2005年全国1%人口抽样调查主要数据公报

合集下载

现代数控机床的评价综述

现代数控机床的评价综述作者：郭凯来源：《价值工程》2013年第13期摘要：分析综合评价体系在现代数控机床中的作用。

以闻邦椿教授提出的产品的全功能和全性能综合设计法为基础，确定现代数控机床的指标体系。

采用理论评价、试验检验和用户使用的方法对指标进行分析。

构建一个适用于现代数控机床的综合质量评价体系。

Abstract： Comprehensive evaluation system is analyzed on modern CNC machine tool. The index system is determined based on the full function and full-performance integrated design method of the products by Prof. Wen Bangcun. The index of modern CNC machine tool is analyzed with theoretical evaluation， the mechanical product's test and user's test. The comprehensive evaluation system is constructed about modern CNC machine tool.关键词：数控机床；质量评价；机械设计Key words： CNC machine tool；evaluation method；mechanical design中图分类号：TH11 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-4311（2013）13-0029-02————————————收稿日期：2012年9月20日。

作者简介：郭凯（1980-），男，辽宁盘锦人，沈阳理工大学讲师，博士后，研究方向为机械设计及理论。

0 引言所谓评价，一般是指按照目标测定对象的属性，并把它变成主观效用（满足主体要求的程度）的行为，即明确价值的过程。

(完整版)苏J01-2005

施工说明苏J01-20057、屋面做法屋面做法说明一、本次修订依据《屋面工程技术规范》（GB50345-2004）要求编编制，取消了所有架空板的屋面做法，油毡防不做法中禁止使用纸胎油毛毡，限制使用PVC煤焦油柔性油毡、塑料煤焦油油膏、建筑防水粉（如憎水粉、拒水粉）、氰凝、双组份煤焦油聚氨酯防水涂料，增加了一些新型防水卷材及防水涂米的做法二、屋面工和设计应根据建筑物的性质、重要程度、使用功能要求以及防水层合理使用年限等，将屋面防水分为四个等级，按不同等级进行设防。

在纬度40以上地区且室内空气湿度在于75%，或其他地区室内气湿度常年大于80%时，若采用吸湿性保温材料做保温层，应选用气密性、水密性好的防水卷材或防水涂料做隔汽层，隔汽层应沿墙面向上铺设，并与屋面的防水层连接，形成全封闭的整体。

七、隔离层的设置卷材、涂膜防水层上设置块体材料或水泥砂浆、细石混凝土时，应在二者之间设置隔离层；在细石混凝土防水层与结构层间宜设置隔离层。

隔离层可采用a 干铺塑料膜、b 土工布c 卷材d 铺抹低强度等级的砂浆八、分格缝设置1 用细石混凝土作保护层或为刚性防水层时，混凝土应密实，表面抹压光，并按纵横间距6m设置分格缝，缝中钢筋应断开，其保护层厚度不小于10，缝宽20，与女儿墙之间留缝30，缝内嵌填密封材料2 用块体材料作保护层时，按100m设置分格缝，用水泥砂浆作保护层时每1m设表面分格缝3 铺贴卷材防水层的水泥砂浆或细石混凝土找平层宜高级置分格缝，纵横间距6m，缝宽20，当兼作排气屋现的排气道时可适当加宽，并与保温层连通。

缝内必须嵌填封材料。

缝上加铺300宽卷材一层，单边粘贴，上另铺一层胎体增强材料的附加层，约900宽九、保温层材料A 聚苯板（保温板）B 胶粉聚苯颗粒（保温砂浆） C发泡聚氨酯保温屋面的保温层和长平层干燥有困难时，宜采用排气屋面，即设置排汽道与排汽孔，排汽道应纵横连通不得堵塞，其间距为6m，并同与在大气连通的排汽孔以不大于36m设置一个为宜，排汽孔必须做好防水处理。

ASTM F 1941M-2005螺纹紧固件上电镀覆层的标准

Designation:F1941M–05METRICStandard Speciﬁcation forElectrodeposited Coatings on Threaded Fasteners[Metric]1 This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation F1941M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis speciﬁcation covers the coating of steel metric screw threaded fasteners by electrodeposition. The properties of the coatings shall conform to the ASTM standards for the individualﬁnishes listed. Coating thickness values are based on the tolerances for M series metric threads having the following tolerance positions:6g and4g6g for external threads,and6H for internal threads.The coating must not cause the basic thread size to be transgressed by either the internal or external threads.The method of designating coated threads shall comply with ASME B1.13M.With normal methods for depositing metallic coatings from aqueous solutions,there is a risk of delayed failure due to hydrogen embrittlement for case hardened fasteners and fasteners having a hardness40HRC or above.Although this risk can be managed by selecting raw materials suitable for the application of electrodeposited coatings and by using modern methods of surface treatment and post heat-treatment(baking),the risk of hydrogen embrittlement cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore,the application of a metallic coating by electrodeposition is not recommended for such fasteners.1.Scope1.1This speciﬁcation covers application,performance and dimensional requirements for electrodeposited coatings on threaded fasteners with metric screw threads.It speciﬁes coating thickness,supplementary chromateﬁnishes,corrosion resistance,precautions for managing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen embrittlement relief for high-strength and surface-hardened fasteners.It also highlights the differences between barrel and rack plating and makes recom-mendations as to the applicability of each process.1.2The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only,Section9,of this speciﬁcation:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2B117Practice for Operating Salt Spray(Fog)Apparatus B487Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness by Miocroscopical Examination of a Cross SectionB499Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Magnetic Method:Nonmagnetic Coatings on Mag-netic Basis MetalsB504Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Me-tallic Coatings by the Coulometric MethodB567Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Beta Backscatter MethodB568Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by X-Ray SpectrometryB659Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings1This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.03on Coatings on Fasteners.Current edition approved May1,2005.Published May2005.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2000as F1941M–00.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.E 376Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic)Exami-nation MethodsF 606Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers,and RivetsF 1470Guide for Fastener Sampling for Speciﬁed Mechani-cal Properties and Performance InspectionF 1624Test Method for Measurement of Hydrogen Em-brittlement Threshold in Steel by the Incremental Step Loading TechniqueF 1940Test Method for Process Control Veriﬁcation to Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated Fasteners2.2ASME Standard:3B1.13M Metric Screw Threads -M Proﬁle 2.3National Aerospace Standard (AIA):4NASM-1312-5Fast Test Method -Method 5:Stress Dura-bility2.4IFI Standard:5IFI-142Hydrogen Embrittlement Risk Management 3.Terminology 3.1Deﬁnitions:3.1.1local thickness —mean of the thickness measurements,of which a speciﬁed number is made within a reference area.3.1.2minimum local thickness —lowest local thickness value on the signiﬁcant surface of a single article.3.1.3reference area —area within which a speciﬁed number of single measurements are required to be made.3.1.4signiﬁcant surface —signiﬁcant surfaces are areas where the minimum thickness to be met shall be designated on the applicable drawing or by the provision of a suitably marked sample.However,if not designated,signiﬁcant surfaces shall be deﬁned as those normally visible,directly or by reﬂection,which are essential to the appearance or serviceability of the fastener when assembled in normal position,or which can be the source of corrosion products that deface visible surfaces on the assembled fastener.Figs.1and 2illustrate signiﬁcant surfaces on standard externally threaded and internally threaded fasteners.4.Classiﬁcation4.1Coating Material —The coating material shall be se-lected and designated in accordance with Table 1.4.2Coating Thickness —The coating thickness shall be selected and designated in accordance with Table 2.4.3Chromate Finish —The chromate ﬁnish shall be selected and designated in accordance with Table 3.5.Ordering Information for Electroplating5.1When ordering threaded fasteners to be coated by electrodeposition in accordance with this speciﬁcation,the following information shall be supplied to the electroplater:5.1.1The desired coating,coating thickness and the chro-mate ﬁnish,or the classiﬁcation codes as speciﬁed in Tables 1-3.(For example,Fe/Zn 5C denotes yellow zinc plated with a minimum thickness of 5µm on signiﬁcant surfaces.)5.1.2The identiﬁcation of signiﬁcant surfaces (optional).5.1.3The requirement,if any,for stress relief before elec-troplating,in which case the stress-relief conditions must be speciﬁed.5.1.4The requirements,if any,for hydrogen embrittlement relief by heat treatment (baking)stating the tensile strength or surface hardness of the fasteners and/or baking time and temperature.N OTE 1—Fasteners with a speciﬁed maximum hardness of 34HRC and below have a very low susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement and do not require baking.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),345E.47th Street,New York,NY 10017.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,DODSSP,Bldg.4,Section D,700Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA 19111-5098.5Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI),1717East 9th Street,Suite 1105,Cleveland,OH44114–2879.N OTE 1—Black dot (•)indicates test surface.FIG.1Signiﬁcant surfaces on Externally ThreadedFastenersN OTE 1—Black dot (•)indicates test surface.FIG.2Signiﬁcant surfaces on Internally Threaded FastenersTABLE 1Designation of Common Coating MaterialsCoating DesignationCoating Type Fe/Zn Zinc Fe/Cd Cadmium Fe/Zn-Co Zinc Cobalt Alloy Fe/Zn-Ni Zinc Nickel Alloy Fe/Zn-FeZinc Iron AlloyTABLE 2Designation of Coating ThicknessN OTE 1—The conversion factor from microns to inch is 3.94310–5(for example,5µm =0.0002in.).Thickness DesignationMinimum Thickness µm3355881212F 1941M –055.1.5The requirements,if any,for the type of electroplating process (barrel-plating or rack-plating).See Section 10and Appendix X1.5.1.6The designation of coated thread class shall comply with ASME B1.13M.6.Requirements6.1Coating Requirements —The electrodeposited coating as ordered shall cover all surfaces and shall meet the following requirements:6.1.1The coating metal deposit shall be bright or semi-bright unless otherwise speciﬁed by the purchaser,smooth,ﬁne grained,adherent and uniform in appearance.6.1.2The coating shall be free of blisters,pits,nodules,roughness,cracks,unplated areas,and other defects that will affect the function of the coating.6.1.3The coating shall not be stained,discolored or exhibit any evidence of white or red corrosion products.6.1.3.1Slight discoloration that results from baking,drying,or electrode contact during rack-plating,or all of these,as well as slight staining that results from rinsing shall not be cause for rejection.6.2Corrosion Resistance —Coated fasteners,when tested by continuous exposure to neutral salt spray in accordance with 9.3,shall show neither corrosion products of coatings (white corrosion)nor basis metal corrosion products (red rust)at the end of the test period.The appearance of corrosion products visible to the unaided eye at normal reading distance shall be cause for rejection,except when present at the edges of the tested fasteners.Refer to Annex A1for neutral salt spray performance requirements for zinc,zinc alloy and cadmium coatings.6.3Thickness —The coating thickness shall comply with requirements of Table 2when measured in accordance with 9.1.6.3.1Restrictions on Coating Thickness —This speciﬁcation imposes minimum local thickness requirements at signiﬁcant surfaces in accordance with Table 2.Thick or thin local thickness in a location other than a signiﬁcant surface shall not be a cause for rejection.However the following restrictions apply:6.3.1.1Minimum coating thickness at low current density areas,such as the center of a bolt or recesses,must be sufficient to provide for adequate chromate adhesion.6.3.1.2External Threads —Maximum coating thickness at high current density threaded tips must provide for basic (tolerance position h )GO thread gauge acceptance.Therefore,the thread after coating is subject to acceptance using a class 6hGO gauge for plated 6g class external threads and 4h6h GO gauge for plated 4g6g class external threads respectively.6.3.1.3Internal Threads —Maximum coating thickness of internal threads must provide for basic (tolerance position H )Go thread gauge acceptance.Therefore,the thread after coating is subject to acceptance using a class 6H GO gauge for 6H class internal threads.6.3.1.4Surfaces such as threads,holes,deep recesses,bases of angles,and similar areas on which the speciﬁed thickness of deposit cannot readily be controlled,are exempted from minimum thickness requirements unless they are specially designated as not being exempted.When such areas are subject to minimum thickness requirements,the purchaser and the manufacturer shall recognize the necessity for either thicker deposits on other areas or special racking.6.3.2Applicability to M Series Threads :6.3.2.1The applicability of the required coating to M series metric threads is limited by the basic deviation of the threads,and hence limited by the pitch diameter,allowance,and tolerance positions.Refer to Appendix X3as a guideline for the tolerances of the various thread sizes and classes and the coating thickness they will accommodate.6.3.2.2Because of the inherent variability in coating thick-ness by the barrel-plating process,the application of a mini-mum coating thickness of 12µm is not recommended for a standard screw thread by this method due to the fact that dimensional allowance of many metric threaded fasteners normally does not permit it.If the size of the fastener is large enough to economically use the rack-plating process,then the latter shall be used to obtain this thickness requirement.If heavier coatings are required,allowance for the deposit buildup must be made during the manufacture of fasteners.6.3.3Applicability to Wood Screws and Thread Forming Screws —Any classiﬁcation code in Table 2may be applied to screws that cut or form their own threads.6.4Hydrogen Embrittlement Relief :6.4.1Requirement for Baking —Coated fasteners made from steel heat treated to a speciﬁed hardness of 40HRC or above,case-hardened steel fasteners,and fasteners with captive wash-ers made from hardened steel,shall be baked to minimize the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.Unless otherwise speciﬁed by the purchaser,baking is not mandatory for fasteners with speciﬁed maximum hardness below 40HRC.N OTE 2—With proper care many steel fasteners can be plated without baking by correlating process conditions to the susceptibility of the fastener material to hydrogen embrittlement,and by applying adequate process control procedures,such as those outlined in X4.2.Test Method F 1940is a recognized veriﬁcation method for process control to minimize the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.Upon agreement between the supplier and the purchaser,this test method can be used as a basis for determining if baking should be mandated in a controlled process environment.6.4.2Baking Conditions —At the time of publication of this speciﬁcation it was not considered possible to give an exact baking duration.Eight hours is considered a typical example of baking duration.However,upon agreement between the pur-chaser and the manufacturer,baking times between 2and 24h at temperatures of 175to 235°C (350to 450°F)are suitable depending on the type and size of the fastener,geometry,TABLE 3Designation of Chromate FinishDesignationType Typical AppearanceA Clear Transparent colorless with slight iridescenceB Blue-bright Transparent with a bluish tinge and slight iridescenceC Yellow Yellow iridescentD Opaque Olive green,shading to brown or bronzeE Black Black with slight iridescenceFOrganicAny of the above plus organictopcoatmechanical properties,cleaning process and cathodic effi-ciency of the electroplating process used.The baking condi-tions shall be selected based on the results of recognized embrittlement test procedures such as Test Methods F1940, F1624,F606,or NASM1312-5.6.4.2.1Bake time and temperatures may require lowering to minimize the risk of solid or liquid metal embrittlement resulting from alloy compositions such as those containing lead or from the lower melting point of cadmium320°C(610°F)in comparison to zinc419°C(786°F).6.4.2.2Fasteners must be baked within4h,preferably1h after electroplating.Baking to relieve hydrogen embrittlement must be performed prior to the application of the chromate ﬁnish because temperatures above65°C(150°F)damage the chromateﬁlm thereby negating its performance.6.4.3Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing—Hydrogen em-brittlement testing is mandatory for fasteners with a speciﬁed hardness of40HRC or above,unless the electroplating process has been qualiﬁed in accordance with Test Method F1940(that is,the process has been shown not to cause embrittlement for a given product or class of product).This speciﬁcation does not require mandatory testing of fasteners having a speciﬁed hardness below40HRC,unless otherwise speciﬁed by the purchaser.7.Dimensional Requirements7.1Threaded components,except those with spaced and forming threads,supplied for electrodeposited coating shall comply with ASME B1.13M.Screw threads that are speciﬁ-cally manufactured to allow the application of12µm or greater coating thickness by the barrel-plating process,must adhere to a special allowance speciﬁed by the manufacturer or in ASME B1.13M.The other dimensional characteristics shall be as speciﬁed on the applicable standard or drawing.It should be noted that modiﬁcations to the threads of a fastener could affect its properties or performance,or both.Refer to Appendix X3 for further information on effects of coating on pitch diameter, allowances and tolerances for external and internal threads.8.Sampling8.1Sampling for coating thickness,salt spray and embrittle-ment testing shall be conducted based on lot size in accordance with Guide F1470.9.Test Methods9.1Coating Thickness—Unless otherwise speciﬁed,the re-quirement to measure coating thickness is applicable to sig-niﬁcant surfaces only.The test methods for determining the coating thickness are deﬁned in Test Methods B487,B499, B504,B567,B568,Guide B659or Practice E376as applicable.9.2Embrittlement Test Method—The embrittlement test method shall conform to those speciﬁed in Test Method F1940 for process veriﬁcation,or Test Methods F606,F1624,or NASM-1312-5for product testing.9.3Corrosion Resistance—The requirement to determine corrosion resistance is applicable to signiﬁcant surfaces only. When speciﬁed in the contract or purchase order,salt spray testing shall be conducted in accordance with Practice B117. To secure uniformity of results,samples shall be aged at room temperature for24h before being subjected to the salt spray test.10.Electroplating Processes10.1Two electroplating processes are most commonly used to apply a metallic coating by electrodeposition on threaded fasteners:barrel-plating and rack-plating.When threadﬁt or thread integrity,or both,is a concern for externally threaded fasteners,rack-plating is preferable to barrel-plating.Refer to Appendix X1.11.Keywords11.1chromateﬁnish;electrodeposited coating;fasteners; hydrogen embrittlement relief;hydrogen embrittlement test-ing;surfacetreatmentANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1.NEUTRAL SALT SPRAY PERFORMANCETABLE A1.1Classiﬁcation Code and Neutral Salt Spray Corrosion Protection Performance of Zinc and Cadmium CoatingsClassiﬁcation Code Minimum Coating Thickness(µm)Chromate Finish DesignationFirst Appearance of White Corrosion Product,(hour)First Appearance of Red Rust Cadmium,(hour)First Appearance of Red Rust Zinc,(hour)Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3A 3AA 32412Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3B B 62412Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3C C 243624Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 3D D 243624Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5A 5A 64824Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5B B 127236Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5C C 4812072Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5D D 7216896Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 5E E 1272Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8A 8A 69648Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8B B 2412072Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8C C 72168120Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8D D 96192144Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 8E E 2412072Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12A 12A 614472Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12B B 2419296Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12C C 72240144Fe/Zn or Fe/Cd 12D D 96264168Fe/ZnorFe/Cd12BkE2419296ALow coating thickness impairs chromate adhesion and performance.TABLE A1.2Classiﬁcation Code and Neutral Salt Spray Corrosion Protection Performance of Zinc-Cobalt CoatingsClassiﬁcation CodeMinimum Coating Thickness (µm)Chromate Finish DesignationFirstAppearance of Zinc Alloy Corrosion Product (hour)FirstAppearance of Red Rust (hour)Fe/Zn-Co 5C 5C 96240Fe/Zn-Co 5D D 96240Fe/Zn-Co 5E E 100240Fe/Zn-Co 5F F 196340Fe/Zn-Co 8C 8C 96240Fe/Zn-Co 8D D 96240Fe/Zn-Co 8E E 100240Fe/Zn-Co 8F F 200340Fe/Zn-Co 12B 12B 12240Fe/Zn-Co 12C C 96400Fe/Zn-Co 12D D 96400Fe/Zn-Co 12E E 100400Fe/Zn-Co12FF196500APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1.STANDARD ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESSESX1.1Barrel-Plating Process —The preparation and metallic coating of threaded fasteners is usually accomplished by the barrel-plating process.In this process,quantities of an item are placed within a containment vessel,called a barrel.The barrel is designed to move the group of items,together,through each of the process steps,allowing ready ingress and egress of processing solutions and rinses.As the barrel is moved through the process steps,it is also rotated such that the individual items are constantly cascading over one another.This can damage the external threads of fasteners.The effect of thread damage is worse on heavy ﬁne threaded fasteners than on light coarse threaded fasteners.In some of the process steps,notably the electrocleaning and electroplating steps,an electric current is applied to the group of items.The cascading action randomly exposes the surface of each individual piece to the process electrodes while also maintaining electrical continuity between all the parts.The local coating thickness on a part is a result of the electrical current density at that location.Therefore,the coating thickness on an individual screw or bolt tends to be greatest at the extremities (head and threaded tip).The extremi-ties being the high current density areas receive the greatest coating thickness.In contrast,the center or recesses such as the bottom of the threads,which are the low current density areas,receive the lowest coating thickness.This phenomenon is accentuated with increasing length and decreasing diameter of the screw or bolt.The extremity-to-center coating thickness ratio increases with increasing length and decreasing diameter,but is also a function of process parameters such as plating solution chemistry and efficiency,anodic/cathodic efficiency,average current density and plating time.TABLE A1.3Classiﬁcation Code and Neutral Salt Spray Corrosion Protection Performance of Zinc-Nickel CoatingsClassiﬁcation CodeMinimum Coating Thickness (µm)Chromate Finish DesignationFirstAppearance of Zinc Alloy Corrosion Product (hour)FirstAppearance of Red Rust (hour)Fe/Zn-Ni 5B 5B 20150Fe/Zn-Ni 5C C 120500Fe/Zn-Ni 5D D 180750Fe/Zn-Ni 5E E 100500Fe/Zn-Ni 5B/F B/F 150300Fe/Zn-Ni 5C/F C/F 240620Fe/Zn-Ni 5D/F D/F 3001000Fe/Zn-Ni 5E/F E/F 220620Fe/Zn-Ni 8B 8B 20240Fe/Zn-Ni 8C C 120720Fe/Zn-Ni 8D D 180960Fe/Zn-Ni 8E E 100720Fe/Zn-Ni 8B/F B/F 150400Fe/Zn-Ni 8C/F C/F 240840Fe/Zn-Ni 8D/F D/F 3001200Fe/Zn-Ni 8E/F E/F 220840Fe/Zn-Ni 12B 12B 20500Fe/Zn-Ni 12C C 120960Fe/Zn-Ni 12D D 1801000Fe/Zn-Ni 12E E 100960Fe/Zn-Ni 12B/F B/F 150620Fe/Zn-Ni 12C/F C/F 2401080Fe/Zn-Ni 12D/F D/F 3001500Fe/Zn-Ni12E/FE/F2201080TABLE A1.4Classiﬁcation Code and Neutral Salt Spray Corrosion Protection Performance of Zinc-Iron CoatingsClassiﬁcation CodeMinimum Coating Thickness (µm)Chromate Finish DesignationFirstAppearance of Zinc Alloy Corrosion Product (hour)FirstAppearance of Red Rust (hour)Fe/Zn-Co 5E 5E 144312Fe/Zn-Co 8E 8E 144312Fe/Zn-Co 12E12E144480X1.2Rack-Plating Process —The preparation and metallic coating of threaded fasteners can be accomplished by the rack-plating process,particularly on large size fasteners where thread ﬁt and/or damage is a concern,or for smaller size fasteners when it is economically feasible.In this process,quantities of an item are placed on a support,called a rack.The rack is designed to move the group of items,together,through each of the process steps,allowing ready ingress and egress of processing solutions and rinses.In some of the process steps,notably the electrocleaning and electroplating steps,an electric current is applied to the group of items.The electrical continuity is maintained between the parts by the rack itself.The average current density is usually low enough such that the extremity-to-center coating thickness ratio is much lower than with barrel-plating.The external thread damage is also mini-mized in comparison to barrel-plating due to the absence of tumbling.X2.GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING BETWEEN BARREL-PLATING AND RACK-PLATINGX2.1Table X2.1indicates the recommended electroplating process for each size of externally threaded metric fasteners for all thickness classes in Table 2.For internally threaded fasteners barrel-plating is generally suitable.X3.COATING ACCOMMODATION TOLERANCES FOR EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY THREADED FASTENERSX3.1Short screws and bolts are those with a length-to-diameter ratio equal to or less than 5.Long screws and bolts have a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 5but less than 10.Special processing is normally required for bolts with a ratio greater than 10in order to minimize the extremity-to-center thickness ratio.X3.2This speciﬁcation does not impose maximum thick-ness values on high current density areas,where the coating thickness tends to be the greatest.On an externally threaded fastener this occurs at the threaded tip.Measuring coating thickness on the threaded portion of a fastener is possible but impractical for in-process quality control veriﬁcation.For this reason the control mechanism speciﬁed in this document is by means of GO thread gauges.Nevertheless Table X3.1,which is supplied as an informative guideline,illustrates the maximum coating thickness permitted by the allowance for tolerance classes 6g and 4g6g.N OTE X3.1—The following information is based on ASME B1.13M .That standard should be consulted for more detailed information.X3.3Size limits for standard tolerance classes 6g and 4g6g apply prior to coating.The external thread allowance may thusbe used to accommodate the coating thickness on threaded fasteners,provided the maximum coating thickness is no more than 1⁄4of the allowance (see Fig.X3.1).Thus,threads after coating are subject to acceptance using a class 6h GO gauge for plated 6g class external threads and 4h6h GO gauge for plated 4g6g class external threads respectively.Class 6g and 4g6g shall be used as respective NOT-GO gauges.X3.4In certain cases size limits must be adjusted,within the tolerances,prior to coating,in order to insure proper thread ﬁt.This applies to the following cases:X3.4.1Standard internal threads,because they provide no allowance for coating thickness.X3.4.2Where the external thread has no allowance,such as in class h external threads.X3.4.3Where allowance must be maintained after coating for trouble free thread ﬁt.X3.5Table X3.1provides maximum coating thickness values based only on the allowance for external thread toler-ance classes 6g and 4g6g.It assumes that the external thread pitch diameter is at the maximum and that the internal thread pitch diameter is at the minimum of the tolerance.TABLE X2.1Recommended Electroplating Process for Each Size of Externally Threaded Metric FastenersN OTE 1—Barrel-plating process (B)and rack-plating process (R).Diameter (D),(in.)Length (L)L #5D5D <L #10D10D <L #20D20D <L #30DL >30D M1.6-M4B B B B R M5-M6B B B R R M8-M10B B B R R M12B B R R R M14B B R R R M16B B R R R M20B R R R R M24R R R R R M30-M100RRRRRTABLE X3.1Coating Accommodation Tolerances for ExternallyThreaded Class 6g and 4g6g Metric FastenersThread Pitch,mm Diameter,(in.)Pitch Diameter Allowance for 6g and 6g4g Tolerance Positions,(µm)Maximum Allowable Coating Thickness on Threaded Tip(µm)0.35M1.6–1940.4M2–1940.45M2.5–2050.5M3–2050.6M3.5–2150.7M4–2250.8M5–2461M6–2661.25M8–2871.5M10–3281.75M12–3482M14,M16–3892.5M20–42103M24–48123.5M30–53134M36–60154.5M42–63155M48–71175.5M56–75186M64,M72,M80,M90,M100–8020FIG.X3.1Metric Tolerance System for ScrewThreadsX4.APPLICATION REQUIREMENTSX4.1Cleaning of Basis Metal—Thorough cleaning of the basis metal is essential in order to ensure satisfactory adhesion, appearance and corrosion resistance of the coating.X4.2Hydrogen Embrittlement Risk Management:X4.2.1Process Considerations—The following are some general recommendations for managing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.For more detailed information refer to IFI-142. X4.2.1.1Clean the fasteners in non-cathodic alkaline solu-tions and in inhibited acid solutions.X4.2.1.2Use abrasive cleaners for fasteners having a hard-ness of40HRC or above and case hardened fasteners.X4.2.1.3Manage anode/cathode surface area and efficiency, resulting in proper control of applied current densities.High current densities increase hydrogen charging.X4.2.1.4Use high efficiency plating processes such as zinc chloride or acid cadmiumX4.2.1.5Control the plating bath temperature to minimize the use of brighteners.X4.2.1.6Select raw materials with a low susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement by controlling steel chemistry,micro-structure and mechanical properties.X4.2.2Process Control Veriﬁcation—Test Method F1940 should be used as a test method for process control to minimize the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.Periodic inspections should be conducted according to a speciﬁed test plan.The test plan should be designed based upon the speciﬁc characteristics of a process,and upon agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.The testing frequency should initially estab-lish and subsequently verify over time,the ability of a process to produce parts that do not have the potential for hydrogen embrittlement.PARISON OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFICATION F1941M–00VERSUS ISO4042–99X5.1Table X5.1provides the main differences that exist between Speciﬁcation F1941M–00versus ISO4042–99.In many cases,both standards do not use the same numbering system to address a similar provision.If needed,the reader must refer to the related paragraph(s)of each standard in its entirety to fully appreciate thecomparison.。

冷库保温结构优化分析

阻计算，入式（）计算得２３（Ｋ）Ｗ．代１，．６ｍ／
１２２聚苯板保温层热阻：．．
按照实际情况和建模要求参数的选择．选用挤塑型聚苯板（Ｐ）导热系数Ａ＝．４（ＥＳ，０００Ｗ／ｍ。Ｋ按照设计要求所选择的厚度一般是１ｃ；）５．ｍ内墙按照冷库设计规范，修正系数选取１３．．
第２７卷
选用１１５０ｇ密度是２．２ｋ／聚氨４２．／，Ｂ７５ｇｍ
酯材料导热系数：００４１（Ａ＝．２２Ｗ／ｍ・）．。Ｋ］按照设计要求所选择的外墙保温厚度是８ＣｌＩ；ｌ按照冷库设计规范，正系数选取１４；墙保温层热修．外
材料单价：４元／。面积６厚度ｌｍ，１ｍ，０ｍ，５ｃ
为简化结构，降低成本，减少保温层厚度，消灭冷桥，提高冷库工作效率，结合已有技术和实际施
工要求，对保温层进行了如下优化设计．
计算材料成本为１６元．２
１３３采用复合保温层的材料成本模型．．
先计算用聚氨酯的成本：将面积６厚度２０ｍ，选用导热系数Ａ＝．４２／ｍ・）００（Ｋ聚氨ｃ修正系数１３计算得到聚氨酯成本为８０元，２１Ｗｍ，．６酯材料和导热系数Ａ＝．４０００ｗ／（．聚苯材再计算使用聚苯板的成本：面积６Ｉ，度１ｍＫ）将０１。厚Ｔ０料，喷涂约厚度ｌ１１１聚氨酯材料，３在铺设厚度约ａ计算聚苯板成本为７ｍ，４元，后得到材料成本最

纳米二氧化硅表面改性的研究

等通过原位表面改性制备
入三口瓶中, 然后加入甲苯和钛酸酯偶联剂 , 搅拌并超声振荡 , 而后升温至指定温度, 回流, 然后抽滤 , 洗涤, 放入烘箱中干燥 , 制得改性后的纳米 SiO2。 ( 3) 硬脂酸改性纳米 S i O2 将一定量的硬脂酸和 NaOH 置于三口瓶中, 加入适量开水, 升温搅拌, 待硬脂酸和 NaOH 全部溶解加入一定量的纳米 SiO2。恒温搅拌一定时间, 抽滤, 用无水乙醇洗去表面的有机物, 再用水洗涤一次, 干燥, 即制得改性后的纳米 S i O 2。 1 4 改性效果的表征 ( 1)亲油化度的测定将 1g 改性后的纳米 S i O 2 粉体置于 40mL 蒸馏水中 , 然后逐滴地滴定甲醇, 当漂浮在水面上的粉体完全润湿后, 记录甲醇的加入量 V ( mL ) , 则亲油化度 = ( V / 40+ V ) ∀ 100 % ( 2)吸水率的测定将 1 000g 改性后的产品均匀铺洒在表面皿上, 然后放入盛有适量水的干燥器中 , 放置一定时间后, 称量并计算粉体增加的质量 m, 按下面的公式计算其吸水率。吸水率 = (m / 1 000) ∀ 100 %
充效果, 所以 , 有必要对其进行表面改性。目前, 采用硅烷偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂对纳米 S i O2 进行表面改性的研究有报道 , Zh iW en W ang 等
8!
以超临界
CO 2 为溶剂、以钛酸酯偶联剂 NDZ 201 为改性剂对纳米 SiO2 进行了表面改性 , 修饰后纳米 S i O 2 由亲水变为疏水, I R 和热重分析表明纳米 S i O 2 和钛酸酯偶联剂主要是通过化学键相互作用的。 Yan lo ng T a i等
粉体置于40ml蒸馏水中然后逐滴地滴定甲醇当漂浮在水面上的粉体完全润湿后记录甲醇的加入量yml则亲油化度v40y1002吸水率的测定将10009改性后的产品均匀铺洒在表面皿上然后放人盛有适量水的干燥器中放置一定时间后称量并计算粉体增加的质量m按下面的公式计算其吸水率

初论铌,钽和钨的成矿作用：实验研究

３实验结果和讨论
实验结果羊ｌＪ实验条件分别列人表１、表２表３和表示在图ｌ和图２中
３．１实验结果的误差来源
实验结果的误差来源是多方面的从总体讲现代分析技术引起实验结果的误差远比由实验本身带来的误差小就本研究而言，微量元素在少量实验产物中的不均匀分布可能是引起误差的主要原因为了克服这一缺陷，我们曾采取先让初始物在高于液相线温度充分熔化，然后缓慢冷却至实验要求的温度值，并在这些温压下保持７２ｈ的措施，但仍不能完全避免微量元素分布的不均匀性。其次，部分实验曾采用天然锂云母钠长花岗岩作为初始物，陵花岗岩的ＮｂＯ和ＴａＯ含量仅为万分之几，由于在实验中形成了Ｎｂ、Ｔａ的独立矿物及部分Ｎｂ、ｌ＇ａ的水解，故在残余熔体及流体中的Ｎｂ、Ｔａ含量低而不能精确测定。第三，尽管我们采用快速淬火高压釜进行实验，但仍可能有少量Ｎｂ、Ｔａ在淬火过程中脱离流体，甚至在高温Ｆ水解的Ｎｂ、Ｔａ在淬火至低温时也可能部分返熔到流体中但整体看，我们的实验达到了平衡，大多数实验产物中的元素分布比较均匀，所得元素分配系数接近其真值、尤其是实验结果显示的规律性是可信的。
ｐＨ
—
—
室验编号
韧介ｆ，宴实时间
始物
验验
Ｓ】ｏＴｉＯＡｌ２ｏ１ＦｅＯＭＩ１ＯＭｇＯＣａＯＫ２０

一种基于接触力分析进行对接的控制策略

（ｏｅｅｆｕｍｔｎＢｉｇＵｉｅｉｆｏｔｎｅｃｍｎａｏｓＢｉｇ１０７，ＣｉａＣ￣ｇｔａｏ，ｅｉｎｒｔｏｓａｄＴｌｏｍｕｉｔｎ，ｅｉ０８６ｈ）ｏＡｏｉｊｎｖｓｙＰｅｃｉｊｎｎ
１空间机械臂末端与对接口的简化模型以及数据定义
空间机械臂末端与对接口的机械结构较为复杂，为
态进行了几何分析以及动力学分析：ｒｎ４ＳａｉｏｒＴｏ￣１ｈｈｐｏ在ｎ
研究的基础上对动态装配过程进行几何分析．所提出的
便于分析，将对接模型简化如图１所示。图中：ｒ空一
间机械臂末端半径：Ｒ对接口内一
模型可以更清楚了解动态装配机制：ＣＣＣｅｇ通过分．．ｈｎｍ析插孔作业过程，提出了一种新的被动柔顺设备来较好
首先移动机械臂末端位置使力接触为零。控制方法
如下：使末端朝着使接触力为零的方向运动。即对于当前末端位姿（。ｙ，，，Ｐ）保持Ｚ，。ｘ，ｅＺＢ，ｅ，ｅｄ，Ｂ，变，按照式（）动位姿为（。Ｙ。Ｚ，【３，。。Ｐ不２移ｘ，ｅｅ０， …１Ｐ）
第２５卷第１期
２１０２年１月
Ｄｖｌｐｎ＆Ｉｎｖｔｎｏａｈｎｒ＆ＥｅｔｃｌＰｏｕｔｅｅｏｍｅｔｎｏａｉｆｃｉｅｙｏＭｌｃｒａｒｄｃｓｉ

直罗地区长6储层非均质性研究

０“
２３飘５
５３嚣＾８３Ｉ ∞
３，Ｔ ∞ ８瑚 ‘ ３
表１长６油层组层内非均质系数统计表
２层间非均质性层内非均质性是指一个单砂层内部在垂向上的储层性
质变化，它是直接控制单砂层内水淹厚度及系数的关键地
最墨熏数
事均曩蛙哭进羹异墓数ｊ数ｌ
１４．２１封．２∞
１嬲
± －长虹
０８｛１Ｉ．
０竹．
ｇ２．３掌５．６
ｌ ‘ ｌ３
１２．ｌｌ７５
１４前
０ ∞蝣．ＯＯ ∞ Ｂ
００ ● ．Ｏ３
０计．８麓．
媾｜．１街
．
０
０．ｌ０
０２０
０。啪
０锄
０．Ｉ０ｏ
呻帕’柚
Ｏ嘲．
ｌ ∞
稚鑫ｊ事ｘ瞻帕Ｄ｝图１长６段井渗透率垂向韵律性收稿日期：２１一７３修回日期：２１一８２０１Ｏ —００１Ｏ— ６基金项目：国家重大专项（编号：ｙｓ２１ｋ — 一１。ｃｙ０ＯｙＣ０）
鄂尔多斯盐地已探明低渗透储量１．８５１，是１２５ × ０ｔ
坝砂体有这种特征。复合韵律是由向上水淹及驱油速度变化更大，易图２形成多段水淹，纵向上水驱不均匀。
ｌ层内非均质性
１１储层垂向上的粒序性．根据直罗地１５井岩心资料统计，长６￣７ｊ１Ｅ储层内部渗透

2005年台北国际电脑展览

2005年台北國際電腦展覽~中國
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~日本
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~台灣
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~以色列
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~加拿大
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~印度
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~西班牙
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~法國
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~阿拉伯
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~南韓
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~美國
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~美屬薩摩亞
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~英國
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~維爾京群島
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~香港
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~泰國
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~馬來西亞
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~荷蘭
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~新加坡
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~瑞士
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~義大利
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~德國
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~墨西哥
2005年台北國際電腦展覽~澳大利亞。

国外长隧道的设计施工概况精品

21
2017/9/3
22
地质大致分为7个地段从法国侧洞口到4km附近是砂页岩互层，其上分布冰河堆积物和岩堆。接着的3km是比较复杂的不良的石灰岩类，其次的15km是比较稳定的砂岩、粘板岩。在车站附近是比较复杂的结晶片岩，也比较稳定。车站东侧是石灰质片岩因与河流交差，在施工上是比较困难的地段。在法、意边境的16km范围内是良好的片麻岩，但埋深超过2000m，有可能出现岩爆和高压的突发涌水。该地域的岩石强度超过200MPa是比较硬的，特别是结晶片岩的石英质岩非常硬。在6,5km附近和30km处有较大的断层构造，形成石膏层。此石膏层遇水膨胀，同时使河水污染。从钻孔得知，在隧道底版附近的温度可能达50℃。目前工程正在进行详细的导致调查并开始修建辅助坑道，预计 2006 年主洞开工 2015 年开通。到 2000 年地质调查费用已投入约 1 亿 3000万欧元（ECU）。隧道的建设费包括轨道、电气、其他设备等约2200亿里拉。
2017/9/3
26
表1
TBM和衬砌概况
北工区南工区
TB M
外径长度刀头
12.29m 8.7m 76个 73个
切削能力21t/刃）包括后方台车全长出碴衬砌初期支护（现场制作的管片）防水板
2017/9/3
220m 螺旋皮带运输机螺栓联结， 7 个，t=30cm 聚乙烯板t=3mm t=30cm的模筑混凝土
2017/9/3
6
1· 新圣哥达隧道（瑞士） 57km 铁路隧道作为铁道王国的瑞士，提出了铁道改良计划“铁道2000”和以长隧道为主体的“新阿尔卑斯横断铁道计划（ NEAT ）”向 21 世纪的经济增长和环境保护挑战。“铁道 2000” 是强化瑞士东西干线的计划，“NEAT”是用长隧道南北贯穿阿尔卑斯山的计划。实际上，意大利和瑞士在1882年就兴建了圣哥达隧道（14.998km）。但随着南北货运量的大幅度增加，欧洲共同体强烈要求采用铁道方式把增加的货运量运出去。再加上1999年的勃郎峰公路隧道的火灾事故，促使了 “ NEAT” 计划的实施。 NEAT 计划中的隧道有东部线的 Zimmerberg（19.7km）、Gotthard（57km）和Ceneri等3座隧道，其中包括正在修建的长57km的新圣哥达隧道（比老圣哥达隧道标高降低 600m ）（图 2 ）。西部线有长 36km 的 Lotschberg （列奇堡）隧道。东西线的3座隧道全部完成后，目前运行的特快列车从3小时40分钟缩短到 1 小时 30 分钟。目前这几座隧道，作为第 1 期工程的 Lotschberg（列奇堡）隧道和圣哥达隧道已开始施工。

镧系元素

+II Sm(4f66s2) Sm(4f6)
Eu(4f76s2) Tm(4f136s2) Yb(4f146s2) Eu(4f7) Tm(4f13) Yb(4f14)
从4f电子层结构来看，其接近或保持全空、半满及全满时的状态较稳定(也存在热力学及动力学因素)。
水溶液的稳定性：
Ce4+(4fo) ＞ Pr4+(4f1) Sm2+(4f6) ＜ Eu2+(4f7)
LnCl3
LnCl3·6H2
O
LnCl标3和准L溶nC解l3焓·6H2O的
镧系元素的单质
1. 镧系金属单质的化学性质
碱金属 Eo = -2.9左右碱土金属 Eo = -2.3—2.9
Al E o = -1.96
Ln E o = -2.3左右
(1) 活泼性仅次于碱金属和Ca、Sr、Ba而与Mg 类似；
89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101Md 102No 103 Lr
锕钍镤铀镎钚镅锔锫锎锿镄钔锘铹
镧系元素的发现
镱 1879年钇 1794年镱 1878年
镥 1905-1907年钇土1794年铒 1843年钪 1879年
不同点：
铈组
钇组
硫酸盐碳酸盐草酸盐
不溶于M2SO4溶液不溶于CO32-溶液不溶于C2O42-溶液
溶于M2SO4溶液溶于CO32-溶液溶于C2O42-溶液
2. +IV化合物
Ce(4f15d16s2),Pr(4f36s2),Tb(4f96s2),Dy(4f106s2)能形成+IV氧化态即Ce(4f0),Pr(4f1),Tb(4f7),Dy(4f8) 。

锟斤拷目6_锟节客匡拷锟筋攻锟斤拷

项目6 黑客口令攻击【开发语言及实现平台】1.开发语言Visual C++.NET 2003。

2.软件平台Windows NT/2000/XP/2003。

【实验目的】（1）熟悉V C++.NET 网络编程。

（2）了解黑客邮箱口令攻击的原理。

（3）了解黑客QQ 口令攻击的原理。

【实验要求】（1）用字典法实现邮箱口令攻击的基本功能。

（2）用伪造登录界面法实现QQ2000版口令攻击的基本功能。

（3）用键盘监听法实现QQ2000版口令攻击的基本功能。

【实验原理】1.邮箱口令破解基本原理尽管现在可以选用许多方法进行用户身份验证，但多数用户仍然通过在键盘上结合输入自己的用户名和密码来登录自己的邮箱。

为简化密码的记忆任务，用户经常在每个系统中使用相同或相似的密码，而且多数用户会在允许的情况下选择简单记忆的密码，例如自己的生日、父母的姓名。

对于攻击者来说，简短密码相对容易破解。

攻击者用以破解受害者密码的部分常用方法包括如下几种。

（1）傻瓜解密法:攻击者通过反复猜测可能的字词(例如用户账户名、出生年月等)来使用用户账户完成登录。

由于部分私人信息难以获取，本工程使用用户账户名加上一些简单数字组合，尝试密码破解的可能性。

（2）字典取词法:攻击者使用包括字词文本文件的自动程序。

由于密码由英文单词组成的可能性很大，攻击者通过从字典文件中依次取词，并添加一些简单数字，反复尝试登录目标系统。

（3）暴力破解法:此类攻击是字典的变体，但此类攻击的宗旨是破解字典攻击所用文本文件中可能没有包括的密码。

理论上该方法可以破解一切密码，但出于网络条件，通常需要花费很长的等待时间。

更好的方法是在脱机状态下将密码中可能出现的字符进行排列组合，并将这些结果放入破解字典。

在连接状态时再通过每次尝试时使用文本文件中的不同字词，由程序反复尝试登录目标系统。

2.连接POP3服务器一般电子邮件的投递方式是首先在发送法和接收方之间建立起TCP 连接，然后再此连接上传递电子邮件。

无失效数据失效概率的综合估计

ｃｎａｌｒｎｏｍａｉｎ，ＢｙｓａｓｉｔｎａｄＳｎｈｓｚｓｉｔｎｏｉｇｆｉｅｉｆｒｔｏｕａｅｉｎｅｔｍａｉｎｙｔｅｉｅｔｍａｉｆｏｅｏ
息．文提出把无失效情况的结果与引进失效信息后的结果进行综合处理—— 给出综合估计法．本
２主要结果及证明
在定时截尾试验中，尾时间为￡一１２ … ，截（，，），相应的试验样品数为（一１２ … ，，，），果所有结样品无一失效．５一＋： … ＋ ” 它表示在ｔ处还未失效的样品数．（，）为无失效数据．记＋，称￡Ｉ，Ｉ设产品的寿命Ｔ服从指数分布，分布函数：其。为
检验模型的研究进展情况，提醒人们重视检验方法本身的错误．实际问题中，些工程技术人员认为根并在有
据无失效数据直接进行可靠性评估可能会产生冒进．些促使我们想到在无失效数据的分析中引进失效信这
ＡｂｔａｔＩｈｅｐｐｅ，ａｔｓａｅｓｉｔｏｎｏｆｐａａｅｅｎｙｓａｓｉｔｏｎｏｆｆｉｕｅｐｏｂ — ｓｒｃ：ｎｔａｒＬｅｓｑｕｒｓｅｔｍａｉｒｍｔｒａｄＢａｅｉｎｅｔｍａｉａｌｒｒａ
ＴｈｙｈｓｚｓｉａｉｎｏｌａｉｉｙＰａａｅｅｆＺｅｏＦａｌｒｔｅＳｎｔｅｉｅｅｔｍｔｏｆＲｅｉｂｌｔｒｍｔｒｏｒ－ｉｕｅＤａａ

颅内动脉瘤术中脑栓塞后成功溶栓1例

ｏｈｏｂｌ－ｗｉｃｐｒｔｏｆａｒｏｅｔｉｕａｄｓｏｄｆｔｅｄｕｅｓｔｈｏｅａｉｎｓｏｒｔｉｖｎｒｃｌｒｉｃｒ —
ｇｅｔａｔｒｓ［］ＪＴｈｒｃＣｒｉａｃＳｒ，２０，１９ｒａｒｉＪ．ｏａａｄｏｓｕｇ０５２：ｅｅｖ
粥样斑块脱落形成脑栓塞等［。本例患者中年，高血压脑３］有动脉硬化基础，Ｓ检查发现双侧颈动脉窦部轻度狭窄，ＤＡ动脉瘤栓塞术中因为微导管张力过大致使导引导管移位，能可
ａｔｒｓ［］ｕＣｒｉｔｏａｕｇ０９５８９８４ｒｅｉＪ．ＥｒａｄｏｈｒｃＳｒ，２０，３：７ —８．ｅＪ
［］Ｋｏ，Ｙｇｈｒ７ｈＭａｉａａＴ，ＵｅｒｍｕａＨ，ｅ１ｎｅｍｅｉｔｒｓｌｔ．Ｉｔｒｄａｅｅｕｔａｓ
［］Ｋｒｙｎｕｌ３ａｅｂｈＮ，ＥｒｅＥ，Ｏｉａ，ｅａ．ＳｍｐｏｔｎｄｍｎｓＭｔ１ｙｔｍａｉａｄｃ
ｓｌｎｓｈｍｉａｓｃａｅｔｉｒｓｒｉａｃｉｐｎｏｉ — ｉｔｉｃｅａｓｏｉｔｄｗｉｈｍｃｏｕｇｃｌｌｐｉｇｆｎｅｔａｒｎａｎｕｙｍｓｅａｕｔｏｔｉｕｉｎｗｅｇｔｄＭＲＩｒｃａｉｌａｅｒｓｖｌａｉｎｗｉｈｄｆｓｏ－ｉｈｅｆ
［３ＪｎｓＲＧ，ＤａａｎｎｍＩ２ｏｅｖｇａａ，ＣｏｌｙＳｔａ．Ａｂｉｉｂｆｒｌ，ｅ１ｅｃｍａｏｘ

05cr17ni4cu4nb标准

主题：05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准解读一、05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准的概念和作用05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb是一种不锈钢材料标准，主要用于制造化工设备、船舶、食品设备等领域。

该标准的制定旨在规范该材料的化学成分、力学性能、加工工艺等方面的要求，以确保使用该材料制造的产品具有良好的耐腐蚀性能、强度和可加工性，满足不同领域的要求。

二、05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准的技术要求根据05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准，该材料的化学成分要求主要包括元素的含量范围和允许的掺杂元素。

其中，C（碳）、Si（硅）、Mn （锰）、P（磷）、S（硫）、Cr（铬）、Ni（镍）、Cu（铜）、Nb （铌）等元素的含量都有严格的要求，以确保不锈钢材料的主要成分符合标准规定，具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。

该标准还对05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb材料的力学性能、加工工艺、热处理要求等方面做出了详细规定，确保产品的强度、塑性和加工性能能够满足不同工程领域的要求。

三、05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准的应用范围05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准的制定旨在规范该材料在不同领域的应用，主要包括以下几个方面：1. 化工设备制造：05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb材料具有良好的耐腐蚀性能和耐高温性能，适用于制造化工设备中的容器、反应器、换热器等部件。

2. 食品设备制造：由于05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb材料对食品具有良好的安全性和卫生性能，因此在食品加工设备的制造中得到广泛应用。

3. 船舶制造：不锈钢材料对海水和大气中的腐蚀具有较强的抵抗能力，因此适用于制造船舶的舱壁、甲板、舱口等部件。

4. 其他领域：05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb材料还可用于制造化学品输送管道、医疗设备、建筑材料等领域。

四、05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准的市场前景05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb标准的制定和实施，将有助于规范不锈钢材料在不同工程领域的应用，提高产品质量，推动相关行业的技术进步和产业升级。

新型三元共聚物降失水剂的合成与性能研究

养护２，口到不同种类的钻井液。４ｈ且得
二烯丙基氯化铵三元共聚物，此共聚物具有较好的
耐温、盐能力。王艳新等采用溶液聚合法得到抗了ＡＡＳ共聚物，Ｍ／ＭＰ再通过一定程度的Ｈｆｎｏｍａｎபைடு நூலகம்
１５三元共聚物的性能测试．
采用Ｎｃｌ公司Ａａｒ７ｉｅｏｔｖｔ３０型傅里叶变换红外ａ光谱仪ｉ定三元共聚物的ＦＩ贝０ＴＲ谱图：将合成的三
元共聚物用无水乙醇洗涤３次，６于０℃ 下真空干燥２得到纯三元共聚物，Ｋｒ片制样，行４ｈ，用Ｂ压进ＦＩＴＲ测试。采用Ｔ公司ＳＴ６０型热重示差扫ＡＤＱ０描量热仪分析三元共聚物的热性能：样为纯三元试
石
・
油
化
工
１６・２１
ＰＴ０ＨＭＩＡＬＴＣＮ００ＹＥＲＣＥＣＥＨＬＧ
２１年第４０１０卷第１期１
新型三元共聚物降失水剂的合成与性能研究
路健，国强林华君周其华，宋，，马贵平
（１北京化工大学材料科学与工程学院，．北京１０２；．００９２常州大学制药与生命科学学院，江苏常州２３６；１１４
３浙江新东方油墨集团有限公司，．浙江台州３８２）１００
［要］以丙烯酸（Ａ、摘Ａ）丙烯酰胺（Ｍ）Ａ和一种含磺酸基的单体为反应单体，过硫酸铵／亚硫酸氢钠氧化一还原体系为引发剂，采

SH T 1750-2005 冷热水管道系统用无规共聚聚丙烯(PP-R)专用料

ＰＰ－Ｒ。ＥＣ。０７一４５一００３
字符组卜聚丙烯代号无规共聚物代号
字符组２：位登１：挤出
位置２：着色字符组３：拉伸弹性模量
简支梁缺口冲击强度烙体质ｔ流动速率和试验条件
字符组４：未使用字符组５：有关具体颇色的附加说明命名：ＰＰ－Ｒ．ＥＣ．０７－４５－００．，Ｇ
保压时间
全循环时间
２００士加
用《；Ｂ／Ｔ１７０３７．１－１９９７标准中的Ａ型模具制备的Ａ型试样符合ＬＳＯ５２７一１中ＩＡ型试样，Ｂ型模具制备的Ｂ型试样为８０ｍｍｘ１Ｏｍｍｘ４ｍｍ的长条形试样。５．２试样的状态调节和试验的标准环境
试样的状态调节和试验的标准环境为ＧＢ／Ｔ２９１８－１９９８规定的标准环境（２３／５０）０状态调节的环境等级为２，即空气温度ｔ为２３℃ 士２９Ｃ、相对湿度Ｕ为５０％士１０％。试样状态调节时间至少４０ｈ但不超过％ｈｏ所有试验都应在标准试验环境（２３／５０）下进行，且环境的温度ｔ为２３℃ 士２９Ｃ、相对湿度Ｕ为
处于２０℃ 一２３℃之间。加热升温速率为１２０＇Ｃ／ｈ：ｔ］０９Ｃ／ｈｏ
５．１０熔融温度ＴＰ，从不同的样品颗粒上剪取试样，以使试样有代表性。试样质量为５ｒｎｇ一６ｍｇ，精确到０．ｌｍｇｏ测定按ＧＢ／Ｔ１９４６６．３－２００４（ＩＳＯ１１３５７一３：１９９９，ＩＤＴ）规定进行。测定前，需用标准样品锢校正
ＧＢ／Ｔ１０３３－１９８６塑料密度和相对密度试验方法ＧＢ／＇ｒ１２５０－１９８９极限数值的表示方法和判定方法ＧＢ／７１６３４．２－２００４塑料负荷变形温度的测定第２部分：塑料和硬橡胶试验方法（ＩＳＯ／ＦＤＩＳ７５一２：２００３，ＩＤＴ）ＧＢ／Ｔ２５４６．１－ＸＸＸＸ塑料聚丙烯（ＰＰ）模塑和挤出材料第１部分：命名系统和分类基础’）（ＩＳＯ１８７３一１：１９９５，ＭＯＤ）ＧＢ／Ｔ２５４６．２－２００３塑料聚丙烯（ＰＰ）模塑和挤出材料第２部分：试样制备和性能测定（ＩＳＯ１８７３一２：１９９７，ＭＯＤ）ＧＢ／Ｔ２５４７－１９８１塑料树脂取样方法ＧＢ／Ｔ２９１８－１９９８塑料试样状态调节和试验的标准环境（ｉｄｔＩＳＯ２９１：１９９７）ＧＢ／Ｔ３６８２－２００（〕热塑性塑料熔体质量流动速率和熔体体积流动速率的测定（ｉｄｔＩＳＯ１１３３：１９９７）ＧＢ／Ｔ６１１１－２００３流体输送用热塑性塑料管材耐内压试验方法（ＩＳＯ１１６７：１９９６，ＢＹｆ）ＧＢ／Ｔ９３４１－２０００塑料弯曲性能试验方法（ｉｄｔＩＳＯ１７８：１９９３）ＧＢ／Ｔ９３５２－１９８８热塑性塑料压塑试样的制备（ｅｑｖＩＳＯ２９３：１９８６）ＧＢ／Ｔ１７０３７．１－１９９７热塑性塑料材料注塑试样的制备第１部分：一般原理及多用途试样和长条试样的制备（ｉｄｔＩＳＯ２９４一１：１９９６）ＧＢ／Ｔ１７２１９－１９９８生活饮用水输配水设备及防护材料的安全性评价标准ＧＢ／Ｔ１８２５１－２０００聚烯烃管材、管件和混配料中颜料及碳黑分散的测定方法ＧＢ／Ｔ１８２５２－２０００塑料管道系统用外推法对热塑性塑料管材长期静液压强度的测定ＧＢ／Ｔ１８７４２．１－２００２冷热水用聚丙烯管道系统第１部分：总则ＧＢ／Ｔ１８７４２．２－２００２冷热水用聚丙烯管道系统第２部分：管材ＧＢ／Ｔ１９４６６．３－２００４塑料差示扫描量热法（ＤＳ（）第３部分：熔融和结晶的温度及热焙的测定（ＩＳＯ１１３５７一３＝１９９７，ＩＤＴ）