光伏发电和风力发电混合发电系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

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光伏发电中英对照文献

外文参考文献译文及原文目录外文文献译文 (1)1.中国光伏发电的战略地位 (1)2.世界光伏产业现状和发展预测 (2)3.中国光伏发电市场和产业现状 (3)4.中国光复发电的市场预测和规划建议 (5)5.结论 (6)外文文献原文 (7)1.China's strategic position PV (7)2.The world's current situation and development of photovoltaic industryforecast (9)3.The Chinese PV market and industry statu s (10)4.China's PV market forecasting and planning proposals (13)5.Conclusions (15)外文文献译文1、中国光伏发电的战略地位1.1 中国的能源资源和可再生能源现状和预测；无论从世界还是从中国来看，常规能源都是很有限的，中国的一次能源储量远远低于世界的平均水平，大约只有世界总储量的10％。

从长远来看，可再生能源将是未来人类的主要能源来源，因此世界上多数发达国家和部分发展中国家都十分重视可再生能源对未来能源供应的重要作用。

在新的可再生能源中，光伏发电和风力发电是发展最快的,世界各国都把太阳能光伏发电的商业化开发和利用作为重要的发展方向。

根据欧洲JRC 的预测，到2030年太阳能发电将在世界电力的供应中显现其重要作用，达到10%以上，可再生能源在总能源结构中占到30％；2050 年太阳能发电将占总能耗的20%，可再生能源占到50％以上，到本世纪末太阳能发电将在能源结构中起到主导作用。

我国政府重视可再生能源技术的发展，主要有水能、风能、生物质能、太阳能、地热能和海洋能等。

我国目前可再生能源的发展现状如下：水能：我国经济可开发的水能资源量为3.9 亿千瓦，年发电量1.7 万亿千瓦时，其中5 万千瓦及以下的小水电资源量为1.25 亿千瓦。

光伏发电逆变器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

光伏发电逆变器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献附录：文献翻译TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402DSP CONTROLLERSThe TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features.The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for:◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades.◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-baseddevices.Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming.All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter control with a single ‗240x DSP controller.The high performance, 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has a minimum conversion time of 500 ns and offers up to 16 channels of analog input. The auto sequencing capability of the ADC allows a maximum of 16 conversions to take place in a single conversion session without any CPU overhead.A serial communications interface (SCI) is integrated on all devices to provide asynchronous communication to other devices in the system. For systems requiring additional communication interfaces; the ‘2407, ‘2406, and ‘2404 offer a 16-bit synchronous serial peripheral interface (SPI). The ‘2407 and ‘2406 offer a controller area network (CAN) communications module that meets 2.0B specifications. To maximize device flexibility, functional pins are also configurable as general purpose inputs/outputs (GPIO).To streamline development time, JTAG-compliant scan-based emulation has been integrated into all devices. This provides non-intrusive real-time capabilities required to debug digital control systems. A complete suite of code generation tools from C compilers to the industry-standard Code Composerdebugger supports this family. Numerous third party developers not only offer device-level development tools, but also system-level design and development support.PERIPHERALSThe integrated peripherals of the TMS320x240x are described in the following subsections:●Two event-manager modules (EV A, EVB)●Enhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module●Controller area network (CAN) module●Serial communications interface (SCI) module●Serial peripheral interface (SPI) module●PLL-based clock module●Digital I/O and shared pin functions●External memory interfaces (‘LF2407 only)●Watchdog (WD) timer moduleEvent manager modules (EV A, EVB)The event-manager modules include general-purpose (GP) timers, full-compare/PWM units, capture units, and quadrature-encoder pulse (QEP) circuits. EV A‘s and EVB‘s timers, compare units, and capture units function identically. However, timer/unit names differ for EV A and EVB. Table 1 shows the module and signal names used. Table 1 shows the features and functionality available for the event-manager modules and highlights EV A nomenclature.Event managers A and B have identical peripheral register sets with EV A starting at 7400h and EVB starting at 7500h. The paragraphs in this section describe the function of GP timers, compare units, capture units, and QEPs using EV A nomenclature. These paragraphs are applicable to EVB with regard to function—however, module/signal names would differ.Table 1. Module and Signal Names for EV A and EVBEVENT MANAGER MODULESEV AMODULESIGNALEVBMODULESIGNALGP Timers Timer 1Timer 2T1PWM/T1CMPT2PWM/T2CMPTimer 3Timer 4T3PWM/T3CMPT4PWM/T4CMPCompare Units Compare 1Compare 2Compare 3PWM1/2PWM3/4PWM5/6Compare 4Compare 5Compare 6PWM7/8PWM9/10PWM11/12Capture Units Capture 1Capture 2Capture 3CAP1CAP2CAP3Capture 4Capture 5Capture 6CAP4CAP5CAP6QEP QEP1QEP2QEP1QEP2QEP3QEP4QEP3QEP4External Inputs DirectionExternalClockTDIRATCLKINADirectionExternal ClockTDIRBTCLKINBGeneral-purpose (GP) timersThere are two GP timers: The GP timer x (x = 1 or 2 for EV A; x = 3 or 4 for EVB) includes:● A 16-bit timer, up-/down-counter, TxCNT, for reads or writes● A 16-bit timer-compare register, TxCMPR (double-buffered with shadow register), forreads or writes● A 16-bit timer-period register, TxPR (double-buffered with shadow register), forreads or writes● A 16-bit timer-control register,TxCON, for reads or writes●Selectable internal or external input clocks● A programmable prescaler for internal or external clock inputs●Control and interrupt logic, for four maskable interrupts: underflow, overflow, timercompare, and period interrupts● A selectable direction input pin (TDIR) (to count up or down when directionalup-/down-count mode is selected)The GP timers can be operated independently or synchronized with each other. The compare register associated with each GP timer can be used for compare function and PWM-waveform generation. There are three continuous modes of operations for each GP timer in up- or up/down-counting operations. Internal or external input clocks with programmable prescaler are used for each GP timer. GP timers also provide the time base for the other event-manager submodules: GP timer 1 for all the compares and PWM circuits, GP timer 2/1 for the capture units and the quadrature-pulse counting operations. Double-buffering of the period and compare registers allows programmable change of the timer (PWM) period and the compare/PWM pulse width as needed.Full-compare unitsThere are three full-compare units on each event manager. These compare units use GP timer1 as the time base and generate six outputs for compare and PWM-waveform generation using programmable deadband circuit. The state of each of the six outputs is configured independently. The compare registers of the compare units are double-buffered, allowing programmable change of the compare/PWM pulse widths as needed.Programmable deadband generatorThe deadband generator circuit includes three 8-bit counters and an 8-bit compare register. Desired deadband values (from 0 to 24 µs) can be programmed into the compare register for the outputs of the three compare units. The deadband generation can be enabled/disabled for each compare unit output individually. The deadband-generator circuit produces two outputs (with orwithout deadband zone) for each compare unit output signal. The output states of the deadband generator are configurable and changeable as needed by way of the double-buffered ACTR register.PWM waveform generationUp to eight PWM waveforms (outputs) can be generated simultaneously by each event manager: three independent pairs (six outputs) by the three full-compare units with programmable deadbands, and two independent PWMs by the GP-timer compares.PWM characteristicsCharacteristics of the PWMs are as follows:●16-bit registers●Programmable deadband for the PWM output pairs, from 0 to 24 µs●Minimum deadband width of 50 ns●Change of the PWM carrier frequency for PWM frequency wobbling as needed●Change of the PWM pulse widths within and after each PWM period as needed●External-maskable power and drive-protection interrupts●Pulse-pattern-generator circuit, for programmable generation of asymmetric,symmetric, and four-space vector PWM waveforms●Minimized CPU overhead using auto-reload of the compare and period registersCapture unitThe capture unit provides a logging function for different events or transitions. The values of the GP timer 2 counter are captured and stored in the two-level-deep FIFO stacks when selected transitions are detected on capture input pins, CAPx (x = 1, 2, or 3 for EV A; and x = 4, 5, or 6 for EVB). The capture unit consists of three capture circuits.Capture units include the following features:●One 16-bit capture control register, CAPCON (R/W)●One 16-bit capture FIFO status register, CAPFIFO (eight MSBs are read-only, eightLSBs are write-only)●Selection of GP timer 2 as the time base●Three 16-bit 2-level-deep FIFO stacks, one for each capture unit●Three Schmitt-triggered capture input pins (CAP1, CAP2, and CAP3)—one input pinper capture unit. [All inputs are synchronized with the device (CPU) clock. In order fora transition to be captured, the input must hold at its current level to meet two risingedges of the device clock. The input pins CAP1 and CAP2 can also be used as QEPinputs to the QEP circuit.]●User-specified transition (rising edge, falling edge, or both edges) detection●Three maskable interrupt flags, one for each capture unitEnhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) moduleA simplified functional block diagram of the ADC module is shown in Figure 1. The ADC module consists of a 10-bit ADC with a built-in sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit. Functions of the ADC module include:●10-bit ADC core with built-in S/H●Fast conversion time (S/H + Conversion) of 500 ns●16-channel, muxed inputs●Autosequencing capability provides up to 16 ―autoconversions‖ in a single session.Each conversion can be programmed to select any 1 of 16 input channels●Sequencer can be operated as two independent 8-state sequencers or as one large16-state sequencer (i.e., two cascaded 8-state sequencers)●Sixteen result registers (individually addressable) to store conversion values●Multiple triggers as sources for the start-of-conversion (SOC) sequence✧S/W – software immediate start✧EV A – Event manager A (multiple event sources within EV A)✧EVB – Event manager B (multiple event sources within EVB)✧Ext – External pin (ADCSOC)●Flexible interrupt control allows interrupt request on every end of sequence (EOS) orevery other EOS●Sequencer can operate in ―start/stop‖ mode, allowing multiple ―time-sequencedtriggers‖ to synchronize conv ersions●EV A and EVB triggers can operate independently in dual-sequencer mode●Sample-and-hold (S/H) acquisition time window has separate prescale control●Built-in calibration mode●Built-in self-test modeThe ADC module in the ‘240x has been enhanced to pro vide flexible interface to event managers A and B. The ADC interface is built around a fast, 10-bit ADC module with total conversion time of 500 ns (S/H + conversion). The ADC module has 16 channels, configurable as two independent 8-channel modules to service event managers A and B. The two independent 8-channel modules can be cascaded to form a 16-channel module. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the ‘240x ADC module.The two 8-channel modules have the capability to autosequence a series of conversions,each module has the choice of selecting any one of the respective eight channels available through an analog mux. In the cascaded mode, the autosequencer functions as a single 16-channel sequencer. On each sequencer, once the conversion is complete, the selected channel value is stored in its respective RESULT register. Autosequencing allows the system to convert the same channel multiple times, allowing the user to perform oversampling algorithms. This gives increased resolution over traditional single-sampled conversion results.Figure 2. Block Diagram of the ‘240x ADC ModuleFrom TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402数字信号处理控制器TMS320LF240x和TMS320LC240x系列芯片作为’24x系列DSP控制器的新成员，是C2000平台下的一种定点DSP芯片。

风力发电外文文献翻译中英文

风力发电外文翻译中英文英文Wind power in China – Dream or reality?HubacekAbstractAfter tremendous growth of wind power generation capacity in recent years, China now has 44.7 GW of wind-derived power. Despite the recent growth rates and promises of a bright future, two important issues - the capability of the grid infrastructure and the availability of backup systems - must be critically discussed and tackled in the medium term.The study shows that only a relatively small share of investment goes towards improving and extending the electricity infrastructure which is a precondition for transmitting clean wind energy to the end users. In addition, the backup systems are either geographically too remote from the potential wind power sites or currently financially infeasible. Finally, the introduction of wind power to the coal-dominated energy production system is not problem-free. Frequent ramp ups and downs of coal-fired plants lead to lower energy efficiency and higher emissions, which are likely to negate some of the emission savings from wind power.The current power system is heavily reliant on independentlyacting but state-owned energy companies optimizing their part of the system, and this is partly incompatible with building a robust system supporting renewable energy technologies. Hence, strategic, top-down co-ordination and incentives to improve the overall electricity infrastructure is recommended.Keywords: Wind power, China, Power grids, Back-up systems1. IntroductionChina 'wsi nd energy industry has experienced a rapid growth over the last decade. Since the promulgation of the first Renewable Energy Law in 2006, the cumulative installed capacity of wind energy amounted to 44.7 GW by the end of 2010 [1]. The newly installed capacity in 2010 reached 18.9 GW which accounted for about 49.5% of new windmills globally. The wind energy potential in China is considerable, though with differing estimates from different sources. According to He et al. [2], the exploitable wind energy potential is 600–1000 GW onshore and 100–200 GW offshore. Without considering the limitations of wind energy such as variable power outputs and seasonal variations, McElroy et al. [3] concluded that if the Chinese government commits to an aggressive low carbon energy future, wind energy is capable of generating 6.96 million GWh of electricity by 2030, which is sufficient to satisfy China ' selectricity demand in 2030.The existing literature of wind energy development in China focuses on several discussion themes. The majority of the studies emphasize the importance of government policy on the promotion of wind energy industry in China [4], [5], [6], [7]. For instance, Lema and Ruby [8] compared the growth of wind generation capacity between 1986 and 2006, and addressed the importance of a coordinated government policy and corresponding incentives. Several studies assessed other issues such as the current status of wind energy development in China [9]; the potential of wind power [10]; the significance of wind turbine manufacturing [11]; wind resource assessment [5]; theapplication of small-scale wind power in rural areas [12]; clean development mechanism in the promotion of wind energy in China [4], social, economic and technical performance of wind turbines [13] etc.There are few studies which assess the challenge of grid infrastructure in the integration of wind power. For instance, Wang [14] studied grid investment, grid security, long-distance transmission and the difficulties of wind power integration at present. Liao et al. [15] criticised the inadequacy of transmission lines in the wind energy development. However, webelieve that there is a need to further investigate these issues since they are critical to the development of wind power in China. Furthermore, wind power is not a stand-alone energy source; it needs to be complemented by other energy sources when wind does not blow. Although the viability and feasibility of the combination of wind power with other power generation technologies have been discussed widely in other countries, none of the papers reviewed the situation in the Chinese context. In this paper, we discuss and clarify two major issues in light of the Chinese wind energy distribution process: 1) the capability of the grid infrastructure to absorb and transmit large amounts of wind powered electricity, especially when these wind farms are built in remote areas; 2) the choices and viability of the backup systems to cope with the fluctuations of wind electricity output.2. Is the existing power grid infrastructure sufficient?Wind power has to be generated at specific locations with sufficient wind speed and other favourable conditions. In China, most of the wind energy potential is located in remote areas with sparse populations and less developed economies. It means that less wind powered electricity would be consumed close to the source. A large amount of electricity has to be transmittedbetween supply and demand centres leading to several problems associated with the integration with the national power grid system, including grid investment, grid safety and grid interconnection.2.1.P ower grid investmentAlthough the two state grid companies-(SGCC) State Grid Corporation of China and (CSG) China Southern Grid - have invested heavily in grid construction, China 'pso wer grid is still insufficient to cope with increasing demand. For example, some coal-fired plants in Jiangsu, which is one of the largest electricity consumers in China, had to drop the load ratio to 60 percent against the international standard of 80 percent due to the limited transmission capacity [16]. This situation is a result of an imbalanced investment between power grid construction and power generation capacity. For example, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan, Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan,1 power grid investments accounted for 13.7%, 37.3% and 30% of total investment in the electricity sector, respectively. The ratio further increased from 31.1% in 2005 to 45.94% in 2008, the cumulative investment in the power grid is still significantly lower than the investments in power generation [17]. Fig. 1 gives a comparison of the ratios ofaccumulative investments in power grid and power generation in China, the US, Japan, the UK and France since 1978. In most of these countries, more than half of the electric power investment has been made on grid construction. By contrast, the ratio is less than 40% in China.According to the Articles 14 and 21 of the Chinese Renewable Energy Law, the power grid operators are responsible for thegrid connection of renewable energy projects. Subsidies are given subject to the length of the grid extension with standard rates. However, Mo [18] found that the subsidies were only sufficient to compensate for capital investment and corresponding interest but excluding operational and maintenance costs.Again, similar to grid connection, grid reinforcement requires significant amounts of capital investment. The Three Gorges power plant has provided an example of large-scale and long-distance electricity transmission in China. Similar to wind power, hydropower is usually situated in less developed areas. As a result, electricity transmission lines are necessaryt o deliver the electricity to the demand centres where the majority are located; these are the eastern coastal areas and the southern part of China. According to SGCC [19], the gridreinforcement investment of the Three Gorges power plants amounted to 34.4 billion yuan (about 5 billion US dollars). This could be a lot higher in the case of wind power due to a number of reasons. First, the total generating capacity of Three Gorges project is approximately 18.2 GW at this moment and will reach 22.4 GW when fully operating [20], whilst the total generating capacity of the massive wind farms amount to over 100 GW. Hence, more transmission capacities are absolutely necessary. Second, the Three Gorges hydropower plant is located in central China. A number of transmission paths are available, such as the 500 kV DC transmission lines to Shanghai (with a length of 1100 km), Guangzhou (located in Guangdong province, with a length of 1000 km) and Changzhou (located in Jiangsu province, with a length of 1000 km) with a transmission capacity of 3 GW each and the 500 kV AC transmission lines to central China with transmission capacity of 12 GW. By contrast, the majority of wind farm bases, which are located in the northern part of China, are far away from the load centres. For example, Jiuquan located in Gansu has a planned generation capacity of 20 GW. The distances from Jiuquan to the demand centres of the Central China grid and the Eastern China grid are 1500 km and 2500 km, respectively. For Xinjiang, the distances are even longer at 2500 km and 4000 km,respectively. As a result, longer transmission lines are required. Fig. 2 depicts the demand centres and wind farms in detail.2.2.Grid safetyThe second problem is related to grid safety. The large-scale penetration of wind electricity leads to voltage instability, flickers and voltage asymmetry which are likely to cause severe damage to the stability of the power grid [21]. For example, voltage stability is a key issue in the grid impact studies of wind power integration. During the continuous operation of wind turbines, a large amount of reactive power is absorbed, which lead to voltage stability deterioration [22]. Furthermore, the significant changes in power supply from wind might damage the power quality [23]. Hence, additional regulation capacity would be needed. However, in a power system with the majority of its power from base load provider, the requirements cannot be met easily [24]. In addition, the possible expansion of existing transmission lines would be necessary since integration of large-scale wind would cause congestion and other grid safety problems in the existing transmission system. For example, Holttinen [23] summarized the majorimpacts of wind power integration on the power grid at the temporal level (the impacts of power outputs at second, minute to year level on the power grid operation) and the spatial level (the impact on local, regional and national power grid). Besides the impacts mentioned above, the authors highlight other impacts such as distribution efficiency, voltage management and adequacy of power on the integration of wind power [23].One of the grid safety problems caused by wind power is reported by the (SERC) State Electricity Regulatory Commission [25]. In February and April of 2011, three large-scale wind power drop-off accidents in Gansu (twice) and Hebei caused power losses of 840.43 MW, 1006.223 MW and 854 MW, respectively, which accounted for 54.4%, 54.17% and 48.5% of the total wind powered outputs. The massive shutdown of wind turbines resulted in serious operational difficulties as frequency dropped to 49.854 Hz, 49.815 Hz and 49.95 Hz in the corresponding regional power grids.The Chinese Renewable Energy Law requires the power grid operators to coordinate the integration of windmills and accept all of the wind powered electricity. However, the power grid companies have been reluctant to do so due to the above mentioned problems as well as technical and economic reasons. For instance, more than one third of the wind turbines in China, amounting to 4 GW capacity, were not connected to the power grid by the end of 2008 [17]. Given that the national grid in China is exclusively controlled by the power companies – SGCC and CSG - the willingness ofthese companies to integrate wind energy into the electricity generation systems is critical.2.3.T he interconnection of provincial and regional power gridsThe interconnection of trans-regional power grids started at the end of 1980s. A (HVDC) high voltage direct current transmission line was established to link the Gezhouba2 dam with Shanghai which signifies the beginning of regional power grids interconnection. In 2001, two regional power grids, the North China Power Grid and Northeast China Power Grid were interconnected. This was followed by the interconnection of the Central China Power Grid and the North China Power Grid in 2003. In 2005, two other interconnection agreements were made between the South China Power Grid with North, Northeast and Central China Power Grid, and the Northwest China Power Grid and the Central China Power Grid. Finally, in 2009, the interconnection of Central China Power Grid and the East China Power Grid was made. In today ' s China, the Chinesepower transmission systems are composed of 330 kV and 500 kV transmission lines as the backbone and six interconnected regional power grids and one Tibet power grid [26].It seems that the interconnectivity of regional power grids would help the delivery of wind powered outputs from wind-rich regions todemand centres. However, administrative and technical barriers stillexist. First, the interconnectivity among regions is always considered as a backup to contingencies, and could not support the large-scale, long-distance electricity transmission [27]. In addition, the construction of transmission systems is far behind the expansion of wind power. The delivery of large amounts of wind power would be difficult due to limited transmission capacity. Furthermore, the quantity of inter-regional electricity transmission is fixed [27]. Additional wind power in theinter-regional transmission might have to go through complexadministrative procedures and may result in profit reductions of conventional power plants.3. Are the backup systems geographically available and technically feasible?Power system operators maintain the security of power supply by holding power reserve capacities in operation. Although terminologies used in the classification of power reserves vary among countries [28], power reserves are always used to keep the production and generation in balance under a range of circumstances, including power plant outages, uncertain variations in load and fluctuations in power generations (such as wind) [29]. As wind speed varies on all time scales (e.g. from seconds to minutes and from months to years), the integration of fluctuating wind power generation induces additional system balancing requirements on the operational timescale [29].A number of studies have examined the approaches to stabilize the electricity output from wind power plants. For example, Belanger and Gagnon [30] conducted a study on the compensation of wind power fluctuations by using hydropower in Canada. Nema et al. [31] discussed the application of wind combined solar PV power generation systems and concluded that the hybrid energy system was a viable alternative to current power supply systems in remote areas. In China, He et al. [2]investigated the choices of combined power generation systems. The combinations of wind-hydro, wind-diesel, wind-solar and wind-gas power were evaluated respectively. They found that, for instance, the wind-diesel hybrid systems were used at remote areas and isolated islands. This is because the wind-diesel hybrid systems have lower generation efficiency and higher generation costs compared to other generation systems. Currently, the wind-solar hybrid systems are not economically viable for large-scale application; thus, these systems have either been used at remote areas with limited electricity demand (e.g. Gansu Subei and Qinghai Tiansuo) or for lighting in some coastal cities [2]. Liu et al. [32] adopted the EnergyPLAN model to investigate the maximum wind power penetration level in the Chinese power system. The authors derived a conclusion that approximately 26% of national power demand could be supplied by wind power by the end of 2007. However, theauthors fail to explain the provision of power reserves at different time scales due to wind power integration.Because of the smoothing effects of dispersing wind turbines at different locations (as exemplified by Drake and Hubacek [33] for theU.K., Roques [34] for the E.U. and Kempton et al. [35] for the U.S.), the integration of wind power has a very small impact on the primary reserves which are available from seconds to minutes [36]. However, the increased reserve requirements are considerable on secondary reserves (available within 10 –15 min) which mainly consist of hydropower plants and gas turbine power plants [29]. Besides, the long-term reserves, which are used to restore secondary reserves after a major power deficit, will be in operation to keep power production and consumption in balance for a longer timescale (from several minutes to several hours). In the following subsection, we examine the availability of power plants providing secondary and long-term reserves and investigate the viability of energy storage system in China.中文中国的风力发电–梦想还是现实？胡巴切克摘要经过近几年风力发电能力的巨大增长，中国现在拥有 44.7 吉瓦的风力发电。

风力发电技术外文文献翻译

风力发电技术风能是非常重要并储量巨大的能源，它安全、清洁、充裕，能提供源源不绝，稳定的能源。

目前，利用风力发电已成为风能利用的主要形式，受到世界各国的高度重视，而且发展速度最快。

风能技术是一项高新技术，它涉及到气象学、空气动力学、结构力学、计算机技术、电子控制技术、材料学、化学、机电工程、电气工程、环境科学等十几个学科和专业，因此是一项系统技术，其难度毫不逊色于航天技术。

一、风能技术的划分：风能技术分为大型风电技术和中小型风电技术，虽然都属于风能技术，工作原理也相同，但是却属于完全不同的两个行业：具体表现在“政策导向不同、市场不同、应用领域不同、应用技术更是不同，完全属于同种产业中的两个行业。

因此，在中国风力机械行业会议上已经把大型风电和中小型风电区分出来分别对待。

此外，为满足市场不同需求，延伸出来的风光互补技术不仅推动了中小型风电技术的发展，还为中小型风电开辟了新的市场。

1、大型风电技术：我国大型风电技术与国际还有一定差距。

大型风电技术起源于丹麦、荷兰等一些欧洲国家，由于当地风能资源丰富，风电产业受到政府的助推，大型风电技术和设备的发展在国际上遥遥领先。

目前我国政府也开始助推大型风电技术的发展，并出台一系列政策引导产业发展。

大型风电技术都是为大型风力发电机组设计的，而大型风力发电机组应用区域对环境的要求十分严格，都是应用在风能资源丰富的资源有限的风场上，常年接受各种各样恶劣的环境考研，环境的复杂多变性，对技术的高度要求就直线上升。

目前国内大型风电技术普遍还不成熟，大型风电的核心技术仍然依靠国外，国家政策的引导使国内的风电项目发疯一样在各地上马，各地都期望能借此分得一杯羹。

名副其实的“疯电”借着政策的东风开始燎原之势。

虽然风电项目纷纷上马，但多为配套类型，完全拥有自主知识产权的大型风电系统技术和核心技术少之又少。

还需经历几年环境考验的大型风电技术才能逐渐成熟。

此外，大型风电技术中发电并网的技术还在完善，一系列的问题还在制约大型风电技术的发展。

太阳能光伏系统蓄电池充电毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Design of a Lead-Acid Battery Charging and Protecting IC in Photovoltaic System1.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also been put into use in many cities in China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free, low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stable and no maintenance, the need for uninterrupted for the various types of has wide application in power electronic equipment, and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use (to prevent over-discharge, overcharge, over-current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 ~ 16 years float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the charge has a major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separation of the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market has not yet real, charged with the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.System design and considerationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion, It can ensure that the external power supply to the battery-powered, but also in the battery overcharge, over-current and an external power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic powergeneration system, but also the source of this design.Figure1 Photovoltaic circuit system block diagramMaintenance-free lead-acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturers said that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achieved even more than 2C (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 ~ C/3. Battery voltage and temperature, the temperature is increased by 1 °C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV , negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / ° C means that the battery float voltage. Ordinary charger for the best working condition at 25 °C; charge less than the ambient temperature of 0 °C; at 45 °C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certain understanding and analysis of the working status of the battery, in order to achieve the purpose of protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states: normal state, over-current state over the state of charge, over discharge state. However, due to the impact of the different discharge current over-capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the battery over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the state a long time, would severely reduce the capacity of the battery and shorten battery life. When the battery is the time of discharge status exceeds the allotted time, the battery, the battery voltage is too low may not be able to recharge, making the battery life is lower.Based on the above, the charge on the life of maintenance-free lead-acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working condition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation, in order to achieve the protection of the battery.3.Units modular design3.1The charging module Chip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes solar battery array Charge controller controller Discharge controller DC load accumulatorcurrent limiting, current sensing comparator, reference voltage source, under-voltage detection circuit, voltage sampling circuit and logic control circuit.Figure2 Charging module block diagramThe module contains a stand-alone limiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off-chip drive, 20 ~30 mA, provided by the drive output current can directly drive an external series of adjustment tube, so as to adjust the charger output voltage and current . V oltage and current detection comparator detects the battery charge status, and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge to start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut-off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short-circuit or reverse, the charger can only charge a small current, to avoid damage to the battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high-current constant-current charge state, high-voltage charge status and low-voltage constant voltage floating state. The charging process from the constant current charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage across the battery pack, the battery power has been restored to 70% to 90% of the released capacity when the battery voltage reaches the switching voltage to charge conversion voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge. In this state, the charger output voltage is increased to overcharge pressure driverV oltage amplifierV oltage sampling comparatorStart amplifier State level control Charging indicator Logical module Undervoltage detection circuit R- powerCurrent sampling comparator Limiting amplifier Power indicatorV oc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a continuous decline. Current down to charge and suspend the current Ioct, the battery capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltage VF.3.2 Protection ModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over-discharge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load short-circuit detection circuit, level-shifting circuit and reference circuit (BGR).Figure3 Block diagram of battery protectionThis module constitutes a protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and discharge control of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery discharge current will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge, then the charge to control the end of CO is high, the discharge control side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode, general in order to play on the battery safer and more reasonable protection, the chip will battery over-discharge current to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over-discharge current is larger, over the Sampling circuitOver discharge detection comparator Control logic circuitLevel conversion circuit Overcharge detection comparator Over-current detection comparator2 Over-current detection comparator1Over-current detection circuitLoad short detection circuitshorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcharge detection voltage, the chip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then discharge control end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, the chip is in charging mode. When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischarge detection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischarge delay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is high, while the discharge control terminal DO is low, the chip is in discharge mode.ProtectionmoduleFigure4 Protection circuit application schematic diagram4.Circuit DesignTwo charge protection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, the reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overcharge detection /overdischarge detection comparator, over-current detection and load short-circuit detection circuit) and the logic control part.This paper describes the under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap reference circuit (Figure 6).Figure5 Under-voltage detection circuitFigure6 A reference power supply circuit diagramBattery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit design should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process, the undervoltage protection circuit, this simple circuit structure, process and easy to implement and can be used as high-voltage power integrated circuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in Figure 5, a total of five components: the bias circuit, reference voltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, R0 is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post-stage circuit, the resistance, Ro, determine the circuit's operating point, the M0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedback loop of the undervoltage signal; the rest of the M3, M4 and M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, composed of four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a reference voltage, the comparator input with the inverting Biasing circuit Reference circuit Bleeder circuit difference amplifier Output circuitAmplifierAmplifierinput is fixed (V+), partial pressure of the resistance R1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator, when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparator is greater than V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedback circuit does not work; undervoltage occurs, the voltage divider of R1, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input voltage is less than V when the resistor divider, the comparator the output voltage is high, this signal will be M14 open, the voltage across R into M at both ends of the saturation voltage close to 0V, thereby further driving down the R1> R2, the partial pressure of the output voltage, the formation of the undervoltage positive feedback. Output, undervoltage lockout, and plays a protective role.5. Simulation results and analysisThe design of the circuit in CSMC 0.6 μm in digital CMOS process simulation and analysis of the circuit. In the overall simulation of the circuit, the main observation is that the protection module on the battery charge and discharge process by monitoring Vdd potential and Vm potential leaving chip CO side and DO-side changes accordingly. The simulation waveform diagram shown in Figure 7, the overall protection module with the battery voltage changes from the usual mode conversion into overcharge mode, and then return to normal working mode, and then into the discharge mode, and finally back to normal working mode. As the design in the early stages of the various parameters to be optimized, but to provide a preliminary simulation results.Figure7 Overvoltage and under-voltage protection circuit simulation waveform6.ConclusionDesigned a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC. This design not only can reduce the product, they can reduce the peripheral circuit components. The circuit uses the low-power design. This project is underway to design optimization stage, a complete simulation can not meet the requirements, but also need to optimize the design of each module circuit.光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计1.引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。

风力发电电力系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：翻译译文风力发电对电力系统的影响摘要风力发电依赖于气象条件，并逐渐以大型风电场的形式并入电网，给电网带来各种影响。

电网并未专门设计用来接入风电，因此如果要保持现有的电力供应标准，不可避免地需要进行一些相应的调整。

讨论了在风电场并网时遇到的各种问题。

由于风力发电具有大容量、动态和随机的特性，它给电力系统的有功/无功潮流、电压、系统稳定性、电能质量、短路容量、频率和保护等方面带来影响。

针对这些问题提出了相应的解决建议和措施，以及更好利用风力发电。

关键词：风力发电；电力系统；影响；风电场1.引言人们普遍接受，可再生能源发电是未来电力的供应。

由于电力需求快速增长，对以化石燃料为基础的发电是不可持续的。

正相反，风力发电作为一种有前途的可再生能源受到了很多关注。

当由于工业的发展和在世界大部分地区的经济增长而发电的消费需求一直稳步增长时，它有减少排放和降低不可替代的燃料储备消耗的潜力。

当大型风电场（几百兆瓦）是一个主流时，风力发电越来越更受欢迎。

2006年间，世界风能装机容量从2005年的59091兆瓦达到74223兆瓦。

在2006年极大的生长表明，决策者开始重视的风能发展能够带来的好处。

由于到2020年12%的供电来于1250GW的安装风电装机，将节约累积10771000000吨二氧化碳[1]。

大型风电场的电力系统具有很高的容量，动态随机性能，这将会挑战系统的安全性和可靠性。

而提供电力系统清洁能源的同时，风农场也会带来一些对电力系统不利的因素。

风力发电的扩展和风电在电力系统的比重增加，影响将很可能成为风力集成的技术性壁垒。

因此，应该探讨其影响和提出克服这些问题的对策。

2.风力发电发展现状从全球风能委员会（GWEC）的报告中，拥有最高装机容量总数的国家是德国（20621兆瓦），西班牙（11615兆瓦），美国（11603兆瓦），印度（6270兆瓦）和丹麦（3136兆瓦）。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译光伏电力系统中英文对照

翻译原文 (4)Photovoltaic (PV) Electric Systems (4)The Advantages of Mitsubishi Solar Panels (5)1光伏电力系统光伏电力系统利用太阳能电池吸收太阳光线，并将这种能量转化成电能。

这个系统让广大家庭通过一种清洁，可靠，平静的方式来产生电能，这样就可以补偿将来的部分电能支出，也减少了对输电网的依赖。

太阳能电池一般是由经改进的硅，或者其他能够吸收阳光并将之转化成电能的半导体材料制成。

太阳能电池是相当耐用的（1954年在美国安装的第一个光伏电力系统至今仍在运营）。

绝大多数的生厂商都担保自己的产品的电源输出至少维持20年。

但大多数的有关太阳能研究的专家认为一个光伏电力系统至少能维持25到30年。

1.1 太阳能电池的类型目前有单晶硅，多晶硅和薄膜三种基本形式的光伏组件。

这些类型的电池工作效率都很好但单晶硅电池效率最好。

薄膜技术的电池以成本低为特色，而且伴随着太阳能电池板的发展它的效率也在不断地提高。

越来越多的生厂商以及各种各样的电池型号在当今市场上出现。

一个太阳能技术的支持者可以帮你分析各个系统的利弊，如此你就可以得到为你所用数十年的最佳的系统设计方案。

1.2光伏电力系统如何运作光电板通常安装在建筑物顶部，通过逆变器来引到建筑物中。

逆变器将通过太阳能板产生的直流电转化成交流电，而在当今美国交流电是向建筑提供电动力的主要形式。

朝南方向的太阳能板能使能量的收集效果最大化，大部分都是与建筑物顶部成60度的位置安放太阳能电池。

有关太阳能电池发电的更多的信息，可以查询Cooler Planet’s的《太阳能电池如何工作》。

朝南方向的太阳能板能使能量的收集效果最大化，大部分都是与建筑物顶部成60度的位置安放太阳能电池。

1.3 太阳能电池板与光伏建筑一体化太阳能电池板是用于捕获太阳光的平面板，他们以阵列的形式安装在建筑物顶部或者柱子上。

他们是传统的用于获得太阳能的阵列形式。

风力发电机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献为电力设计并研制三分之一比例的垂直轴风力发电机摘要：本文通过对风力涡轮机技术测量风速的研究来阐述马来西亚的发电技术。

测量超过三分之一比例的原型垂直轴风力发电机的风速，其主要目的是预测全尺寸H型垂直轴风力涡轮机的性能。

风力发电机产生的电力受发电机的两个主要部分的影响：风力发电和皮带传动系统。

叶片、阻力区系统和皮带传动系统决定转化成电力的风力能，转化成电力的风受叶片、阻力区系统和皮带传送系统的影响。

本文主要研究风力和皮带传送系统的影响。

塞格林工业大学热工学系实验室为这个三分之一规模的风力发电机组设计了一套叶片和拖动装置。

风力发电机组分别进行5.89米/秒、6.08米/秒和7.02米/秒的风速测试。

从实验中计算出风力分别为132.19W，145.40W和223.80W。

目前的研究正在探索最大风力。

关键词：皮带传送系统；雷诺数；风力；风力发电机组引言：风能是一种动能，与大气运动密切相关。

它已被用于航行船、磨粮食、灌溉数百年，风力发电系统将动能转化为更加有用其他形式的能量，自古以来风力发电系统就被应用在灌溉、磨坊中；自20世纪初，它就开始被用来发电，许多国家尤其在农村地区都安装了水抽水风车。

风轮机是一台把风的动能转换成旋转机械能的机器，然后被用来工作，在更先进的机型里旋转机械能通过发电机被转换成电能，这是能量最通用的形式（菲茨沃特等，1996）。

几千年来，人们利用风车抽水或磨粮食，即使进入二十世纪，身材高大、苗条、多叶片完全由金属制成的风力发电机也已经进入美国家庭和牧场将水抽到房子的管道系统或牲畜的饮水槽，第一次世界大战后，主要的工作是开始发展可以产生电力的风力涡轮机，马塞勒斯雅各布在1927年发明了一种可以为收音机和一些灯提供能量的原型，但仅仅如此。

当电力需求增加后，Jacobs的小型的有不足的风力发电机开始不用。

第一个大型风力涡轮机由帕尔默考斯莱特普特南在1934年美国建立起构思的，完成于1941年。

有关风力发电的外文文献翻译

大型风力发电对电力系统稳定性的影响Ch. Eping, J. Stenzel电力系统研究所TU DarmstadtLandgraf-Georg-Stra¼e 464283 Darmstadt/德国e-mail：*********************************.de********************************.deM. PÄoller, HMÄullerDIgSILENT GmbHHeinrich-Hertz-Stra¼e 972810 Gomaringen /德国e-mail:*******************************************摘要近年来，风力发电量不断增加，对电力系统的安全性和系统运行的影响也不断增加。

因此，最近在不同的国家已经进行一些风电影响的研究了。

这些研究的结果通常会涉及到不同的风力发电方面，如波动性，分布式风电场发电机技术，发电机控制等和后备并网预测，其他储备的要求等等。

本文重点对影响暂态稳定问题的几个方面进行分析，像发电机技术，连接点，分布式发电等对暂态稳定方面的影响分别进行了透彻分析。

1引言风力发电的重要性日益增加，特别在许多欧洲国家、美国、加拿大、和澳大利亚。

这要求风力发电对电力系统稳定性的影响进行详细分析。

因此，最近已经进行了所需的一些网络加固，资金准备要求，目前正在开展风力发电对电力系统稳定性影响的研究（如[2]）。

这些研究处理与风力发电有关的几个不同的方面，如波动性风电，当地风力资源，各种发电机技术和发电机控制。

结果大致是，不同的风力发电方面的共同并网和并网后备预测，额外的储备要求，对电力系统稳定性的影响等，但是很难的解决遇到的问题和所需的系统升级，因为要同时进行大量各种方面的研究。

本文的目的是分析和理解，而不是实际的数字和计算。

这次调查的是暂态稳定现象，特别是暂态稳定长距离输电的限制。

中英文文献翻译-光伏系统设计

Photovoltaic System Design1 IntroductionAfter PV workers unremitting efforts, solar cell production technology constantly improve, and increasingly widely used in various fields. Posts and telecommunications in particular, the telecommunications industry in recent years because of the rapid development of communication power requirements have become more sophisticated, so stable and reliable power Solar energy is widely used in communications. And how the various regions of solar radiation conditions, to the design of both economic and reliable photovoltaic power system, which is one of the many experts and scholars study the long-standing issue, but there are many excellent research results, for the development of China's photovoltaic laid a solid foundation. The author of the study at the design methodology of experts found that the design has only considered the self-maintenance of battery time (that is, the longest consecutive rainy days), without taking into account the loss of electric batteries as soon as possible after the recovery time (ie, two sets of the longest continuous rain days, the shortest interval between the days). This problem particularly in the southern China region should pay great attention to the southern region because of our rainy day is long too, and for the convenience of independent photovoltaic power system, because there is no other emergency backup power protection, so this problem should be included in the design considered together.In this paper, an integrated design method of the previous advantages, combined with the author over the years actually engaged in the design of photovoltaic power systems experience, the introduction of two sets of the longest consecutive rainy days, the shortest interval between the number of days as the basis for the design of one, and comprehensive consideration of the the impact of solar radiation conditions of the factors that made solar cells, the formula for calculating battery capacity, and related design methods.2 Many factors affect the designSun solar cells on the ground square on the radiation of light spectrum, light intensity by the thickness of the atmosphere (ie air quality), geographic location, the location of the climate and weather, terrain and surface features such as the impact of its energy in one day, January and a year of great change, or even years between the total annual amount of radiation There were also large differences.Square solar photoelectric conversion efficiency, by the battery itself,temperature, sunlight intensity and battery voltage fluctuations, which is three in one day will change, so square photovoltaic solar cell conversion efficiency is also variable.Battery is charging in the float state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature.Solar energy battery charge and discharge controller made by the electronic components manufacturer, it is also necessary energy, while the use of components of performance, quality, etc. is also related to the size of energy consumption, thus affecting the efficiency of charge.Load of electricity, but also as determined by uses, such as communications relay stations, unmanned weather stations and so on, have a fixed power equipment. Some equipment such as a lighthouse, beacon lights, civilian power consumption such as lighting and equipment power consumption are often changing.Therefore, the solar power system design, the need to consider many factors and complex. Characteristics are: the data used in most previous statistical data, the statistical data measurement and data selection are important.Designers of the mission are: In the solar cell matrix under the conditions of the environment (that is, the scene of the geographical location, solar radiation, climate, weather, terrain and surface features, etc.), the design of solar cell and battery power system matrix is We should pay attention to economic efficiency, but also to ensure system reliability.Location of a particular energy of solar radiation data to meteorological information provided the basis for the design of solar cells used phalanx. These meteorological data required to check the accumulation of several years or even decades on average.Various regions on the Earth by sunlight and radiation changes in the cycle for the day, 24h. In a square area of solar cells also have the power output 24h of the cyclical changes in its laws and sun radiation in the region, the changes of the same. However, changes in weather will affect the square of the generating capacity. If you have a few days consecutive rain days, almost square on the power generation should not rely on batteries to power, and battery depth of discharge and then need to be added as soon as possible good. Most designers in order to weather the sun to provide a daily total of radiation energy or the annual average sunshine hours as the design ofthe main data. Each year because of a regional data is not the same as for the sake of reliability should be taken within the last decade of the minimum data. Under the load of electricity consumption, in sunshine and no sunshine when battery power is required. Weather provided by solar power or the total amount of radiation the total sunshine hours on the battery capacity of the size of the decision is indispensable data.Phalanx of the solar cell, the load should include all power system devices (except for use but also have a battery and electrical circuits, controllers, etc.) consumption. Matrix components of the output power and the number of series-parallel, and series are required in order to obtain the operating voltage, in parallel are necessary in order to obtain the current work, an appropriate number of components through which the composition of series-parallel connection of solar cells required phalanx.3 Designed capacity of batteriesSolar cell power supply system is the battery energy storage devices. And solar cell batteries are usually square matching job at Floating state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Its load capacity than the power required is much greater. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature. And solar cells in order to match the job requirements of long life battery and easy maintenance.(1)Battery SelectionAnd be able to support the use of solar cells, many different types of batteries, widely used at present have lead-acid maintenance-free batteries, ordinary lead-acid batteries and alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries of three. Domestic use are mainly maintenance-free lead-acid batteries, because of its inherent "free"maintenance of properties and less polluting to the environment characteristics, it is suitable for the performance of reliable power systems solar power, especially in unattended workstations. Ordinary lead-acid batteries require regular maintenance because of its larger environmental pollution, so the main suitable for the maintenance of the ability or have the use of low-grade occasions. Although alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries have better low-temperature, over-charge, take-off performance, but because of their higher prices, only applies to more special occasions.(2)Calculation of battery capacityBattery capacity to ensure continuous power supply is very important. At one year,the month of matrix generation has very different. Phalanx at the generating capacity can not meet the electricity needs of the month, to rely on battery power give supplement; electricity required in more than month, are relying on batteries to store excess energy.Phalanx so inadequate generating capacity and surplus value, is to determine the basis for one of the battery capacity. Similarly, the continuous overcast and rainy days during the load of electricity must also be obtained from the battery. Therefore, the power consumption during this period to determine the battery capacity is also one of the factors.光伏系统设计1引言经过光伏工作者们坚持不懈的努力，太阳能电池的生产技术不断得到提高，并且日益广泛地应用于各个领域。

风力发电中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译水平轴风力发电机性能过渡，湍流和偏航的影响摘要最近出示的是改善的功能改善的混合动力车的的水平轴风力涡轮机（HAWT）配置Navier-Stokes势流建模方法。

研究的重点在三个问题上：湍流模型和转换模型，预测转子规定性能唤醒状态以及非轴向流（偏航）发电的影响，比较转子在国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）的测试与测量数据.简介水平轴风力涡轮机空气动力学的计算研究工作是在佐治亚理工学院进行。

本研究着重于了解影响风力涡轮机在非轴向和非均匀流入的流动机制的性能，也解决了高效的计算技术的发展，以补充现有的联合叶片元素动量理论方法。

这项工作是一个扩展的3-D的混合Navier-Stokes/potential流动求解，并已在佐治亚理工学院的水平轴风力发电机（HAWT）进行改善。

在这种方法中的三维非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的解决只能在周围的转子叶片上的贴体网格这片一个很小的区域，。

远离叶片的和潜在的流动方程需要从叶片脱落的涡模拟涡细丝涡留下的Navier-Stokes地区的求解。

这些细丝自由对流的地方流动。

由于复杂的Navier-Stokes方程的计算只在附近的风力涡轮机叶片的地区，因此跟踪的涡利用拉格朗日方法，这是更有效的Navier-Stokes方程的方法级。

基本的Navier-Stokes方程混合势流的方法和其应用程序HAWT下轴流条件的记录在AIAA-99-0042（徐和Sankar，1999年）.本研究范围本文介绍了近期的流动求解的增强功能和应用程序配置的兴趣。

增强集中在以下三个方面：过渡和湍流模型，物理一致唤醒建模，建模的偏航效果。

下文简要讨论这三个领域。

过渡和湍流的建模问题：研究两种湍流模型和两个过渡模型的预测性能影响的进行评估。

一个显示Spalart-Allmaras湍流方程湍流模型（书珥等，1998），另一个对基线鲍德温 - 洛马克斯零方程湍流模型进行了研究。

ABSTRACT风力发电大学毕业论文英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：风力发电文献、资料英文题目：ABSTRACT文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14摘要风力发电是清洁的、无污染的可再生能源，它的优势已被人们所认识。

但是现阶段风力发电成本与常规能源相比仍不具有优势，特别是在我国，风力发电成本还难与同常规能源相竞争，这制约了我国风电事业的发展。

因此全面地研究我国风力发电成本、研究影响风力发电成本的因素、找到降低风力发电成本的途径，对促进我国风电事业的发展、改进我国能源结构、治理我国的环境污染具有重要的现实意义。

为此本文从以下几方面对风电成本进行了初步研究：首先，本文介绍了风力发电的历史和现状；其次，运用层次综合分析方法，从社会总成本的角度对风力发电成本进行研究，得出风力发电的社会总成本第二的结论；再次，分析了减低风电成本的途径。

最后从两方面对我国风电成本的走势进行了分析，得出风电成本在未来的发展趋势是逐渐下降的结论。

关键字：风力发电社会总成本实际成本风电场ABSTRACTThis paper introduces wind Power generation cost in china Wind Power is a kind of cleaner and no pollution and regenerate power, Its benefits has been known by most people.But it has been yet inferior to routine power in cost, especially in our country. So studying the cost of the wind power generation and studying the factors of affecting wind power generation costs and finding the ways of decreasing the wind power generation costs in our country have very important realistic meanings and it can promote the cause of the wind power generation and improve the energy constitutes and administer circumstance pollution in our country.hence,this paper is accomplished to develop the study of the wind power generation cost:First ,the history and the present of wind power generation are introduced: Second ,the social cost of wind power generation are studied by means of comprehensive analyses.draw a conclusion;the social cost of wind power generation is lower;Third ,the real cost of wind power generation are studied by model of wind distribution and generation amount and calculating the cost of wind power generation;the factors affecting wind power generation cost are studied by sensitivities with a real example and draw a conclusion:average wind rate is most influence to wind power generation cost and the ways of reducing wind power generation cost are discussed. Fourth ,the trend of wind power generation cost is analysised and draw a conclusion;wind power generation cost is dropping.Key word: wind power generation the social cost the real cost wind power generation farm目录1 概述 (1)1.1风力发电的研究现状 (1)1.2我国风力发电的发展状况 (3)1.3发展风力发电的必要性和意义 (4)2中国风力发电社会总成本的研究 (6)2.1研究方法的选择 (6)2.2原理及步骤 (6)2.2.1具体步骤 (6)2.2.2 进行层次总排序 (8)3层次分析综合评价法的应用 (9)3.1建立层次结构模型 (9)3.2构造判断矩阵 (9)3.3 进行层次单排序极其一致性检验 (10)3.4进行层次总排序 (13)3.5层次总排序一致性检验 (13)3.6世界各国促进风力发电发展的激励政策 (13)3.7小结 (15)4 中国风力发电的成本走势分析 (16)4.1风机国产化的形式对成本走势的影响 (16)4.2.国家政策 (16)4.3目前我国风力发电成本较高原因分析 (17)4.3.1目前我国风力发电成本较高原因 (17)4.3.2解决的方法 (18)4.3.3风力发电在我国发展的美好前景 (19)谢辞 (20)参考文献 (21)1 概述1.1风力发电的研究现状风力发电于1890年起源于丹麦，之后经过几个重要的发展阶段。

毕业论文风力发电机技术参考文献外文

Wind Power Generation TechnologyWind is very important and reserves of energy, it is safe, clean, and can provide abundant energy, stability of the stream. Now, use wind power has become the main form of wind, the world's attention, and the fastest.Wind energy technology is a high-tech; it relates more than a dozen of subjects, including meteorology,aerodynamics, structural mechanics, computer technology, electronic control technology,material science,chemistry, electrical engineering, electrical engineering, so the difficulty of a system technology may beyond the difficulty of space technology. First, The division of wind energy technologies:Wind energy technology is divided into large-scale wind power technology and small and medium sized wind power technology, although both are wind energy technology, working principles are the same, the two industries are completely different: specific performance of the "policy orientation is different in different markets, different applications, applied technology is different, totally belong to the same kinds of industries in the two sectors. Therefore, in China machinery industry meeting on the wind to large wind power and wind power to distinguish between small and medium treated separately. In addition, to meet different market needs, extending from the wind and solar technology has not only promoted the development of small wind power technology, but also for the small wind power opens up new markets.1. Large-scale wind power technology:The technology of large-scale wind power in China still has a certain gap between international.The technology of large-scale wind power technology originated in Denmark and some other European countries, the wind power industry propelled by the government, because of the local wind resource-rich,large-scale wind power technology and equipment ahead of the international development. Our government has also started to boost the development of large-scale wind power technology, and a range of policies to guide industry development. Large-scale wind power technology are for the large-scale wind turbine design,wind turbine applications for large area on the very strict environmental requirements are applied to limited resources, wind energy resource-rich wind field, to accept a variety of perennial bad environment that something was the complex nature of the environment, high demands on the technology up on the line.Currently large-scale wind power technology in general is not yet ripe, the core technology of large-scale wind power still rely on foreign, national policy guidance to the domestic wind power project launched in various places, like crazy, all overlook forward to slice. Worthy of the name "mad electricity" through the wind began to Negative effect and Precaution policy. Although wind power projects have been started, but more as complementary type, complete with independent intellectual property rights of large-scale wind power systems technology and core technology few. The test environment needs to have been a large-scale wind power technology to mature. In addition, the large-scale wind power generation technology and network technology has also improved a number of issues still restrict the development of large-scale wind power technology.2. The technology of small wind power:The technology of small wind power in China could compare with the international technology.In 1970s, the small wind power technology in China had been developed which has wind resources for a better situation, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang areas, the first small wind power technology is widely used in power transmission project to the Township for a one of farmers and herdsmen household power supply, continuously updated as the technology improvement and development, not only alone but also with the combination of complementary optical has been widely used in distributed independent power supply. These years as Chinese exports of small and medium wind steadily. Internationally, China's small and medium sized wind power technology and wind and solar technology have leapt to international leadership.Small wind power technology is mature and relatively small by natural resource constraints, distributed independent power as a significant effect not only connected, but also the formation of more stable and reliable combination of optical complementary technologies scenery Moreover, technology is completely self-localization. Both from a technical or price in the international arena are very competitive; with international has now started a small wind power in China brand; "wall flower wall Hong" has intensified. In the country's most technical advantages and competitiveness of small and medium wind power has always been forgotten by the government and policy in a corner of reasons, in the early states has been to locate the small and medium sized wind power in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, farmers and herdsmen in remote areas to use and return into the agricultural class, low cost, shoddy, low-performance reliability, security, no security of land mostly sparsely populated areas, most of the domestic market are subject to loss of reliability of large price war; in people subconsciously form a poor understanding of So get national attention and development.Domestic small wind power technology in the "low wind start, low wind speed generation, pitch moment, multiple protection, and a series of technical attention by the international market and international clientsunanimously approved, has a leading position. Moreover, the small and medium Wind power technology is ultimately distributed independent power supply to meet end-market, rather than large-scale wind power generation and network technologies to meet the domestic monopoly market, technology, update rate must be adapted to a broad and rapidly growing market.3. wind and solar technology:Wind is the integration of technical skills and the Small and Medium Wind Energy Solar Energy Technology, combines a variety of applications of new technology, and it covers many areas, the wide range of applications, technical differentiation is so great that a variety of techniques which can separate match.Wind and solar power is currently the world in the use of new energy technology the most mature, most large-scale and industrial development of the industry, separate and individual solar wind has its drawbacks of development, but both wind and solar power complementary combined to realize the two new configuration of energy in natural resources, the technical programs of integration, performance and price compared to aspects of the new energy source for the most reasonable, not only reduces the demand to meet under the same unit cost and expand the scope of application of the market, also increases the reliability of the product.In addition: solar and wind power are both new energy, solar energy than the wind started to be late more than 30 per solar PV / W by the general public about the price of recognition can be converted to a 15% rate;while the price of small wind power conversion rate is only 1/5-1/6 of the same 60% -80%, only the low price Worse still suppressed, photoelectric production of pollution on the environment greater than wind power, than substantial development in wind energy, this comparison contrast twist of meditation ......, if people use the energy from the point of view, our goal is to meet the electricity from wind power generating capacity to measure the cost of solar energy economy than many .Wind, solar and wind power integration advantages, not only for the "energy saving, emission reduction,"opened up new horizons for the application of science to meet human needs, for the world to open a fourthRevolution.Second，Wind power has three kinds of operation mode:one is independent operation mode, usually a small wind generators to one or a few families to provide power, storage battery energy, to ensure the electricity without wind, Second is the wind turbines and other power mode (such as engine power), combining to aunit or an village or an island power supply, Three is wind power into conventional power operate and to provide electric power grid, is often a wind tens or hundreds of sets installed wind generators, this is the main development direction of wind power.Wind power system in the two main parts is wind machine and generators. Wind turbines to change from adjusting technique, plasma generator toward VSCF technology, this is the development trend of wind power technology is the core technology nowadays wind turbines. The following simple introduction of this two respects.1 the change of wind plasma from regulationWind turbines impeller, will capture the wind by converting wind effects on the mechanical wheeltorque.Change is the change from adjustment with vertical axis wind leaf surface of Angle, thus affecting the force and the blade, when the wind resistance increases, the output power of the fan is kept constant power output. By regulating mode, fan from the output power curve is smooth. In the rated wind leaf Angle of attack,controller will be placed near zero, do not change, approximate distance equal to adjust for pulp. In the rated wind above, variable structure control function from pulp, adjust the blade Angle of attack, the output power control in near ratings. Change from the wind plasma starting from wind speed is set slurry machine downtime at low impact stress relative ease. The normal work, is mainly adopts power control, in practical applications, power and speed is directly proportional to the set. Small changes will cause the wind changes of wind.Due to the change of wind from pulp by adjusting the impact than other wind from small, can reduce material utilization rate, reduce overall weight. And the change of wind from accommodation type at low speed, can make the blades, keep good Angle of attack than accommodation type stall wind turbines have better energy output, therefore is suitable for low average speed of the region.Change from another advantage of regulation, when the winds reach a certain value, stall type of wind and downtime, must from type machine can gradually changes to the wind load without a blades of open mode, avoid wing, increase of wind turbine.Change is to adjust the defect is sensitive response requires gusts. Because the wind accommodation typestall fan vibration power pulse are small, and accommodation type from wind turbines is bigger, especially for the change from the constant speed windmills way, this kind of circumstance, this does not require more obvious change in the fan is the response speed of wind system to fast enough, can reduce this phenomenon.Third, the development of wind energy technology requires constant innovation:At present, China's wind energy development in technological innovation is still very weak, the lack of core technologies with independent intellectual property. Thus, much would import technology from abroad.Although the arrival of knowledge economy era, all countries take full advantage of global resources and international cooperation through the introduction of technology to bridge the gap and improve competitiveness. But if there is no capability of independent innovation, not know what the introduction of advanced technologies, are not able to absorb the future, can not carry out another record, which is on the one hand; on the other hand, the core technology is the introduction of foreign countries cannot, and must be rely on innovation to master the core technology; Moreover, the domestic policy of independent innovation of technology needs to supporting, guiding, supporting, with the core technology of wind energy products to be increasing support, such a "wall flower wall incense" situation can be change, innovation and power can come from constant innovation.In short: the wind power industry continuing to creating in a single generation from wind energy technology to power the various areas of need ,its additional products have emerged such as: street, landscape, traffic control, communication, irrigation, planting, breeding, sea water desalination , fire, alarm, islands, mountains and so on. Shows the development of wind energy in this new industry can be brought aboutnumerous development and transformation of traditional industries, but the application of wind energy technology in various fields has become the industry's benchmark. World revolution will be caused by wind energy technology from the New Energy and Industrial revolution.风力发电技术风能是非常重要并储量巨大的能源，它安全、清洁、充裕，能提供源源不绝，稳定的能源。

光伏发电英文文献Ultra-High Efficiency Photovoltaic

Ultra-High Efﬁciency Photovoltaic Cells for Large Scale Solar Power GenerationYoshiaki NakanoAbstract The primary targets of our project are to dras-tically improve the photovoltaic conversion efﬁciency and to develop new energy storage and delivery technologies. Our approach to obtain an efﬁciency over40%starts from the improvement of III–V multi-junction solar cells by introducing a novel material for each cell realizing an ideal combination of bandgaps and lattice-matching.Further improvement incorporates quantum structures such as stacked quantum wells and quantum dots,which allow higher degree of freedom in the design of the bandgap and the lattice strain.Highly controlled arrangement of either quantum dots or quantum wells permits the coupling of the wavefunctions,and thus forms intermediate bands in the bandgap of a host material,which allows multiple photon absorption theoretically leading to a conversion efﬁciency exceeding50%.In addition to such improvements, microfabrication technology for the integrated high-efﬁ-ciency cells and the development of novel material systems that realizes high efﬁciency and low cost at the same time are investigated.Keywords Multi-junctionÁQuantum wellÁConcentratorÁPhotovoltaicINTRODUCTIONLarge-scale photovoltaic(PV)power generation systems, that achieve an ultra-high efﬁciency of40%or higher under high concentration,are in the spotlight as a new technology to ease drastically the energy problems.Mul-tiple junction(or tandem)solar cells that use epitaxial crystals of III–V compound semiconductors take on the active role for photoelectric energy conversion in such PV power generation systems.Because these solar cells operate under a sunlight concentration of5009to10009, the cost of cells that use the epitaxial crystal does not pose much of a problem.In concentrator PV,the increased cost for a cell is compensated by less costly focusing optics. The photons shining down on earth from the sun have a wide range of energy distribution,from the visible region to the infrared region,as shown in Fig.1.Multi-junction solar cells,which are laminated with multilayers of p–n junctions conﬁgured by using materials with different band gaps,show promise in absorbing as much of these photons as possible,and converting the photon energy into elec-tricity with minimum loss to obtain high voltage.Among the various types of multi-junction solar cells,indium gallium phosphide(InGaP)/gallium arsenide(GaAs)/ger-manium(Ge)triple-junction cells that make full use of the relationship between band gaps and diverse lattice con-stants offered by compound semiconductors have the advantage of high conversion efﬁciency because of their high-quality single crystal with a uniform-size crystal lat-tice.So far,a conversion efﬁciency exceeding41%under conditions where sunlight is concentrated to an intensity of approximately5009has been reported.The tunnel junction with a function equivalent to elec-trodes is inserted between different materials.The positive holes accumulated in the p layer and the electrons in the adjacent n layer will be recombined and eliminated in the tunnel junction.Therefore,three p–n junctions consisting of InGaP,GaAs,and Ge will become connected in series. The upper limit of the electric current is set by the mini-mum value of photonﬂux absorbed by a single cell.On the other hand,the sum of voltages of three cells make up the voltage.As shown in Fig.1,photons that can be captured in the GaAs middle cell have a smallﬂux because of the band gap of each material.As a result,the electric currentoutputAMBIO2012,41(Supplement2):125–131 DOI10.1007/s13280-012-0267-4from the GaAs cell theoretically becomes smaller than that of the others and determines the electric current output of the entire tandem cell.To develop a higher efﬁciency tandem cell,it is necessary to use a material with a band gap narrower than that of GaAs for the middle cell.In order to obtain maximum conversion efﬁciency for triple-junction solar cells,it is essential to narrow down the middle cell band gap to 1.2eV and increase the short-circuit current density by 2mA/cm 2compared with that of the GaAs middle cell.When the material is replaced with a narrower band gap,the output voltage will drop.However,the effect of improving the electric current balance out-performs this drop in output voltage and boosts the efﬁ-ciency of the entire multi-junction cell.When a crystal with such a narrow band gap is grown on a Ge base material,lattice relaxation will occur in the middle of epitaxial crystal growth because the lattice constants of narrower band-gap materials are larger than that of Ge (as shown in Fig.2).As a result,the carrier transport properties will degrade due to dislocation.Researchers from the international research center Solar Quest,the University of Tokyo,aim to move beyond such material-related restrictions,and obtain materials and structures that have effective narrow band gaps while maintaining lattice matching with Ge or GaAs.To achieve this goal,we have taken three approaches as indicated in Fig.3.These approaches are explained in detail below.DILUTE NITROGEN-ADDED BULK CRYSTAL Indium gallium nitride arsenide (InGaNAs)is a bulk material consists of InGaAs,which contains several percent of nitrogen.InGaNAs has a high potential for achieving a narrow band gap while maintaining lattice matching with Ge or GaAs.However,InGaNAs has a fatal problem,that is,a drop in carrier mobility due to inhomogeneousdistribution of nitrogen (N).To achieve homogeneous solid solution of N in crystal,we have applied atomic hydrogen irradiation in the ﬁlm formation process and addition of a very small amount of antimony (Sb)(Fig.3).The atomic hydrogen irradiation technology and the nitrogen radical irradiation technology for incorporating N efﬁciently into the crystal can be achieved only through molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),which is used to fabricate ﬁlms under high vacuum conditions.(Nitrogen radical irradiation is a technology that irradiates the surface of a growing crystal with nitrogen atoms that are resolved by passing nitrogen through a plasma device attached to the MBE system.)Therefore,high-quality InGaNAs has been obtained only by MBE until now.Furthermore,as a small amount of Sb is also incorporated in a crystal,it is nec-essary to control the composition of ﬁve elements in the crystal with a high degree of accuracy to achieve lattice matching with Ge or GaAs.We have overcome this difﬁculty by optimizing the crystal growth conditions with high precision and devel-oped a cell that has an InGaNAs absorption layer formed on a GaAs substrate.The short-circuit current has increased by 9.6mA/cm 2for this cell,compared with a GaAs single-junction cell,by narrowing the band gap down to 1.0eV.This technology can be implemented not only for triple-junction cells,but also for higher efﬁciency lattice-matched quadruple-junction cells on a Ge substrate.In order to avoid the difﬁculty of adjusting the compo-sition of ﬁve elements in a crystal,we are also taking an approach of using GaNAs with a lattice smaller than that of Ge or GaAs for the absorption layer and inserting InAs with a large lattice in dot form to compensate for the crystal’s tensile strain.To make a solid solution of N uniformly in GaNAs,we use the MBE method for crystal growth and the atomic hydrogen irradiation as in the case of InGaNAs.We also believe that using 3D-shaped InAs dots can effectively compensate for the tensile strainthatFig.1Solar spectrum radiated on earth and photon ﬂux collected by the top cell (InGaP),middle cell (GaAs),and bottom cell (Ge)(equivalent to the area of the ﬁlled portions in the ﬁgure)occurs in GaNAs.We have measured the characteristics of a single-junction cell formed on a GaAs substrate by using a GaNAs absorption layer with InAs dots inserted.Figure 4shows that we were able to succeed in enhancing the external quantum efﬁciency in the long-wavelength region (corresponding to the GaNAs absorp-tion)to a level equal to GaAs.This was done by extending the absorption edge to a longer wavelength of 1200nm,and increasing the thickness of the GaNAs layer by increasing the number of laminated InAs quantum dot layers.This high quantum efﬁciency clearly indicates that GaNAs with InAs dots inserted has the satisfactory quality for middle cell material (Oshima et al.2010).STRAIN-COMPENSATED QUANTUM WELL STRUCTUREIt is extremely difﬁcult to develop a narrow band-gap material that can maintain lattice matching with Ge orGaAs unless dilute nitrogen-based materials mentioned earlier are used.As shown in Fig.2,the conventionally used material InGaAs has a narrower band gap and a larger lattice constant than GaAs.Therefore,it is difﬁcult to grow InGaAs with a thickness larger than the critical ﬁlm thickness on GaAs without causing lattice relaxation.However,the total ﬁlm thickness of InGaAs can be increased as an InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated multi-layer structure by laminating InGaAs with a thickness less than the critical ﬁlm thickness in combination with GaAsP that is based on GaAs as well,but has a small lattice constant,and bringing the average strain close to zero (Fig.3.).This InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated multilayer structure will form a quantum well-type potential as shown in Fig.5.The narrow band-gap InGaAs layer absorbs the long-wavelength photons to generate electron–hole pairs.When these electron–hole pairs go over the potential bar-rier of the GaAsP layer due to thermal excitation,the electrons and holes are separated by a built-in electricﬁeldFig.2Relationship between band gaps and lattice constants of III–V-based and IV-based crystalsto generate photocurrent.There is a high probability of recombination of electron–hole pairs that remain in the well.To avoid this recombination,it is necessary to take out the electron–hole pairs efﬁciently from the well and transfer them to n-type and p-type regions without allowing them to be recaptured into the well.Designing thequantumFig.3Materials and structures of narrow band-gap middle cells being researched by thisteamFig.4Spectral quantum efﬁciency of GaAs single-junction cell using GaNAs bulk crystal layer (inserted with InAs dots)as the absorption layer:Since the InAs dot layer and the GaNAs bulk layer are stacked alternately,the total thickness of GaNAs layers increases as the number of stacked InAs dot layers is increased.The solid line in the graph indicates the data of a reference cell that uses GaAs for its absorption layer (Oshima et al.2010)well structure suited for this purpose is essential for improving conversion efﬁciency.The high-quality crystal growth by means of the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE)method with excellent ability for mass production has already been applied for InGaAs and GaAsP layers in semiconductor optical device applications.Therefore,it is technologically quite possible to incorporate the InGaAs/GaAsP quantum well structure into multi-junction solar cells that are man-ufactured at present,only if highly accurate strain com-pensation can be achieved.As the most basic approach related to quantum well structure design,we are working on fabrication of super-lattice cells with the aim of achieving higher efﬁciency by making the GaAsP barrier layer as thin as possible,and enabling carriers to move among wells by means of the tunnel effect.Figure 6shows the spectral quantum efﬁ-ciency of a superlattice cell.In this example,the thickness of the GaAsP barrier layer is 5nm,which is not thin enough for proper demonstration of the tunnel effect.When the quantum efﬁciency in the wavelength range (860–960nm)that corresponds to absorption of the quan-tum well is compared between a cell,which has a con-ventionally used barrier layer and a thickness of 10nm or more,and a superlattice cell,which has the same total layer thickness of InGaAs,the superlattice cell demonstrates double or higher quantum efﬁciency.This result indicates that carrier mobility across quantum wells is promoted by even the partial use of the tunnel effect.By increasing the P composition in the GaAsP layer,the thickness of well (or the In composition)can be increased,and the barrier layer thickness can be reduced while strain compensation is maintained.A cell with higher quantum efﬁciency can befabricated while extending the absorption edge to the long-wavelength side (Wang et al.2010,2012).GROWTH TECHNIQUE FOR STRAIN-COMPENSATED QUANTUM WELLTo reduce the strain accumulated in the InGaAs/GaAsP multilayer structure as close to zero as possible,it is nec-essary to control the thickness and atomic content of each layer with high accuracy.The In composition and thickness of the InGaAs layer has a direct effect on the absorption edge wavelength and the GaAsP layer must be thinned to a satisfactory extent to demonstrate fully the tunnel effect of the barrier layer.Therefore,it is desirable that the average strain of the entire structure is adjusted mainly by the P composition of the GaAsP layer.Meanwhile,for MOVPE,there exists a nonlinear rela-tionship between the P composition of the crystal layer and the P ratio [P/(P ?As)]in the vapor phase precursors,which arises from different absorption and desorption phenomena on the surface.As a result,it is not easy to control the P composition of the crystal layer.To break through such a difﬁculty and promote efﬁcient optimiza-tion of crystal growth conditions,we have applied a mechanism to evaluate the strain of the crystal layer during growth in real time by sequentially measuring the curvature of wafers during growth with an incident laser beam from the observation window of the reactor.As shown in Fig.7,the wafer curvature during the growth of an InGaAs/GaAsP multilayer structure indicates a periodic behavior.Based on a simple mechanical model,it has become clear that the time changes ofwaferFig.5Distribution of potential formed by the InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated multilayer structure:the narrow band-gap InGaAs layer is sandwiched between wide band-gap GaAsP layers and,as a result,it as quantum well-type potential distribution.In the well,electron–hole pairs are formed by absorption of long-wavelength photons and at the same time,recombination of electrons and holes takes place.The team from Solar Quest is focusing on developing a superlattice structure with the thinnest GaAsP barrier layercurvature are proportionate to the strain of the crystal layer relative to a substrate during the growing process.One vibration cycle of the curvature is same as the growth time of an InGaAs and GaAsP pair (Sugiyama et al.2011).Therefore,the observed vibration of the wafer curvature reﬂects the accumulation of the compression strain that occurs during InGaAs growth and the release of the strain that occurs during GaAsP growth.When the strain is completely compensated,the growth of the InGaAs/GaAsP pair will cause this strain to return to the initial value and the wafer curvature will vibrate with the horizontal line as the center.As shown in Fig.7,strain can be compensated almost completely by adjusting the layer structure.Only by conducting a limited number of test runs,the use of such real-time observation technology of the growth layer enables setting the growth conditions for fabricating the layer structure for which strain has been compensated with highaccuracy.Fig.6Spectral quantum efﬁciency of GaAs single-junction cell using InGaAs/GaAsP superlattice as theabsorption layer:This structure consists of 60layers of InGaAs quantum wells.The graph also shows data of a reference cell that uses GaAs for its absorption layer (Wang et al.2010,2012)Fig.7Changes in wafer curvature over time during growth of the InGaAs/GaAsP multilayer structure.This graph indicates the measurement result and the simulation result of the curvature based on the layer structure(composition ?thickness)obtained by X-ray diffraction.Since compressive strain is applied during InGaAs growth,the curvature decreases as time passes.On the other hand,since tensile strain is applied during GaAsP growth,the curvature changes in the oppositedirection (Sugiyama et al.2011)FUTURE DIRECTIONSIn order to improve the conversion efﬁciency by enhancing the current matching of multi-junction solar cells using III–V compound semiconductors,there is an urgent need to create semiconductor materials or structures that can maintain lattice matching with Ge or GaAs,and have a band gap of1.2eV.As for InGaNAs,which consists of InGaAs with several percent of nitrogen added,we have the prospect of extending the band edge to1.0eV while retaining sufﬁcient carrier mobility for solar cells by means of atomic hydrogen irradiation and application of a small quantity of Sb during the growth process.In addition,as for GaNAs bulk crystal containing InAs dots,we were able to extend the band edge to1.2eV and produce a high-quality crystal with enoughﬁlm thickness to achieve the quantum efﬁciency equivalent to that of GaAs.These crystals are grown by means of MBE. Therefore,measures that can be used to apply these crys-tals for mass production,such as migration to MOVPE, will be investigated after demonstrating their high efﬁ-ciency by embedding these crystals into multi-junction cells.As for the InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated quantum well that can be grown using MOVPE,we are working on the development of a thinner barrier layer while compen-sating for the strain with high accuracy by real-time observation of the wafer curvature.We have had the prospect of achieving a quantum efﬁciency that will sur-pass existing quantum well solar cells by promoting the carrier transfer within the multilayer quantum well struc-ture using the tunnel effect.As this technology can be transferred quite easily to the existing multi-junction solar cell fabrication process,we strongly believe that this technology can signiﬁcantly contribute to the efﬁciency improvement of the latest multi-junction solar cells. REFERENCESOshima,R.,A.Takata,Y.Shoji,K.Akahane,and Y.Okada.2010.InAs/GaNAs strain-compensated quantum dots stacked up to50 layers for use in high-efﬁciency solar cell.Physica E42: 2757–2760.Sugiyama,M.,K.Sugita,Y.Wang,and Y.Nakano.2011.In situ curvature monitoring for metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of strain-balanced stacks of InGaAs/GaAsP multiple quantum wells.Journal of Crystal Growth315:1–4.Wang,Y.,Y.Wen,K.Watanabe,M.Sugiyama,and Y.Nakano.2010.InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated superlattice solar cell for enhanced spectral response.In Proceedings35th IEEE photovoltaic specialists conference,3383–3385.Wang,Y.P.,S.Ma,M.Sugiyama,and Y.Nakano.2012.Management of highly-strained heterointerface in InGaAs/GaAsP strain-balanced superlattice for photovoltaic application.Journal of Crystal Growth.doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.12.049. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHYYoshiaki Nakano(&)is Professor and Director General of Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology,the University of Tokyo.His research interests include physics and fabrication tech-nologies of semiconductor distributed feedback lasers,semiconductor optical modulators/switches,monolithically integrated photonic cir-cuits,and high-efﬁciency heterostructure solar cells.Address:Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo,4-6-1Komaba,Meguro-ku,Tokyo153-8904,Japan.e-mail:nakano@rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp。

使用风光互的补混合能源专题毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料题目：一种使用风光互的补混合能源目前和未来的发展状况文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14一种使用风光互的补混合能源目前和未来的发展状况Pragya Nema , R.K. Nema, Saroj Rangnekar巴基斯坦阿扎德国家技术研究所，能源部，能源中心巴基斯坦阿扎德国家技术研究所，电气工程系摘要风能和太阳能是无处不在的，免费的，清洁环保的能源。

但是由于低风速和太阳能相比的其他不可预知的原因，风力能源系统在技术上不能在所有地方都可行。

正是由于有这些不足的存在，使得组合使用这些可再生能源变得越来越有吸引力，并正在广泛被作为石油能源的替代品使用。

经济方面的优势使得这些可再生能源技术在增加发展中国家的发电力上表现优秀。

一个可再生混合能源系统包括两个或多个能量来源，一个功率调节装置，一个控制器，还有一个可选的能量存储系统。

由于先进的可再生能源技术和大幅上升的石油产品价格，在偏远的地区，这些混合能源系统已经成为了受欢迎的供电方式。

努力研究和开发太阳能，风能，和其他可再生能源能源技术的要求，继续完善他们的表现，为准确地预测它们的输出和其他常规发电来源可靠得结合而建立技术。

本文的目的是审查独立的太阳能光伏发电，风能发电与柴油机或电网等传统的能源的混合领域当前的设计，操作和控制技术。

本文还强调了该技术未来的发展，这有可能增加此系统的经济吸引力和用户数量。

关键词:混合能源系统、太阳能、风能、可行性研究、模型、优化、控制器内容1.介绍2.混合系统的可行性研究分析3.机组规模和优化4.建立混合可再生能源系统组件的模型4.1 建立光伏组件的模型4.2 建立风能组件的模型4.3 建立柴油发电机组的模型5.能量流通和管理的混合控制器5.1 使用传统的方法5.2 使用专业系统6.混合动力系统的设计和操作的未来发展趋势7.结论致谢参考文献1.介绍一种可行的合理利用可再生能源的技术是在架设电网成本昂贵，燃料成本大幅增加的偏远地方安装混合能源系统。

太阳能光伏电池中英文对照外文翻译文献

太阳能光伏电池中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照翻译光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计1.引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。

太阳能发电已经在很多国家和地区开始普及，太阳能照明也已经在我国很多城市开始投入使用。

作为太阳能照明的一个关键部分，蓄电池的充电以及保护显得尤为重要。

由于密封免维护铅酸蓄电池具有密封好、无泄漏、无污染、免维护、价格低廉、供电可靠，在电池的整个寿命期间电压稳定且不需要维护等优点，所以在各类需要不间断供电的电子设备和便携式仪器仪表中有着广泛的应用。

采用适当的浮充电压，在正常使用(防止过放、过充、过流)时，免维护铅酸蓄电池的浮充寿命可达12~16年，如果浮充电压偏差5%则使用寿命缩短1/2。

由此可见，充电方式对这类电池的使用寿命有着重大的影响。

由于在光伏发电中，蓄电池无需经常维护，因此采用正确的充电方式并采用合理的保护方式，能有效延长蓄电池的使用寿命。

传统的充电和保护IC 是分立的，占用而积大并且外围电路复杂。

目前，市场上还没有真正的将充电与保护功能集成于单一芯片。

针对这个问题，设计一种集蓄电池充电和保护功能于一身的IC是十分必要的。

2.系统设计与考虑系统主要包括两大部分:蓄电池充电模块和保护模块。

这对于将蓄电池作为备用电源使用的场合具有重要意义，它既可以保证外部电源给蓄电池供电，又可以在蓄电池过充、过流以及外部电源断开蓄电池处于过放状态时提供保护，将充电和保护功能集于一身使得电路简化，并且减少宝贵的而积资源浪费。

图1是此Ic在光伏发电系统中的具体应用，也是此设计的来源。

免维护铅酸蓄电池的寿命通常为循环寿命和浮充寿命，影响蓄电池寿命的因素有充电速率、放电速率和浮充电压。

某些厂家称如果有过充保护电路，充电率可以达到甚至超过2C(C为蓄电池的额定容量)，但是电池厂商推荐的充电率是C/20~C/3。

电池的电压与温度有关，温度每升高1℃，单格电池电压下降4 mV，也就是说电池的浮充电压有负的温度系数-4 mV/℃。

光伏发电技术中英文资料外文翻译文献

光伏发电技术中英文资料外文翻译文献Research Article 1: Title of the ArticleAbstractResearch Article 2: Title of the ArticleAbstractThis research article focuses on the environmental impact of PV technology. It explains how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity and highlights the role of PV systems in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The article discusses the benefits and challenges associated with PV technology, including its dependence on sunlight, land requirements, and recyclability of materials. It also examines the life cycle assessment (LCA) of PV systems to evaluate their overall environmental performance. The research concludes by suggesting strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of PV technology, suchas improving panel efficiency and implementing responsible recycling practices.Research Article 3: Title of the ArticleAbstractThis article explores the economic aspects of PV technology. It analyzes the cost of installing and maintaining PV systems, including considerations for equipment, installation, and operation. The research discusses various financial incentives, such as government subsidies and tax credits, that promote the adoption of PV technology. It also highlights the economic benefits of PV systems, including job creation and energy independence. The article concludes by discussing the future potential of PV technology in reducing energy costs and stimulating economic growth.Research Article 4: Title of the ArticleAbstractThe focus of this research article is on the technical advancements in PV technology. It discusses the development of new materials and manufacturing processes to improve the efficiency and reliability of solar panels. The article explores the integration of PV systems with smart grid technology and how it enables better management of electricity generation and consumption. It also highlights the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing PV system performance. The research concludes by suggesting future research directions in PV technology, such as exploring nanomaterials and enhancing the intelligence of PV systems.Conclusion总结这份文献收录了关于光伏发电技术的各个方面的研究，涵盖了与环境影响、经济考量和技术进展相关的主题。

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中英文资料对照外文翻译译文在混合光伏阵列中采用滑模技术的电源控制发电系统摘要变结构控制器来调节输出功率的一个独立的混合发电系统。

该系统包括光伏发电和风力发电，存储电池组和一个变量的单相负载。

控制律承认两种操作模式。

第一条用在当日晒度足够满足对电力的需求的情况下。

第二运作模式应用在日晒度不足的时候。

后者致使系统在最大功率操作点（MPOP）操作下存储尽可能多的能量。

根据IncCo nd算法开发的一种新方法。

滑模控制用于技术设计的控制律。

这些技术提供了一个简单的控制律设计框架，并有助于它们自带的鲁棒性。

最后，指导方针根据考虑为实际系统的设计。

1引言可再生能源，如风力和太阳能被认为是非常前途的能源。

它们拥有可以满足不断增加的世界能源需求的特点。

另一方面，他们是基于无公害转换流程，它们需要的主要资源是取之不尽，用之不竭，并且免费的。

对于远程、远离电网的地方，它往往是比用输电线路[1] 提供一个独立的电力来源拥有可行性。

在这些电网中，在混合动力系统结合模块的基础上，可再生能源发电以柴油为动力的备用发电机已考虑ERED等效为一个可行的选择[2, 3]。

然而，柴油发电机在孤立的燃料供应和其运作领域是相当麻烦，相比较可再生能源，显得不划算[4]。

为了取代柴油备用发电机，独立的混合动力系统经常采用结合可再生能源来源的TARY 型材，如风力和光伏发电，合适的存储设备，如电池。

自存储成本仍然是一个重大的经济约束，通常光伏/风能/电池系统是用“适当”的大小以减少资本成本。

本文提出了一种控制策略，以规范的混合动力系统，包括光伏发电和风力发电，蓄电池组和可变负载的输出功率作为研究。

控制可调整的光伏发电、风力发电，以满足负载和电池充电的电源要求。

系统以在独立控制下的最大发电的主要目标。

该控制器的设计开发，在之前的文献[5]中提过。

因此，根据不同的大气条件，不同的光伏阵列控制律使用的范围不同。

第一条用在暴晒的地方，运作模式足以提供的总功率需求，和风力发电一起适用。

另一条控制律是在曝晒度不足情况下跟踪最大功率操作点（MPOP），使系统保持尽可能多的储存的能量。

跟踪MPOP的方法是一个新的扩展版本下的IncCond算法[6]。

对于这两种操作模式设计控制律均使用滑模方法。

这种技术很有吸引力，它简化了设计任务，并使控制器具有鲁棒性。

此外，根据第二次的运作模式，这种技术提供的MPOP收敛速度最快。

2光伏电池的电气特性光伏电池产生的瞬时电能取决于几个电池参数和变量的环境条件，如日照和温度。

其电动行为可以用简单的非线性电流源串联与内在电池串联电阻()为基础。

在这种模式下的电流源，可以通过下面表达式表示[6-8]：其中是一个给定的曝晒下的电流，是电池反向饱和电流，和分别是输出电流和太阳能电池的电压，q是电子电荷，K为波尔兹曼常数，T为电池的温度。

因子A看成理想的p-n结特性的电池偏差，值在的1到5之间[6]。

此外，反向饱和电流()和光照下()取决于日照和温度：其中是在参考温度下的反向饱和，是在电池中所使用的半导体的带隙能量，是在参考温度下日照电流，短路电流温度系数，λ为日照系数其单位是。

这些常量的典型值在附录（第8篇）中。

在图1中，是一个特定的光伏电池的电气特性。

其中提出了把日照作为一个可变参数，并考虑两个不同日照下的温度值。

图2所示，可以观察到的大气条件下MPOP对系统的影响。

在光伏电池阵列中，产生的电流表达式类似于eqn. 1：其中代表并行模块的数量，由串联的电池构成。

因此，由eqn.4可得简单的阵列发电的表达式：从上述表达式得到，通过改变值可最大限度地提高发电，它由暴晒和电池温度而定。

3系统建模光伏发电系统通常通过固态转换器连接负载。

这种拓扑结构允许光伏发电系统调节其发电端电压。

此外，为减少电能供应的概率，光伏阵列往往与其它发电系统（风电，柴油等）或一些储能系统（主要是电池）相结合。

通过这种方式，系统可以应付变化莫测的天气条件，增强系统的可靠性[4]。

混合发电系统拓扑的不同取决于它涉及的模块和系统的主要意图。

根据本文考虑结构如图3。

这种拓扑结构由蓄电池组确定直流母线电压。

光伏阵列通过DC/DC降压转换器连接。

在另一侧，直流母线通过高压变频器连接到负载。

负载将直流侧电流作为输出电流。

最后，电流表示风力发电模块，但在一般情况下，在混合动力系统中它要考虑到许多其他的综合效应来源。

混合动力系统的动态模型可以通过瞬时切换模式的DC / DC降压转换器建立，以下是描述方程：(6b)其中和，是DC / DC转换器输出端子的电压和电流，u是开关控制信号，它只能采取离散值0（开关打开）或1（开关闭合）。

然后，考虑到电池组模型，包括一个理想的电压源()，电容器()和电阻() [9]，整个动态串联系统模型可以写成：(7b)(7c)其中是上的电压，，和是可测量的电流。

应当强调的是，这个模型是非线性的，u可表示为，f和g可表示为：4滑模控制器的设计最初的模块是为了控制所产生的功率满足光伏阵列的瞬时能量在高度干扰的环境下的电力需求。

这些干扰不仅有气候的变化，也有负荷变化和电流的变化。

总的电力需求包括负载和电池组所需的功率。

考虑到有效的充电和电池组的最长寿命，将一个给定的电流称为恒定电流。

另一方面，电流需要保持完全充电状态（自放电补偿），称为浮充电流。

因此，电池电流可看作恒定或浮充电流，根据电池组设定。

控制模块有两个操作模式。

第一个是对应环境条件允许下的足够的光伏发电，用以满足总功率需求。

在此模式下，对光伏发电系统加以规范，以匹配参考值：第二个操作模式应用在当光伏发电系统是无法产生足够的电力满足。

备在这种情况下控制律要用MPOP来推进太阳能系统。

图4中是一个光伏阵列中特殊的曲线。

此图描绘时考虑到了系统的平均模型。

因此，曲线A和B是不同情况下的图形。

在模型下右侧操作光伏阵列特性（B 点）更适合点，因为它允许更广泛的功率调节范围。

另一方面，操作上左侧（A点）的规定能量下限，因为不能比小。

最后，在最大发电的曲线上，C点代表MPOP 。

在C上注明增量和瞬时阵列的电导具有相同的绝对值和不同的标记是很重要的。

这点来自于：考虑一个理想的DC / DC变换器，决定一种工作模式或其他方式可与(eqn. 9)进行比较，阵列可以根据MPOP建立。

以能用下式表示其中eqn.11中的左侧操作可以通过乘以eqn. 10中电流得到。

滑模控制技术常用来设计控制律。

这种技术很有吸引力，它允许一个简单的控制律设计并且有助于系统的鲁棒性。

此外，值得一提的是在真正的滑模中开关时间延迟和动态生成非衰减振荡元件有限振幅和频率的存在，对系统有很大影响。

通常，在滑动模式的应用程序这是一个不良的副作用。

然而，在这种特殊情况下，其内在影响是有用的，因为它提供所需的扰动实施MPOP跟踪方法。

4.1第一个操作模式：充足的发电条件这种运作模式下的暴晒条件和电池温度都足以满足.。

要实现滑模这一目表要用到电池组的电流即：为了建立滑模模型要满足[10]中所提条件。

因此，滑模需要满足eqn.12中的条件：这始终是消极的。

然后，为了实现滑动存在的条件[10]，切换的控制信号必须是：等效控制是连续控制信号用来保持表面的不变性，得到即然后，把eqn. 16代入eqn. 7，理想的滑模动态可得：Eqn. 17a绘制在图5。

由此可以看出，有两个平衡点的光伏阵列可以提供所需的电流。

B点是稳定的，显然是所需的操作点。

另一方面A点明显不稳定，在这种操作模式下系统永久运行。

然而，最终的控制策略不会允许一个是一个有效的操作点（4.3节中给出更多的细节）。

可以指出的是，eqn.17b代表非最小相位行为。

这种行为的物理意义是很清楚的：它代表了电池组能源再利用。

4.2第二种运作模式：发电条件不足不足发电条件下必须改变操作单元阵列最大功率点的控制目标。

MPOP依赖大气条件所以它必须跟踪。

已有文献报道用不同的技术来实现这一目标。

其中有些是基于测量大气条件[8]，其他方法有用改变阵列配置[11]，以及其他基于算法不断调整光伏阵列的有效载荷[6，7，12]。

所有这些方法当中，相比最成功的为MPOP 跟踪的，因为它们不受特定的大气条件或实际负载影响[6]。

这些算法，通常被称为扰动与观察（P＆O）算法，通过工作点的离散转变生产和检测结果的光伏输出功率变化。

如果输出功率的增加，转变将在同一方向，反之则反。

自适应可以包含在这些算法中，一旦MPOP已达到[13]它可以减少收敛时间和扰动过程中的功率损耗减少。

P＆O算法的主要缺点是，他们无法应付快速变化的大气条件，因为他们无法在扰动的大气条件区分输出功率的变化。

为了克服这个问题，在[6]中提出一种不同的方法，称为IncCond。

增量和瞬时电导测量要依据eqn.10的基础上。

但是，报告中的算法保持一个固定步实施，最终可能限制对MPOP的收敛速度。

对于这种操作模式，IncCond方法滑模控制在发电条件不足的下的设计要满足eqn.10：然后，基于滑动面的考虑，可以看出，横截条件根据MPOP实行：因此，要实现滑动的存在条件，切换的控制信号必须是：在这种情况下，相当于控制假设下面的表达式：然后，考虑eqn.18和eqn.7 ，eqn.21，理想的滑模动态将写成：(22b)Eqn. 22a清楚地显示了一个稳定的平衡点。

注意到根据标志，eqn.22b表示稳定或不稳定的动态。

在第一种情况，当的标志是负的，稳定的动力学特征代表电池组的放电。

反之，当其标志是正的，这个公式代表非最小相位相同的（行为在上一节分析）。

唯一不同的是，在这种情况下，电池组充电通过改变而不是。

在整个模式建立中，控制律将开关固定在一个位置（打开或关闭）。

这样，MPOP对收敛速度的影响取决于三个因素，即转换器的活性元素，大气条件和负载的大小。

因此，IncCond方法滑模技术提出对MPOP进行最快的速度收敛这一概念。

一旦系统达到滑动流形切换控制律就可以使系统保持在滑动面上。

然而，考虑到IGBT的有限开关频率，系统代表了典型的抖振系统。

MPOP周围的振荡行为，一方面是由于不同的大气条件在不变或缓慢的情况下有功率损耗，但另一方面，它有利于增量电导的测量。

在4.4节给出了关于此方面的指导方针。

4.3综合控制法真正的最终控制法包括两种操作模式，可以通过下面的表达式表达：当大气条件足以满足要求的能量，提出的控制律，分别建立两区的第一和第二操作模式。

要确定每种模式的域，如图6所示，光伏阵列和控制器所产生的电力，能量表达式为()。

从这个图表中可以直接看到，第一种模式只能运用在系统运作上的右操作点S，反之则反。

因此，该控制策略用于消除不稳定的平衡点，根据第一种模式的域迫使系统运作所需的B点。

应当指出的是在第二种模式下，A点不是系统的平衡点。