二语习得复习资料

Chapter 2:

1.Innate capacity: natural ability

2.Sequential bilingualism: when a second language is introduced after the native language has been acquired.Simultaneous bilingualism: when young children acquire more than one language at the same time.

3.What is the initial state of language development for L1 and L2 respectively? L1-innate capacity L2-L1,world knowledge,interaction skills,possibly innate capacity.

4.What is a necessary condition for language learning (L1 or L2?) Input is necessary for both L1 and L2;social interaction is necessary for L1.

5.Give at least two reasons that many scientists believe in some innate capacity for language. a.Children begin to learn their L1 at the same age,and in much the same way,whether it is English,Bengali,Korean,Swahili,or any other language in the world.

b.If children had to actually learn the abstract rules of language,then only the smartest would ever learn to talk,and it would take several years more to learn L1than it actually does. C.children master the basic phonological and grammatical operations in their L1 by age five or six,regardless of what the language is. D.Children can understand and create novel utterances;they are not limited to repeating what they hear around them. E.there is a cut-off age for L1 acquisition,beyond which it can never be complete.

6.Linguists have taken an internal and /or external focus to the study of language acquisition.What is the difference between the two? The internal focus seeks to account for speakers’internalized,underlying knowledge of language.The external focus emphasizes language use,including the functions of language which are realized in learners’ production at different stages of development.

7.Chapter 3

1.Briefly explain how language is systematic,symbolic and social. Systematic:Languages consist of recurrent elements which occur in regular patterns of nguage is created according to rules or principles which speakers are usually unconscious of using if language was acquired in early childhood. Symbolic:Sequences of sounds or letters do not inherently possess meaning.These symbols of language have meaning because of a tacit agreement among the speakers of a language. Social:Each language reflects the social requirements of the society that uses it.Although humans possess the potential to acquire an L1 because of their

others in the society.We use language to communicate with others about the human experience.

2.Lexicon:vocabulary phonology:sound system

3.morphology:word structure syntax:grammar

4.Contrastive Analysis: Lado Error Analysis: Corder Interlanguage: Selinker Morpheme Order Studies: Dulay and Burt Monitor Model: Krashen Universal Grammar: Chomsky

5.When interlanguage development stop before a learner reaches target language norms,it is called fossilization.石化

6.As they can be understood in Chomsky’s theory of universal grammar,what is the difference between linguistic performance and linguistic competence? Performance is actual use of language in a specific instance,whereas competence is the underlying knowledge of language we possess.

7.According to a Functionalist perspective,what is the primary purpose of language? communication

8. A. My manger say i get raise--Infinite Utterance Organization

B.they have eaten---Finite Utterance Organization

C.girl nice but she not pretty--Nominal Utterance Organization

ter we talked-- Finite Utterance Organization

E.he call his mother,say”come over”--Infinite Utterance Organization

F.man wife restaurant --Nominal Utterance Organization

Chapter 4:

1.Learning process:studies the stages and sequences of language acquisition,addressing how acquisition happens. Neurolinguistics: studies how the location and organization of language might differ in the heads of monolingual versus multilingual speakers,addressing what is added and changed in people’s brains when they learn another language. Learner differences:considers aptitude in learning ,how learning is linked to age and sex,and addresses why some second language learners are more successful than others.

2.Broca ‘s area is responsible for the ability to speak,whereas Wernick’s area is responsible for processing audio input.

3.Coordinate bilingualism:Ursula speaks French and German fluently,but cannot