, 000 from Iraq. According to the Department of Energy, this dependence could grow to 64 percent by 2020. By then, the Center for Strategic and International Studies suggests, "fully 50 percent of estimated total global oil demand will be met from countries that pose a high risk of internal instability."America needs long-term solutions to its domestic energy needs and a smart start would be by exploring the resources at ANWR.14. According to the text, drilling in ANWR should be started______A. in the wake of a power crisis.B. despite its harmful effects.C. in the interests of the publicD. in the light of solid evidence.15. The word "mitigate" (Paragraph 1) most probably means______A. lessen.B. augment.C. migrate.D. modify.16. Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?A. It is no easy job to solve the problem of energy shortages in the US.B. Oppositions to the resources exploitations at ANSR are far-fetched.C. Drilling at ANWR will alleviate US dependence on foreign oil supplies.D. Evidence shows up that the ANSR program will harm the environment.Passage 5Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan laid forth the intellectual basis for the likely continued aggressive easing in monetary policy in the weeks ahead in his semi-annual monetary policy report to Congress.The broader point in his prepared testimony is that the improved information and production controls evident in the new economyinduce companies to respond more quickly and in tandem to changes in their business. Mistakes are still made as is evidenced by the unwanted buildup of inventories at the end of last year, but any mistakes are more aggressively addressed than in the past, as is evidenced by manufacturers' recent slashing of production. Moreover, the increasingly dramatic shifts in economic activity are particularly hard on confidence. Consumers and businesses literally freeze up due to the heightened uncertainty, and run from any perceived risks and curtail their spending and investment. If confidence deflates by enough, then a recession will ensue.Confidence has also been under extraordinary pressure in recent months due to surging energy prices and weaker stock prices. Higher energy bills have acted much like a tax increase, save the checks are largely being written to foreign energy producers. The lower stock prices are having a magnified impact due to the dramatic increase in stock wealth since the mid-1990s.The conduct of monetary policy must adjust to all of this, and thus respond more quickly and aggressivelythan in the past in an effort to shore up confidence. This explains the dramatic and unprecedented action (at least by a Greenspan-led Federal Reserve) to cut the federal funds rate target by 100 basis points in January: This also suggests that substantially more easing is on the way in the weeks ahead. Just when and by how much will depend on whether confidence continues to fall.The chairman made a point to note that policymakers have significant latitude to ease policy aggressively since inflation remains low and tame. Despite surging energy prices, inflation and inflation expectations remain contained.The Federal Reserve's economic projections for this year provided as part of the testimony support this non-recessionary view. Real GDP is expected to grow by between 2% and 2. 5% between the fourth quarter of 2000 and the fourth quarter of this year. Since this is below the economy's potential growth, the jobless rate will rise to approximately 4. 5% by year's end. Inflation will moderate somewhat in response.Recession risks are rising and as high as they have been since the last downturn almost a decade ago. The key buffer between a soft economy and a recessionary one is confidence, and today's testimony by the Federal Reserve chairman clearly indicates that policymakers will be as aggressive as they need to be to ensure that confidence erodes no further. With just a bit of luck they will succeed.17. The best title for this passage may be______A. Greenspan's Testimony.B. A New Economy.C. New Monetary Policy.D. A Confidence Builder.18. Which of the following can best be applied to the Fed Reserve's conduct of monetary policy?A. Boldness.B. Confidence.C. Caution.D. Moderateness.19. According to the passage, the new economy is characterized by______A. aggressive investment in stock markets.B. swift response of the chairman to recessions.C. wider latitude to ease monetary policy.D. better information and production controls.20. All of the following may contribute to the deflation of confidence EXCEPT______A. Lower stock markets.B. Less production controls.C. Surging energy prices.D. More risk perceptions.Part ⅢTranslation from English into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite--namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than-the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the, industrial countries would suffer if they cut heir links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second--the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic ,the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong.At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.Part ⅣWritingDirections: According to some Western media, with the rise of Chinese population, Chinese government will not produce sufficient food to feed its people. Write an essay of about 250-300 words to criticize their ideas.Your essay must be based on the instructions as follows:1. Criticize their views2. Justify your point of view参考答案与解析1．D [解析] 题干问：“下面哪项是这篇文章的最佳标题?”正确选项为D“其实年轻人知道的并不少”，这个思想贯穿于文章的段落之间，而“know”是文章重复最多的概念。
同济大学博士生综合英语考试
The Two CulturesThe separation between the literary and scientific has been getting deeper; there is now precious little communication between the two cultures, but only different kinds of incomprehension and dislike between them.The traditional culture literary is rapidly declining-standing on its precarious dignity, because the traditional culture is conservative and intolerant, whereas the scientific culture which is not restrictive and confident is expansive.There are a good many scientists indistinguishable from literary persons, and vice versa. Nevertheless, as a first approximation, the scientific culture is real enough, and so is its difference from the traditional culture.The scientists are on the up and up, they have the strength of a social force behind them, both the young scientist and old scientists work in dignity in their universities, concentrating on their research.There is a touch of the frontier qualities about the whole scientific culture, and the climate of personal relations is singularly bracing. Although both the scientists and the cultures are egotisms, the difference between them is that unlike the cultures, the scientists’ egotisms are driven by a common purpose.It is hard to describe the how much the traditional culture gets through literary culture. Although a good many scientists have the tastes of literary persons, the literary culture infiltration is much less.Compared with other forms of arts, such as graphic, poetry and novels, music may be the only one art which is cultivated among scientist.The prestige of the traditional culture is high enough for some of them to make a gallant shot at the younger rank-and-file of scientists for they do not read at all. The novelist’ name to the traditional culture is a token of esotery literary excellence, but most technicians do not think so.The different attitudes toward novelist is a measure of the incommunicability of the two cultures, the tradition culture think the scientists are losing a great deal, but the some of that loss is inevitable.The scientists believe that one can’t comprehend the world unless you know the structure of science; probably it is true, because without any scientific understandingmay miss a whole body of experience.so the intellectual of science is penetrating deeper.The greatest enrichment the scientific culture gives us is a moral one. The scientific culture is almost totally immune from the particular temptation made up of moral vanity, self-indulgence and material benefits. But because the two cultures scarcely touch, the tradition culture lack of those moral.On Self-RespectFrom retrospection that the writer once held an opinion that innocence ends when one is stripped of the delusion that one likes oneself, the writer introspects misplaced self-respect.When the writer was a nineteen-year-old girl, she failed to be elected to Phi Beta Kappa, which she had already predicted, but she still couldn’t stand it when the result came.The writer defines the essence of self-respect, she deems that self-respect has nothing to do with approval of others and reputation, because the people with courage can be self-respect without approval of others and reputation.Doing things without self-respect is just like an unwilling audience to an interminable documentary that details his failings over and over again; while the self-respect one has the courage of their mistakes.Happiness or not depends on whether one respect themselves.It is improper for some people deem that one leads a cozy life must own self-respect, the self-respect has nothing to do with superstition which can offer guard to against danger. Self-respect concerns a separate peace, a private reconciliation.People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes, they known the price of things, they don’t complain unduly of the unfairness, and they exhibit certain toughness, a kind of moral nerve. So self-respect stems from the willingness to accept responsibility for one’s own life.When our grandparents were young, they had instilled the sense that one lives by doing things one does not particularly want to do, they had to put fears and doubts to one side, and had to weigh immediate interests and long-term interests. Thus, whether or not they had self-respect, they knew all about what is self-respect.Self-respect person can recognize that anything worth having its price. They are always willing to accept the risk and willing to invest something of themselves, they may not play at all, but when they do play, they know the odd.Self-respect can be equalized to a discipline, a habit of mind which can be developed, trained and coaxed forth, but can never be faked out.Self-respect is a kind of ritual, helping us to remember who and what we are. So in order to remember who and what we are, we must have known what self-respect is.People will possess everything such as the ability of discriminating, loving, and to remain indifference if they are armed of the intrinsic worth which constitutes self-respect.If we are alienation from ourselves, we will easily despise others and remain blind to our fatal weaknesses, also, we are peculiarly in thrall to everyone we see. So self-respect frees us from the expectations of others, give us back to ourselves, and enrich our interior abundance.On Self-RespectEvery one of us maybe misunderstand the essence of self-respect, especially in vigorous youth or earlier days. It is normal that feeling of less confident occurred often when the young man suffered light or serious setback. There was about the persevering young man at times a certain strain of tenderness, evoked by experiences, disappointments, and hardships in his own life. We will never be mature and happy if we care much about what people thought in our times.The dismal fact is that self-respect has nothing wo do with both the approvals of others and reputation. Just only we respect ourselves can we no longer lies down the notoriously uncomfortable bed the one we make ourselves. Self-respect has nothing to do with the face of things, but concerns instead a separate peace, a private reconciliation. People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes. Parents with self-respect can set up a good example for their children especially when they are childish.The kind of self-respect is a discipline, a habit of mind that can never be faked but can be developed, trained, coaxed forth. But, those small disciplines are valuable only insofar as they represent longer ones. To have the sense of one`s intrinsic worthwhich constitutes self-respect is potentially to have everything: the ability to discriminate, and to remain indifferent. To lack self-respect is to be looked within oneself., paradoxically incapable of either love or indifference.Only the man who has self-respect can be freed from the expectations of others and give them to themselves. It is just the power of self-respect.作文模版现象解释型Nowadays, there are more and more…….in……, especially the…….it is estimated that…….why have there so many……?may be the reasons can be listed as follows:The first one is…….besides,…..the third one is…..to sum up, the main cause of …..is due to…….It is high time that something were done upon it. for one thing,…..on the other hand,…..all these measures will certainly reduce the number of…..不同观点列举型There is a widespread concern over the issue that …….but it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____. On the other hand, __原因二___. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects asfollows.Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of _作文题目, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,方法谚语警句性议论文It is well known to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.图表作文的框架As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in thetable(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadilyrising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________. There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded。
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本资料属个人考试后回忆内容，翔实可靠，但错误在所难免，望广大学友指正土木工程学院结构工程专业攻读博士学位入学考试专业课试题及若干注意事项（结构动力学和地震工程学版）结构工程是这样一种艺术；使用材料这些材料属性只能估算建立真实的结构这些真实的结构只能近似分析来承受外力这些力不能准确得知以满足我们对公众安全职责的要求爱德华·L·威尔逊目录土木工程学院结构工程专业攻读博士学位入学考试专业课试题及若干注意事项 (1)目 录 (1)同济大学及其土木工程学院简介 (2)若干注意事项 (4)同济大学2005年博士生入学考试《地震工程学》真题 (6)1.名词解释 (6)2.填空题 (6)3.简答题 (6)4.计算题 (6)同济大学2003年博士生入学考试《地震工程学》真题 (7)1.名词解释 (7)2.填空 (7)3.简答题 (7)4.讨论分析 (7)同济大学2007年博士生入学考试《地震工程学》真题 (8)1.名词解释（每题4分，共20分） (8)2.填空（每空3分，共24分） (8)3.简答（共44分） (8)4.分析讨论（共12分） (8)同济大学2007年博士生入学考试《结构动力学》真题 (9)1.简答（每题4分，共20分） (9)2.计算题 (9)同济大学2003年博士生入学考试《结构动力学》真题 (12)1.名词解释（10分） (12)2.计算题 (12)同济大学2005年博士生入学考试《结构动力学》真题 (14)1.简答题 (14)2.计算题 (14)同济大学及其土木工程学院简介同济大学是教育部直属重点大学。
她创建于1907年，早期为德国医生在上海创办的德文医学堂，取名"同济"意蕴合作共济。
1912年增设工学堂，1923年被批准改名为大学，1927年正式定为国立同济大学。
抗战期间曾内迁经浙、赣、滇入川，1946年回迁上海并发展为以拥有理、工、医、文、法五大学院著称海内外的综合性大学。
1952年院系调整后，同济大学成为国内土木建筑领域最大、专业最全的工科大学。
1978年经中央批准恢复对德交流，在中科院学部委员李国豪校长领导下实行“两个转变”，即由土木为主的理工科大学向理工为主的多科性大学转变，由国内普通高校向作为中外文化交流“窗口”之一的国际性大学转变，从而迅速恢复和发展成为一所以工为主、理工结合，经、管、文、法各具特色的多科性大学。
1995年实现由教育部和上海市“共建”，1996年并入了原上海城市建设学院和上海建筑材料工业学院，被国务院领导赞为高校体制改革中的"同济模式"。
2000年4月又与上海铁道大学合并，组建成新的同济大学。
目前是一所拥有理、工、医、文、法、哲、经济、管理、教育9大学科门类的综合性大学。
作为研究型大学，学校是首批被国务院批准成立研究生院的高校之一；作为全国重点大学，学校被列入国家财政立项资助的"211工程"和国家教育振兴行动计划与地方重点共建的高水平大学行列。
同济大学现有建筑与城市规划、土木工程、经济与管理、电子与信息工程、环境科学与工程、外国语、人文、法政、材料科学与工程、机械工程、医学、理学、交通运输、汽车、海洋与地球科学、生命科学与技术、航空航天与力学、传播与艺术、女子学院及软件学院等学院，还建有继续教育、高等技术、职业技术教育、国际文化交流、网络教育、汽车营销及电影学院等，学校还设有经中德政府批准合作培养硕士研究生的中德学院、与法国巴黎高科大学集团合作举办的中法工程和管理学院等。
目前学校共有82个本科专业、209个硕士点、8个硕士专业学位授权点，博士授权点78个，13个博士后流动站，各类学生5万多人，教学科研人员4200多人，其中有中科院院士5人，工程院院士7人，教授等正高级职称者530多人，副教授等副高级职称者1300多人。
作为国家重要的科研中心之一，学校有国家级和省部级重点实验室和工程研究中心14个。
学校还设有5个附属医院和2个附属学校。
同济大学在长期办学中形成了以“严谨、求实、团结、创新”为校训和“同舟共济、自强不息”的同济精神，逐步形成自身的五大办学优势：历史悠久、学风严谨、师资实力雄厚的传统优势；建筑、土木、海洋、环境、车辆、交通等水平居先的学科优势；博采众长，对德（欧）交往"窗口"的国际交流优势；立足上海、紧密结合国际化大都市发展的地域优势；直属中央、服务于全国经济建设主战场的建制优势。
同济大学土木工程学院是国内同类专业中教学和研究实力最强的学院之一，目前院内设有建筑工程系、地下建筑与工程系、桥梁工程系、测量与国土信息工程系、结构工程与防灾研究所和水利工程系六个系所，另外还有土木工程防灾国家重点实验室。
现有教职工437人，其中中国科学院院士和中国工程院院士5人、博士生导师113人、硕士生导师114人、正高级职称98人、副高级职称135人。
设有16个硕士点、12个博士点，设有土木工程学科、测绘科学与技术学科2个博士后流动站。
土木工程学院的整体实力处于国内领先地位，桥梁工程学科为上海市“重中之重”重点学科, 结构工程、岩土工程学科为上海市重点学科；桥梁与隧道工程、结构工程、岩土工程3个二级学科为全国重点学科。
几十年来取得的科研成果和业绩享誉海内外，培养造就的土木工程方面的专业人才遍布国民经济建设的各条战线。
土木工程学院除培养本科生和研究生之外，还承接国家级和省部委级重大和重点科研项目以及各类企业委托的技术开发项目，积极参加全国和上海地区的各类重大工程项目的建设、研究和开发，项目涉及土建工程的各个领域，在国内外土建工程界有着良好的声誉。
土木工程学院近期的目标是培养高质量的建设人才，努力建设一流的师资队伍，积极参与国内重大工程建设项目中的研究和开发工作，在土木工程学科的应用基础和高新技术领域探索创新，为提高我国在国际土建工程领域的地位做出应有的贡献。
若干注意事项1.考博适合什么人?答：有志于献身科学，服务科学的人。
为追求名利、黄金屋及颜如玉者勿试。
2.土木工程专业的人为什么要报考同济大学？答：同济大学土木工程实力绝对一流，五十年代的院系调整曾大规模接收兄弟高校的土木工程专业。
现在两院院士5人，博士生导师110多人，实力绝对强！3.同济大学博士生入学考每年几次，什么时候举行？答：一次。
大约都在11月份下旬举行，地点在同济大学四平路校区南楼或北楼，就在图书馆两边。
4.怎么报名？答：可以参考同济大学研究生院的网页：/default.aspx（公网镜像），/default.aspx（教育网镜像）。
上面可以查询去年（07）及前年考试的专业课设置。
每年的7、8月份会出来当年的博士生报考须知，其中包括专业课考科目、报考流程、下载报名表等一些内容。
这里就不多说了。
瑞安楼就是同济大学研究生院，在南门（赤峰路上）那条路一直走到头就是。
建议来同济考试的同学先看看同济大学四平路校区的地图，可以从同济大学图片库里下载（/）。
5.来同济的交通？答：从上海南站下车者，坐三号线（轻轨，上海南站是三号线的始发站，可以坐到位）到赤峰路站下，约三十分钟。
2,3,4号口出站后会看到玉田路，坐115、515、817到密云路站下会看到同济大学南侧门，那里有博士楼（小高层，红色），如到巴士一汽站下车会到同济大学南门，沿着南门那路往前走会看到瑞安楼，如到同济大学站下会看到同济大学正门。
具体可以查百度地图（）或丁丁地图（）。
从上海站下车者，直接坐115、515、817（此三路车上海站是始发站，有位坐）到上面所说的站点即可。
6.考试期间住哪里？答：如果有师兄师姐或同学，可以住博士楼或相关宿舍。
没有的话，只能住干训楼，便宜。
这里列出一些价目表供参考，如表1：建议考试前到同济大学适应一段时间，如果没有条件者，一定要事先要同学朋友订好住所。
因为到时候房源会很紧张！7.同济大学附近的购物地点答：家乐福（在曲阳路玉田路路口）、物美（在四平路赤峰路路口）、易买得（密云路中山北二路路口附近）表1 同济大学干训楼价位表 房型单位 价格 双标房间 200 套房A间 360 套房B间 480 三人间位 50 四人间A位 35 北校区干训楼 四人间B位 25 两人间A位 30 两人间B位 45（空调） 三人间位 20 四人间位 25（空调） 五人间位 25（空调） 六人间A位 18 六人间B位 20 八人间A位 18 南校区干训楼 八人间B位 20（空调）8. 一些要补充的？答：如果有些东西还不明白的，可以去同舟共济站（ ），同济网论坛（ ）相关版面问询。
同济大学2005年博士生入学考试《地震工程学》真题1. 名词解释1. 反应谱2. 面波震级s M3. 瑞利阻尼4. 震害指数5. 烈度2. 填空题1. 抗震理论发展的三个阶段2. SH 波的折射和反射波3. 我国的烈度分级、烈度4. 频散现象是由于波的传波速度和波的 引起的3. 简答题1. 地震动的工程特性，其影响因素。
2. 洛夫波的性质和产生条件。
3. 的关系。
,,a v d S S S 4. 以()tan T u c σϕ=−+阐述沙土液化原理。
5. 有足够强度的结构具有足够的抗震性能吗？请示说明。
4. 计算题1. 效应的问题P −∆同济大学2003年博士生入学考试《地震工程学》真题1. 名词解释2. 烈度3. 地震震级I M4. 反应谱5. 瑞利阻尼6. 砂土液化2. 填空1. 影响烈度的主要因素有 、 和 。
2. 我国地震烈度共分 度，我国抗震规范从 度设防。
3. SH 波反射波是 波，SH 折射波是 波。
4. 频散现象是指波的传播速度与 有关。
3. 简答题1. 地震的工程特性是指哪些？2. 洛夫波是什么性质的波？其产生条件是什么？3. 写出加速度反应谱，拟速度反应谱，位移反应谱三者的关系。
()Sa t ()Sv t ()Sd t 4. 从公式()tan T u c σϕ=−+分析砂土液化的原理5. 结构的足够的强度是否能一定抵御地震的破坏？请举例说明。
4. 讨论分析如右图，M 为单质点质量，∆的质点M 水平相对位移，F t 为1()M 竖向力，为2()F t M 所受水平力，()g A t 为竖向地震加速度，()A t 为质点相对竖向加速度反应，分析解释单质点体系的P −∆效应现象。
同济大学2007年博士生入学考试《地震工程学》真题1. 名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1. 反应谱；2. 震害指数；3. 烈度4. 瑞利阻尼5. 面波震级Ms2. 填空（每空3分，共24分）1. 烈度影响因素_________ ， __________ 及 _________。
2. 频散现象与________有关。
3. 我国烈度划分等级为__________级。