词汇学第三章

词汇学第三章
词汇学第三章

第三章词语结构1

我们已经讨论了历史文化社会因素对英语词汇发展的促进作用。尽管借词正如所说,在词汇的扩张中扮演了重要的角色,但是在现代,词汇还是依靠内部基础进行扩充。也就是说,我们使用英语中存在的材料,不管是本土的还是国外的,去创造一些新词。在我们开始涉及词语构成的方法之前,我们需要分析词语的语形结构获得用来构成新词的不同构词元素的积极认识。

Facilitate减轻Internal内部的

Morphological语形学Morphemes词素

Denaturalization非自然性Variant变体

Suffix后缀Owe to 由于

3.1词素

通常来说一个词是能独自表达意义的最小语言单位。然而从结构上说,一个词并非最小单位因为许多词可以被划分成更小的意义单位。以denaturalization为例,这是一个词,却能分为de- nature –al –ize –ation,每部分有它自己的含义。这些碎片不能够进一步划分,否则,他们将不能表示任何意义。尽管-ation有一些变体,象是-tion –sion –ion,但是当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀。这些不同的形式出现是因为存在不同的发声环境。这些最小的意义单位叫做“词素”。换句话说,词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。

3.2语素变体

语素是抽象的单位,在话语中被认知通过分开的单位,这单位叫做“形素”。它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体。语素是一个音素发音的形素。大多数语素通过单个的形素实现,象是“鸟“”树“”绿色“”悲伤“”想要“”需要“等等。这些语素与词相同,由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。这种词叫做单一语素词。然而,一些语素被按照形素在其中排列而认识,那些替换的形素被称为”语素变体”。例如复数语素(S)在不同的语言环境存在一些变体,象是在cats中,在“包”中,在“比赛”中。语素变体不是随机发生的,是语音条件下可以预测的。复数词素(-s)被认识是通过在读音tpk后面,如同在“包“”骗子“”形状“,被认为是z是在dbgl之后,如同在”床“”壶“”爱好“,被认为是iz是在szfztfdz之后,如同在”班级“”盘子“”车库“”破坏“中等等。某种情况是复数词素的变体不常见。他可以通过内部元音的变化来认知,例如在”足“”人“”鹅“中或者通过零形素变化来表示,如在”鹿“”鱼“中。Shape Allomorph词素变体Abstract抽象的

Discrete分离的Morph形素Phoneme因素

Coincide with与一致Monomorphemic单语素结构

Random随机的Phonetically语音上

Predictable可预见Fad爱好

Garage车库Zero morph零形素

过去式的标志ed也一样,通常被读t在动词结尾发音pk之后,如同在“工作“”帮忙“”在元音和象是mnl之后读d如同在“努力”“温暖”“生活”“能够”之后,读id在td之后如同在“想要”“登陆”中等等。这同样适合于附加语素,前缀in有发音变体象是im ir il,全看前缀添加所在的首音。如果首音是pbm,读音是im象是在“不合适”“坚定”“失调”中,但是读ir,在首音是r的时候象是在“不相容”中,读il在首音读l时,例如在“模糊”中。诸如此类。Applicable适当的Affixational附加的

Stem词干Realization实现

Improper不合适Immovable坚定

Imbalance失调Irreconcilable不相容

Illegible难辨认

3.3语素的类型

有划分语素的不同方法。最普遍的是把它们分为自由语素和粘连语素。3.3.1自由语素

不依靠其他语素的语素是自由语素。这些语素自己有完整的意义可以在句子中当作自由的语法单位来使用。它们和根词是一样的,由于它们每个都是由一个单独的词根组成,例如“男人”“地球”“风”“汽车”“生气”。因此,我们同样可以说自由语素是自由词根。

Identical同样的

3.3.2粘连语素

不能作为独立词出现的语素是粘连语素。这样称呼因为它们粘连其他语素去构成单词。粘连语素主要出现在派生词中。让我们以“回忆“”理想的“”重犯人“为例。每个词都是包括三个语素,这里总共有九个语素,其中只有collect ideal prison能独立存在。这些是自由语素,其他的re- -ion –ist –ic ex- -er都是粘连语素因为其中没有一个是独立的单位。英语拥有大量仅由粘连语素构成的词,例如“先例”,可以被分成ante- -ced- -ent.在它们中间,-ced-是意味着“接近”的词根,前缀意思是“在前面”,-ent名词后缀意味着“人,东西”,因此整个词意味着“出现在前面的东西”,这些例子清楚的展示出粘连语素包括两种,粘连词根和词缀。Recollection回忆Idealistic理想的Exprisoner

Freestand独立Multitude大量

Antecedent先例Bound root粘连词根

Affix词缀

1.粘连词根

正如例子“先例”所展示的,一个粘连词根是词中承担基础意义的部分,如同自由根词。和自由根词不同的是,他是一个粘连形式不得不与其他词素组合来构成单词。用dict作例子。它是传达“说话”意思的拉丁词根,但是它自己并不是词。然而加上词缀,它能构成大量的词。例如,加上前缀contra(相对)和pre (在前面)我们可以得到动词“抵触”,意思是“说话反对”和“预言”意思是“事先说”。加上后缀-or,我们得到“反驳者”和“预言家”除此,“宣言”“指示”“口授”“独裁者”“措辞”“词典”都是来源于词根dict。在英语中,粘连词根或者是拉丁语或者是希腊语。尽管它们数量有限,它们的生产力惊人。它们诞生了成千上万的派生词,在现代英语中。

Fundamental基本的Contradict反驳

Predict预言Beforehand预先

Contradictor反驳者Predictor预言者

Apart from除此Dictum宣言

Dictate指示Dictation口授

Dictator独裁者Diction措辞

2.词缀

词缀是附属在单词上或者单词元素上以修改词语意义和功能的结构。几乎所有的词缀是粘连语素因为很少能作为独立单词使用。根据词缀的功能,我们可以把它们分为“曲折词缀”和“派生词缀”。

(1)屈折词缀。是附加在词尾用来表示屈折关系,因此被称为“屈折词素”。现代英语是分析性语言。大多数结尾都丢失了,只留给我们一些屈折词缀。有一个

通常的副词词缀-s(-es加在名词上象是“机器”“冰箱”“桌子”“无线电”“马铃薯”。同样的结构-s(es)可以加在动词上表示第三人称单数一般现代时,象是“喜欢”“工作”“去”。形式’s是另一种形式用来表示名词所有格象是“孩子的图书馆”“男人的角色”“女招待的声音”“岳母的抱怨”我们还有后缀er,est,它们通常加在简单形容词和副词后面去表示它们的比较级和最高级,例如“高兴”“艰难”。除了这些,还有过去时态的标志“ed”如同上面所提及的,“ing”加在动词上构成现代分词或者动名词。屈折词缀的数量很少而且固定。这使得英语称为最容易学习的语言之一。

(2)派生词缀。正如术语所说,派生词缀是加在其他语素上建立新词的词缀。派生词缀可以分为前缀和后缀。前缀出现在词前,后缀出现在词后。例如,“战前”“海底”“向北”“血腥”,这些构词语素中,pre和sub是前缀,因为它们每次出现在基础词的前面而ward和y是后缀,因为它们出现在每个词的结尾。(关于词语构成的详细讨论。)

基于我们的讨论。我们能列出语素的类型在下面的表格里。

语素自由语素=自由词根粘连粘连词根

词缀派生词缀前缀后缀屈折词缀Prefix前缀Suffix后缀

Prewar战前Subsea海底complaint Fridge冰箱Role角色

Superlative最高级Gerund动名词

3.4词根和词干

在我们开始构词过程的实际讨论之前,有一些概念需要处理澄清因为这些概念可能经常以适当的方式被涉及。词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素,词缀和词根或词干。实际上,一些人使用“词根”和“词干”相互替换。在本书中,这两个术语有不同的使用。

词根是一个词的基础形式不能在没有丧失定义的前提下继续分解。如同早先提及的,词根,不管是自由的还是粘连的,通常负担词中的主要意思。在单词“国际主义者”中,去除inter al ist s之后留下了词根nation。如果我们进一步划分nation 为an /tion 或者at/ion。尽管tion和ion与名词后缀类似,其他的部分是无意义的并且最初的词语意义全部丧失。根据派生和屈折语形学,“一个词根是词语中去除所有屈折词缀和派生词缀都去除剩下的部分。”

Morphology形态学Loss失去

Due course适当的时候Clarify澄清Compounding组合一个词干可以包括一个词根语素象是“铁”或者两个词根语素组成,象是在复合词中,如“手铐”。它也可以是一个词根语素加一个以上词缀语素象是“一嘴”“低估”。因此,词干可以被定义为任何词缀都能够添加的形式。再来看“国际主义者”。在这个词中,nation既是词根也是词干。其他的national international internationalist都是词干。为了安全起见,造词语构成意义的讨论中,我们将只使用词干因为它可以替代词根并且也可用来指代任何比词根大的形式。Mouthful一嘴underestimate Handcuff手铐

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词汇学论文

目录 1. 图式与图式理论.........................................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。 1.1 图式 (1) 1.2 图式理论的定义.................................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 1.3 图式理论的起源与发展...................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 2. 词汇 (2) 2.1 词汇的定义 (2) 2.2 词汇在英语教学中的重要性 (2) 3. 图式理论下的课堂词汇教学方法 (2) 3.1 当前初中英语课堂词汇教学现状 (3) 3.2 运用直观导入 (3) 3.3 设计brainstorming活动 (3) 3.4 创设真实情境 (4) 4. 结论 (4) 5. 参考文献 (4)

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Chapter 1 LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. Chapter 2 1.The history of English language History of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present). 2.Classification of English words English words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion. By origin Native words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English) Loan words (borrowed) By level of usage: 5 categories Standard/ popular word/ common words Literary words Colloquial words Slang words Technical words By notion Content words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb. Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers. Pick up the slang words and explain. 1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no) 2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars) 3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense) 4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb. repeatedly) 5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country) 6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense) Chapter 3 Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy. Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean.

2012 英语词汇学论文 英文版

成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the

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