功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例

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从功能对等理论的视角看英语经济新闻的汉译

从功能对等理论的视角看英语经济新闻的汉译

丝路视野从功能对等理论的视角看英语经济新闻的汉译李贝龙 魏 羽(成都信息工程大学银杏酒店管理学院,四川 成都 611743)【摘要】本文基于功能对等理论,以英语经济新闻为例,目的在于研究功能对等理论在英语经济新闻汉译中的应用。

在功能对等理论的指导下,本文主要分析英语经济新闻的特点,由此形成进一步讨论关于英语经济新闻汉译策略的研究的基础。

基于讨论和分析,论文得到了以下的结论:(1)当面对文化差异时,“内容重于形式”的观点是有效的;(2)对目标读者反应的强调在翻译实践中起着至关重要的作用,以确保中文译本能有效地向读者传达信息;(3)“产生最接近自然的对等”的原则在英语经济新闻的汉译中也非常有用,因为它对困惑的译者在如何进行翻译质量的评估方面具有一定的启示作用。

【关键词】功能对等理论;英语经济新闻;汉译随着中国国力的提升,中国逐渐参与到更多的世界经济活动中。

中国以开放的姿态迎接世界的怀抱,积极参与各国间的政治经济文化交流。

在这个信息传递的过程中,英语经济新闻的汉译发挥了不可忽视的作用。

然而,当前英语经济新闻汉译的质量不尽人意。

所以,如何提高英语经济新闻汉译的质量是一个具有现实意义的研究课题。

一、功能对等理论概述为使源语和目的语的之间的转换有一个标准,减少差异,1969年,美国翻译理论家尤金·奈达从语言学的角度,根据翻译的本质,提出了著名的“动态对等”翻译理论,即“功能对等”理论。

与传统的翻译理论相比,他指出,“翻译是使用最恰当,自然和对等的语言,将源语言的信息从语义到风格再现”。

奈达有关翻译的定义指明翻译不仅是词汇意义上的对等还包括语义、风格和文体的对等,翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇信息也有深层的文化信息。

“功能对等”理论中的对等包括四个方面:a.词汇对等,b.句法对等,c.文本对等,d.风格对等。

在这四个方面中,奈达认为“意义是最重要的,形式其次”。

形式很可能隐藏源语言的文化内涵,阻碍文化交流。

功能对等理论视角下的新闻翻译

功能对等理论视角下的新闻翻译

功能对等理论视角下的新闻翻译作者:王菲吕静来源:《卷宗》2017年第22期摘要:新闻翻译在中西方文化传播与信息交流方面发挥重大作用。

同时,为达到理想的翻译效果及翻译目的,译者采用多种翻译技巧。

本文从功能对等理论出发研究新闻翻译,分析译者在翻译过程中为达到其翻译目的所使用的翻译技巧。

从而指出功能对等理论在新闻翻译过程中的重要作用。

关键词:新闻翻译;功能对等理论;翻译技巧1 功能对等理论在简单陈述翻译的功能对等理论之前,作者在此先表达对翻译的理解。

翻译是涉及到两种或者多种不同民族、不同文化的一门学问或者是一种技巧。

同时,在现代翻译学中,把翻译的“等值”或“对等”作为翻译的标准。

奈达的“功能对等”翻译理论提出,译语对译语读者产生的效应应该是最大程度的等同与源语对源语读者产生的效应。

这句话的意思就是说,在翻译之后,译语对于目的读者的效应也是可以让目的读者清晰明了的明白原文的意思,并且将原文的意思清晰直白,并且没有遗漏地表达出来。

奈达翻译理论的核心内容是正确理解原文并且用另一种语言重塑原文的意思,使其再现的过程。

功能对等理论对译文的要求极高,其不仅要求译文在意思上面准确,同时还要求译文的语言风格及语言形式也与原文等值出现。

因此在理解功能对等理论的实质要求之后,才能使译文更加完美。

2 新闻英语随着信息时代的到来,新闻在文化传播及实时交流方面起着很大作用。

同时,新闻报导作为人们最关注同时也是最熟悉的文体,其正在不断地深入人们的日常生活中。

按照新闻的内容分,新闻的类别有很多种:政治类新闻、经济类新闻、娱乐类新闻等等。

本文重点讨论的为政治类新闻。

政治类新闻中没有很多优美的辞藻,也不会应用很多修辞,在句子中多为直白的直线式结构。

例如:“In the latest move, the People's Liberation Army of China will be organized into five new "strategic zones" in place of the original seven military regions. ”本句中,仅仅简单陈述了中国军队改革的新闻事实,言简意赅。

英语财经新闻编译报告

英语财经新闻编译报告

英语财经新闻编译报告《经济学人》财经新闻英汉翻译实践报告:奈达功能对等理论的视角随着全球化的深入,财经新闻在人们的生活中变得越来越重要。

作为一种重要的跨文化交流方式,翻译在财经新闻的传播中起着关键的作用。

本报告以《经济学人》财经新闻为研究对象,从奈达功能对等理论的视角探讨英汉翻译的实践。

奈达功能对等理论是翻译理论中的一种重要思想,强调在翻译过程中实现源语言和目标语言之间的功能对等。

奈达认为,翻译不仅仅是词汇和语法的对应,更重要的是语义和文化的对等。

因此,在翻译过程中,译者需要根据目标语言的语境和文化背景,对源语言进行适当的调整,以实现翻译的交际功能。

在本次翻译实践中,我们从《经济学人》选取了多篇财经新闻,包括股市分析、宏观经济数据报道和财经人物专访等。

通过对比分析,我们发现奈达功能对等理论在翻译过程中具有很强的指导作用。

词汇层面的对等。

在翻译过程中,我们需要注意词汇的表面意义和隐含意义的对应。

对于专业术语,如“GDP”、“物价指数”等,我们需要在目标语言中找到对应的术语,以实现词汇层面的对等。

句子层面的对等。

由于英语和汉语的语法结构存在较大差异,因此在翻译过程中需要注意句子结构的调整。

例如,“The stock market is volatile today”(今天股市波动很大)可以翻译成“今天股市的波动很大”。

文化层面的对等。

财经新闻中常常涉及到文化背景和价值观的差异。

在翻译过程中,我们需要这些差异,并尽可能在目标语言中寻找相应的表达方式。

比如,在描述股市行情时,英语中常用“upside down”表示下跌趋势,而中文则用“一片绿”表示同样的意思。

通过本次实践,我们发现奈达功能对等理论对《经济学人》财经新闻的英汉翻译具有很强的指导作用。

在翻译过程中,我们需要词汇、句子和文化层面的对等,并根据目标语言的语境和文化背景进行适当的调整。

只有这样,才能实现翻译的有效性,使读者更好地理解和掌握财经新闻的内容。

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译研究

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译研究

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译研究1. 引言1.1 研究背景The background of this research lies in the increasing importance of cross-cultural communication in today's globalized world. With the rapid development of technology and the internet, news is now being disseminated worldwide inreal-time, making accurate and effective translation crucial. In the field of news translation, English is often the dominant language used, leading to the need for efficient and reliable translation methods.1.2 研究意义The significance of research on the perspective of the Functionalist Equivalence Theory in the translation of current events in English lies in its potential to provide a more accurate and culturally sensitive representation of news from different languages and cultures. By understanding the principles and concepts of the Functionalist Equivalence Theory, translators can better assess the relevance and impact of news events in different contexts and communicate effectively with audiences around the world. This research also holds the key to improvingcross-cultural communication and promoting global understanding, as it enables translators to bridge the gap between different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Ultimately, the study of the Functionalist Equivalence Theory in the translation of current events in English serves as a critical tool for promoting intercultural dialogue, fostering mutual respect, and encouraging cooperation and collaboration among people from diverse backgrounds.2. 正文2.1 功能对等理论概述According to Function Equivalence Theory, translation should not only consider the linguistic elements of the source text but also take into account its intended purpose and effect on the target audience. This means that the translator needs to adapt the message to suit the cultural norms, linguistic conventions, and rhetorical strategies of the target language in order to achieve functional equivalence.2.2 时事新闻英语翻译特点分析时事新闻英语翻译具有独特的特点,需要翻译人员对新闻文本进行准确、及时、简洁、生动的传达。

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译探究

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译探究

社会科学功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译探究梁海波(唐山职业技术学院,河北 唐山 063000)摘 要:时事新闻英语的主要特点体现在它的专业性上。

在翻译过程中,要结合新闻用语的基本特征及当地的新闻语言特点,利用奈达的功能对等理论完成正确的翻译。

本文将在功能对等理论的支撑上,探讨时事新闻英语的翻译方法。

关键词:功能对等理论;时事新闻英语翻译在疫情的影响下,全球经济进入低谷后目前已经在逐步的恢复,国家间的交流活动也在逐步增强。

英语作为一共国际沟通工具,如何根据实际情况,将英文语意正确的翻译成中文,已成为翻译过程中难点。

奈达的功能对等理论已成为解决这个问题的较好的方法。

一、功能对等理论的概念现代翻译中是以等值来作为标准的,等值翻译已成为现代翻译学中的最重要的标准。

随着著名结构主义语言大师奈达提出的“功能对等”翻译理论,翻译的重点在于反映出词汇和语义的风格上。

在翻译过程中,要尽可能的使译语的语意与原语表达的效果相同,使读者对语境的理解不会产生偏差。

语言存在的意义就是为了人们的交流,交流的目的就是为了互相理解对方的意图,而意图的表达必须通过词汇和语句来产生。

意图作为语义的核心内容,在翻译过程中必须以正确的方式来表达。

以达到和原语句同意义的目的。

奈达功能对等理论的核心,就是将原语句的意图,以另外一种语言准确的描述出来。

在时事英语新闻的翻译过程中,功能对等理论已成为其核心理论基础。

功能对等理论为不同语言间的正确翻译提供了基础。

真正理解等职理论的实质,决定了翻译者在实践中的应用效果。

在该理论的支持下,实现翻译工作的推进,以达到提高翻译质量的目的。

二、时事新闻英语在现代社会中时事新闻报道一直占据着重要的位置。

新闻报道内容涉及广泛是英语国家新闻刊物的一大特点,如特写、广告、时事报道等。

对于新闻报道来说,其文体特征较为独特。

在翻译过程中,不仅要遵循基本翻译原则,还应当遵循翻译的基本规律。

同时“言简意赅”是新闻表达的特点,因此在翻译过程中,也应当保持该特点。

功能对等理论视角下英语新闻的汉译

功能对等理论视角下英语新闻的汉译

功能对等理论视角下英语新闻的汉译摘要:本文通过对比英语和汉语在形合和意合方面的差异,从奈达功能对等理论的视角,分析了在功能对等指导下的英语新闻的汉译,提出实现英语新闻的标题、词汇、句子层面功能对等的汉译策略。

关键词:英语新闻、英汉差异、功能对等一、英语新闻汉译的重要性和必要性随着全球化的发展,中国与世界的接触越来越多,这就要求国家与国家间加强信息的准确传达和交流。

为了了解国内外最新动态,人们每天都阅读各式各样的新闻。

因此,新闻变得非常重要,几乎成为我们日常生活不可分割的部分。

在交流的过程中,英语新闻的翻译具有重要价值,因为它就像一座桥梁,联通了中国读者世界新闻。

二、英语与汉语的差异翻译至少涉及两种语言。

因此对于英汉翻译的译者而言,有必要掌握英语与汉语的差异。

《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》一书花了大量篇幅讨论形合和意合。

形合与意合的差别是在clause(小句)之间是否使用connectives(联系用语),比如:关系代词、关系副词、并列连接词和从属连接词。

[1]一般而言,中文属于意合语言,而英文属于形合语言。

如:一个外国人,不懂中文,走遍了大半个中国,挺不容易的。

对这个句子的翻译,就不能按照中文句法,而应该考虑英语的形合问题。

如译为:It is really not easy for the foreigner,who does not know Chinese,to have traveled much of China.[2]在这里,斜体的who是一个关系代词,在中文中不需要,可是在英文里却必不可少。

所以形合注重的是显性接应(overt cohesion),以形显义;意合注重的是隐形连贯(covert cohesion),以意统形。

[3]三、奈达的功能对等理论任何的翻译实践都需要有一个系统而恰当的翻译理论作为强有力的支撑,英语新闻的翻译也不例外。

我们都知道新闻的功能是为了让读者获取信息,因此,新闻写作者和编译者就得尽力为读者服务。

论功能对等理论在财经新闻标题翻译中的应用

论功能对等理论在财经新闻标题翻译中的应用

论功能对等理论在财经新闻标题翻译中的应用作者:赵冉昕来源:《青年文学家》2015年第02期摘 ;要:随着全球化进程的不断深入,英语财经新闻作为一种“硬新闻”越来越起着举足轻重的作用和受到人们的关注。

那么如何对英语类的财经新闻标题进行很好的汉译就是一个是否非常关键的问题,它直接决定着汉语目标语读者能否准确及时了解英语财经新闻所传达的有价值资讯。

功能对等理论无疑为这个问题的解决提供了一个很好的理论指导方向。

关键词:功能对等理论;财经新闻;标题;翻译作者简介:赵冉昕,性别:男,出生年月:1989年10月,工作单位:上海师范大学外国语学院。

[中图分类号]:H059 ;[文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2015)-02--01前言当今社会的发展越来越倾向于全球一体化和国际化,所以国际性的新闻也日益成为许多人了解有价值资讯的重要窗口。

而英语财经类新闻作为一种极具参考价值的“硬新闻”,译者在对其进行翻译的过程中不仅要对其非常专业性的术语、非常精准的数字等进行无误的直译,更重要的是如何能够在功能对等理论的指导下将原文翻译地可以让“目的语读者”本文就将着力探讨功能对等理论如何应用于英语财经类新闻的汉译。

一、功能对等理论的含义功能对等理论是由美国著名语言学家尤金·A·奈达在翻译《圣经》的过程中总结出来的一套翻译理论。

在其中,奈达明确指出:“翻译是使用最恰当、适用和对等的语言从语义到文体再现原文的信息。

”其实,就是要凸显出“目的语接受读”的重要性。

同时,奈达在功能对等理论中还指出“形式对等”必须让步于“形式对等”。

因为形式很可能会到导致“目的语读者”通过译文对原文进行误解。

二、财经类新闻标题翻译中的功能理论应用功能对等理论可以说是贯穿于整个财经新闻的翻译过程中的。

在标题、词汇以及句子的翻译过程中,功能对等理论的指导意义可以说都是无处不在的。

财经类新闻的标题一般都是对整个新闻篇章内容的简要概括并且也是为了能够在第一时间抓住读者的眼球。

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译研究

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译研究

功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译研究【摘要】在英语翻译领域,所有的翻译都是带着一个最根本的目的,那就是为了交流信息。

广义是指语言与语言、语言和非语言之间的代码转换和基本信息的传达,狭义的是指一种特殊的语言活动,是一种把语言表达的内容忠实得用另一种语言表达出来。

时事新闻又带着实时高效的特点,所有时事新闻的英语翻译带上不一样的要求,也就被赋予不一样的使命。

本文主要研究功能对等理论视角下的时事新闻英语翻译,主要是从词汇对等、句法对等、篇章对等和文题对等四个方面来讨论时事新闻英语翻译是怎样的。

【关键词】功能对等理论视角;时事新闻的英语翻译;四个对等关于功能对等理论视角的翻译研究应该起源于功能对等理论的第一次提出,为使源语和目的语的之间的转换有一个标准,同时减少差异。

著名语言学家尤金·A·奈达从语言学的角度出发,根据翻译的本质,提出了著名的“动态对等”翻译理论,即“功能对等”。

奈达有关翻译的定义指明翻译不但体现在词汇意义上的相等,即译文与原文要保证信息的正确转换,还应该包括译文和原文的风格和文体的一致,因为高级的翻译应该传达的信息不能仅仅是原文的复述复制,而应该体现原文背后折射的文化因素和文化背景。

这就对语言翻译提出了更高的要求,首先要做到最基本的词汇对等和句法对等,其次还要做到篇章对等和文体对等。

并且奈达认为“意义是最重要的,形式其次,因为如果只注重形式,很可能会掩盖原文作者本想表达的文化意义,进而达不到翻译促进文化交流的作用。

因此,在时事新闻的英语翻译中,要适当地遵循文学翻译的四个基本准则。

一、词汇对等我们要清楚,一个词的意义不是指它在字典中的意思,而是在于它在语言中的用法。

在实际的翻译中,首先要攻克的就是找到合适的词语来使用在你的译作中,没有基本意思的对等,其他的文体对等更无从开始,南辕北辙的译作是绝对被判为不合格,尤其在时事新闻的翻译中,受众面广而且速度要求高,可是让我们困惑的是怎样在目的语里找到对应的意义。

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用【摘要】功能对等理论是翻译领域的重要理论之一,该理论在新闻翻译中有着广泛的应用。

本文首先介绍功能对等理论的概念和特点,然后探讨其在新闻翻译中的具体应用方法,以及在实践中所面临的挑战。

接着通过一些实践案例来展示功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的有效性,并探讨其对新闻翻译的启示。

文章总结了功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的重要性,并展望了其在未来发展中的潜力。

通过对功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用探讨,可以更好地理解和把握新闻翻译的特点和要求,进一步提高翻译质量和效果。

【关键词】功能对等理论、新闻翻译、应用方法、挑战、实践案例、启示、重要性、未来发展、总结1. 引言1.1 功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用功能对等理论在新闻翻译领域扮演着重要的角色,它强调在翻译过程中要保持原文和译文在功能上的对等,而不是形式上的对等。

在新闻领域,特别是在新闻报道的翻译过程中,功能对等理论的应用更显得重要。

新闻报道的目的是为了传递信息、观点和情感,而翻译的目标是让读者能够理解并感受到原文的内容。

在新闻翻译中,功能对等理论的运用可以确保翻译稿件传达的信息准确、清晰,并且符合原文的意图。

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用可以帮助译者避免过度的形式化和字面化,更注重传播信息和情感。

通过对原文意图和语境的理解,译者可以更好地选择合适的词语和表达方式,保持译文的流畅性和自然性。

功能对等理论也能帮助译者在面对一些独特的语言现象和文化障碍时找到更好的解决方案,确保翻译稿件符合读者的阅读习惯和认知模式。

在新闻翻译中,功能对等理论的应用不仅可以提高翻译质量,也能增强读者对翻译稿件的理解和接受度。

2. 正文2.1 功能对等理论概述功能对等理论是翻译理论中的重要概念之一,它将翻译看作是在不同语言文化系统之间进行信息传递的过程。

功能对等理论认为,翻译的目的是要保持原文的意思和功能,在不同语言文化之间进行有效的传达和交流。

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用可以帮助译者更好地理解原文的意图和目的,从而更准确地传达信息给目标读者。

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用

功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用【摘要】新闻翻译在当今信息时代扮演着至关重要的角色,而功能对等理论作为翻译理论中的重要方法之一,在新闻翻译中也有着广泛的应用。

本文分析了新闻翻译的特点以及功能对等理论的基本概念,探讨了功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用方法和局限性,同时也提出了新闻翻译中存在的挑战。

在本文总结了功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的实际应用意义,同时展望了未来新闻翻译的发展方向。

通过对功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用进行深入研究,可以为提高新闻翻译的质量和效率提供有益的指导,推动新闻翻译领域的不断发展和进步。

【关键词】新闻翻译、功能对等理论、应用方法、局限性、挑战、实际应用意义、发展方向1. 引言1.1 新闻翻译的重要性新闻翻译在当今社会中扮演着至关重要的角色。

随着全球化进程的不断加深,跨文化交流和信息传播变得日益频繁。

新闻作为人们获取信息和了解世界的重要途径,其翻译承担着将不同语言和文化的信息传递给更广泛受众的任务。

新闻翻译的重要性体现在以下几个方面。

新闻翻译有助于促进跨文化理解和交流。

不同国家和地区的新闻报道往往具有独特的文化背景和观点,通过翻译,人们可以更好地了解和欣赏其他文化的立场和价值观,从而减少误解和偏见,促进文化交流和融合。

新闻翻译有助于提升信息传播的效率和质量。

通过将国际新闻内容翻译成本地语言,新闻传媒可以更好地满足受众的信息需求,提供更全面和及时的报道,增强新闻传播的广度和深度。

新闻翻译还可以帮助人们了解世界各地发生的重要事件和变化,扩大视野,增长知识,培养批判性思维和跨文化沟通能力。

新闻翻译不仅是信息传播的桥梁,更是促进文化交流、增进理解、提高社会认知水平的重要工具。

在当今多元化的社会环境下,新闻翻译的重要性日益凸显,其作用不可低估。

1.2 功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的作用功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的作用非常重要,它可以帮助翻译人员更好地理解和传达新闻信息,确保所翻译的内容准确传达原文的意义和信息。

从功能对等理论看新闻类文本中词汇与句法的翻译

从功能对等理论看新闻类文本中词汇与句法的翻译

从功能对等理论看新闻类文本中词汇与句法的翻译新闻是人们获取并传递信息的主要方式,翻译外刊已成为了解国外时事的必要途径之一。

新闻翻译不仅要忠实原文的内容与风格,而且要满足读者的需要。

奈达的功能对等理论强调在翻译时注重信息的传达和读者的反应,因此可以对新闻翻译进行有效的指导。

本文以《经济学人》中的新闻翻译为例,以功能对等理论为依据,从词汇和句法层面进行分析,探讨功能对等在新闻翻译中的应用。

标签:《经济学人》;功能对等;新闻翻译翻译新闻要求译者必须注重读者反映,因此要将奈达的功能对等理论与新闻翻译相结合。

本文通过对《经济学人》期刊文章Meet the new boss 的译文分析,发现新闻翻译具有灵活变通的特点。

本文讨论关于功能对等理论在新闻翻译中的应用,从词汇和句法两个方面具体阐述了功能对等是如何实现的。

译文中采用的词汇和句法层面对等方法包括:结合语境选择词义;运用四字词语;释义专业术语;分译长句和逆译原句等。

1 功能对等理论简述及其在新闻翻译中的可行性功能对等理论由美国人尤金·A·奈达(Eugene Nida)提出,所谓“功能对等”,就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死板对应,而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。

他将功能对等定义为:目的语读者应该能够以源语读者理解原文的方式来理解译文。

奈达强调目的语读者的感受应和源语读者的感受大致相同。

功能对等理论的核心为三点:传达原文语言及内涵信息;译语通顺自然;译语读者和源语读者反应相似。

新闻英语有其自己的特点,翻译时要顾及其文体特点,在遣词造句和谋篇布局上都应使译文适如其所译。

奈达的功能对等理论在新闻翻译中具有相应的指导性和可行性。

2 《经济学人》新闻特点《经济学人》从内容上看,文章类型题材广泛,专题报道上有其自己的立场和观点,同时也具有综合新闻事实的分析。

文章用词严肃有力,立场鲜明客观,很容易被读者所接受,但并没有对专业术语或经济名词进行相应的解释。

功能理论视角下的新闻汉英翻译

功能理论视角下的新闻汉英翻译

功能理论视角下的新闻汉英翻译摘要:新闻汉英翻译在文化交流传播中扮演中非常重要的角色,因此如何翻译新闻题材类的文章就成了文化交流中非常重要的一环。

本文基于功能翻译理论的基本观点,在新闻文体的特点基础上,将功能翻译理论与新闻翻译二者结合起来,功能翻译理论为新闻汉英翻译提供了相应的理论基础,并在此理论基础之上,提出了删译法、增译法、释译法及改译法等翻译方法。

关键词:新闻英语功能翻译理论新闻汉英Translation from Chinese to English in Journalismfrom the Perspective of Fuctional TranslationAbstract: Chinese to English translation in journalism plays an important role in communicating cultures. Therefore, it is a crucial part to translate journalistic articles. Based on the fundamental theories of functional translation, this paper combines functional translation and journalistic translation on the basis of characteristics of journalistic articles. Functional translation provides counter theoretical basis for C-E translation in journalism. Based on the theory, this paper comes up with some translation strategies, such as delete translation, amplification, interpretation, adaptation and so on.Key Words: Journalistic English; Functional Translation; Chinese to English Translation in Journalism一、新闻英语的特点及其翻译中的跨文化意识新闻,通俗地讲就是社会生活中新近发生的事,它包括政治、经济、文化、体育、教育、卫生、科技、农业、军事等方面。

功能对等理论视角下的英汉习语翻译1

功能对等理论视角下的英汉习语翻译1
本文共分为六个章节。第一章主要介绍撰写本论文的基本要素:研究背景、研究问题、研究目的和意义、研究方法以及论文结构。第二章主要通过文献综述,了解国内外习语翻译的研究概况。同时帮助读者理解习语的一些基本知识,包括习语的定义、特点、分类及奈达的功能对等翻译理论。第三章从文化对等讨论英汉习语的翻译问题。涉及文化、习语和翻译的关系,习语的文化内涵以及具体的翻译方法等。第四章从语用对等讨论习语的翻译问题。涉及习语的语用功能及其误译现象从意义对等讨论习语的翻译问题,第五章讨论在习语翻译中应该注意的问题。最后,对本文作总结,得出本文的结论,指出本研究的不足以及今后研究的方向。
Manyscholarsat home and abroad have proposed various translation theories in the process of idioms translating, and Nida’s functionalequivalence translationtheory is much flexible in dealing with the target language and source language in translating because of basing on functionalequivalence. Additionally, the theory also considers thereceptorin the target language, providing a new perspective for Nida’s translation theory. And the thesis will discuss thetranslation of idioms from English to Chinese, Chinese to English based on Nida’s functionalequivalence. The idioms to be discussed in the paper will bedefinedin broad, including set phrases, common sayings, proverbs, allusions, etc. It is hoped that themisunderstandingand mistranslation of idioms can be reduced through comprehensively idioms study,meanwhile, it will help us to learn the excellent cultures in English and Chinese nations to promote intercultural communication in the world.However, due to the different cultural systems between the east and the west, Chinese and English idioms have similarities and obvious differences in meanings and expression forms. So in the real intercultural communication there will surely appear misunderstanding, culture conflict, even hatred among people from different regions and countries, leading the failure of intercultural communication among different nations.

功能对等理论下的新闻翻译研究

功能对等理论下的新闻翻译研究

2021年38期总第582期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS【摘要】新闻翻译在外宣工作中举足轻重。

该研究以2020年中国日报双语新闻网中的报道为例,从功能对等理论的四个层面——词汇、句法、篇章、文体对双语报道进行分析,探究该理论在新闻翻译中的应用。

研究发现,2020年中国日报双语新闻网中的报道基本实现了功能对等,准确传达了新闻内容,并体现了其内容严谨、用词精练等特点。

【关键词】新闻翻译;双语新闻;功能对等【Abstract】 News translation is a vital part of foreign publicity. This study, with Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory, gives a detailed analysis of the bilingual news from China Daily(2020). It includes four aspects: vocabulary, syntax, discourse and style and explores the application of the theory in news translation. The investigation indicates that the bilingual news basically achieves the functional equivalence in translation.【Key words】news translation; bilingual news; Functional Equivalence【作者简介】王辰(1998-),女,汉族,山东济南人,齐鲁工业大学(山东省科学院),外国语学院(国际教育学院),翻译专业在读本科生;(通讯作者)赵康雯,齐鲁工业大学(山东省科学院),外国语学院(国际教育学院),讲师。

商务英语毕业论文题目-英汉对照

商务英语毕业论文题目-英汉对照
商务英语中定语从句的汉译策略
Research on English-Chinese Translation of Attributive Clause in Business English
在商务英语阅读中生词的学习策略研究
Study on Strategies of Learning the New Words in Business EnglishReading
商业广告语篇中模糊限制语的人际功能研究
Interpersonal Function of Hedges in Commercial Advertising Discourse
商务英语索赔信函的人际意义研究
A Study of Interpersonal Meaning in Business
English Letters of Claims
商务英语写作中介语的错误分析
A Study of the Interlanguage Error Analysis in Business English Writing
从转化生成语法的角度研究商务合同中的歧义现象及其消除策略
A Study on the Ambiguity in Business Contract from the Perspective of Transformation—generative Grammar and Disambiguation Strategies
被动结构在英文商务信函中的应用及其汉译策略研究
Research on the Application of Passive Construction in English Business Correspondence and Its Translation Strategies

功能对等理论视角下英汉翻译实践报告

功能对等理论视角下英汉翻译实践报告

功能对等理论视角下英汉翻译实践报告紧张又充实的社会实践又告一段落了,回顾这段时间的实践活动,取得的收获不是一星半点的,一起好好总结一下这段经历的收获和付出吧。

那要怎么写好实践报告呢,下面为大家收集的翻译实践报告,希望大家能够喜欢。

大二的下学,我的职责是俄语翻译,翻译一些资料。

实习的目的是增加社会实践经验,迅速将翻译理论知识应用到实践当中,并加强使用计算机和翻译工具的能力。

译者课堂教学的过程中,我总结了4种必不可少的译者工具:一是鬼神格斯译者工具,里面可以加装通俗易懂俄汉词典、新俄汉词典、小俄汉词典、俄汉新颖工业技术词典;二就是百度搜寻工具;三就是google搜寻工具;四就是яндех搜寻工具——专业的俄文搜寻工具。

译者的具体步骤可以如下:首先可以现在灵格斯里查阅稀奇古怪的单词或词组,找寻最合乎原文的表述。

当然这只是最基本的作法,但是由于缺乏专业的科技词典,在灵格斯往往就是查阅不下所需的单词或语义。

于是,迁怒于google和яндех则就是很存有必要的。

按照我自己的经验来说,我实行同时在google和яндех搜寻的作法,并对同种搜寻工具搜寻结果展开比较。

它们有著各自的优缺点。

google的优点就是关上俄文页面的同时可以同时关上另外一个译者页面,即google可以自动把页面从来源语俄语翻译成汉语,而缺点就是经常出现译者错误,译者的可信度就是50%。

яндех的优点就是用俄语词组和句子表述俄语词汇,意义更精确,更切合原文,而缺点就是有时用作释义的词汇过分深奥,过分专业,相等于用更专业的词汇表述专业词汇,即为难上加难。

所以我指出最后就须要使用百度工具了。

融合google和яндех的参照译者,用百度搜寻译者过的专业词汇,查阅与否存有相同或相似的专业用语,之后才确认出来最精确的译法。

自己校对,虚心地向本专业的老师和材料学院的老师请教。

首先进行的自己去校对。

原以为会限于“当局者迷”之说而不懂查看、修改自己的译文。

功能对等翻译理论在商务英语中的应用—以金融英语翻译为例

功能对等翻译理论在商务英语中的应用—以金融英语翻译为例

功能对等翻译理论在商务英语中的应用—以金融英语翻译为例摘要: 金融英语翻译,作为接触西方最新的金融资讯的桥梁,在经济生活中起到的作用越来越大。

奈达的功能对等理论在许多商务英语翻译的研究中被广泛采用。

尽管对该理论在金融英语翻译中应用的研究相对较少,但大量商务英语翻译的研究仍有极大的参考价值。

本文旨在总结前人对功能对等理论的研究以及其在商务英语翻译中的应用,并结合实例探讨该理论在金融英语翻译中如何继续发挥作用。

关键词:商务英语翻译,金融英语翻译,功能对等The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Business English: A Case Study of Financial EnglishAbstract: Financial English translation, as the bridge of the latest information between Western and China’s financial markets, is playing an increasingly important role in economic activities. Nida's functional equivalence theory has been widely used in the study of business English translation. Although studies on the application of that theory in the translation of financial English remain relatively limited, the study on other business English translation is still valuable for reference. The initial purpose of this essay is to summarize the former study on functional equivalence theory and its application in business English translation. Then the examples of financial English translation will be carefully cited and explored to show the significance of functional equivalence in practice.Key words: business English, financial English, functional equivalenceContent1. Introduction (1)1.1 Definition of functional equivalen ce (1)1.1.1 Lexical equivalence (1)1.1.2 Sentence equivalence (1)1.1.3 Passage equivalence (2)1.1.4 Style equivalence (2)1.2 The development of functional equivalence theory (2)2. Features of financial Englis h translation (2)2.1 Definition of financial English (3)2.2 Features of financial English texts (3)2.2.1 Meaning of words (4)2.2.1.1 Oneness of meaning (4)2.2.1.2 Antonyms (4)2.2.1.3. Hyponymy (5)2.2.1.4 Conventional use of words (5)2.2.2 Forms of words (5)2.2.2.1 Simplicity of words and the frequent use of abbreviations (5)2.2.2.2 Large quantity of derivates and new expressions (6)2.3 Requirements of financial English T ranslation (6)3. Functional equivalence theory in the financial English translation (6)3.1 The guiding significance of functional equivalence theory in financial English Translation (6)3.1.1 Lexical equivalence: insist on literal translation in the case of professional words (7)3.1.2 Passage equivalence: grasp the special meaning in the whole context (7)3.2 Strategies of application of functional equivalence theory in translation practice (7)4. Application of functional equivalence in financial English (8)4.1 Application in dealing with specialized vocabulary (8)4.2 Application in dealing with meaning in different contexts (9)4.3 Application in dealing with conventional expressions (9)4.4 Application in dealing with new expressions (10)5. Conclusion (10)6. Suggestions (11)References (12)The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Business English: A Case Study of Financial English Translation1. IntroductionWith the gradual opening of china’s financial market, a great number of financial English words also flow into Chinese people’s life. An accurate and standard translation is in need. Nevertheless, the reality turns out disappointing. Take banks for example, confusing translated names of business exists and varies in the main commercial banks of the country. “Subjectively, major banks do not pay attention to the translation of financial English and the international unity; the translator has poor professional knowledge in both finance and translation”, said Fu (2013). Therefore, an instructive theory has to be implemented in this field. Functional Equivalence Theory, with its emphasis on the receptors understanding as well as the original text, will serve as an ideal solution. In this section, the definition of Nida’s functional equivalence theory will be described in details, and the development of this theory will also be shown.1.1 Definition of functional equivalenceAt the core of Nida’s translation theory is the conception of Functional Equivalence. Rather than a literal identity, this idea requires achieving of equivalence on function, which means the meaning and the style of the translation must be the closest equivalent to that of the original language. Generally, functional equivalence includes the following four aspects: lexical equivalence, sentence equivalence, passage equivalence and style equivalence.1.1.1 Lexical equivalenceThe meaning of a word is on its use in the language. In translation practices, a major problem we face is to find out the meanings of the specific words in the target language. Lexical equivalence in English-Chinese translation contained five situations: literal equivalence, synonyms, polysemy, meaning interwoven and no-equivalents. Among these, exactly equal in translation is most likely to be achieved whileinvolving professional and technical terms. Although between two languages, no meanings of the two words are exactly the same, but we can use different forms of language to express the same meaning.1.1.2 Sentence equivalenceIn translation between English and Chinese, the most apparent problem is dealing with gender, plural and tenses consistent. Therefore, the translator should not only be clear whether there is such structure in the target language, but also to understand when and where the structure can be used.1.1.3 Passage equivalenceDiscourse is a unit of language. Thus when we are analyzing discourse, we do not simply analyze the language itself, but we view the words from the perspective of what meaning or, function they reflect in the specific context. Passage equivalence consists of three levels: context, environment and intellectual background.1.1.4 Style equivalenceDue to the difference between the source and the target language, the styles of these two languages are quite different, which requires the translator to master in both languages in order to reflect the authentic style of the original one. In addition, the difference in style of the work means the difference in cultural factors, so one has to take full account of cultural differences between different works on different subjects.1.2 The development of functional equivalence theoryIn his book The New Edition of Nida’s Translation Theory, Tan(1999) outlined the development of Nida’s functional equivalence in translation. Eugene Nida's functional equivalence theory originated from his translation practice of the Bible. As the translator of the Bible, Nida believed translation was to faithfully convey the Christian doctrine and, to make the receptors (readers of the translated version) and the readers of the original language feel the same way. Zhu (2010) said the first term Nida had used was "dynamic equivalence". Nida defined the idea in this way: readers of a translation work should react basically the same as readers of the original version. “Due to a huge disparity in both cultural and historical background, these two groups of readers can rarely achieve the goal of basically the s ame” Nida and Taber (1969)said, “however, there exists a maximum degree of similar reaction, and otherwise, this translation fails to reach its purpose”. Nida(1993) later replaced "dynamic equivalence" with the new expression “functional equivalence", and pointed out that there were no substantial differences between the content of the new expression and the former one. He adopted the substitution simply because “functional” better indicated that translation was a form of communication which “focused on th e content and result of the translation”.2. Features of financial English translationBusiness English, which is a language requirement for people in the working situations, involves all aspects of business activity. It differs greatly from general English, especially in vocabulary, since its broader vocabulary is related to every area of business, including economic and trade, logistics, management, marketing, finance and other fields. One significant feature of business English translation is that it requires the translator something more than English using ability. That is, in translation one has to integrate his business knowledge into his language ability, to convey readers the Western ideas of management, their working psychologies, and even how to deal with foreigners in professional settings, the way to work with them, their working methods, their living habits and so on. To some extends these are included in the concept of culture. Financial English belongs to business English, thus it shares most f eatures of business English. What’s more, financial English has its unique characteristics. In this section, the author will first define financial English, and then, the special features of financial English are discussed. At the end of this section, the impact of these special features on the requirement for financial English translators will be stated and analyzed.2.1 Definition of financial EnglishThe special features of financial English, which is quite different from other business English topics, can rarely be analyzed alone without taking finance activities into concern. The study of finance is a branch of economics, which means comparing with other business activities, more quantitative models will be involved in finance. Like CAPM, Capital Asset Pricing Model, can hardly be avoided in the fieldinvestment, as well as in the translation of this field. In addition, new field in finance is emerging in China, and it is foreseeable that more changes which firstly took place in the western world will be introduced to China. The former topics about the finance were corporate finance and valuation, corporate finance governance and securities investments. Nevertheless, after the financial crisis, 2008, a new trend of risk management is starting to get more attention from the market. The new field will definitely bring new vocabulary in the field. Besides, in 2014, China has its own derivatives business. Since derivatives have long been studied and developed in the western world, a large amount of translations are required because China is still in the first stage of the derivatives market.More than those “professional” characteristics, financial English is also unique for its coverage of a wide range of fields. Some of these fields are in covered by other topics in business English, like logistics, advertising and marketing. However, sometimes the filed is totally not a business thing, like legal English, journalism English. As we can see, financial English is actually more than letters of guarantees or bond-issues, it is a branch of business English which concentrates on a complex field. According to former studies and the author’s observations, financial English is similar as general business English for they both try to convey business ideas, while financial English is more professional, more abstract. In the next part of this section, specific features of financial English texts will be analyzed.2.2 Features of financial English textsFeng (2007) summarized the features of financial English texts. He general came up with the following six points: wide use of professional vocabulary and professional terminology; specific use of professional expressions in financial English; more proper nouns; frequent use of abbreviations; same words with different meanings in deferent contexts due to the strong match-up capacity of core words; a large quantity of derivates and new expressions. Cui (2013) pointed out that professional financial English has its professional features. Cui summed up the following six points: one ness of words’ meanings, antonyms, hyponymy, simplicity of words, conventional use of words, newly emerging expressions. While so many features are listed, theycan be classified into to categories: the meaning of words and, the form of words. Examples will be cited to discuss these features.2.2.1 Meaning of words2.2.1.1 Oneness of meaningFinancial English’s “uniqueness” lies in two aspects. One is each term represents one specific concept in finance and no other word can be used in substitution to that term. For example, in English “the credit standing” (current situation of one’s credit), the word “position” cannot be used to replace the word “standing” though basically they are of the same meaning; in “standby credit” , one shall not use a “spare” for “standby”.Second is a term, even if it is a polysemous word, can keep only one explanation in financial English. For example, in “listed company” (a company that appear on the stock market), the “list” is explained and, can only be explained, as “appear o n the stock market” though in other text the word may mean “lists of items”, “lists of people in mind”, "columns on the table", etc. . In translation, the translator should pay special attention to special expression of single meaning in financial English vocabulary.2.2.1.2 AntonymsAntonym means words referring to meanings that are contradictory, conflicting or interrelated. It is a couple of words which express the concepts that are contradicted or associated in logic. There are three types of antonyms. One is gradable antonym, which means a pair of words with opposite meanings where the two meanings lie on a continuous spectrum. One is complementary antonym which means a pair of words with opposite meanings but do not lie on a continuous spectrum. The final one is relational antonym, which means a pair of words with opposite meanings, where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings.In financial English, we can see a lot of pairs of words that can be count into the three types mentioned in the previous paragraph. Here are some examples of gradable and complementary antonyms.1. supply/demand2. shortage/surplus3. wage ceiling (the highest wage)/wage floor (the lowest wage)4. premium(the expected forward exchange rate overate the spot exchange rate)/discount5. inflation/deflation6. assets/liabilities7. bear market/bull marketIn addition, Associated words refers to the two corresponding words that are not necessarily to be exactly opposite in meaning, but apparently they do have opposite meanings while in comparison and association. It represents the concepts associated with each other. Here are some examples.1. fiscal policy (a conduction by the government to control the money value with open-market operation, tax, etc.)/monetary policy (the conduction of the government of directly adjusting the money supply and the amount of credit)2.capital market (the financial market which offers long-term,which is more than a year, securities or debt)/money market (the financial market with short-term, less than a year, financing)3.spot transaction/forward transaction4.preferred shares/ordinary shares5.current account (changes in net foreign assets)/capital account2.2.1.3. HyponymyHyponymy refers to the sense relation between more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The world which is more inclusive and explains the general concept is called the superordinate, while the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponym is a process that classifies words with concepts. If we take “transaction” for the superordinate, then “deposit money”,“draw money”,“settle an account”,“honor a draft”,“accept stocks”,which are different phases of a transaction, can be viewed as hyponyms. Meanwhile, these words belongs to the same concept category are called co-hyponyms to each other.2.2.1.4 Conventional use of wordsSome words in the target language have been used since ancient time which finally forms a convention. The situation applies in financial industry. Some financial terms used in the ancient times are still working. For example, lease, bill, share and so on. In some cases, if one forcibly tries to change the well-established convention of a specific terminology, it will cause trouble. For example, “drawing advice” (invoice notifications) is used as a terminology in banking. If one tries to replace it with the word “counterfoil”, it seems correct literally. However, there is an essential difference between these two because “counterfoil” is used to describe the stub retained after a bill is drawn or torn off.2.2.2 Forms of words2.2.2.1 Simplicity of words and the frequent use of abbreviationsTypically, the system of financial English is clear, reliable and authoritative. It is a language that is used to manage the finance industry, to regulate the market, to resolve contradictory. It is tailed and explained by specialists and experts according to a fixed pattern of language. Therefore, under the premise of oneness of meaning and accuracy, financial English has the special feature of simplicity. One of the most obvious phenomena reflecting this feature is the wide use of abbreviations. For example,1. US$ for US Dollar2. VC for venture capital3. EPS for earnings per share4. FDI for foreign direct investment5. V AT for value added taxBut it is important to note that some acronyms will have different meanings in different contexts. For example: TSE can refer to Tokyo Stock Exchange as well as the Toronto Stock Exchange2.2.2.2 Large quantity of derivates and new expressionsWith the development of science and technology, new financial English words are emerging. Some of them are derivates of current-exist words. Some of them useblend. Some of the words are created specially to express the meaning. Here are some examples of new financial expressions.1. call option (purchase options)2. put option (selling option)3. future transaction4. E-bank (electronic banking)5. Cyber-trade (online transactions).2.3 Requirements of financial English TranslationSince finance English has so many special features which raise high requirement for translators, experts have made great effort in working out the standard of financial English translation. Gao (2005) pointed out that the special requirement for terminology translation is indirect, single, standardized. Though it can be applied in terminology translation, financial English has its own characteristics. Liang and Li (2014) put forward the requirements for financial English translators. That is, a decent translator should accurately grasp the exact meaning of financial English, as well as the influence of contexts. Chen (2002) proposed in his book Strategies and Techniques of Financial English translation the following principles of financial English translation: accuracy, that translators have to be in the right position, showing the right point of views, noticing conventional expressions; standardization, that vocabulary and sentences should meet syntax habits of the specific language, avoiding the appearance of Westernized Chinese; apt and vivid, that translators take the context in to account to appropriately process the central meaning, and avoid loss, dilution and even twist of the intent; correspondence of meaning, that sometimes English vocabulary can find its exact counterpart in Chinese , while sometimes they are only partially correspondent. While Chang (2002) referring to the principles and standards of business translation, he also said "the basic task of translation is not to convert from one language to another, but to convey meaning, content and information".3. Functional equivalence theory in the financial English translation3.1 The guiding significance of functional equivalence theory in financial English TranslationLiu Fang (2013) pointed out that Nida considered it necessary to comprehensively consider culture, specific language environment and the target audiences in order to make the translation understood and accepted by receptors. This is in line with Chang’s (2002) conclusions that business English translation is to convey information. Readers of financial English text are the parties in the transaction. In this circumstance, the accurate understanding of each other's intentions and principles is essential to ensure the success of financial activities. Thus functional equivalence theory, which takes the transmission of information as its primary purpose, is suitable and of guiding significance to financial English translation. For financial English, functional equivalence theory functions pretty well in the aspects of lexical equivalence and passage equivalence.3.1.1 Lexical equivalence: insist on literal translation in the case of professional wordsFinancial English is a relatively formal style. Its formality is mainly shown in the use of financial terms. Financial terms can be divided into two kinds, one is the proper nouns which is specifically created for, and will, in most cases, only appear in financial English. These financial terms themselves have specific meanings. In the meantime, an exact counterpart of the English word can be found in Chinese vocabulary. Therefore, it is suitable to translate it as its literal meaning instead of paraphrasing.No matter it is a noun or a verb, the translator should insist on literal translation as long as the meaning of the word is single, fixed and belongs to the finance industry only.3.1.2 Passage equivalence: grasp the special meaning in the whole contextThe other terminologies are not unique in financial English, which means they can appear in other English texts with different meanings. But in financial English, their meanings are spe cific and fixed. For example, the word “acquire” means get or make something in ordinary texts, but it means purchase and merger in the professional setting of finance. Another example is the word “policy”, it means insurance (sometimes used as “policy of insurance) in financial English.3.2 Strategies of application of functional equivalence theory in translation practiceAs mentioned in section two, financial English is part of business English, thus they share many commons in translation. So studies on business English translation with functional equivalence can be borrowed in the translation of financial English. Wen (2014) talked about equivalence in two aspects of business translation: First, the semantic equivalence. First of all is the equivalence of vocabulary, especially professional vocabulary in translation; following is the sentence equivalence, which is to grasp its structure when complex sentences appear in business English translation. In addition, in the process of translation, reciprocity of the whole context is most likely to be neglected. It’s required to grasp the meaning of sentences in the setting of the whole article; Second, the style equivalence. Business English, financial English, particularly, emphasizes on practice. Its use shows the special feature of the industry.Shi (2014) viewed the application of the theory from the perspective of business letters. She also proposed the idea of cultural equivalence. In her view, the principle of equivalence in business translation is reflected in the following three areas: Authentic language and semantic equivalence. V ocabulary is the basis and prerequisite for the translation work. You must understand the meaning of every single word in order to more accurately convey the commercial information, to achieve functional equivalence; appropriate sentence and cultural equivalence. Note in particular that Chinese letters often contain expressions of modesty, and this expression is not that common in the English language; distinctive style and emotional equivalence. Business translation focuses more on strong descriptive or textual style and is seldom involved with personal emotions; such business translation may be successful.Financial English has its unique features. In 2011, Wang specialized in the application of equivalence theory in the translation of the financial English. Wang described the following 6 types of equivalence in translation in details: lexeme equivalence, that requires translator has professional quality and language sensitive to discover this kind of trap in translation, avoiding ambiguity; semantic equivalence,that requires flexibly modify the translation while dealing with different translation form and habits; equivalence of autonomies, that means use a couple of opposite things to indicate opposite financial concepts; style equivalence, that requires financial English translation to be simple but accurate, because information transmitted pretty fast in the financial market. In addition, the simplicity of style is also expected, which means some shared knowledge and the explanations of conventions can be omitted; equivalence of readers’ degree of acceptance, that requires translators to care more about receptors’ understanding of the connotation and extended meaning of the translation (which is supposed to be no less than that of readers using the original language) than showing professional; strategy of treating daily words’ new concepts in financial texts with equivalence, that means daily words, while used in financial English texts, may have a great change in their meanings.4. Application of functional equivalence in financial EnglishThere are plenty of researches on business English. Though these researches cover a large part where financial English and business English have in common, studies on financial English, especially the study on financial words translation under functional equivalence, remain limited. In this section, the author will try to use typical examples to illustrate how functional equivalence works in financial English.4.1 Application in dealing with specialized vocabularyThe example that is going to be analyzed is “hedge fund” and “PE”.The translation of “hedge fund” should be “对冲基金”. It can be translated just literally, for “hedge” is “回避”, and “fund” is “基金”. In investment, “回避” means reducing risk, and the professional Chinese for that is “对冲”. However, in some text we can also see hedge fund is translated into “私募基金”, and the word can easily be garbled with another term—PE. But surely these two are not the same in China’s financial market. Hedge fund is the opposite of mutual fund. Though hedge fund is “private”, it works on the secondary market while private equity, PE, aimin g at the basic level market.Then what is PE? The exact name of PE in China is “私募股权基金” On China’s financial market, PE aims at the private equity of a mature company which has arather big scale and can generate steady cash flow before the company is listed.Hedge fund involves securities and derivatives. Since China has just developed its derivatives market, there is currently no “real” hedge fund in China like that of the USA. The concept of hedge fund and PE are interwoven, but in basically they are not the same. In addition, the translator must notice that “私募基金” is a rather gener al idea which is the opposite of public offering. It is the superordinate of hedge fund and PE.In this case, the translator has to combine his knowledge and familiarity of China’s market to do good translation, which achieves lexical equivalence. Otherwis e, readers can easily get confused.4.2 Application in dealing with meaning in different contextsThe example the author is going to analyze is the word “liquidity”. The words appear frequently in financial English. In financial management, the word can be translated as “流动资金”. Broadly speaking, liquidity refers to the total amount of current assets, including cash, inventory, accounts receivable, securities, deposits and other projects. The more liquidity a company has, the more its ability to pay for short-term debt. Besides, since it’s of higher credit, the company can finance in the more easily with lower cost in the capital market.But in other fields, the word has to be translated into “流动性”. Here liquidity means :the ability to transfer a certain asset into cash at a reasonable price. It is the relationship between an investment of time (how long it needed to sell it) and the price (the discount comparing with the fair market value).Generally, the liquidity of cash is the largest, then deposits, securities and real estate.We cannot say the meanings of liquidity in these two situations are totally different since they both involve a much flexible way of money using. However, their meaning differs a lot from each other, and they are applied to different context. To translate the word accurately, the translator has to take the context into concern in order to achieve passage equivalence.4.3 Application in dealing with conventional expressions。

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功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例一、引言当今世界,经济全球化不断深入,各国在政治、经济等领域交流日益密切,了解国际市场、掌握国际经济形势成为广大群众一大诉求,因此英语财经类新闻的翻译显得尤为重要。

《经济学人》作为一本财经类杂志,具有较高的国际知名度,其新闻报道兼具权威性与实效性,该杂志的准确翻译可成为了解国际金融信息的高质量渠道之一。

奈达的功能对等理论强调信息的准确传递和强调读者反应,即在准确传递信息的基础上,原文读者与译文读者应有一致的阅读体验。

文章以功能对等理论为基础,试图探讨财经类新闻在翻译中如何实现原文与译文读者取得一致的阅读体验。

二、功能对等理论动态对等的概念是尤金•奈达于20 世纪60 年代在《翻译科学探索》一书中提出的。

动态对等指出,译者不能仅仅关注源语与目的语间的对应关系,而该关注一种动态的关系,即目的语读者和目的语信息间的关系应与源语读者和源语信息间的关系保持一致[1]。

后来,为避免公众对“动态”一词的误解,在《从一种语言到另一种语言》一书中,奈达将动态对等替换为功能对等,进一步完善了理论内容[2]。

功能对等理论强调读者反应,即目的语读者对译文的阅读反应需与源语读者对源语的阅读反应保持基本一致,这就要求译文与原文在功能上达到最贴近的对等。

然而,在翻译实践中译者不可避免地会遇到无法跨越的障碍,例如源语中的文化表述、语言形式等很难再现,根据功能对等理论,这时应首先保证信息的准确传递,即最自然的对等。

可见,功能对等理论的两大核心即是信息的准确传递与读者反应[3]。

国内对功能对等理论的研究与应用涉及广泛,包括新闻、广告、文学、影视字幕等诸多翻译领域。

而新闻具有面向大众、真实准确、及时简明的特点,因此新闻翻译应具有更高的可读性与交际性。

财经类新闻同时具有专业性与民生性,二者的对立统一关系需要译者在翻译中更需要坚持功能对等,以最大限度让目的语读者获得与源语读者相同的阅读体验。

三、《经济学人》中财经新闻语言特点李本乾教授认为,“财经新闻就是有关经济决策、经济活动、经济现象最新事实和情况的报道”[4]。

除了及时、简明等新闻共有特点外,财经新闻在词汇、句法方面还具有专业性强、缩略语使用频繁、长难句多等特点。

《经济学人》作为全球范围内阅读量最大的时尚杂志之一,是1843 年由詹姆士•威尔逊创办的杂志,设有商业、财经、科学与科技等板块,文章机智又不失幽默,用有力度的文字感染读者。

其中的财经新闻主要呈现以下特点:在词汇层面,《经济学人》中的大多数文章含有大量专业术语、机构名称、人名;在句法层面,多用长难句、复杂句、复合句以及客观性较强的被动句;篇章层面,文章均具备较强的逻辑性,用独特的观点和准确的用语陈述事实,在最短的篇幅内给读者提供最多的信息。

四、功能对等理论指导下的财经新闻翻译(一)标题对等新闻的标题是对内容的高度凝练,是新闻本身的缩影。

好的题目能用最简洁的语言向读者展示新闻的主要内容,既能为读者节省阅读时间,也能吸引读者眼球,这就要求新闻标题的翻译在遵循准确、简洁原则的基础上,采用零翻译、替换等方法,做到充分考虑中国读者的阅读习惯,把读者反应放在首位,结合新闻翻译的目标,充分发挥出自身的主观能动性[5],使汉语读者获取的信息尽可能和英语读者一致,从而达到标题翻译的动态对等。

例1:The AI bloom: Lessons from history译文:AI 热潮:以史为鉴bloom 作为名词有“繁荣,兴旺”的意思,AI bloom 表示人工智能领域的兴盛发展。

AI 作为缩略语已经被大众广泛认识和接受,因此选择不译反而能百分百传递原文信息。

而“热潮”一词表示“蓬勃发展”,恰好能诠释标题中“AI 行业热火朝天的发展形势”的含义。

“AI bloom”译为“AI 热潮”不仅能最大限度地实现读者反映的一致,还遵循了简洁明了的原则。

“lesson from history”按字面意思直译为“吸取历史的教训”,而在汉语中恰好有四字词语能够表达“从历史中吸取经验教训”这层含义。

因此,用替换的翻译方法,用以史为鉴这个广为中国大众所熟悉的成语,更好地传递原文的含义,为读者打造一个更顺畅的阅读体验。

同时,也做到了标题翻译所要求的简明的特点,一举两得。

(二)词汇对等词汇层面的对等主要体现在专业术语和专有名词的准确翻译以及一词多义现象的有效处理上。

根据功能对等理论中对读者翻译的强调,要实现词汇层面的对等,译者在翻译过程中应注意使用恰当的翻译策略和方法,摒弃传统的词性概念,建立新的词类划分方式,而非拘泥于形式的对等。

1. 术语的翻译《经济学人》作为国际上权威的财经类期刊,具有极强的专业性和技术性,文中含有大量的财经术语。

因此,译者在翻译时应做到专业、准确,术语翻译可用直译、直译加注的方法实现功能对等。

例2:What makes it famous is that it's built into every circle you see-circumference equals pi times diameter-not to mention a range of other unrelated context in nature,from the bell curve distribution to general relativity.译文:它之所以有名,是因为他内嵌于你所见到的每一个圆形中——周长等于兀乘以直径。

更不用说从钟型曲线分布到广义相对论等自然界中一系列其他不相关的情境下应用了。

例2 的原文在解释说明为什么数学概念“兀”会如此有名。

其中“bell curve”和“general relativity”均为相关领域的术语。

bell curve 两个单词分别表示“铃,钟;铃声,钟声;钟状物”,curve 则有“曲线;弯曲”的意思。

如果采用直译的方法,简单翻译为“铃声的弯曲”或“弯曲的钟”不仅会引起误解,也会完全曲解原文的意思。

经了解数学中有一种曲线叫钟型曲线,又称正太曲线、贝尔曲线,用来描述观察中量度与误差两者的分布。

可见,bell curve 是数学术语,固可采用汉语中的固有表达“钟型曲线”或“贝尔曲线”来表示。

考虑到文章面向的目的语读者并非都有数学背景,需要更为直观地表现该曲线的形状,使目的语读者能够在和原文读者一样同时获得曲线的名称和形状信息,以达到获得相同读者反映的目的,采用“直译+意译”的翻译:“钟型曲线”。

相同地,“general relativity”的字面意思是“广泛相对论”,借助尝试与物理学知识可知,该词的术语翻译应为“广义相对论”。

可见,实现术语的翻译对等,不能简单地进行直译或意译。

而是在了解该词基本含义的基础上,了解相关领域的背景知识,在直译、意译等翻译方法的基础上可采用目的语中固有的名称,以保证最大限度的信息对等,以便为目的语读者提供尽可能准确、贴近原文的译文。

2. 一词多义英语中一词多义现象频繁,很多日常词汇在不同语境下也会作为术语出现。

例如,stock 和share两个词平时有库存和分享的意思,而在金融领域,stock 表示“股票”,share 则有“股份”的意思,是很常见的金融术语。

再例如,credit 一词有“赞扬,信誉,声望”的意思,作为财经术语也有“信用,信贷,存款金额”等意思。

另外,有些词不仅在意思上有多重含义,也可作为不同词性出现。

例如,claim 作为动词有“声称;索取;使丧生”等意思,作为名词有“声称,索赔,所有权”等含义。

可见,在具体的翻译实践中,译者需正确选择最准确的词性、词义,为保证译文的准确性,避免源语读者的理解与目标语读者的理解产生偏差,需要译者在不同语境下对词义进行正确判断,灵活采用直译、直译加注等翻译方法,保证词语的准确翻译,实现词汇层面的功能对等[6]。

(三)句法对等英语注重形合,“形”是英文必不可少的行文要素,句子内部的连接与句子间的连接常用句法手段或词汇手段,句子冗长而复杂。

而汉语注重意合,句子内部与句子间的连接常用语义手段,少连接语,所以句法结构短小精悍[7]。

句子的准确翻译对财经新闻的可读性、流畅性、信息传播效果都有决定性意义[8]。

因此,在句法层面实现功能对等,需要译者在关注读者反映的前提下,处理好中英文在思维方式、语言习惯等方面的差异,巧妙进行“形合”与“意合”的转换。

1. 长难句的翻译《经济学人》作为财经类专业刊物,新闻中包含大量结构复杂、信息繁多的长句难句,其中的附加信息多以从句、修饰语、插入语等成分出现。

译者在准确理解原文的基础上,保留原句中的逻辑关系,根据汉语的语用习惯和汉语读者的阅读习惯,进行适当的句法变换,采用拆分、改写等翻译策略,准确进行句子的翻译。

例2:A clear boundary between embracing new technologies on the one hand,and protecting workers on the other,has still to be drawn.译文:一方面要欣然接受新技术,另一方面要保护员工——两者之间的明确界限仍有划定。

本句主要探讨“平衡监视与隐私保护的关系”,主干是“a clear boundary has to be drawn”,即“某事有待被完成”。

原句中主干被一分为二,中间的部分作为后置定语修饰boundary,具体指明是什么样的界限。

on one hand 和on the other hand,指明了“拥抱新技术”和“保护员工”这两个矛盾对立的关系。

翻译时考虑到汉语重“意和”的特点,首先将修饰部分和句子主干分开,省去连接词between、and,将冗长的信息一分为二,形成简短的小句。

对语序做出调整后,用破折号对句子主干内容进行强调。

通过拆分和信息重组的方法,使译文更符合汉语的句式和结构,为读者创建了更顺畅的阅读体验,实现了句法层面的功能对等。

2. 被动句的处理被动与主动是英汉两种语言语体差异的重要方面,汉语习惯以人作主语,英语习惯以物作主语。

因此,英文多主动,汉语多被动。

为使文章更客观准确,不透露动作的发出者,英语新闻中常使用大量的被动句。

这就需要译者在翻译过程中进行必要的转换和处理,使之成为更符合汉语行文规范的表达。

被动句翻译主要是用以下两种策略:第一是进行被动与主动语态间的转换,译成施事主语、泛指主语等,或者译为汉语中常用的“把”字句、无主句等;第二种是寻找替代词,例如“为……所”“让……给”等,无论使用哪种方法都应该在准确表达原文信息的基础上,充分考虑汉语读者的阅读习惯,使译文准确而顺畅。

例3:Meanwhile,fishermen like Rennie are left in limbo.译文:像雷尼先生这样的渔民可陷入了困境。

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