英国文学与文化考试复习
英国文学复习资料[1]
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英国文学复习资料[1]一选择题1. _____ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.a. Thomas Wyattb. William Shakespearec. Phillip Sidneyd. Thomas Campion2. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development ofEnglish Drama. It was _______ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Logec. Edmund Spenserd. Thomas More3. Great popularity was won by John Lyly?s prose romance_______wh ich gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an effected style of court speech.a. Arcadiab. V enus and Adonis.c. Eupheusd. Lucrece4. At the beginning the 16th century the outstanding humanist_____wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people?s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.a. Christopher Marloweb. Thomas Morec. Phillip Sidneyd. Edmund Spencer5. English absolute monarchy was once again adopted in the reignof ________after the Queen Elizabeth.a. Edward VIb. James Ic. Charles Id. Queen Ann6.Beowulf is the most important and the first epic in the Old Englishever written. It was written in _______.a. sonnetsb. balladsc. alliterationd. heroic couplet7.Paradise Lost is a (n)________.a. lyrical poemb. hymnc. epicd. narrative poem8.Pamela is a___________.a. historical novelb. romanceb. novel of naturalism d. novel of epistles andpsychology9.Gulliver’s Travels is a ________.a. sentimental novelb. novel of satire andallegoryc. Gothic noveld. novel of stream ofconsciousness10.I Wandered lonely as a Cloud is a ________.a. lyrical poemb. lyrical prosec. romance in prosed. sonnet11.T he School of Scandal is a ______.a. tragedyb. comedy of mannersc. noveld. romance12.The Merry Wives of Windsor is a ______.a. comedyb. tragedyc. historical playd. morality play13. A Red, Red Rose is a______.a. lyricb. satirical poemc. epic d ode14.Clarrisa is a (n) ____________.a. historical novelb. epistolary novelc. metrical romanced. satirical novel15. The title of “Poet?s poet” is given to the writer of thefollowing work__ _____.a. Death Be Not Proudb. Venus and Adonisc. Romeo and Julietd. The Faerie Queen16. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespearian plays of_______.a. comedyb. sequence of sonnetsc. tragedyd. historical play17. Chaucer was the first important poet of a royal court to writein______ after the Norman conquest.a. Frenchb. Latinc. Englishd. Celt18. “He was not of an age, but for all the time”. “He” here refers to_____.a. Shakespeareb. Chaucerc. John Miltond. Ben Jonson19. The father of the school of Metaphysical poets is _______.a. Thomas Moreb. Spenserc. John Donned. Wyatt20. The most important prose writer of Elizabethan Age was _______,who was also the founder of the English materialistic philosophy.a. Thomas Moreb. Spenserc. John Donned. Francis Bacon21. During the medieval time, there were several types of drama, amongwhich the ______ denotes only dramas based on Saint?s lives.a. miracle playb. morality playc. mystery playd.interlude22. Morality plays were dramatized _______of the life of man, histemptation and sinning, his quest for salvation and his confrontation with death.a. elegyb. dreamc. ambitiond. allegories23. The hero in morality plays usually represents Mankind or _______.a. Devilb. Godc. valiantd. everyone24. The rhyme schem e of Spenser?s Amorretti is created by Spenserhimself, and it is now called ____, rhyme pattern of which is ______.a. English sonnet/ abab cdcd, efef ggb. Italian sonnet/ abba abba cde cdec. Miltonic sonnet/ abab bcbc cde cded. Spenserian sonnet/ abab bcbc cdcd ee25. In the Faerie Queene, Spenser signifies glory in abstract, and theQueen Elizabeth______ in particular.a. Gloryb. famec. honestyd. virtue26. Spenser not only wrote in Spenserian sonnet, he also inventedSpensrian stanza, a nine-line stanza used by him in Faerie Queene, the rhyme scheme of which is ________.a. abab ababab. abab bcbccc. abcb cdcdcd. aabb ccddd27. Spenser is usually considered “poets? poet”, because of his superbtechnical skill, perfect melodies, rare senses of beauty. However, in his poetry there still remain two defects: _______.a. power and unityb. power and steadinessc. steadiness and unityd. unity and melody28. The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus is based on a _____.a. German legendb. Greek legendc. Roman Legendd. Celtic Legend29. The hero of Dr. Fustus is a young ______.a. scholarb. doctorc. philosopherd. magician30. The significance of Marlowe?s plays lies in the playwright?spresenting of, in various ways, the spirit of ________.a. feudal lordsb. the rising bourgeoisiec. the intellectualsd. common people31. Who was the greatest dramatist in the 18th century?a. Goldsmithb. Sheridanc. Sterned. Fielding32. Which play is regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare?a. She Stoops to Conquerb. The Rivalsc.The School for Scandald. The ConsciousLovers33. Chaucer was the first important poet of royal court to write in______ after the Norman Conquest.a. Frenchb. Latinc. Englishd. Greek34. Shylock is a character in the play _______.a. T amburlain written by Marloweb. Othello written by Shakespearec. The Jew of Malta written by Marlowed.The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare35. “To err, is human, to forgive, divine” and “ A little learning is adangerous thing.” are taken from the poems written by ______.a. John Miltonb. Francis Baconc. William Shakespeared. Alexander Pope36. The Deserted Village is a ___________.a. sentimental poemb. romantic poemc. neo-classical poemd. allegorical poem37. In English Poetry the phrase …the deep? is often referred to _______.a. the hellb. the heartc. the sead. the grave38. At the turn of the 18th and 19th century, ______ appeared as a newliterary trend in England.a. Renaissanceb. Reformationc. Romanticismd. Sentimentalism39. Of Truth was written by a British essayist_______.a. William Shakespeareb. George Bernad Shawc. Francis Bacond. John Donne40. “Gold? Y ellow, glittering, precious gold! Thus much of this willmake black white, fool fair, wrong right, base noble, old young, coward valiant…”These lines are taken from ________ by Shakespeare.a. Volponeb. As you like itc. The School for Scandald. Timon of Athens41. “ Conceit” is a term applied in particular to the school representedby_______.a. Herrickb. Ben Jonsonc. Poped. John Donne42. The general spirit of Shakespeare?s first period comediesis _______.a. youthfulness with melancholyb. pessimism with youthfulnessc. optimism with youthfulnessd. optimism with melancholy43. _____ is one of Shakespeare?s famous four tragedies.a. Romeo and Julietb. Julius Caesarc. Anthony and Claopatrad. Othello44. The Merchant of Venice belongs to Shakespeare?s play s of ______inwhich Shakespeare highly praises the wits and wisdom of the heroin______ .a. Sophiab. Portiac. Ophiliad. Olivia45. One of the following plays takes its subject matter from Chinesehistory.a. Henry VIb. Everyone in His Humorc. The Riva lsd. Tamburlain46. Piers the Plowman is a realistic picture of _____ England, whichindignantly satirized the ____ prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular world.a. Renaissance/ corruptionb. medieval /realityc. medieval /corruptiond. Renaissance/ reality47. One of the following writers is not known as a sonnet poet is_______.a. Wyattb. Shakespearec. Greened. Spencer48. Mephistophilis is a _______.a. soldierb. devil?s servantc. king?s clownd. noble man49. Thomas More was killed because of ______.a. his disagreement with the princeb. his treason of Englandc. his plot against King Henry VIIId. his disagreement with the king?s divorce and the religiousbelief50. More is known as a writer, statesman and _______.a. humanistb. merchantc. socialistd. soldier51. All the following writers created the sonnet sequence except______.a. Shakespeareb. Thomas Morec. Spenser c. Sidney52. Apology for Poetry is a_______.a. sonnetb. literary criticismc. noveld. play53. Of the following, the one that employs the form of romance is_______.a. Euphuesb. Amorettic. Of Studiesd. V enus and Adonis54. The “Mighty line” in Marlowe?s play means________.a. blank verseb. sonnetc. coupletd. free verse55. The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument ofEnglish drama is ______.a. Surryb. Marlowec. Shakespeared. Ben Jonson56. The recurrent theme of Marlowe?s plays is the praise of ______.a. capitalismb. churchc. feudalismd. individualism57. All the heroes of Marlowe?s plays end with ______.a. happinessb. triumphc. tragedyd. insult58. The literary genre which best represents the literary achievement inRenaissance is _____.a. novelb. dramac. poetryd. romance59. Thomas More?s masterpiece Utopia was written in _______.a. Frenchb. Englishc. Latind. Greek60. Astrophel and Stalla was written by the author who also wrote _____.a. Amorettib. As Y ou like Itc. Apology for Poetryd. Dr. Faustus61. The poet who wrote the first sonnet sequence in English literature also wrote _____.a. The Shepherds’ calendarb. Apology for Poetryc. Hamletd. Alchemist62. The soldier, the poet, the critic, the courtier, all the titles can be applied to one of the following writers.a. Spenserb. Marlowec. Sidneyd. Ben Jonson63. Spenser is famous for his _______.a. musical rhythmb. colorful imagesc. symbolsd. all of the above64. Test of courage, faith and loyalty is the theme of a _____.a. romanceb. novelc. playd. ballad65. La Mort e’d Arthur describes the war, the tournament, illicit love and the quest for ______.a. Christb. Holly Grailc. Bibled. King Arthur66. All the following figures appear in the work La Morte’d Arthu r, except_______.a. King Arthurb. Gueneverec. Lancelotd. Tamburlain67. La Moret’d Arthur marked the ____ of the romance in England.A. falling b. risingc. summitd. ending68. The English Romantic Movement began in the 1798 when “Lyrical Ballads” was published, and ended in1832 when ______.a. Jane Austain diedb. Scott diedc. Wordsworth diedd. Shelley69. Quotation and the author are correctly paired in all the followings except______.a.a. “I might boast myself La V ainqueur”----- Johnsonb.b. “A little learning is a dangerous thing.” ------ Popec. c. A Truthful artist’s duty was to produce humann ature”------ Wordsworthd.d. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” ---------Shakespeare.70. Virtue Rewarded in the novel by Richardson means___________.a.a. Shopia was married to Mr. B finally.b.b. Pamela was kicked out of Mr. B’s place.c. c. Shopia was married to Tom Jones at last.d.d. Pamela was married to T om Jones.71. The Spectator was started in the ______century.a. early 18thb. late 19thc. the late 18thd. early 19th72. The figure of speech used in the article A modest Proposal is called _____.b. paradoxc. ironyd. pun73. The Rape of the Lock gives an account of ______.a. bull fightingb. a knight duelc. a writer’s lifed. an anecdote of the court74. At the end of the History of T om Jones, a Foundling,________.a. Blifil was hangedb. T om was put in jail againc. Shopia divorced with T omd. None of the above75. Richardson was noted as a storyteller, letter-writer and a ______ as well.a. criticb. moralizerc. poetd. playwright76. The couplet, originally French, was made full use by ______.a. Popeb. Donnec. Chaucerd. Johnson77. All of the followings were from Ireland except________.a. Sheridanb. Goldsmithc. Swift78. The pair not correct associated is _______.a. Blake----engraverb. Goldsmith______poet and novelistc. Fielding ____playwrightd. Richardson _____poet79.The Sentimental School includes all of the following writers except_______.a. Thomas Cowperb. Thomas Grayc. Richardsond. Swift80. Milton was nicknamed “the lady of the Christ” because he was ______.a. a ladyb. as serious as a ladyc. as hansom as a ladyd. as gentle as a lady答案；1-5 a a c b b 6-10 c c d b a11-15 b a a b d 16-20 a c a c d21-25 c d d d d 26-30 b a a a b31-35 b c c d d 36-40. a c d b d41-45. d c d b d 46-50. b c b d a.51-55. b b a a b56-60. d c b c c61-65. b c d a b66-70. d c b c b71-75. a c d d b76-80. a d d d c二，名词解释1. EnlightenmentEnlightenment is a progressive intellectual movement, which swept over England and other lands in Western Europe in the 18th century. Enlightenment freed and reformed the thinking of man. Enlighteners strove to clear away the feudal remnants and replace them by bourgeois ideologue.2.Blank verseUnrhymed iambic pentameter. See also Meter. In the 1540s Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, seems to have originated it in English as the equivalent of Virgil's unrhymed dactylic hexameter. In Gorboduc (1561), Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton introduced blank verse into the drama, whence it soared with Marlowe and Shakespeare in the 1590s. Milton forged it anew for the epic in Paradise Lost (1667).3. Fable(1) A short, allegorical story in verse or prose, frequently of animals, told to illustrate a moral. (2) The story line or plot of a narrative or drama. (3) Loosely, any legendary or fabulous account.4. RomanceAny imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances./doc/205598258.htmledy of mannersIts concern is to bring the moral and social behavior of its characters to the test of comic laughter. The male hero lives not for military glory but for pleasure and the conquests that he can achieve in his amorous campaigns. The object of his very practical game of sexual intrigue is a beautiful, witty, pleasure loving, and emancipated lady, every bit his equal in the strategies of love. The two are distinguished not for virtue but for the true wit and well-bred grace with which they conduct the often complicated intrigue that makes up the plot.6. HumorA humor is a theory used by Ben Jonson in his play writing.A humor, according to the physiology and the psychology of the time, was one of the liquid constituents of the body, each of which had its peculiar emotional propensity. Every character in Jonson’s comedies personifies a definite humor, so his characters are like caricatures.7. NovelThe extended prose fiction that arose in the 18th century to become a major literary expression of the modern world. The term comes from the Italian novella, the short "new" tale of intrigue and moral comeuppance most eminently disseminated by Boccaccio's Decameron (1348-1353). The terms novel and romance, from the French roman, competed interchangeably for most of the 18th century.三．阅读题Passage 1To die, to sleepNo more and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, ?tis a consummationDevotedly to be wished. To die, to sleepTo sleep-perchance to dream: ay there?s the rub,For in that sleep of death what dream may come?When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us a pause. There?s the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressor?s wrong, the proud man?s contumelyThe pangs of despised love, the law?s delay,The insolence of office, and the spurns,The patient merit of th? unworthy takesQUESTION:1. These lines are taken from a famous play named________.2. The author of the play is____________.3. In the play these lines are uttered by ____________.4. About the utterance what does the speech show? Passage 2What though the field be lost?All is not lost: the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield:And what is else not to be overcome?That glory never shall his wrath or mightExtort from me. To bow and sue for graceWith suppliant knee, and deify his powerWho, from the terror of this arm, so lateDoubted his empire-that were low indeed;That were an ignominy and shame beneathThis downfall; since, by fate, the strength of godsAnd this empyreal substance, cannot fail;Questions:1. These lines are written in __________.2. In the second line …the unconquerable will? refers to the will of _____.a. Zeusb. Satanc. Godd. Adam3. These lines are taken from a very famous ________ entitled ________.4. Who is the author of this poem?5. What?s the central theme of these lines?6. What do you think of the writing features of the passage?Passage 3My friend Roger, being a good churchman, has beautified the inside of his church with several texts of his own choosing; he has likewise given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion table at his own expense. He has often told me that, at his coming to his estate, he found his parishioners very irregular; and that in order to make them kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and a Common Prayer book, and at the same time employed an itinerant singing masters, who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct them rightly in the tunes of the Psalms, and indeed outdo most of the country churches that have ever heard.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a periodical named______.2. The Title of the passage is ___________________.3. The …I” in the passage is supposed to be _____________a. Mr. Spectatorb. Addisonc. Steel4. What kind of person is Sir Roger?5. What is the writing features of the passage?Passage 4:I lay down on the grass, which was very short and soft, where I slept sounder than ever I remember to have done in my life, and as I reckoned, above nine hours; for when I awaked, it was just daylight. I attempted to rise, but was not able to stir: for as I happened to lie on my back, I found my arms and legs were strongly fastened on each side to the ground; and my hair, which was long and thick, tied down in the same manner. .I likewise felt several slender figures across my body, from my armpits to my thighs. I could only look upwards; the sun began to grow hot, and the light offended my eyes. I heard a confused noise about me, but in the posture I lay, could see nothing except the sky. In a little time, I felt something alive moving on my left leg, which advancing gently forward over my breast, came almost up to my chin; when bending my eyes downwards as much as I could, I perceived it to be a human creature not six inches high, with a bow and arrow in his hands, and a quiver at his back.Questions:1. this passage is taken from a well-known book written by______.2. The …I? in the passage was dropped in a str ange country, the name of which is _______.3. The title of the book is__________.4. The …I? in the passage is ______________.5. what is the writing features of the passage?Passage 5I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the public good of my country, by advancing our trade, propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and mywife past childbearing.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a well-known essayentitled___________________________.2. The author of the article is ______________________.3. What is the most striking features of the article?Passage 6A little black thing among the snowCrying “weep, weep, weep,” in notes of woe!“Where are your father and mother? Say?”“They are both gone up to the church to pray.”“Because I was happy upon the hearth,And smil?d among the winter?s snow;They think they have done me no injury,And are gone to praise God and His Priest and King,Who make up a heaven of our misery.”Questions:1. What is the little black thing refers to_________?2.What?s the title of the poem? _________3.Who make up a heaven of our misery.” _________4. What do you know from the line “ …and are gone to praise God and his Priest and King?”5. Comment on the little speaker?s narrative.Passage 7Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,And all the air a solemn stillness holds,Save where the beetle wheels droning flight,And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.Save that from under ivy-mantled towerThe moping owl does to the moon complainOf such, as wandering near her secret bower,Molest her ancient solitary reign.Questions:1. Those two stanzas are taken from-__________by _______.2.The poem is written in the metrical meter of ______ pentameter.3. The sequence time of the poem is from __________ to___________, together with the country scene especially the cemetery inthe churchyard to foil the sadness and melancholy.4. This poem can be regarded as the typical poem of __________, or maybe you can call it a poem of ________.why do you feel about this?Passage 8How the chimney-sweeper?s cryEvery black?ning chu rch appalls;And the hapless soldier?s sighRuns down palace walls.But most thro? mid-night streets I hearHow the youthful harlots curseBlasts the new-born infant?s tear,And blights with plagues the marriage hearse.Questions:1.What is title of the poem?2. Where is this poem taken from_________.3. Who is the writer of this poem.4. The theme of this poem is _____________________________. ANSWER TO passage 11.“Hamlet”2. Shakespeare3. Hamlet4.“To be or not to be” means to live or end one?s life by self-destruction. Hamlet has already spoken of suicide as a means of escape, and he dwells on it in a later part of this very speech, giving however a different reason for refraining. The notion that in the words “or not to be ”he is speculating on the possibility of “something after death”---whether there is a future life –cannot be entertained for a moment. The whole drift of the speech shows his belief in a future life. Practically the whole speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter worldly weariness. ANSWER TO passage 2:1. A2. B3.“Paradise Lost”4.John Milton5.In this passage, God is depicted as a despot “Who now triumph, and in the excess of joy/sole reigning holds the T yranny of Heaven;” whil e in contrast Satan is presented as the real hero, a rebel with “the unconquerable will, And courage never to submit or yield.” The epic turns out to be an eloquent expression of the revolutionary spirit of the English bourgeois revolution, a call to resist tyranny and to continue the fight for freedom. Herein lies the great significance of the passage and the work as well./doc/205598258.htmlton is difficult to read, because of his involved style withfrequent inversions and very complicated sentence structure. His sentences are often long. Y et, to express his sublimity of thought, he wrote in a style that is unsurpassed in its sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur—the “Miltonic” style. He is a great master of the blank verse. His lines are rich in the variations of rhythm and pause.ANSWER TO passage 3:1.The Spectator2.Sir Roger at the Church3. a4.Sir Roger represents the country gentry. He is a country gentleman of old fashioned manners. He stands for the old-fashioned virtues of simplicity, honesty, and piety. His foibles, which are describes with a gentle humor, make a setting for his virtues, which point an example to the world of fashion. He is created as a character fit in the novel.5.The periodical literature in “The Spectator” maintained its tone of courtesy and good breeding. Such prose is easy to understand yet capable of variety and beauty. Just as Dr. Johnson described, “His prose is the model of the middle style; on grave subjects not formal, on light occasions not graveling; pure without scrupulosity, and exact without apparent elaboration; always equable, and always easy, without glowing words or printed sentences.”ANSWER TO passage 4:1.Swift2.Lilliput3.Gulliver’s Travels4.Lemuel Gulliver5.The style is characterized by directness, simplicity andvividness. The most grotesque creations are combined with the bitterest satire.ANSWER TO passage 51. “A Modest Proposal”2. Jonathan Swift3. A Mod est Proposal is an example of Swift’s favorite satiric devices used with superb effect. Irony (from the deceptive adjective “modest” in the title to the very last sentence) pervades the piece. A rigorous logic deduces ghastly arguments from a shocking premise so quietly assumed that the reader assents before he is aware of what his assent implies. Parody, at which Swift is adept, allows him to glance sardonically at, by then , the familiar figure of the benevolent humanitarian (forerunner of the modern sociologist, social worker, economic planner) concerned to correct a social evil by means of a theoretically conceived plan. The proposer, as na?ve as he is apparently logical and kindly, ignores and therefore emphasizes for the reader the enormity of his plan. The whole piece is an elaboration of a rather trite metaphor: “The English are devouring the Irish.” But there is nothing trite about the pamphlet, which expresses in Swift’s most controlled style his pity for the oppressed, ignorant, populous, and hungry Catholic peasants of Ireland, and his anger at the rapacious English absentee landlords, who were bleeding the country white with the silent approbation of Parliament, ministers, and the Crown.ANSWER TO passage 6:1. It refers to the poor little boy who has been made black because of their sweeping. Chimneys.-2.The title of the poem is “The Chimney-Sweeper”3. It was the “God and Priest and king” who together builda Heaven of misery for the weak and the poor.4. The language of this short lyric, though, very simple, yet somewhat ironical satirical which reveals his understanding and knowledge of the source of the misery and sufferings of the poor and the weak.ANSWER TO passage 7:1. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Thomas Gray2. quatrains, iambic3. dusk, darkness4. sentimentalism, graveyard schoolSentimentalism seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel. Sentimentalism often relates to sentimentality and sensibility in some literary works . In Poetry, we have Thomas Gray’s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, not mention the various odes of sensibility which flourished in the later half of the century.ANSWER TO passage 8:1. “London”2. Songs of Innocence3. William Blake4. The poem provides a comprehensive picture of the many miseries, physical andspiritual, in London.五. Answer the following questions回答下列问题（There are2 questions in this part , one is for 5 point , totally 10 points）1. Analyze the image of Robinson Crusoe.Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through the characterization of Robinson Crusoe, Deofoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature, and human fate with his indomitable will and。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料
以下是一些关于英国文学史的复习资料：
1. 《英国文学的发展与演变》（The Development and Evolution of British Literature）：这本书提供了英国文学史的全面概述，从中世纪到现代不同时期的文学作品和文学流派都有介绍。
2. 《英国文学史导论》（Introduction to British Literary History）：这本导论书通过对英国文学史的重要事件、作家和作品进行深入讲解，帮助读者理解英国文学的演变和发展。
3. 《英国文学史简明教程》（A Short History of English Literature）：这本书以简明清晰的语言介绍了英国文学史的重要内容，包括不同时期的文学作品和重要作家的生平和作品。
4. 网络资源：有许多网站提供关于英国文学史的资料和学
术文章，如英国文学史学术网站、大学的文学部门网站等。
你可以在搜索引擎上搜索英国文学史相关的关键词，找到
适合你的学习资料。
5. 学术论文和专著：在学术期刊和图书馆中，你可以找到
许多针对英国文学史的研究论文和专著，这些都是深入了
解英国文学史的重要资源。
无论使用哪种资料，重要的是要有系统地学习和复习英国
文学史，理解各个时期的文学作品和文学流派的特点和发
展趋势，同时熟悉一些重要的作家和作品。
大学英语复习资料：英国文学与文化复习提纲
复习要点2
英国早期文化与文学
– 最早的居民 – 被征服的历史 – 早期最重要的文学作品 – 语言的演化
中世纪
– (Dark Age, the Age between ancient Roman and
Renaissance…)
复习要点3
文艺复兴
– 起源地 – 时间 – 核心思想:humanism and reformation – 巨匠
文艺复兴时期的英国
– 莎士比亚 Poet and dramatist 四大悲剧及其主要情节？ 主要喜剧？ The Merchant of Venice是一部什么样的戏剧？ 主要情节、人物？
诗歌：Sonnet 18.
All About the Final
Listen carefully! Take notes!!!
期末成绩构成
平时成绩 40％ 期末考试卷面成绩 60％
＜英国文学与文化＞考试安排
时间? 地点? 关注学校网站,教务处通知,教师社区
注意事项
带2B铅笔和黑色笔
1、希腊神话中重要的神仙以及能力
复习要点4
17世纪英国文学
– John Donne – No man is an island – Francis Bacon – Of studies
Jane Eyre
背诵
诗歌：Sonnet 18
No man
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点1 .英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts2 .英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征月艮NormanConquest之后。
3 .古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian EOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗nationalepicof England）,人物角色（Beowulf,Grendel,Grendel'smother,Fire Dragon,Wiglef），修辞手法（头韵法alliteration,暗喻metaphor,低调陈述understatement）4 .诺曼征服人物WilliamtheConqueror,骑土Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）,《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》SirGawain andtheGreenKnight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）mattersof Fitain。
骑士的优良传统美德P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事（忠诚loyalty）5 .威廉朗莱德WilliamLangland作品《耕者皮尔斯》PiersthePlowman（十四世纪以梦境dreamvision呈现的作品）6 .乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Fatherof EnglishPoetry）,主要作品TheCanteberryTales,文学贡献（英雄双行体HeroicCouplet,净化purifiedLONDON音dialect）,葬于西敏寺大教堂WestminsterAbbey,为此建立诗人角Poet'sCorner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32朝圣者pilgrims）,选作P45（时间April,地点TabardInn,人物，巴斯妇人的故事WifeofBath）,抑扬五步格iambicpentameter （轻音unstressedsyllable+t音stressedsyllable7 .实行政教分离者（亨利八世HenryVIII）ReligiousReformation:TheKingbroke.托马斯摩尔ThomasMore的《乌托邦》offwiththePope.Utopia,宣扬财产property与困境poverty分离和建立理想国度idealstate。
英国文学史期末总结复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons,a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates( 海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribalsociety to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1) The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory ’s Le Morte D ’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur ’s courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the secondand fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springsfrom weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer ’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact thathe introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especiallythe rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet ”)to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucerdid much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of therising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlementof Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More ’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversationbetween More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia ”comes from two Greek words meaning “no place ”.3. Utopia , Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcibleexposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia , Book TwoIn Book Twowe have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet ’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poemin twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser ’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), isa long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)the founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-cal led “university wits ”(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits ”was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine , The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe ’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter)the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare ’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night ’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice , As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare ’s “great comedies ”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello , King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare ’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisieduring the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost , Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton ’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim ’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim ’s Progress1) The Pilgrim ’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical ”by S amuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literaturein the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movementin Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners foughtagainst class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler , to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses, ”that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff ”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper witwith morality. ”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver ’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift ’s world -famous novel Gulliver ’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel) Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period ⋯spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. ”The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it. ”(Ibid.)This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison .Clarissa is the best of Richardson ’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has meritsof its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1) The StoryFielding ’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones , a Foundling . 6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel. ”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson ’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers ’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake ’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialecton a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns ’PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend.It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have alsobeen called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfactionwith the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against oran escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual ”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads .The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with theconventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism,and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets”because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern partof England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Writtenin Early Spring , To the Cuckoo, I WanderedLonely as a Cloud, My Heart LeapsUp, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composeda FewMiles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature ”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge ’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner .Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold ’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold , wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold ’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserianstanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley ’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella , The Eve of St. Agnes , Lamia and Hyperion .5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat ’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty. ”3) Ode to Autumn , Ode on Melancholy , Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master ofthe historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, thegroup on English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott ’s literary career marks the transition from romanticismto realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers , American Notes , Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered notfor one masterpiece but for creative world. ”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair : A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray ’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself compared her work to a fine engraving madeupon a little pieceof ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Mansfield Park , Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte ’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor , was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily ’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: AdamBede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3) Silas Marner: Critical realism was the main current of English literaturein the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th CenturyChapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson ’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in Franceand Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature.Treasure Island (masterpiece)3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century.The theory of “art for art ’s sake ”was first put forward by the Frenchpoet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in Englishliterature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance , 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness ”literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D ’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D ’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th centuryare W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole , Michael Robartes and the Dancer , The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. Eliot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of ourage-certainly the greatest in this . English) language. ”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry anda great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913) , the first of Lawrence ’s important novel s, islargely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, especiallythat of the “Oedipus complex. ”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley ’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic ”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in hismastery of the English language. ”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows ”the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf ’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day .Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway , To the Lighthouse and Orlando PartNine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second WorldWarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: WhereAngels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Roomwitha View and Howards EndA Passage to India , published in 1924, is Forster ’s masterpiece . In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel .Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学与文化考试复习纲要
复习要点2 圣经的构成、内容 Nhomakorabea 圣经是分成几个部分?每个部分主要关于什么内 容?
复习要点3
英国早期文化与文学
最早的居民 Celts 被征服的历史和语言的形成 Roman Latin Anglo-Saxon German Norman French
最早的文学作品 Beowulf –the 1st English epic
注：作文字数250字以上
复习要点1
Myth：unrealistic stories shared by groups of people 希腊神话中重要的天神、英雄以及典故 Zeus Hera Apollo Poseidon Hades Demeter Athena Artemis Dionysus Aphrodite Ares Hephaestus Hermes Achilles Hector Paris Helen
背诵全文
复习要点4
17世纪英国文学
Francis Bacon
Of Studies 了解大致内容
John Donne
No man is an island
背诵全文、理解内容。
中世纪
Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales Father of English poetry
复习要点4
文艺复兴
起源地 Florence Italy 时间 14th Century to the 16th Century 核心思想 Humanism Right enjoy the pleasures of the world Value emphasize the value of human Ability perfect oneself
英国文学试题及答案
英国文学试题及答案在英国文学领域有许多经典作品和重要的作家，这些作品和作家对于英国文学的发展产生了深远影响。
本篇文章将为您介绍一些英国文学的试题及答案，希望能够对您的学习有所帮助。
试题一：请简要介绍威廉·莎士比亚的作品和他在英国文学中的地位。
答案：威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）被认为是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧作家之一。
他的作品包括戏剧、诗歌和史诗。
莎士比亚共创作了37个戏剧作品，包括悲剧、喜剧、历史剧和十四行诗。
他的作品以丰富的人物形象、深入的情感描写和复杂的剧情而闻名。
莎士比亚的作品深刻地揭示了人性的善恶、爱恨和欲望等诸多主题，对于英国文学及全球文学的发展都产生了巨大影响。
试题二：简要介绍查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》及其在英国文学中的地位。
答案：《雾都孤儿》是查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）的一部重要小说作品。
这部小说于1859年首次出版，以伦敦的贫民窟为背景，通过讲述主人公奥利弗·特威斯特的成长历程，揭示了当时社会的不公和贫困问题。
《雾都孤儿》描写了贫富悬殊、社会阶级问题以及人性的善恶等主题，对于英国社会的改革起到了重要的推动作用。
该小说深受读者的喜爱，被誉为狄更斯最伟大的作品之一，也是英国文学中的经典之作。
试题三：请简要介绍简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》及其在英国文学中的地位。
答案：《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）的代表作之一，被视为英国文学史上最伟大的小说之一。
这部小说于1813年首次出版，以描写19世纪英国社会的阶级观念和婚姻观念为主题。
《傲慢与偏见》通过讲述女主人公伊丽莎白·本内特与达西先生之间的爱情故事，探讨了社会的偏见、男女间的相互误解以及人性的盲目等问题。
奥斯汀以幽默和讽刺的手法展现了社会的虚伪和愚昧，对当时英国社会的改革产生了积极的影响。
通过以上试题及答案，我们可以了解到威廉·莎士比亚、查尔斯·狄更斯和简·奥斯汀等作家对于英国文学的重要地位以及他们作品所揭示的社会问题和人性的思考。
英国文学期末考试复习精排版(最全资料收集)
英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in asentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlledway Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express theirideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料第一章：中世纪文学1.1 安格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年）- 口头传统和史诗：《贝奥武夫》- 基督教文学：《凡尔登战役》1.2 后征服时期（1066年-1485年）- 基督教文学：《格尔罗与黛斯蒙德》- 骑士文学：《亚瑟王传说》、《罗宾汉传》第二章：文艺复兴时期（1485年-1603年）2.1 草原学派- 约翰·斯克利- 托马斯·莫尔2.2 伊丽莎白时代- 威廉·莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 - 克里斯托弗·马洛：《第一部十诫》第三章：17世纪文学3.1 评剧派- 本·琼生：《伊丽莎白时代断头台上的十一个人》- 约翰·福特：《佩里克尔斯·普林》3.2 枪炮派- 约翰·洛克：《论人类理解》- 托马斯·霍布斯：《利维坦》第四章：启蒙时代（18世纪）4.1 洛克主义- 亚当·斯密：《国富论》- 大卫·休谟：《人性的研究》4.2 唯理主义- 亚历山大·波佩：《怪异小说》- 理查德·斯蒂文森：《金银岛》第五章：浪漫主义（19世纪）5.1 威廉·华兹华斯：《抒情诗》5.2 柯勒律治：《唐吉诃德》第六章：维多利亚时代6.1 珍奥斯汀：《傲慢与偏见》6.2 狄更斯：《雾都孤儿》6.3 奥斯卡·王尔德：《道林·格雷的画像》第七章：现代主义（20世纪）7.1 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫：《至灵宴》7.2 乔治·奥威尔：《1984》7.3 约瑟夫·康拉德：《黑暗之心》第八章：后现代主义（20世纪末至今）8.1 萨尔曼·鲁西迪：《午夜的孩子》8.2 伊恩·麦克尤恩：《第二个苏格拉底》8.3 泽拉尔·纳西莫夫：《洛丽塔》总结：英国文学史涵盖了从中世纪到现代的丰富多样的文学作品。
英国文学复习资料整理
英国文学复习资料整理[标签:标题]篇一：英国文学史复习资料整理(1)historical background: the making of BritainA. Briton (Celtic tribes)B. the Roman Conquest---Roman Briton1th Julius CaesarA.D.43 ClaudiusC. mid-5th Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)Anglo-Saxon periodD. Danish invasionlate 8th, Daneslate 9th, Alfred the Greatthe literaturethe literature of this period falls naturally isto two divisions—pagan and Christianpagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas Christian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks..All of the earliest poetry of England was copied by the monks, and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The angles, an important Teutonis tribe, furnished the name for the new home, which was called Angle-land afterward shortened into England. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon.Literary term★Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of agreat hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.(examples: Iliad, Odyssey, Chanson de Roland)2. Beowulf–national epic★the longest and most monument of A-S poems★the oldest surviving epic in British literature.oral form (6th), earliest written record (7th or 8th)set in Denmark and SwedenBeowulf1. 3183 lines2. contents:Beowulf centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure beowulf.3 adventuresMonster---GrendelGrendel’s motherfiery dragonTheme: primitive people’s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise andmighty leader.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people.Features:＊part-historical and part legendary＊heathen tribal society, feudal elements, Christian coloring ＊A-S or old English; alliteration metaphorIn the year 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.Brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.England literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.The three chief effects of the conquest were1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England2. the growth of nationality a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes3. the new language and literature were proclaimed in Chaucer1 the Norman conquest accelerated the development of feudalism. ? on land: the ruling class possessed large tracts of landon society: distinct class division, miseries of peasantson language: scholar wrote in French and Latin; eiched English.The development of romance and knights’legends★Romance: A long compo sition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble man. The central character is the Knight, who has a noble birth, is skillful in the use of weapon and devotes to the church or King. The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.Themes of romance:the matter of Britain—king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (Arthurian romances) the matter of France—Charlemagne and his knights (Chanson deRoland)the matter of Rome—from the Trojan War to Alexander the GreatKing Arthur:＊historical figure of Celts; mythological figure in Welsh literature; ＊legendary hero inGeoffery of Monmouth: “History of the Kings of Britain”? Layamon: “Brut”Sir Tomas Malory: “Le Morte D?Arthur”Anglo-SaxonLater legends about a hero named Arthur were placed in this period of violence. The invaders were variously Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, but were similar in culture and eventually identified themselves indifferently as Angles or Saxons.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend—―Sir Gawain and the Green Knight‖(four sections)a.The fight between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at King Arthur?s Christmas feast.b. Gawain?s adventures on the way to find the Green Knight of the Green Chapel篇二：英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays”esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
英国文学期末复习资料
英国文学期末复习一、选择1、浪漫主义时期开始的标志：the publication of the Lyrical Ballads(1798) Wordsworth.结束：the death of Sir Walter Scott.18322、湖畔派诗人（Lake Poets)：Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.3、Charles Lamb(查尔斯兰姆）：He is important in English literature for his contribution to the Familiar Essay(随笔/小品文）4、Walter Scott(沃尔特司各特）：the founder and great master of the historical novels(历史小说之父）。
5、Browning(布朗宁）：the contribution to the English literature is dramatic monologue(戏剧独白）。
6、Emily Bronte(艾米丽勃朗特）的小说特点：Gothic noveleg.Wuthering Heights7、George Bernard Shaw(肖伯纳）：Shaw’s main contribution to English literature is his drama.8、Thomas Stearns Eliot(艾略特）：代表作The Waste Land(荒原）9、Steam of consciousness(意识流）的2位代表作家：James Joyce,Virginia Woolf10、Angry Young Man（愤怒的青年）出自John Osborne’s play Look Back in Angry(愤怒的回顾）。
11、只有1部代表作的作家及作品：William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷）：Vanity Fair(名利场）Emily Bronte(艾米丽勃朗特）：Wuthering Heights(呼啸山庄）Joseph Conrad:Heart of Darkness(黑暗心脏）George Bernard Shaw:Major Barbara(芭芭拉少女）12、Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of feelings”(一切好诗都是强烈情感的自然流露）。
英国文学考试重点(上下两册)
1、The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁撒克逊时期(strength & somberness)The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan 异教and Christian基督教Cynewulf 基涅武甫the author of poem on religious subject 宗教诗Caedmon 凯德蒙the father of English song 用诗歌的形式译圣经The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England's national epic and its hero Beowulf--- one of the national heroes of the English people.作者不明Grendel格伦德尔-a monster half-humanThe only existing manuscript of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705.The whole epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be decided into 2 parts with an interpolation between the two.The forefathers of the Jutes2、The Anglo-Norman Period盎格鲁-诺曼底时期（bright，romantic tales of love and adventure English language became)The three chief effects of the conquest were: 1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England 2. the growth of nationality 3. the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in ChaucerThree classes: the Matter of France, the Matter of Greece and Rome, the Matter of BritainKing Arthur「亚瑟王」Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文骑士和绿衣骑士3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟(首创heroic couplet)，the ＂father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. It is characteristic that his allegories and symbols are already tinged with realistic images.English tonico-syllabic verseLondon dialectThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（本应有32个香客，128个故事，最终只完成了24个）Prologue总引is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. In this poem Chaucer's realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus became.4、The Renaissance 文艺复兴The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Thus Wyatt 怀亚特was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Christopher Marlowe made blank verse无韵体诗William Shakespeare was one of the first founder of realism. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. “to be or not to be”.Francis Bacon培根his work of three classes: philosophical, literary, professional works. The largest and important works Maxims of the law and Reading on the Statute of Uses. Of Truth & Of studies5、Revolution & RestorationMetaphysical poets玄学诗Restoration（witty and clever, but on whole immoral and cynical）John Milton约翰弥尔顿（文艺复兴之子）his greatest work Paradies lost presents the his views in an allegoric religious form. Paradies lost(12 books marked for its intricate and contradictory composition, based on the bible legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race, Adam, Eve, Satan)John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程written in the old-fashion, medieval form of allegory and dream.6、Enlightenment (man)Three main divisions: the reign of so-called classism, the revival of romantic poetry, the beginning of the modest novel. Prose rather than poetry.代表人物Joesph Addison& Richard SteelePope( elaborate heroic couplets) Henry Field and Tobias George Smollet are the real founders of bourgeois realistic novel. The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels. -(Lilliput) Sentimentalism---Laurence Sterne Pre-romanticism“Gothic Novel”Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7、The Romantic PeriodWilliam Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism.William Wordsworth’s Lyrical BalladsThe most important and decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.Thus, a new class, proletariat, had sprung into existence.The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of class distinctions.“liberty, equality and fraternity”The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political power to the middle class.Romanticism beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, ending with Walter Scott’s death.The 18th century was distinctively an age of prose.Poetry is the highest form of literary expressionColeridge and Southey, Wordsworth, so-called Lake PoetsThe great literary impulse the age is the impulse of Individualism in a wonderful variety of forms.Byron拜扬（Don Juan）Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱（To the skylark-waking or asleep; teach me half the gladness）John Keats (Ode on a Grecian Urn-beauty is truth, truth beauty) Walter Scott (the father of Europe historical novel) Jane Austen (pried and prejudice) 8、The Victorian AgeCritical realismThe greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens(Oliver Twist雾都孤儿）.Another critical realist - William Makepeace Thackeray was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.Chartist literature宪章文学, the struggle of the proletariat for its rightsR. Browning, humanismCharlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre简爱) Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄）9、The 20th Century LiteratureThe first disturbing factor was imperialism帝国主义Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D’Urebervilles)wrence (Oedipus complex 恋母情结）“art for art’s sake”with Oscar Wilde奥斯卡维尔德Anti-realistic art and literature反现实文学Oscar Wilde is the most conspicuous 颓废派writer and poet of the English decadence.Virginia Woolf & James Joyce are novelist of Stream-of-consciousness。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料一、早期文学1、凯尔特文学：凯尔特人是英国最早的民族，他们有自己的语言和神话传说。
他们的文学作品包括《德鲁伊特教义》和《芬尼亚传奇》。
2、盎格鲁-撒克逊文学：随着罗马帝国的衰落，日耳曼部落开始在英国定居。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，讲述了一位英勇的武士贝奥武夫的故事。
二、中世纪文学1、英雄史诗：中世纪时期，英国出现了许多描写骑士和英雄事迹的史诗，如《罗兰之歌》、《希尔德布兰德之歌》等。
2、骑士文学：随着封建制度的发展，骑士成为英国社会的一个重要阶层。
骑士文学主要描写骑士的冒险经历和爱情故事，如《亚瑟王传奇》等。
3、宗教文学：中世纪时期，英国的宗教文学也很发达。
最有名的作品是《神曲》和《圣经》的英译本。
三、文艺复兴时期文学1、伊丽莎白时代文学：伊丽莎白一世时期，英国进入了文艺复兴时期。
这个时期的文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
2、斯图亚特王朝复辟时期文学：斯图亚特王朝复辟后，英国文学开始向古典主义转变。
这个时期的文学作品包括弥尔顿的《失乐园》和约翰·德莱顿的诗歌等。
四、启蒙时期文学1、启蒙运动：启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一个思想解放运动，旨在推翻封建制度，建立资产阶级民主制度。
英国的启蒙运动以洛克和休谟为代表。
2、现实主义小说：随着工业革命的兴起，英国的现实主义小说开始兴起。
这个时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等。
他们的作品主要描写社会底层人民的生活和资产阶级的虚伪与贪婪。
3、浪漫主义诗歌：19世纪初，英国的浪漫主义诗歌开始兴起。
这个时期的代表诗人包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治和拜伦等。
他们的作品主要表达个人情感和对自然的向往。
五、维多利亚时期文学1、维多利亚时代的社会背景：维多利亚时代是英国的一个繁荣时期，也是英国殖民主义的高峰期。
这个时期的英国成为“日不落帝国”。
2、小说：维多利亚时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹、哈代等。
英国文学期末考试复习要点doc
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works期末考试题型：①单选25题（历史背景，文学常识）②作家作品连线（1-5作家作品，6-10给出选文，写作者名字）③给一首诗，回答两个问题④6选4essay questions一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
英国文学复习
英国文学复习英国文学一1. The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: _____poetry and _____poetry.2. The history of English literature begins in the __ century.3.____is the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.4.Critics tend to divide Chaucer’s li terary career into three periods: _______, ________and ________.5. Among the Middle English poets, three are the greatest. One is the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The other two are ____and ________.6. The Canterbury Tales contains the _____and 24 tales, four of which left unfinished.7. Chaucer employed the ___ couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury Tales.8. The framework in the Canterbury T ales is a ___.9. When Chaucer died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buried in ____10. The ___ is an important stream of the British literature in the 15th century.11. In the year1066, the Norman defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of __________.Answers1. secular ,religious2. 5th3.Romance4.The French period, the Italian period and the English period5.William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer6.General Prologue7.heroic8.pilgrimage9.Westminster Abbey 10.Ballad 11. Hastings二、Renaissance Period1.The second period of English Renaissance is also called the ______or the Age of____2.Soon after the ___was introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil’s The Aeneid（埃涅伊德）, and it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama.3.Edmund Spenser is often referred to as “____” because of his considerable influence on later poets.4._____ is considered the first great English dramatist and the most important Elizabethan playwright before Shakespear5.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of____6.___ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.7.The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was _____ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.8.English Renaissance Period was an age of ____9.Shakespeare’s four great tragedies are ____, ____,____and _____.10.Absolut monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ____11.____is considered the first great English dramatist and the most important Elizabethan playwright before Shakespeare.12. The major, or central, character of the plot is called the ___ ; his opponent, the character again st whom he struggles orcontends, is called the ___13.The first complete English Bible was translated by ___ and The Authorized Version was made in ___ under the auspices of __ 14___is the keynote of the Renaissance15.In ___, the author depicts an ideal commonwealth, classless, equal and without exploitation.16.The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form named ____17.The key-note of Hamlet’s character is ____18. Generally speaking, after Shakespeare, the English drama was undergoing a process o f ___Answers1. William Shakespeare2.blank verse3.the poets’ poet4.Christopher Marlowe5. capitalism6.Thomas Wyatt 7.Christopher Marlowe 8.poetry and drama 9.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth 10. Queen Elizabeth I 11.Christopher Marlowe 12 protagonist, antagonist 13. John Wycliffe, 1611, James I 14. Humanism 15. Utopia 16. the Spenserian Stanza 17. melancholy 18. decline四、The 18th century1.The ______was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18the century.2.The 18th century in English is known as ___in the history.3.The main literary steam of the 18th century was ___. What the writers described were mainly social realities.4.Daniel Defoe describes ___as a typical English middle-classman of the eighteenth century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.5.___was the most remarkable satirist in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeoise-aristocartic society of his age without mercy.6.The most important representative work by Johnathan Swift is ___.7. Of all the 18th-century novelists,___ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write spec ifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel is structure and style.8. The literary form of neo-classicism is the strict symmetry. The prevailing genre of neo-classical literature is ___ which consists of two riming lines of iambic pentameter,and the second line completes the thoughts expressed by the couplet.9.The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties, ____ which were satirized by Swift in his “Gulliver’s Travels”10.In the first part of t he “Robinson Crusoe”, the hero saved a savage and named him __.11.___is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.12.___ ranks among the greatest satirists of England, and of the world. “A Modest Proposal” is one of his satirical works.Answers1.Enlightenment2. Enlightenment3.realism4.Robinson Crusoe5.Johnathan Swift6.Gulliver’s Travels7.Henry Fielding8.heroic couplet9.the Whigs and the Tories 10.Friday 11. Bitter satire 12. Johnathan Swift五、The Age of Romanticism1. As an age of romantic enthusiasm, the Romantic Age began in 1798 when ___and ___published ___ and ended in 1832 when ___died.2.The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists,___ and ___.3. ___,___ and ___are referred to as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.4.___ mourned for___’s premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, writing “ He is made one with Nature.”5.___ is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. He called it an “ epic satire”, “ a satire on abuses of the present state of society.”6. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English ___ against the neoclassical___, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.7.____ and ___ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.8.The great novelist in the Romantic period ___ marked the transition from Romanticism to the period of Realism which followed it.9. The literary form which is fully developed and the most flouring during the Romantic period is _____10. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up and Tintern Abbery are all masterpieces of ___ Answers1.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Lyrical Ballads; Walter Scott2.Walter Scott ,Jane Austen 3.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey 4.Percy Shelley;John Keats 5.Don Juan 6.imaginaiton; reason 7.The French Revolution, the English Industrial Revolution 8.Walter Scott 9.poetry 10. William Wordsworth选择Multiple choice：一、1 Beowulf is a _____ poem,describing an all-round picture of the tribal society.a.Paganb.Christianc. romanticd.lyric2.The most important work of Alfred the Great is ___, which is regarded as the best monument of the Old English prose.a.The song of Beowulfb.The Ecclesiastical History of the English Peoplec.Apollonius of Tyred. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles3.Chaucer was once influenced by Italian literature. His major work during this period is ____a.Troilus and Criseydeb. The Romanunt of the Rosec.The Legend of Good Womend.The Canterbury T ales4.The work that presented , for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medievalEnglish society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ________a.William Langland’s Piers the Plowmanb. Geoffery Chaucer’s The Canterbury Talesc.John Gower’s Confessio Amantisd. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight5.In his life time Chaucer served in a great variety of occupations which had impact on the wide range of his writings. Which one is not his career?a.engineerb.courtierc.office-holderd.soldier1.a2.d3. a4. b5. a二、1.The cradle of Renaissance is ____A.GermanyB. EnglandC. AmericaD.Italy2.The real mainsream of the English Renaissance is ___A. the Elizabethan dramaB.the Elizabethan proseC. ancient poemD. romantic novel3. From the following, choose the o ne which is not FrancisBacon’s work.A. The Advancement of LearningB.The New InstrumentC. EssaysD.Venus and Adonis4.Which of the following is not Marlowe’s Plays?A.Tamburlaine the GreatB.The Jew of MaltaC.The Tragical History of Dr. FaustusD.Cymbeline5. Which of the following best describes the protagonist of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine?A. He is a man of sympathy.B.He is a man of cruelty and ambitionC.He is a man of passion.D.He is a man of apathy.6.Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ___ plays.A. 47B.27C.52D.377.Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement?A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture.B.The new discoveries in geography and astrology.C.The Glorious RevolutionD.The religious reformation and the economic expansion.8. ___marks a transition from the Medieval to the modern world.A.RomanceB.RenaissanceC. Neoclassical PeriodD.Victorian Period9.___is the essence of the Renaissance.A.ReformationB. HumanismC. ChivalryD.Heroism10.In the English Renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture. The most significant intellectual movement was ___A.The ReformationB. geographical explorationsC.huamnismD. the Italian revival11.Whichof the following plays does not belong to Shadespear’s great tragedies?A.OthelloB. MacbethC. Romeo and JulietD.Hamlet12.The Tagical History of Doctor Fa ustus id one of Christopher Marlowe’s best wor ks in which Dr. Faustus seeks __ no matter at what cost and finally meets his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A. moneyB. immoralityC.knowledgeD.political power13.Which of the foll owing statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B. The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.14.___ is the real reason of Hamlet’s delay in re venge.A.Personal wrongB. Fate of the countryC. Love of OpheliaD. Love of his motherAnswers1.D2.A3.D4.D5.B6.D7.C8.B9.B10.C 11.D 12.C 13.C14.B三、1. John Donne was a great poet and ________ as well.A. dramatistB. novelistC. preacherD. lawyer2. John Donne was the founder of the Metaphysical Poetry, and his followers include the following poets except ________.A. Richard CrashawB. George HerbertC. Andrew MarvellD. John Milton3. The Metaphysical Poetry is characterized by its extensive use of ________.A. the impersonal voiceB. conceitsC. traditional symbolsD. literary allusions4. John Donne’s “Holy Sonnet 10” expresses ________.A. the fear of deathB. the admiration of deathC. the triumph over deathD. the pleasure from death5.In Paradise Lost, Milton was unconsciously in sympathy with ________.A. GodB. SatanC. AdamD. Eve6.The Bible stories were used as source material for the following except ________.A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Lycidas五、1.The Romantic Movement expressed a ___ attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.a. negativeb.neutralc. positived. indifferent.2. Romantic writers employ all the following except ___ as their poetic materials.a. the commonplace b the natural c. the simple d. the abstract3.___is one of the first generation of English Romantic poets.a. Keatsb. Shelleyc. Byrond. Wordsworth4.Which of the following writings can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of Romanticliterature?a. Don Juanb. Ulyssesc.Jane Eyred. Sons and Lovers5.Which of following writings is not written by William Wordsworth?a. I Wanderd lonely as a Cloudb. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802c. The Solitary Reaperd. The Chimney Sweeper6.English Romanticism is genrally said to have begun in 1789 with the publication of a joint volum of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, written by Wordsworth and ____a. Keatsb. Coleridgec.Southeyd.Byron7.Literarily ___ was the first important Romantic poet in English history.a. William Wordsworthb.Coleridgec.William Blaked.Rober Burns8.____is an elegy written by Shelley for John Keat.a. Adonaisb. Men of Englandc. Ode to the West Windd.Hellas9.In 1843, ___ was made Poet Laureate.a. Southeyb. Shelleyc.Wordsworthd.Keats10. In 1805, Wordsworth completed a long autobiographical poem entitled___a.Biographia Literatiab. The Preludec. Lucy Poemsd. The Lyrical Ballads11. “ If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is an epigrammatic line by ___a. J. Keatsb. W. Blakec.W.Wordworthd.P.B.Shelley12. Two distinctive features of demonic 超凡的possession by Coleridge are mysticism and ___a. conversationb.religionc. imaginationd. nature13. The revolutionary Romantic poet ___went to Greece to help that country in its struggle for liberty and died of fever there.a. Shelleyb. Byronc. Burnsd. Keats14. “ Ode to the West Wind” is concluded with ___ mood.a. Triumphant and hopefulb.pessimistic and skepticalc.desperate and sadd. indifferent15.___ is regarded as a “ worshipper of nature” because he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of natrue.a.Wordsworthb.Blakec. Byrond. Coleridge1.a2.d3.d4.a5.d6.b7.a8.a9.c 10.b 11.d 12.c 13.b 14.a 15.a一、1. AlliterationIt means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.It is a traditional poetic device in English literature.2. BalladIt is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited.Ballads were passed down from generation to generation.Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood3. RomanceIt is a popular literary form in the medieval England.It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, loyalty, generosity, and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.4. EpicEpic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.Beowulf is the greatest epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote 3 great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes二、1. RenissanceThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is humanism.The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.2. Elizabethan period/age1.drama—the greatest and most distinctive achievement ofthis periodChristopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson2.Univers ity Wits---Marlowe the most talented playwright3.Lyrical poetry /only next to dramaPhilip Sidney–a poet and critic of poetryStella and Astrophel(星星与爱星者）Edmund Spenser—poet’s poe t“The Faerie Queene(1589-1596)4. Prosethe best essayist—Francis Bacon(1561-1626)3. Blank verseBlank verse is verse written in unryhmed iambic pentameter.It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.4. University WitsUnivers ity Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to beco me professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights.Thoma Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly and Christopher Marlowe were among themThey paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.5. SonnetSonnet is the one of the most conventional and influential froms of poetry in Europe.A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known ( abab cdcd efef gg)一、1.Summerize Chauc er’s literary career and the representatiove works of each period.Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His verse is smooth. His words are easy to understand. He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which was later called t he “heroic couplet” to English poetry. Though drawing influence from French, Italian and Latin models,he is the first important poet to write in the current English language.Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.2. What is Chaucer’s contribution to English language?The father of English poemThe forerunner of English realismHe introuduced from France rhymed stanzas of various types(heroic couplet) into English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verseIt was Chaucer who made London dialect the foundation for modern English speech.二、3.Tell the charateristics of Edmund Spenser’s poetry.a. a perfect melody;b. a rare sense of beauty;c. a splendid imagination;d. a lofty moral purity and seriousness;e. a dedicated idealism.4.How many periods does Shakespe ar’s dramatic career fall into?1）The early histories of the early 1590s. Roughly up to 1594.2）The romantic comedies around the turn of the century,roughly from 1595-1600.3）The great tragedies of the early 1600s, from 1601 to 1607.4.）The romances of the 1610s, from 1608-1612.三、5. Why does the poet say that "this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead"?The speaker tells his beloved to look at the flea before them and to note "how little" is that thing that she denies him. For the flea, he says, has sucked first his blood, then her blood, so that now, inside the flea, they are mingled; and that mingling cannot be called "sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead." The flea has joined them together in a way that, "alas, is more than we would do."6. What do you think is the addressee's parents' attitude toward the poet's wooing?The addressee's parents' attitude are against him. (...Though parents grudge...)7. What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea "thou" are actually killing three live s?He compares the killing of the flea to murder. It would be “three s ins in killing three” (l. 18) s ince he and his lover would be killed within the flea if she were to follow her natural tendency to dispose of the insect. He even states that the act of killing the flea would be “sacrilege”. This is a term that is generally applied to acts that go against religion. If the lover denies the fact that their blood, and therefore their lives, are contained within the flea, it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to make the reverse, to acknowledge their closeness within the flea, compatible with religion. To acknowledge this closeness is also to acknowledge that it is allowable, which could lead to theconclusion that Donne wishes his lover to arrive at: she should give in to his desires because there is nothing wrong with the intimate mingling of two people.四、Questions on Robison Crusoe1.By what means does the author make his story vivid and convincing? Give examples to illustrate it.Defoe's novels were first published anonymously, which led the reader to believe that these were genuine and authentic stories .This impression was heightened by the circumstantial detail and verisimilitude of the narrative.In the form of autobiography, first-person narratorConcerned with the realistic problems, such as survivalDetail descriptionsDiction: simple, vernacular2.What was Robinson’s purpose in kee ping Friday and a parrot?1.He was alone on the island for two years. He needed company.2.He wanted to practise speaking for fear that he may lose the ability to speak./doc/1211425249.html,munication is important for one’s life.4.He wanted to show his ability to conquer the kingdom, enlarge the members and rule theisland.3.What is Robinson’s spirit? Discuss it by giving examples?He is an explorer. e.g. explore the islandHe is a real hero with a great capacity for work. e.g. bread making, building dwelling places anda ship, domesticating the goats, making potteries.He has inexhaustible energy and we never see he is complaining tiredness.He has uncompromisingcourage, facing great difficulties and he never yields.He is patient and persitant. As for the trival things which seem to be boring, he is never fed up with them.He is practical and diligent.五、Name the first and second generations of the Romantic poets.Poets of the first generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Poets of the second generation: Byron, Shelley and Keats.Why does the poet mention the Lamb ? Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?Blake is asking is who could have made (framed) the tiger. it is answered rhetorically in the last stanza, "did He who made the lamb (one of the most gentle creatures) make thee?" Blake is pondering here that God made both the fearful tiger and the gentle lamb, alluding to the majesty and amazement of a Creator who could be both fearful and gentle.thi s poem is a companion poem for “The Lamb.” The speaker in “The Lamb” talks as if he or she is teaching a five year old Sunday school. The answer as to who made the lamb is a kind, loving, gentle God. That makes this poem all the more surprising, because all of the sudden we are hearing about a God that creates with fires, anvils, and hammers, like a blacksmith (maybe evena hellish blacksmith). But the speaker in this poem hints thatthis god was the same god thatcreated the lamb. Blake, as I understand him, was interested in the idea that heaven and hell were not that far apart (see “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”). Thus, the synthesis of these two creatures and forms of creation into the work of one god seems significant.What’s the symbolic mean ing of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express?The tiger is symbolic. It could stand for evil, in general,or it could allude to the powerful forces of Nature,or the nature of mankind.Blake was probably alluding to the spirit of revolution that was sweeping the western world.A Red, Red Rose1.How does the narrator in the poem express his love?His love is conveyed through conventional image of the rose and through four strong beats. Robert Burn's choice of a rose to convey his feelings may seem trite and overused.The poet compares his love to a rose in bloom and as sweet as a melody. He declares he will be in love with this person till the end of time, till the seas run dry and melt with the sun. He wishes his love well when he is thousands miles away.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud1.what is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?He uses the matapher to put himself to be a floating cloud in the sky viewing those beautiful flowers from the angle of a cloud.2.Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?Yes. The nature stimulates the mind of the author and giveshim relax ing and satifactory feeling. She Walks in Beauty1. What was the colour of the lady's dress? How do you know?Black. The poet compared the lady to the night(...like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies).2. What does "their dwelling place" refer to in the last line of the second stanza?Their dwelling place refers to the lady's mind or soul. This lady had not only physical b eauty but also inner beauty.3. Where are the lady's winning smiles? How do they appear to the poet?They are in the poet's imagination. They appear serene, sweet, pure, and perfect.论述题一、1.What is the social significance of “ The Canterbury Tales”?In his masterpiece, Chaucer gives us a true-to –life picture of the society of his time. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism prea ched by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time. They attack the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, the corruption of the church and so on.Living in a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. He is religious himself. There is nothing revolutionary in his writing, though he lived in a period of peasant uprisings.While pra ising man’s r ight to earthly happiness, he sometimes likes to crack a rough joke. Those are Chaucer’s weak points. But these are of secondary importance compared with his achievement as a great poet and story-teller.二、/doc/1211425249.html,ment on the character of Hamlet.Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions.He is democratic which is based on his humanismHe loves good and hates evil and has an insightful understanding of this world.He is well-educated,far-reaching perceptive and sparkling wittyHe is none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revenges. It’s not because that he is incapable of action, but because that he is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action seems almost like defeat.His melancholy is not only due to the burden of revenge, but also due to his perception of the problems existing in his beloved kingdom and the social evil in this world.His personal bitterness awakens his great responsibility in reforming the world as a whole.But to realize his ideal in his own time was beyond him. This is the cause of his profound melancholy and his delay in revenge.。
英国文学 复习资料
1.Blank verse：is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.素体诗,用不押韵的抑扬格五音步写的诗（in Renaissance period ，Many forms of writing appear.）2.Tragedy：is a drama in which the protagonist (主角) is overcome by some superior force or circumstance. It excites terror or pity. It often ends with the death of the main character. Eg. Hamlet, King Lear by Shakespeare3.Allegory：Allegory is a literary device in which characters or events in a literary work represent or symbolize ideas and concepts. An allegory in its most general sense is an extended metaphor.(寓言) eg. Aesop’s Fables Book of Revelation4.The enlightenment ：(or Age of Reason) was an elite(精华) cultural movement of intellectuals（劳动人民）in the 18th century Europe that sought to （追求）mobilize（组织动员）the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge.5.Reason：is a term that refers to the capacity humanbeings have to make sense of things, to establish and verify facts, and to change or justify practices, institutions and beliefs. 理性6.Romantism：An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion（反抗）against established social rules and conventions.分析诗：(作者等、形式韵律、主题、细节怎么体现主题)1. Rhythm节奏①Syllable(音节): a word or part of a word which contains one vowel sound. Ex. Apple(2)Stress(重读): a word or part of a word which should be pronounced with more force. Ex. apple, helicopter2. Foot音步Foot is the unit of rhythm and contains two or three syllables, one of which is stressed.Ex. As soon | as A|pril pier|ces to | the root依照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同种类，即格律(meter)。
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第一部分：宙斯（Zeus）作为山神和人类之父主宰着那里的一切，他用雷电维持着天地的秩序。
他的姐姐和妻子赫拉（Hera）是婚姻和家庭女神。
他的兄弟波赛冬（Poseidon）是主管海洋的海神，另一个兄弟哈狄斯（Hades）是主管死亡之国的冥王。
他的女儿雅典娜（Athena）是智慧女神，为雅典娜神庙的保护神，象征着文明和艺术。
他的儿子阿波罗（Apollo）是太阳神，是主管真理、光明和医药之神。
阿波罗的孪生妹妹阿尔忒密斯（Artemis）是月亮和狩猎女神，阿佛洛狄忒（Aphrodite）为爱和美的女神。
阿瑞斯（Ares）也是宙斯的儿子，是战神。
还有些小神，如宙斯二姐五谷之神得米特（Demeter）Achilles：他的母亲是不死的，所以她也希望自己的孩子不死。
忒提斯每次生育之后，无一例外都将孩子放到天火中炼，但都以失败告终。
在阿基里斯出生后，忒提斯照样捏着他的脚踝将他浸泡在冥河斯提克斯（一说天火）中，使他全身刀枪不入，惟有脚踝，即忒提斯手握着的地方是例外，此即西谚“阿基里斯之踵”的来源。
Helen 等：丽达Leda非常的美丽，宙斯Zeus看见她后就立刻爱上了她。
宙斯Zeus化身为一只天鹅，依偎到美丽的Sparta斯巴达王后丽达Leda身边。
完事之后，Leda丽达生下了两颗天鹅蛋，一颗孵出卡斯托尔Castor, 波吕克斯Polydeuces (Pollux) 两兄弟，另一颗诞生了Clytaemnestra克丽泰梅丝特拉、及天下第一美女Helen海伦。
后来，特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊，在斯巴达国王那里做客，他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄忒的帮助下，趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际，诱走Helen，还带走了很多财宝赫克托尔(Hector)，普里阿摩斯(Priamus)的儿子，特洛伊(Troy)王子，帕里斯(Paris)的哥哥。
他是特洛伊第一勇士，被称为“特洛伊的城墙”。
最后和阿喀琉斯(Achilles)决斗，死在对方手里。
罗马与希腊神话朱庇特Jupiter 神王。
相对应于希腊神话的宙斯Zeus.朱诺Juno 神后，相对应于希腊神话的赫拉Hera.维纳斯Venus 美神、爱神，相对应于希腊神话的阿佛洛狄德Aphrodite赫利俄斯Apollo 太阳神，希腊和罗马名字相同。
赛尔斯Ceres 谷物和丰收女神，相对应于希腊神话的德墨忒尔Demeter。
密涅瓦Minerva 智慧女神，相对应于希腊神话的雅典娜Athena尼普顿Neptune 海神，相对应于希腊神话的波塞冬Posidon，朱庇特的兄长。
新约旧约区别在于对象不同，旧的对于犹太人，新的具有普适性第二部分英国古文学史:古英语文学英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族﹐没有留下书面文学作品。
5世纪时﹐原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁﹑撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国﹐他们的史诗《贝奥武甫》传了下来。
诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔﹑斗毒龙﹐并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。
它的背景和情节是北欧的﹐但掺有基督教成分﹐显示出史诗曾几经修改﹐已非原貌。
按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看﹐诗的结构完整﹐写法生动﹐所用的头韵﹑重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特色。
大约从公元前500年开始，凯尔特人；（Celts）从欧洲大陆进犯并占领了不列颠诸岛。
凯尔特人最初居住在今天德国南部地区，他们是欧洲最早学会制造和使用铁器和金制装饰品的民族；在征服不列颠之前，他们曾征服了今天的法国、西班牙：葡萄牙、意大利等地区；来到不列颠后，一部分凯尔特人在今天的爱尔兰和苏格兰定居下来，其余的一部分占领了今天的英格兰的南部和东部。
每到一处，他们都对伊比利亚人进行残酷的杀戳。
凯尔特人讲凯尔特语。
今天居住在苏格兰北部和西部山地的盖尔人（Gaels）仍使用这种语言。
在英语形成之前凯尔特语是在不列颠岛上所能发现的唯一具有史料依据的最早的格言。
英国历史上的真正的“罗马人的征服”(Roman Conquest)是在公元后43年开始的。
拉丁语成了上层凯尔特人的第二语言大约在公元449年，居住在西北欧的三个日耳曼部族侵犯不列颠。
他们是盎格鲁（Angles）、撒克逊人（Saxons）和朱特人（Jutes）他们乘船横渡北海，借罗马帝国衰落、自顾不暇之机…一举侵入大不列颠诸岛。
随着人类社会的发展，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人逐渐形成统一的英吉利民族．他们各自使用的方言也逐渐溶合，出现了一种新的语言枣盎格鲁撒克逊语(Anglo-Saxon)。
这就是古英语。
它是在特定的地理和历史环境中，经过一系列民族迁移与征服的过程所形成的。
1066年诺曼人入侵﹐带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度﹐也带来了一批说法语的贵族。
古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响﹐本身也在起著变化。
最早的文学作品：Beowulf-the first English epic杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer，1342年—1400年），英国中世纪著名作家，出生于一个酒商家庭。
1359年随爱德华三世的部队远征法国，被法军俘虏，不久以黄金赎回。
乔叟当过国王侍从，出使许多欧洲国家，两度访问意大利，发现了但丁、薄伽丘和彼特拉克的作品，对他的文学创作起了极大的作用。
代表作：《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）Father of English tales第三部分：文艺复兴起源地：Florence(Italy)时间：14St-16St核心：Humanism：Right：enjoy the pleasure of the worldValue：emphasize the value of humanAbility: perfect oneself三杰：1达·芬奇列奥纳多·达·芬奇（Leonardo Da Vinci）（1452－1519）意大利文艺复兴时期最负盛名的美术家、雕塑家、建筑家、工程师、科学家、科学巨匠、文艺理论家、大哲学家、诗人、音乐家、和发明家。
正因为他是一个全才，所以他也被称为“文艺复兴时期最完美的代表人物”他生于佛罗伦萨郊区的芬奇镇，卒于法国。
壁画《最后的晚餐》、祭坛画《岩间圣母》和肖像画《蒙娜丽莎》是他一生的三大杰作。
这三幅作品是达·芬奇为世界艺术宝库留下的珍品中的珍品，是欧洲艺术的拱顶之石。
2拉斐尔拉斐尔·桑西（Raphael Cenci）（1483～1520）意大利画家。
1483年4月6日生于乌尔比诺，1520年4月6日卒于罗马。
原名拉法埃洛·圣乔奥。
他的一系列圣母画像，和中世纪画家所画的同类题材不同，都以母性的温情和青春健美而体现了人文主义思想。
代表作有圣母和THE school of Athens.3米开朗基罗米开朗基罗·博那罗蒂（Michelangelo Bo that Rorty）（1475－1564），意大利文艺复兴时期伟大的绘画家、雕塑家和建筑师，文艺复兴时期雕塑艺术最高峰的代表。
，用了近六年的时间创作了伟大的教堂壁画《末日审判》。
之后他一直生活在罗马，从事雕刻、建筑和少量的绘画工作，直到1564年2月18日逝世于自己的工作室中。
Renaissance man: a modern scholar who is in a position to acquire more than superficial knowledge about many different interests; "a statistician has to be something of a generalist"第四部分：英国文艺复兴：莎士比亚（W. William Shakespeare；1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
四大悲剧：Hamlet:王子复仇记Othello：《奥赛罗》是以15世纪末叶赛浦路斯岛作为舞台的。
主角奥特罗是一位黑皮肤的摩尔人，担任威尼斯军的统帅。
他因听信部下的谗言，杀死了美丽忠贞的妻子黛丝德莫娜。
等到明白事情的真相后，悔恨交集，终于自刀，追随爱妻于黄泉下。
《李尔王》也是威廉·莎士比亚四大悲剧之一，叙述了年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给3个女儿，口蜜腹剑的大女儿高纳里尔和二女儿里根赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿考狄利娅却因不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。
前来求婚的法兰西国王慧眼识人，娶考狄利娅为皇后。
李尔王离位，大女儿和二女儿居然不给其栖身之地，当年的国王只好到荒郊野外……考狄利娅率队攻入，父女团圆。
但战事不利，考狄利娅被杀死，李尔王守着心爱的小女儿的尸体悲痛地死去苏格兰国王邓肯的表弟麦克白将军，为国王平叛和抵御入侵立功归来，路遇三个女巫。
女巫对他说了一些预言和隐语，说他将进爵为王，但他并无子嗣能继承王位，反而是同僚班柯将军的后代要做王。
麦克白是有野心的英雄，他在夫人的怂恿下谋杀邓肯，做了国王。
为掩人耳目和防止他人夺位，他一步步害死了邓肯的侍卫，害死了班柯，害死了贵族麦克德夫的妻子和小孩。
恐惧和猜疑使麦克白心里越来越有鬼，也越来越冷酷。
麦克白夫人神经失常而自杀，对他也是一大刺激。
在众叛亲离的情况下，麦克白面对邓肯之子和他请来的英格兰援军的围攻，落得袅首的下场。
Sonnet18：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed.But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.我能否将你比作夏天？你比夏天更美丽温婉。