国际经济学 英文
国际经济学(英文版)
Chapter 13 Balance of Payment13.1 IntroductionInternational finance: examination of the monetary aspects of international economicsBalance of Payment: a summary statement in which all the transactions of the nation’s residents with the foreigners are recorded during a certain period.Main purpose of BOP: inform the government of the international position of the nation; to help it in its monetary, fiscal and trade policies.BOP traits: The BOP aggregates all the trades into a few categoriesOnly the net balance of each type of international capital flow is includedInternational transaction: Exchange of a good, service or assets between the residents of two nations. Gifts and certain transfers + International TransactionsPeople Concerning BOP: Diplomats, soldiers, tourists and workers belong to motherlandCorporation: motherland/ foreign branches: localInternational institutions: nowhere13.2 BOP Accounting PrinciplesCredit transactions: involve the receipt of payments from foreigners +Exports, unilateral transfers and goods received, capital inflowCapital inflow:an increase in foreign assets in the nation/本国持有外国资产上升a reduction in the nation’s assets abroad/本国在外资产减少Debit transactions: involve the making of payments to the foreigners -Imports, unilateral transfers or gifts paid, capital outflowCapital Outflow:an increase in the nation’s assets abroada reduction in foreign assets in the nationDouble-Entry Bookkeeping: each international transaction is recorded twice, once as a credit and onceas a debit of an equal amount.5 Examples in Textbooks13.3 The International Transactions of the USArounding.The official reserve assets:✓Gold holdings of monetary authorities黄金储备✓Special Drawing Rights特别提款权(paper gold)International reserves created on the books of the IMF and distributed to member nations according toimportance in international trade✓The reserve position in the IMF在IMF的头寸The reserves paid in by the nation on joining the IMF, which the nation can then borrow automatically andwithout questions asked in case of need✓The official foreign currency holdings of monetary authorities外汇储备Statistical Discrepancy: This is required to make the total credits equal to the total debits, as required bydouble-entry bookkeeping.13.4 Accounting Balances and Disequilibrium in International TransactionsAutonomous transactions: transactions in current account + capital accountTake place for business or profit motives and independently of BOPconsiderationsItems above the lineCurrent account:All sales and purchases of currency produced goods and services, investment incomes, and unilateral transfersLink between the nation’s international transactions and its national incomeCurrent account surplus stimulates domestic production and income. Current account deficitdampens domestic production and income.Capital account:The changes in US-owned assets abroad and foreign-owned assets in the US other than official reserve assetsChange in reserves reflects government policy rather than the market force.Accommodating transactions: Transactions in official reserve assetsItems below the lineThe accommodating items form the Official Reserve Account.The balance on the official reserve account is called the Official Settlements Balance.Deficit in the BOP:The excess of debits over credits in the current and capital accountsThe excess of credits over debits in official reserve accountSurplus in the BOP:The excess of debits over credits in official reserve accountThe excess of credits over debits in the current and capital accountsChapter 14 Foreign Exchange Markets and Exchange rates 14.1 IntroductionForeign exchange market : The market in which individuals, firms and banks buy and sell foreigncurrencies or foreign exchange.14.2 Functions of the Foreign Exchange Markets The principle function :The transfer of funds or purchasing power from one nation and currency to anotherThis is usually accomplished by an electronic transfer and increasingly through the Internet .Through the internet, a domestic bank instructs its correspondent bank in a foreign monetary center to pay a special amount of the local currency to a person, firm or an account.外汇供给：外国游客来访 出口 接受外国投资 外汇需求：本国人外出游 进口 对外投资4 levels of transactors or participants :Traditional users The immediate users and suppliers of foreign currencies Commercial bank A cleaning houses between the users and earners of foreign exchange Foreign exchange broker interbank or wholesale marketAs Clearinghouses for surpluses and shortages between the commercial banks Central bank Act as the seller or buyer of last resort when the nation ’s total foreignexchange earnings and expenditures are unequalInternational currency / Vehicle currencySome nations ’ currencies are globally accepted and used as vehicle currencies.The US receives a seignorage benefit when the dollar is used as a vehicle currency.铸币税：国家发行货币吸纳黄金之后，货币贬值，使得持币方财富减少，发行方财富增加。
国际经济学英文课件 (2)
Shortcomings of IMF:
• Moral hazard created by IMF bailouts • Conditionality requirements of IMF loans (fiscal
austerity measures) increase poverty in LDCs • Inappropriateness of IMF measures (i.e. 1997
• Prior to the Uruguay round, sectors such as agriculture, textiles & apparel, services, intellectual property rights, were ignored
• role expanded also to dumping, subsidies, NTBs
George is a professor at HBS and the former CEO of Medtronic, which has been involved in one of this year’s highest-profile inversion transactions, a merger with Irelandbased Covidien.
• International Finance Corporation
– Private sector arm of the WB
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
– Provides political risk insurance (guarantees)
12
WTO
• 159 members
国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.
国际经济学英文原版PPT_c04
aLC /aTC > aLF/aTF Or aLC /aLF > aTC /aTF Or, we consider the total resources used in each industry
Unit factor requirements can vary at every quantity of cloth and food that could be produced.
Fig. 4-2: The Production Possibility Frontier with Factor Substitution
and say that cloth production is labor intensive and food production is land intensive if LC /TC > LF /TF.
• This assumption influences the slope of the production possibility frontier:
• The Heckscher-Ohlin theory:
Emphasizes resource differences as the only source of trade Shows that comparative advantage is influenced by:
• Relative factor abundance (refers to countries)相对要素充裕度 • Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)相对要素密集度 Is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory(要素比例理论)
《国际经济学》课程教学大纲
《国际经济学》课程教学大纲课程编号：课程英文名称：International Economics课程类别：专业基础课课程性质：必修课学分：3 总学时：54 理论学时：54 实验学时：0 开课对象：国际经济与贸易本专科开课分院、系:外语外贸学院一、课程的性质、目的和任务国际经济学是高等学校经济管理类专业的一门重要的专业基础课。
通过本课程的学习,可以使学生进一步理解国际经济现象，并提高学生分析和解决国际经济问题的能力。
通过开设国际经济学，使学生进一步掌握国际经济运行过程中的一般规律,进一步理解国际经济现象，从而更好地为我国社会主义现代化建设服务.二、先修课程及预备知识先修课程:《微观经济学》、《宏观经济学》三、教学目的与要求不同高等院校、不同学者对《国际经济学》课程的内容体系的理解存在较大的差异,可以说，有多少种公开出版的《国际经济学》教材,就有多少种观点.目前，国内外公开出版的《国际经济学》教材有100多种,仅在我国境内以中文发行的就有40多种。
我们的安排是，除绪论外，国际经济学内容分五篇，20章。
前三篇为国际贸易部分，后两篇为国际金融部分。
第一篇：国际贸易基础。
第二篇：国际贸易政策与措施.第三篇:要素国际流动。
第四篇:国际收支与汇率决定。
第五篇：开放经济下宏观经济政策。
通过本课程的教学要使学生达到以下目的和要求：1．要求学生不仅能了解战后科学技术所促进的生产力大发展及其带来的经济全球化以及在这种背景下学习国际经济学的必要性，而且更要以辩证唯物主义的思想和马克思主义的经济理论为指导，坚持四项基本原则，正确辨别国际经济学中的基本理论,去粗取精,为我所用。
学生对国际经济学课程的整个体系有明确的把握,并做到理论与实践想结合.2．要求学生掌握国际贸易发生的基本原因即国际贸易的基本理论，特别是当代经济全球化条件下国际交换的必然性以及国际交换活动的一般规律，以及根据这些贸易理论而应该采取的贸易政策.3．要求学生认识到以跨国公司为主要载体的生产要素国际流动对国际经济一体化和经济全球化的巨大影响以及对一国经济发展的影响。
国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译
国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译Key Terms of International EconomicsChapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势Absolute advantage 绝对优势Opportunity cost 机会成本Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入Relative price 相对价格Relative demand curve相对需求曲线Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线Relative wage 相对工资Relative quantity 相对产量Ricardian model 李嘉图模型Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论Nontraded goods 非贸易商品Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化Factor abundance 要素丰裕度Factor intensity 要素密集度Scarce factor 稀缺要素Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论land-intensive 土地密集型Labor-intensive劳动密集型the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比Land-labor ratio ，the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比Chapter 5 The standard Trade ModelBiased growth 偏向性增长Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长Immiserizing growth 贫困化增长Import-biased growth 进口偏向性增长Isovalue line等价值线Marginal propensity to spend边际消费倾向Terms of trade贸易条件Transfers of income转移支付Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and international TradeDumping 倾销External economies of scale外部规模经济Imperfect competition 不完全竞争Interindustry trade 产业间贸易Intraindustry trade 产业内贸易Internal economies of scale内在规模经济Monopolistic competion垄断竞争Reciprocal dumping 相互倾销Increasing return 报酬递增Chapter 7 The Instruments of Trade policyad valorem tariff从价税Specific tariff从量税Consumer surplus消费者剩余Producer surplus生产者剩余Production distortion loss生产扭曲损失Consumption distortion loss消费扭曲损失Effective rate of protection有效保护率Efficiency loss效率损失Export restraint出口限制Export subsidy出口补贴Import quota进口配额Voluntary export restraint自愿出口限制Local content requirement国产化程度要求nontariff barriers非关税避垒Quota rent配额租金Chapter 8 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments The Balance of Payment AccountsCurrent accountFinancial accountCapital accountChapter 9 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market:An Asset ApproachAppreciation升值Arbitrage套汇、套利Depreciation贬值Exchange rate汇率Forward exchange rate远期汇率Interest parity condition利率平价条件Rate of appreciation升值率Rate of depreciation贬值率Real rate of return实际收益率Spot exchange rate即期汇率Vehicle currency载体货币Foreign exchange外汇Chapter 10 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange ratesMoney Supply 货币供给Money Demand 货币需求Short-Run Price Rigidity 短期价格粘性Long-run Price Flexibility 长期灵活价格permanent increase in the U.S. money supply 货币供给永久性增长overshooting 超调Chapter 11 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Law of one price 一价定律Nominal exchange rate 名义汇率Nominal interest rate 名义利率Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Real appreciation实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Real exchange rate 实际汇率Relative PPP相对购买力平价Market rigidity市场刚性Price rigidity价格刚性Price stickiness价格粘性Chapter 12 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run Aggregate demand 总需求Fiscal policy 财政政策J-curve J曲线Real exchange rate 实际汇率Real appreciation 实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Chapter 13 Fixed, Floating Exchange Rate and Policies Effects Sterilization冲销Sterilized foreign exchange intervention冲销性外汇干预Devaluation法定贬值Revaluation法定升值Clean float 清洁浮动Dirty float 肮脏浮动Capital flight 资本抽逃Chapter 14 The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas optimumcurrency areas 最优货币区Monetary efficiency gain 货币效率收益Economic integration 经济一体化Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率。
国际经济学英文版（第八版）章节练习第一章
国际经济学英⽂版（第⼋版）章节练习第⼀章International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 What Is International Economics About?1) Historians of economic thought often describe ________ written by ________ and published in ________ as the first real exposition of an economic model.A) ”Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776B) ”Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758C) ”Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758D) ”Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776E) ”Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758Answer: E2) 2)Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries areA) not relevant to current policy analysis.B) are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy.C) are highly relevant in today’s modern international economy.D) are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy.E) are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists.Answer: C3) An important insight of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other itA) is always beneficial to both countries.B) is usually beneficial to both countries.C) is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country.D) is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country.E) tends to create unemployment in both countries.Answer: B4) If there are large disparities in wage levels between countries, thenA) trade is likely to be harmful to both countries.B) trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the high wages.C) trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the low wages.D) trade is likely to be harmful to neither country.E) trade is likely to have no effect on either country.Answer: D5) Who sells what to whomA) has been a major preoccupation of international economics.B) is not a valid concern of international economics.C) is not considered important for government foreign trade policy since such decisions are made in the private competitive market.D) is determined by political rather than economic factors.E) None of the aboveAnswer: A6) The insight that patterns of trade are primarily determined by international differences in labor productivity was first proposed byA) Adam Smith.B) David Hume.C) David Ricardo.D) Eli Heckscher.E) Lerner and Samuelson. Answer: C7) The euro, a common currency for most of the nations of Western Europe, was introducedA) before 1900.B) before 1990.C) before 2000.D) in order to snub the pride of the U.S.E) None of the above.Answer: C8) For the 50 years preceding 1994, international trade policies have been governedA) by the World Trade Organization.B) by the International Monetary Fund.C) by the World.D) by an international treaty known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).E) None of the above.Answer: D9) The international capital market isA) the place where you can rent earth moving equipment anywhere in the world.B) a set of arrangements by which individuals and firms exchange money now for promises to pay in the future.C) the arrangement where banks build up their capital by borrowing from the Central Bank.D) the place where emerging economies accept capital invested by banks.E) None of the above.Answer: B10) Since 1994, trade rules have been enforced byA) the WTO.B) the G10.C) the GATT.D) The U.S. Congress.E) None of the above.Answer:A11) Cost-benefit analysis of international tradeA) is basically useless.B) is empirically intractable.C) focuses attention primarily on conflicts of interest within countries.D) focuses attention on conflicts of interests between countries.E) None of the above.Answer: C12) An improvement in a country’s balance of payments means a decrease in its balance of payments deficit, or an increase in its surplus. In fact we know that a surplus in a balance of paymentsA) is good.B) is usually good.C) is probably good.D) may be considered bad.E) is always bad.Answer: D13) The GATT wasA) an international treaty.B) an international U.N. agency.C) an international IMF agency.D) a U.S. government agency.E) a collection of tariffs.Answer: A14) International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fieldsA) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.Answer: DInternational Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 2 World Trade: An Overview2.1 Who Trades with Whom?1) What percent of all world production of goods and services is exported to other countries?A) 10%B) 30%C) 50%D) 100%E) None of the above.Answer: B2) The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA) trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds International Trade of the European Union.E) None of the above.Answer: D3) According to the gravity model, a characteristic that tends to affect the probability of trade existing betweenany two countries isA) their cultural affinity.B) the average weight/value of their traded goods.C) their colonial-historical ties.D) the distance between them.E) the number of varieties produced on the average by their industries.Answer: D4) Why does the gravity model work?A) Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B) Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on government promotion of trade and investment.C) Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a productive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D) Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on imports.E) None of the above.Answer: D5) The two neighbors of the United States do a lot more trade with the United States than European economiesof equal size.A) This contradicts predictions from gravity models.B) This is consistent with predictions from gravity models.C) This is relevant to any inferences that may be drawn from gravity models.D) This is because these neighboring countries have exceptionally large GDPs.E) None of the above.Answer: B6) Since World War II (the early 1950s), the proportion of most countries' production being used in some other countryA) remained constant.B) increased.C) decreased.D) fluctuated widely with no clear trend.E) both A and D above.Answer: B7) Since World War II, the relative importance of raw materials, including oil, in total world tradeA) remained constant.B) increased.C) decreased.D) fluctuated widely with no clear trendE) both A and D above.Answer: C8) In the current Post-Industrial economy, international trade in services (including banking and financial services)A) dominates world trade.B) does not exist.C) is relatively small.D) is relatively stagnant.E) None of the above.Answer: C9) In the pre-World War I period, the U.S. exported primarilyA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer: C10) In the pre-World War I period, the United Kingdom exported primarilyA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer:A11) In the present, most of the exports from China are inA) manufactured goods.B) services.C) primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) None of the above.Answer: AInternational Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model1) Trade between two countries can benefit both countries ifA) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.B) each country enjoys superior terms of trade.C) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.D) each country has a more elastic supply for the exported goods.E) Both C and D.Answer: A2) In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ________ unit labor requirementsA) oneB) twoC) threeD) fourE) fiveAnswer: D3) A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) None of the above.Answer: B4) Given the information in the table above, if it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A5) Given the information in the table above, if the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and theUnit Labor Requirements doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets then home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A6) The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated withA) David Hume.B) David Ricardo.C) Adam Smith.D) Eli Heckscher.E) Bertil Ohlin.Answer: B7) The Gains from Trade associated with the principle of Comparative Advantage depends onA) the trade partners must differ in technology or tastes.B) there can be no more goods traded than the number of trade partners.C) there may be no more trade partners than goods traded.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Answer: A8) The Ricardian model demonstrates thatA) trade between two countries will benefit both countries.B) trade between two countries may benefit both regardless of which good each exports.two countries may benefit both if each exports the product in which it has a comparative advantage. C)trade betweenD) trade between two countries may benefit one but harm the other.E) None of the above.Answer: C9) Given the information in the table aboveA) neither country has a comparative advantage.B) Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.C) Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.D) Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.E) Home has a comparative advantage in both products.Answer: B10) Given the information in the table above, if wages were to double in Home, then Home shouldA) export cloth.B) export widgets.C) export both and import nothing.D) export and import nothing.E) All of the above.Answer: A11) In a two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases inA) consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.B) output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.C) total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both countries.D) consumer welfare in both countries but not total production of both products.E) None of the above.Answer: B12) A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundleA) inside its production possibilities frontier.B) on its production possibilities frontier.C) outside its production possibilities frontier.D) inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E) on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.Answer: C13) In the Ricardian model, if a country's trade is restricted, this will cause all except which?A) limit specialization and the division of laborB) reduce the volume of trade and the gains from tradeC) cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curvesD) may result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantageE) None of the above.Answer: C14) If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of Hand that of F, thenA) country H but not country F will gain from trade.B) country H and country F will both gain from trade.C) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.D) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.E) None of the above.Answer: B15) According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which itsA) labor productivity is relatively low.B) labor productivity is relatively high.C) labor mobility is relatively low.D) labor mobility is relatively high.E) None of the above.Answer: B16)Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA) U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B) U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan's was 20.C) U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.D) U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 units per hour.E) None of the above.Answer: A17) Let us define the real wage as the purchasing power of one hour of labor. In the Ricardian 2X2 model, if twocountries under autarky engage in trade thenA) the real wage will not be affected since this is a financial variable.B) the real wage will increase only if a country attains full specialization.C) the real wage will increase in one country only if it decreases in the other.D) the real wage will rise in both countries.E) None of the above.Answer: D18) In a two country and two product Ricardian model, a small country is likely to benefit more than the largecountry becauseA) the large country will wield greater political power, and hence will not yield to market signals.B) the small country is less likely to trade at price equal or close to its autarkic (domestic) relative prices.C) the small country is more likely to fully specialize.D) the small country is less likely to fully specialize.E) None of the above.Answer: B19) An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the clear result thattrade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for anexpanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion ofproduction of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it isnot clear that trade is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation ofnon-trade (but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for theworld as a whole? Explain.Answer: If we were to combine the production possibility frontiers of the two countries to create a single world production possibility frontier, then it is true that any change in production points (from autarky tospecialization with trade) would involve a tradeoff of one good for another from the world'sperspective. In other words, the new solution cannot possibly involve the production of more of bothgoods. However, since we know that each country is better off at the new solution, it must be true thatthe original points were not on the trade contract curve between the two countries, and it was in factpossible to make some people better off without making others worse off, so that the new solutiondoes indeed represent a welfare improvement from the world's perspective.20）Given the information in the table above. What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign? Answer: One half a widget.21) Given the information in the table above. If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets? Answer: 1/2 Cloths.22) Given the information in the table above. If these two countries trade these two goods with each other incontext of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth? Answer: One half a widget.23) Given the information in the table above. What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Widgets inForeign?Answer: 2 widgets.24) If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin), then production occurs underconditions ofA) constant opportunity costs.B) increasing opportunity costs.C) decreasing opportunity costs.D) infinite opportunity costs.E) None of the above.Answer: B25) If the production possibilities frontier of one the trade partners ("Country A") is bowed out (concave to theorigin), then increased specialization in production by that country willA) increase the economic welfare of both countries.B) increase the economic welfare of only Country A.C) decrease the economic welfare of Country A.D) decrease the economic welfare of Country B.E) None of the above.Answer: A26)If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), thenA) it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable.B) it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respective welfares throughimports.C) it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.D) it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.E) None of the above.Answer: D27) In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Germany enjoys a comparative advantageover France in autos relative to ships" is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ships.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) None of the above.Answer: A28) Suppose the United states production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereasGermany's was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S.wages do not change at all. We now know thatA) the United States has no comparative advantage.B) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C) the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.D) Not enough information is given.E) None of the above.Answer: B29) We know that in antiquity, China exported silk because no-one in any other country knew how to producethis product. From this information we learn thatA) China enjoyed a comparative advantage in silk.B) China enjoyed an absolute advantage, but not a comparative advantage in silk.C) no comparative advantage exists because technology was not diffused.D) China should have exported silk even though it had no comparative advantage.E) None of the above.Answer: A30) The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New IndustrializingCountries suggests that as international productivities converge, so do international wage levels.Why do you suppose this happened for the East Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what doyou think is likely to happen to the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) ofChina in the coming decade? Explain your reasoning.Answer: Following the logic of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the East Asian countries played to their respective comparative advantages. This allowed the world demand to provide excessdemands for their relatively abundant labor, which in turn tended to raise these wages. If Chinafollows the same pattern, their wages levels should also be expected over time to converge to those intheir industrialized country markets.Answers to Textbook Problems1. a. The production possibility curve is a straight line that intercepts the apple axis at 400(1200/3)and the banana axis at 600(1200/2).b. The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3/2. It takes three units of labor toharvest an apple but only two units of labor to harvest a banana. If one foregoes harvesting an apple,this frees up three units of labor. These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest 1.5 bananas.c. Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price ofgoods equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equalsthe wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unit laborrequirement for bananas. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 apples per 2 bananas. 2. a. The production possibility curve is linear, with the intercept on the apple axis equal to 160(800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800(800/1).b. The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of apples relative to the supply of bananas at each relative price. The lowest relative price at which apples are harvested is 3 apples per 2 bananas. The relative supply curve is flat at this price. The maximum number of apples supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while, at this price, Foreign harvests 800 bananas and no apples, giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2. This relative supply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5. At the price of 5, both countries would harvest apples. The relative supply curve is again flat at 5. Thus, the relative supply curve is step shaped, flat at the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2, vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 rising from 3/2 to 5, and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity.International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 4 Resources, Comparative Advantage, and Income Distribution1) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border wouldA) move the point of production along the production possibility curve.B) shift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.C) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensiveproduct.D) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capital-intensiveproduct.E) None of the above.Answer: D2) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ inA) tastes.B) military capabilities.C) size.D) relative availabilities of factors of production.E) labor productivities.Answer: D3) The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the formerA) has only two countries.B) has only two products.C) has two factors of production.D) has two production possibility frontiers (one for each country).E) None of the above.Answer: C4) "A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive." Discuss.Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factorintensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres perworker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statementabove, let us assume that the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assumethat the production of one bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres perperson required to produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) labor intensive.5) "No country is abundant in everything." Discuss.Answer: The concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than doesthe other country. If one country has more capital worker than another, it is an arithmeticimpossibility that it also has more workers per unit capital.6) Refer to above figure. Can you guess which group of producers in Country P might lobby against free trade? Answer:In Country P, the owners of the relatively scarce factor of production are the owners of capital. Their relative and realincomes will decrease, and so they may well attempt to lobby for protectionism, which may prevent the country frommoving to a free trade equilibrium.An Economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and land. The total supply of labor is 100 units. Given the supply of capital, the outputs of the two goods depends on labor input as follows:7) Refer to the table above.(a) Graph the production functions for good 1 and good 2(b) Graph the production possibility frontier. Why is it curved?Answer: The production possibility frontier is curved because of the diminishing returns associated with the expansion of output in the short run in each of the two industries.8) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade will benefit theowners ofA) capital.B) the relatively abundant factor of production.C) the relatively scarce factor of production.D) the relatively inelastic factor of production.E) the factor of production with the largest elasticity of substitution.Answer: B9) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a country'sA) technology.B) advertising.C) human capital.D) factor endowments.E) Both A and B.Answer: D10) The Hechscher-Ohlin model states that a country will have a comparative advantage in the good or servicewhose production is relatively intensive in the ________ with which the country is relatively abundant.A) tastesB) technologyC) factor of productionD) opportunity costE) scale economyAnswer: C11) According to the Hecksher-Ohlin model,A) everyone automatically gains from trade.B) the scarce factor necessarily gains from trade.C) the gainers could compensate the losers and still retain gains.D) a country gains if its exports have a high value added.E) None of the above.Answer:CAssume that only two countries, A and B, exist.12) Refer to the table above. If good S is capital intensive, then following the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory,A) country A will export good S.B) country B will export good S.C) both countries will export good S.D) trade will not occur between these two countries.E) Insufficient information is given.Answer: B13) In international-trade equilibrium in the Heckscher-Ohlin model,A) the capital rich country will charge less for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.B) the capital rich country will charge the same price for the capital intensive good as that paid for it by the capital poor country.C) the capital rich country will charge more for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.D) the workers in the capital rich country will earn more than those in the poor country.E) the workers in the capital rich country will earn less than those in the poor country.Answer: B14) The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following exceptA) which country will export which product.B) which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.C) the volume of trade.D) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.。
InternationalEconomicsII国际经济学
InternationalEconomicsII国际经济学International Economics, 8e (Krugman) IIChapter 12 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments1) A country's gross national product (GNP) isA) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.B) the value of all intermediate goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.C) the value of all final goods produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.D) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market.E) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production, excluding land, and sold on the market in a given time period.Answer: A2）The CA is equal toA) Y - (C - I + G).B) Y + (C + I + G).C) Y - (C + I + G).D) Y - (C + I - G).E) None of the above.Answer: A3）For open economies,A) S = I.B) S = I + CA.C) S = I - CA.D) S > I + CA.E) S < I + CA.Answer: B4）A U.S. citizen buys a newly issued share of stock in England, paying for his order with a check, which the British company deposits in its own U.S. bank account in New York. How is this transaction accounted for in the balance of payments?A) financial account, U.S. asset exportB) current account, U.S. service importC) current account, British good exportD) financial account, British asset importE) financial account, U.S. asset importAnswer: A5) The earnings of a Spanish factory with British owners areA) counted in Spain's GDP.B) are part of Britain's GNP.C) are counted in Britain's GDP.D) are part of Spain's GNP.E) Only A and B.Answer: E6）"The Balance of payments is always balanced." Discuss.Answer: True. Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments twice, once as a credit and once as a debit.Current account + financial account + capital account = 07) "The balance of payments accounts seldom balance in practice." Discuss. Answer: True. The main reasons are due to the fact that data collected or received from different sources may differ in coverage, accuracy, and timing. In addition, data on services are not reliable as well as data from the financial account. Moreover, accurate measurements of international interest and dividend receipts are particularly difficult.8）Fill in the following table:Answer:Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market: An Asset Approach1）How many British pounds would it cost to buy a pair of American designer jeans costing $45 if the exchange rate is 1.80 dollars per British pound?A) 10 British poundsB) 25 British poundsC) 20 British poundsD) 30 British poundsE) 40 British poundsAnswer: B2) An appreciation of a country's currency,A) decreases the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its imports.B) raises the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.C) lowers the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.D) raises the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its imports.E) None of the above.Answer: D3) Which major actor is at the center of the foreign exchange market?A) corporationsB) central banksC) commercial banksD) non-bank financial institutionsE) None of the above.Answer: C4) What is the expected dollar rate of return on euro deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.166 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: B5) What is the expected dollar rate of return on dollar deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.165 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: A6）If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is 4 percent, thenA) an investor should invest only in dollars.B) an investor should invest only in euros.C) an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.D) It is impossible to tell given the information.E) All of the above.Answer: C7）Discuss the effects of a rise in the interest rate paid by euro deposits on the exchange rate.Answer: There are two effects to consider. If we make the unrealistic assumption that the expected exchange rate will not change, then a rise in the interest rate paid by Euro deposits causes the dollar to depreciate. However, if the expected exchange rate were to rise, then the current exchange rate would also rise. (See figure 13-6 from the text.)8) Calculate the interest rate in the euro zone if interest parity condition holds, for the following 15 cases:Answer:Chapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 1）Money includesA) currency.B) checking deposits held by households and firms.C) deposits in the foreign exchange markets.D) Both A and B.E) A, B, and C.Answer: D2）The aggregate money demand depends onA) the interest rate.B) the price level.C) real national income.D) All of the above.E) Only A and C.Answer: D3）Using a figure describing both the U.S. money market and the foreign exchange market, analyze the effects of a temporary increase in the European money supply on the dollar/euro exchange rate.Answer: An increase in the European money supply will reduce the interest rate on the euro and thus will cause the schedule of the expected euro return expresses in dollars to shift down, causing a reduction in the dollar/euro exchange rate, i.e., an appreciation of the U.S. Dollar. The euro depreciates against the dollar. The U.S. money demand and money supply are not going to be affected, and thus the interest rate in the U.S. will remain the same.4) A permanent increase in a country's money supplyA) causes a more than proportional increase in its price level.B) causes a less than proportional increase in its price level.C) causes a proportional increase in its price level.D) leaves its price level constant in long-run equilibrium.E) None of the above.Answer: C5）After a permanent increase in the money supply,A) the exchange rate overshoots in the short run.B）the exchange rate overshoots in the long run.C) the exchange rate smoothly depreciates in the short run.D) the exchange rate smoothly appreciates in the short run.E) None of the above.Answer: A6）"Although the price levels appear to display short-run stickiness in many countries, a change in the money supply creates immediate demand and cost pressures that eventually lead to future increase in the price level." Discuss.Answer: The statement is true. The pressures come from three main sources: excess demand for output and labor; inflationary expectations; and, raw material prices.7）The long run effects of money supply change:A) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the opposite direction.B）proportional effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.C) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.D) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, no change in the price level's long-run value.E) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, A disproportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction. Answer: CChapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run1）Under Purchasing Power Parity,A) E$/E = PUS/PE.B) E$/E = PE/PES.C) E$/E = PUS + PE.D) E$/E = PUS - PE.E) None of the above.Answer: A2）Assuming relative PPP, fill in the table below:Answer:3) Under PPP (and by the Fisher Effect), all else equal,A) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a more-than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer in order to accommodate for the higher inflation.B) a fall in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.C) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.D) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a less than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer to accommodate the rise in expected inflation.E) None of the above.Answer: C4）Describe the chain of events leading to exchange rate determination for the following cases:(a) An Increase in U.S. money supply(d) Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply(c) Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products(d) Increase in relative U.S. output supplyAnswer: Chain of events leading to exchange rate determination:∈/$E = ∈/$q × (P us /P E )Increase in U.S. money supply: Pus rises in proportion to the money supply; qremains the same. All dollar prices will rise (including dollar price of euro).Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply: Inflation rate, dollar interest rate, Pus, E, rises in proportion to Pus.Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products: E falls, and q does as well. Increase in relative U.S. output supply: Dollar depreciates, lowers relative price of U.S. output, rise in q, effect on E is not clear since q and Pus work in opposite directions.5）Which of the following statements is the most accurate? A) Relative PPP is not a reasonable approximation to the data.B) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but often performs poorly.C) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data. D) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.E) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but usually performs poorly.Answer: B6) Interest rate differences between countries depend onA) differences in expected inflation, but not on expected changes in the real exchange rate.B) differences in expected changes in the real exchange rate, but not on expected inflation.C) neither differences in expected inflation, nor on expected changes in the real exchange rate.D) differences in expected inflation and nothing else.E) differences in expected inflation, and on expected changes in the real exchange rate.Answer: E8) What is the real exchange rate between the dollar and the euro equal to? Answer: Let,Real dollar/euro exchange rate = ∈/$q ?Nominal exchange rate = ∈/$EPrice of an unchanging basket in US = Pus Price of an unchanging basket in Europe = PEThen,∈/$q= (∈/$E× P E)/PusA rise in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real depreciation of the dollar against the euro, a fall in purchasing power of the dollar.A fall in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real appreciation of the dollar against the euro, a rise in purchasing power of the dollar.Chapter 16 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run1）A country's domestic currency's real exchange rate, q, is best described byA) the price of similar goods in the same market.B) the price of the domestic basket in terms of the foreign one.C) the price of a domestic basket.D) the price of the foreign basket in terms of the domestic basket.E) the price of different goods baskets in the same market.Answer: D2）Fill in the following table:Answer：3) How does a rise in real income affect aggregate demand?A) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreB) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreC) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↑implies AD ↑, and Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑D) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by lessE) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by less Answer: A4）The aggregate demand for home input can be written as a function of:I. Real exchange rate.II. Government spending.III. Disposable income.A) I onlyB) III onlyC) I and IIID) II and IIIE) I, II, and IIIAnswer: E5) In the short-run, any rise in the real exchange rate, EP/P, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intact Answer: B6) In the short-run, any fall in EP/P, regardless of its causes, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intact Answer: D7) In the short-run, a temporary increase in the money supplyA) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency. Answer: A8）If the economy starts in long-run equilibrium, a permanent fiscal expansion will causeA) an increase in exchange rate, E.B) a decrease in exchange rate, E.C) an increase in output, Y.D) a decrease in output, Y.E) shifting of the AA curve up and to the right.Answer: BChapter 17 Fixed Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Intervention1) A central bank's international reserves includeA) any gold that it owns.B) any silver that it owns.C) any gold that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.D) any silver that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.E) only foreign and domestic assets.Answer: C2）A balance sheet for the central bank of Pecunia is shown below:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $1,000 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $2,000Please write the new balance sheet if the bank sells $100 worth of foreign bonds for domestic currency.Answer:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $900 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $1,9003）If the central bank does not purchase foreign assets when output increases but instead holds the money stock constant, can it still keep the exchange rate fixed at Eo? Please explain with the aid of a figure.Answer:No, the rise in output leads to an excess demand for money. If the central bank does not increase supply to meet this demand, the domestic interest rate would rise above the foreign rate, R*. This higher rate of return (and given expectations in the foreign exchange market) would cause the exchange rate to fall below Eo.4）Under fixed exchange rate, in general,A) the domestic and foreign interest rates are equal, R = R.B) R = R+ (Ee - E)/E.C) There is no relation between the fixed exchange rate and the interest rates both foreign and domestic.D) E is equal to one.E) None of the above.Answer: A5) A balance of payments crisis is best described asA) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.B) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the future exchange rate.C) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of exports.D) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.E) None of the above.Answer: B6) Use a figure to illustrate the ineffectiveness of monetary policy to spur on an economy under a fixed exchange rate. Answer:The initial equilibrium rests at point 1. If the central bank wishes to use monetary policy to increase output from Y1 to Y2, then they might buy domestic assets and shift the AA curve outward. However, the central bank must maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, so would have to sell foreign assets for domestic currency, returning the economy to point 1.7）Use a figure to explain the potential effectiveness of fiscal policy to spur on the economy under a fixed exchange rate. Answer:With an aim toward increasing output, the government could use fiscal policy to shift the DD curve outward. The central bank will have to take steps to maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, among the options is buying foreign assets with money, to shift the AA schedule outward until the equilibrium at point 3 is reached。
国际经济学英文课件萨尔瓦多第十版ch01
也就是说，两个国家GDP越大、距离越近， 则预期两国贸易额越大
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A globalizing world provides opportunities and challenges to nations and people in the world. 世界正在迅速全球化，这给全世界的国家和人 民带来了很多机遇，也带了巨大的挑战。
Flow of goods and services Flow of labor and jobs Flow of financial instruments, currency
大多数国家积极参与
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy
Anti-Globalization Movement 反全球化运动
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Much larger for smaller industrial and developing countries than for United States
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
国际经济学课程全英文教学
国际经济学课程全英文教学国际经济学(International Economics)是经济学(Economics)在国际领域的拓展。
在中国高等院校学科分类中,经济学被分为理论经济学和应用经济学。
世界经济属于理论经济学,国际贸易学属于应用经济学。
国际经济学没有被单独分类,主要涉及世界经济和国际贸易学两个二级学科。
大多数文科院校和一些工科院校都设置国际经济与贸易专业,培养涉外经贸人才。
除了国际经贸专业,经济学、金融学、国际商务、商务英语等专业都开设国际经济学这门课程,将它作为专业基础课或专业课程。
由于很多课程内容涉及西方理论,为适应新形势,培养既懂专业知识又能熟练运用外语的复合型人才,国际经济学的课堂教学一般采用双语教学甚至全英文教学。
其中,全英文教学难度很大,对母语是中文的学生和对教师都是一个挑战。
但是,如果教师能够掌握合适的教学方法,并注意处理好若干方面的问题,就能够取得良好教学效果。
一、全英文教学的意义国际经济学来源于西方,许多英美学者在该领域作出了巨大贡献。
如英国人大卫·李嘉图,美国人保罗·萨缪尔森、保罗·克鲁格曼等,许多研究成果都是用英文撰写,如沃西里·里昂惕夫的成果。
采用英文教学能够最大限度地挖掘相关论着的内涵,比中文教学更细致地向学生展现国际经济学知识。
如“sterilization”一词的含义,许多中文或翻译教材写作“冲销”,少数教材写作“中和”。
但中文中,冲销不是常用词汇,中和也不能完全体现它的含义,但可以直接通过该英文单词的构成来判明词义。
该词的词根是sterilize(使不起作用),演变为sterilization后,是名词形式的“使不起作用”,这比“冲销”更容易被理解。
全英文讲授国际经济学,不使用任何中文,使学生接受与英美学生相同的教学,能够巩固和提高学生的英语运用能力。
学生直接学习英文术语和句子,避免译文的不准确性和不贴切性,有利于学生将来适应全英文环境,便于出国深造和从事对外经贸往来业务。
国际经济学英文版chapter17
e Determination in
Small Open Economy.
Foreign Repercussions
■In a two-nation world, an autonomous increase in exports in Nation 1 is equal to an autonomous increase in imports in Nation 2.
must be panied by an equal excess of saving over domestic investment at the equilibrium level of national e.
e Determination in a Small OpenEconomy
■ In an small open economy, the equilibrium condition relating injections and leakages in the e stream is:
■ e will increase by smaller and smaller amounts until total increase is 400.
■ When e has increased by 400, induced savings will have increased by 100, and equilibrium national (S=I) will again be achieved.
level of national e and production (Y) is
determined by planned flow of consumption (C)
plus planned investment (I):
国际经济学 关键经济术语
1] 国际经济学: 国际经济学以经济学的一般理论为基础，研究国际经济活动和国际经济关系，是一般经济理论在国际经济活动范围中的应用与延伸，是经济学体系的有机组成部分。
其主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支、外汇、生产要素的国际流动、跨国公司、经济发展、经济一体化、开放经济的宏观调节、经济全球化与国际经济秩序等。
国际经济学的一般理论包括国际贸易理论和政策（贸易基础、贸易条件以及贸易利益的分配）、国际金融理论和国家货币政策（汇率理论与制度、国际收支调节理论与政策，以及国际货币体系）、国际要素流动（资本和劳动力的国际流动以及跨国公司理论）等。
2] 经济全球化: 经济全球化(Economic Globalization) 是指世界经济活动超越国界，通过对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务、相互依存、相互联系而形成的全球范围的有机经济整体。
（简单的说也就是世界经济日益成为紧密联系的一个整体）。
经济全球化是当代世界经济的重要特征之一，也是世界经济发展的重要趋势。
3] 微观经济学又称个体经济学，小经济学，是宏观经济学的对称。
微观经济学主要以单个经济单位(•单个的生产者、单个的消费者、单个市场的经济活动)作为研究对象，分析单个生产者如何将有限的资源分配在各种商品的生产上以取得最大的利润；单个消费者如何将有限的收入分配在各种商品的消费上以获得最大的满足。
同时，微观经济学还分析单个生产者的产量、成本、使用的生产要素数量和利润如何确定；生产要素供应者的收入如何决定；单个商品的效用、供给量、•需求量和价格如何确定等等。
4]:宏观经济学又称总体经济学、大经济学。
是微观经济学的对称。
宏观经济学是现代经济学的一个分支。
宏观经济学以整个国民经济为考察对象，研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变动，以解决失业、通货膨胀、经济波动、国际收支等问题，实现长期稳定的发展。
5] 凯恩斯革命: 凯恩斯“革命”以20世纪30年代经济危机为时代背景，适应垄断资产阶级的迫切需要，创建以需求管理的政府干预为中心思想的收入分析宏观经济学。
国际经济学
国际贸易理论的发展(3)
• 有三种类型的新贸易理论模型： • 由克鲁格曼和赫尔普曼等人在垄断竞争模型基础上提出的新贸易理论模型。 • 由布兰德（A.Brander）和斯潘瑟（B.J.Spencer）在寡头垄断模型基础上提
出的新贸易理论模型，该模型不仅阐述了规模经济在国际贸易中的决定作用， 而且还指出了在同质产品条件下，因厂商的非合作行为也会产生产业内贸易。 “相互倾销”便是其中的一个特例。在寡头垄断市场上，围绕着垄断利润， 不仅厂商之间，而且政府之间也可能发生争夺垄断利润的博弈行为。因此， 该理论模型具有重要的政策含义。20世纪80年代中期，引发众多争论的战略 性贸易政策便是基于这一思想提出的。 • 由埃塞尔（W.Ethiar）最早提出的外部经济模型。该理论模型不仅指出外部 规模经济在国际贸易中的重要性，更重要的是，该模型还指出了国际分工格 局对贸易利益不平衡性的影响，即不同的国际分工格局对参与贸易的各方的 经济发展有不同的影响。 • 新贸易理论的出现，并不意味着它替代了传统的要素禀赋理论。从解释对象 上看，两种理论分别解释不同的贸易现象。新贸易理论主要解释产生在发达 国家之间的产业内贸易现象；而传统的要素禀赋理论则主要解释发达国家与 发展中国家之间的产业间贸易（Inter-industry Trade）。从理论基础上看， 新贸易理论以规模经济和不完全竞争为前提，强调产业和企业的市场结构和 竞争性差异；传统的要素禀赋理论则以规模收益不变和完全竞争为前提，强 调国家之间在要素禀赋上的差异性。两派的观点不仅不是相互替代的关系， 相反实际上表现出一种互补性，两者共同丰富和完善了贸易理论。
• 2．国际经济关系发生在具有独立主权的不同经济实体之 间，与之相联系，就产生了不同的疆界和不同的货币。
• 不同疆界的存在，产生了对贸易的关税和非关税限制，而 这在一国内是不存在的；不同的货币通过汇率随时间的变 动，产生了相对价格随时间变动的复杂性，而这在一国之 内同样是不存在的。
国际经济学复习资料(英文版)
Chapter 3 International equilibriumI. Theory of reciprocal demand(相互需求理论)i.Celebrity:By John Stuart Mill(穆勒)ii．Definition: This theory suggests that the actual price at which trade takes place depends on the trading partners’ interacting demands.iii.The reciprocal demand theory thus contends that the equilibrium terms of trade depends on the relative strength of each nation’s demand for the other nation’s product.iv. If two nations of approximately the same size and with similar taste patterns participate in international trade, the gains from will be shared about equally about them. However if one nation is significantly larger than the other, the larger nation attains fewer gains from the trade. (importance of being unimportant)(小国情况下作为不重要角色的重要性)II. Terms of trade estimatei. Definition: The commodity terms of trade(also called barter terms oftrade is often used to measure the direction of trade gains) measures the relationship between the prices a nation gets for its exports and the price it pays for its imports.ii. Estimate:Terms of trade=* 100iii.Conclusion:An improvement in a nation’s terms of trade requires that the prices of its exports rise relative to the prices of its imports over the given time period. Conversely, a deterioration in a nation’s terms of trade is due to a rise in its import prices relative to its export prices over a time period.(贸易条件的改善是指出口品的价格相对进口品价格上升) iv.·贸易条件越是接近哪个国家国内自给自足经济下的价格水平，该国从贸易中所获得的利益就越少。
克鲁格曼版国际经济学英文PPTCH01
• These transactions involve a physical movement of
goods or a tangible commitment of economic resources.
– Example: The conflict between the United States and
from international competition. • This has created the debate dealing with the costs and benefits of protection relative to free trade.
– Advanced countries’ policies engage in industrial targeting. – Developing countries’ policies promote industrialization:
Slide 1-9
International Economics: Trade and Money
International trade issues
• Part I: International Trade Theory • Part II: International Trade Policy
Slide 1-7
International Economics: Trade and Money
International trade analysis focuses primarily on the
real transactions in the international economy.
Slide 1-4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
国际经济学(英文)课件CHAPTER5
——No factor-intensity reversal
4. Both commodities are produced under constant returns to scale in both nations. ——Economies of scale and international trade
Differentiated Products
Intra-industry trade model
Homogeneous Products
Intra-Industry trade
Take advantage of economies of scale in production to keep unit costs low and benefit consumers with more choices
New International Trade Theory
Chapter 5
Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade
Complementary Theories for H-O Theory
Practical Basis of Today’s International Trade
Chapter 5 5
Relaxing Assumptions
5. There is incomplete specialization in production in both nations. 6. Tastes are equal in both nations.
7. There is perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets in both nations.
国际经济学英文版(internationaleconomics)PPT课件
▪ Growth of emerging markets ▪ international capital movements regain importance
6
Economic interdependence
Exports of goods and services as percent of Gross Domestic Product, 2001
Ch 16 Exchange-Rate Systems
Ch 17 Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy
Ch18 International Banking: Reserves, Debt and Risk
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
8
Economic interdependence
Interdependence: Impact
Overall standard of living is higher
▪ Access to raw materials & energy not availo goods & components made less expensively elsewhere
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
Ch 1 The International Economy Ch 2 Foundations of Modern
Trade Theory
Ch 3 International Equilibrium
国际经济学(双语)-第1章
Chapter 1
Classical Theories of International Trade
Chapter 1 Classical Theories of International Trade
1.1 Mercantilism 1.2 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith 1.3 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 1.4 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Cost 1.5 Comparative Advantage with More Than Two Commodities and Countries 1.6 Theory of Reciprocal Demand 1.7 Offer Curve and Terms of Trade
Two assumptions, within each country:
Labor
is the only factor of production and is homogeneous (i.e. of one quality). The cost or price of a good depends exclusively upon the amount of labor required to produce it.
1.3 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo
An Example of Comparative Advantage
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk
Introduction
Objectives / key terms Productivity table Opportunity costs Balassa index Constant returns to scale Absolute costs Revealed (comparative) advantage
International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk
CHAPTER 2; OPPORTUNITY COSTS Introduction Smith's argument for free trade Analysis of absolute cost advantage Application: Japan and the USA Problems with absolute cost advantage and the example Measuring trade advantages: the Balassa index I Conclusions
International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk
Analysis of absolute cost advantage International trade based on differences in technology • 2 countries; USA and Japan • 2 goods; Food and Cars assumptions
International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk
CHAPTER 2; OPPORTUNITY COSTS Introduction Smith's argument for free trade Analysis of absolute cost advantage Application: Japan and the USA Problems with absolute cost advantage and the example Measuring trade advantages: the Balassa index I Conclusions
International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk
CHAPTER 2; OPPORTUNITY COSTS Introduction Smith's argument for free trade Analysis of absolute cost advantage Application: Japan and the USA Problems with absolute cost advantage and the example Measuring trade advantages: the Balassa index I Conclusions
• 1 factor of production; labor L • Constant returns to scale; CRS • Labor mobility between sectors, not between countries • Perfect competition • No transport costs unit labor requirement = units of labor required to produce one unit of a final good By assumption this is independent of the number of laborers active in a sector (CRS), but may differ between the two countries. Let aUS for good F in USA, etc F be the unit labor requirement
International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk
Smith's argument for free trade You do not make your own clothes or shoes butr shoemaker to enjoy the benefits of increased specialization. You concentrate on producing what you do best. International trade, similarly, allows countries to concentrate on producing what they do best.
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk
CHAPTER 2; OPPORTUNITY COSTS Introduction Smith's argument for free trade Analysis of absolute cost advantage Application: Japan and the USA Problems with absolute cost advantage and the example Measuring trade advantages: the Balassa index I Conclusions