新托福模拟测试题
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。
TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题材料分享：CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.A. will be more popular than TVB. will be popular againC. started in WalesD. are in the hands of some old people答案：B解析：推断题。
托福考试专项测试试题含答案
托福考试专项测试试题含答案生命是一种语言，它为我们转达了某种真理;如果以另一种方式学习它，我们将不能生存。
下面是为大家搜索的专项测试试题含答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们!The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness #munities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, aordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other citiesflourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf aessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.(B) The evolution of cities in North America(C) Trade between North American and European cities(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) North American colonies(B) cities(C) centuries(D) town economies3. The passage #pares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?(A) Their economic suess(B) The type of merchandise they exported(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements(D) The pace of their development4. The word "aordingly因此" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) as usual(B) in contrast(C) to some degree(D) for that reason5. Aording to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to(A) an abundance of natural resources(B) financial support from colonial governments(C) proximity to parts of Europe(D) a favorable climate6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?(A) Manufacturing equipment(B) Capital goods(C) Consumer goods(D) Raw materials7. Aording to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the(A) location of the plantations(B) aess of plantation owners to shipping(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in#parison with northern cities, most southern cities were(A) more prosperous(B) smaller(C) less economically self-sufficient(D) tied less closely to England than to France9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) imagined(B) discovered(C) documented 记录(D) planned10. The word "drawing拉" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) attracting(B) employing(C) instructing(D) representing11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states1-11 BBDDC DCBCA C。
(完整版)雅思托福基础测试题
Model Test (Basic)vocabularypart I （20分）1.The government is determined to protect its tobacco ________.A) monopoly B) monotony C) monologue D) monograph2. Apparently in interviews he refuses to talk about his ________life.A) privacy B) private C) universe D) unify3.He decided to postpone their holiday ______ next year.A) on B) for C) until D) in4. Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _______ with the local police.A) inquire B) consult C) register D) profession5. As he has _______ our patience, we’ll not wait for him any longer.A) torn B) wasted C) exhausted D) consumed6. These teachers try to be objective when they _______ the integrated ability oftheir students.A) justify B) evaluate C) indicate D) reckon7. Mrs. Morris's daughter is pretty and _______, and many girls envy her.A) slender B) light C) faint D) minor8. Tomorrow the mayor is to _____ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city.A) coordinate B) cooperate C) accompany D) associate9. Norman Davis will be remembered by many _____ with not only as a greatscholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend.A) kindness B) friendliness C) warmth D) affection10.Technological ______ has been so rapid over the last few years.A）retrograde B)retrogress C) progress D) project11. Salaries for ______ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.A) legal B) optional C) voluntary D) temporary12.He never arrives on time and my ______ is that he feels the meetings are useless.A) preference B) conference C) inference D) reference13.It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without _______.A) exception B) exclusion C) modification D) substitution14.Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ______ the quality of the programs.A) lessened B) declined C) affected D) effected15. The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.A) convention B) confinement C) principle D) discipline16.There's not much ______ that this war will be over soon.A) prospect B) process C) foreground D) profess17. It was the first time that such a ______had to be taken at a British nuclear power station.A) presentation B) precaution C) preparation D) prediction18.She felt _____ when her closest friend moved away.A) desolate B) solace C) insulate D)repugnant19.You should try to ______ your ambition and be more realistic.A) reserve B) restrain C) retain D) replace20.The ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _____ instead of mec hanically.A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) syntheticallyPart II （10分）1.She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image. The word "transform" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) move B) extend C) change D) interpret2.The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the animals to capture its food.The word "capture" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) catch B) control C) cover D) clean3.When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so thatit resembles a lump on a rock.The word "retracts" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) pulls back B) relaxes C) reproduces D) lifts up4.Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing the character of the area. The word "retain" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) preserve B) possess C) enjoy D) improve5.A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within afew generations. The word "shattered" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) arranged B) dissolved C) broken apart D) gathered togetherGrammar （30分）1.According to the law, _____ have an equal right to an education.A. every of childrenB. every childC. all of childrenD. all children2. The workers in that factory are paid _____.A. by the hourB. by an hourC. by hourD. by hours3. They talked about the problem among _____.A. themB. each otherC. themselvesD. one another4. A good writer is _____ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A. thatB. heC. oneD. this5. Which do you think _____ , wealth or health?A. bestB. betterC. the betterD. the best6.The size of that island is about _____ that of this one.A. three times as much asB. as three times much asC. as three times greater thanD. three times as big as7. That last novel of his is _____ the best he has written.A. by farB. so farC. by thenD. so much8. A good sleep can _____ a tiring day.A. make out forB. make upC. make up forD. make up to9. He hasn’t any money so I _____ him some.A. will be lendingB. am to lendC. would lendD. am going to lend10. He promised to let me have the book as soon as he _____ it.A. had readB. has readC. read D, would have read11. We can go only when the ground _____ .A. is dryingB. will dryC. driedD. has dried12. He went away and he _____ back yet.A. is notB. has not beenC. was notD. will not be13. The world’s supplies of petroleum _____ .A. have been gradually exhaustedB. have gradually exhaustedC. are being gradually exhaustedD. are gradually exhausted14. We _____ your terms carefully but _____ to say that we cannot accept them.A. are studying; regretB. have studied; are regrettingC. have studied; regretD. have been studying; will regret15. With the development of production and science, electronics _____ a wide application ina short time.A. has foundB. findsC. have foundD. found16. The company _____ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.A. has been promisedB. has been promisingC. is promisingD. promised17. The children _____ many times not to go near the stove.A. have toldB. toldC. have been toldD. are told18. The experiment is very expensive. But _____ succeed, we would be able to make production more efficient.A. should weB. were weC. if should weD. if we19. _____ if you had lost your watch?A. Hadn’t you been upsetB. Wouldn’t you be upsetC. Weren’t you upsetD. Wouldn’t you have upset20. I wished it _____ but it did.A. not occurredB. did not occurC. had not occurredD. would not occur21. If I had only read all the books before I _____ the lecture!A. attendedB. would have attendedC. had attendedD. have attended22. The swimmer was very tired but he _____ reach the shore before he collapsed.A. managedB. couldC. was succeeded toD. was able to23. _____ as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false.A. The estimate B The estimate that C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that24. The lawyer told his client that _____.A. the case was of a small chance to winB. it was nearly impossible to win him the caseC. they had little chance of winning the caseD. the chance of their winning the case was little25. _____ that men try to do the same things as nature does, and they usually have to do them in a different way.A. The fact is so interestingB. It is an interesting factC. The fact has much interestD. There is a fact so interesting26. We were all overjoyed at the news _____ the experiment turned out a success.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. what27. The man _____ had little information.A. I spoke ofB. of who I spokeC. I spoke of whomD. whom I spoke28. The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.A. whomB. asC. whichD. that29. The higher income tax is harmful _____ it may discourage people from trying to earn more.A. so thatB. in thatC. unlessD. in case30. Only in the last few years _____ to help the underprivileged in the country.A. something is doneB. is something doneC. has there something been doneD. has anything been doneReading （30分）Interesting Day Courses in your AreaA Photographing WildlifeThis workshop includes an introduction in the classroom, two photography sessions with specially arranged access to the zoo enclosures so that you can take natural-lookingclose-ups of the most exotic species, and the opportunity to review and discuss your images as a group.B Drawing For FunYou will learn some basic techniques using soft pencils and charcoal. These and different types of paper are provided. Just bring yourself and a willingness to ‘have a go’. This is a start-up day so people who have already attended courses should not apply.C Find Your VoiceYou may feel you can’t sing or you may be an established singer who wants to improve or gain confidence. You will be shown how to sing in tune, how to breathe correctly and how to project your voice. You may attend this course more than once and each time have a wonderful experience. Everyone can sing and it’s great fun.D Focus On LandscapesThis course is designed for students who are familiar with painting in watercolors, but are having difficulty with some techniques. We will discuss choice of materials, color mixing and any other areas that may be raised.The day will start with a demonstration, followed by an opportunity to sketch outdoors. After a light lunch cooked in the studio, there will be a further practical session.E Taking Happy PicturesThe main objective is to introduce you to the skills required to take good photographs of people at special events, such as parties or weddings.We will discuss camera settings, dealing with varied light or bad weather, and how to get a good atmosphere. Lunch is provided at a nearby hotel, followed by a practical session inside the studio.F The Music TakeawayGet some friends, family or colleagues together for your own music course in a venue of your choice, which could be your front room, basement or workplace. We send two guitar tutors to lead a one-day session for you in the style of music you prefer, such as rock, country, funk or blues.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.Participants can decide where the course is held.Different ability levels are welcome.All the necessary materials are supplied.Participants will be able to go where the public are not normally allowed.It is possible to repeat this course.You can select what to study from a range of options.The course will provided advice on how to overcome difficult conditions.THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMSPlant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession ”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes in plant numbers and the mix of species are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish may tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time. Ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystem stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologist concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a singe crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy their entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community , such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from bad weather or pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologist don’t all agree what “stability “ means . Stability can be all defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience . In that case, climax community would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can acquire hundreds of years to return to the complex state.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability- just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is , in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle）Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by volcanic explosion of Mount. St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example , pales in comparison to theconstruction cause by humans. We need to know what aspects of community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “ patchiness” of the environment. An environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.2 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is not true of climax communities?A They occur at the end of a succession.B They last longer than any other type of community.C The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.D They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?A Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.B The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replace.C Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.D A change in the numbers of an organism does not affect tan ecosystem’s properties.4 According to paragraph 3, ecologist once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?A Pioneer communitiesB Climax communitiesC Single-crop farmlandsD Successional plant communities5 According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?A The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.B Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “ resilience”.C The exact meaning of the word “ stability” is debated by ecologists.D There are many different answers to the ecological questions.6 According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about climax community?A They are more resilient than pioneer communities.B They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.C They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.D They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.7 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forest?A They become less stable as they mature.B They support many species when they reach climax.C They are found in temperate zones.D They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stage.9 In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “a A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle”?A To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an every-day example.B To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystem can be applied to help understand stability in other situations.C To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity.D To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems.11 which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A Ecologists now thinks that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.B Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.C Uniform environments can’t be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.D A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.Writing （30分）Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in improving road safety.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.。
小托福测试题
小托福测试题一、听力部分（共40分）第一节：图片理解题听一遍图片描述，请根据描述选择正确的答案。
1. Who is the woman in the picture talking to?A. Her teacher.B. Her friend.C. Her sister.D. Her mother.2. What is the man in the picture doing?A. Playing basketball.B. Reading a book.C. Cooking in the kitchen.D. Fixing a broken car.第二节：对话理解题听一遍对话，请根据对话内容回答问题。
3. What does the man want to do this weekend?A. Go shopping.B. Have a picnic.C. Visit a museum.D. Go to the beach.4. Where does the woman most likely work?A. A hotel.B. A restaurant.C. A hospital.D. A library.第三节：短文理解题听两遍短文，请根据短文内容选择正确的答案。
5. What is the main purpose of this notice?A. To inform students about class cancellation.B. To announce the schedule for the upcoming exams.C. To remind students of the school rules.D. To promote a new club on campus.6. What does the speaker suggest the students do?A. Attend the lecture next week.B. Complete the online quiz immediately.C. Submit their assignments before the deadline.D. Sign up for the after-school study group.二、阅读部分（共40分）第一节：阅读选择题阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容选择正确的答案。
新托福测试题及答案
新托福测试题及答案一、听力部分1. 听力对话A. 学生与教授讨论课程内容。
B. 图书管理员与学生讨论图书借阅。
2. 听力讲座A. 教授关于环境保护的讲座。
B. 学生介绍一个科学实验。
二、阅读部分1. 阅读文章A. 描述一个历史事件。
B. 讨论一种文化现象。
2. 问题与选项A. 根据文章A，以下哪项是事件的主要原因？a) 经济因素b) 社会因素c) 政治因素d) 自然因素B. 文章B中提到的文化现象主要影响了哪个群体？a) 年轻人b) 中年人c) 老年人d) 全社会三、口语部分1. 独立口语任务A. 描述一个你曾经克服的困难。
2. 综合口语任务A. 根据听力对话和阅读文章，讨论学生如何解决遇到的问题。
四、写作部分1. 综合写作任务A. 阅读一篇文章，然后听一个相关的讲座，最后写一篇文章总结两者的主要观点和论据。
2. 独立写作任务A. 你同意以下观点吗？“教育是个人成功的关键因素”。
请给出你的理由和例子。
五、答案1. 听力部分A. 正确答案：教授建议学生阅读额外的资料来加深理解。
B. 正确答案：学生需要在一周内归还图书。
2. 阅读部分A. 正确答案：b) 社会因素B. 正确答案：a) 年轻人3. 口语部分独立口语任务答案示例：我克服的困难是学习新语言。
起初，我感到非常困难，但通过不断练习和使用语言，我最终提高了我的语言技能。
综合口语任务答案示例：学生可以通过与教授讨论问题，寻求同学的帮助，或者利用图书馆资源来解决遇到的问题。
4. 写作部分综合写作任务答案示例：文章和讲座都认为环境保护很重要，但文章强调政府的作用，而讲座强调个人的责任。
独立写作任务答案示例：我同意教育是个人成功的关键因素。
教育不仅提供了知识和技能，还培养了解决问题的能力，这对于个人的职业发展至关重要。
请注意：以上内容为示例，实际测试题和答案可能会有所不同。
托福听力测试题及答案
托福听力测试题及答案
1. 听下面对话，回答以下问题：
对话中提到的会议是在什么时候举行的？
A. 上午9点
B. 下午3点
C. 晚上7点
D. 没有提及具体时间
答案：B
2. 听下面讲座，回答以下问题：
教授在讲座中提到了哪种动物的迁徙行为？
A. 蝴蝶
B. 鲸鱼
C. 企鹅
D. 鸟类
答案：A
3. 听下面对话，回答以下问题：
学生为什么去找教授？
A. 询问作业
B. 寻求建议
C. 讨论成绩
D. 报告问题
答案：B
4. 听下面讲座，回答以下问题：
讲座中提到的艺术家是哪个国家的？
A. 法国
B. 意大利
C. 西班牙
D. 荷兰
答案：D
5. 听下面对话，回答以下问题：
对话中提到的图书馆在哪里？
A. 校园中心
B. 校园东边
C. 校园西边
D. 校园北边
答案：C
6. 听下面讲座，回答以下问题：
讲座中提到的实验结果是什么？
A. 成功
B. 失败
C. 需要进一步研究
D. 无法确定
答案：C
7. 听下面对话，回答以下问题：
对话中提到的天气如何？
A. 晴朗
B. 多云
C. 下雨
D. 雪
答案：C
8. 听下面讲座，回答以下问题：
讲座中提到的新技术对环境有何影响？
A. 正面影响
B. 负面影响
C. 没有影响
D. 影响未知
答案：A
结束语：以上是本次托福听力测试题及答案，希望能够帮助考生更好地准备考试。
新托福考试听力测试经典型：连接内容题+推理题
1.内容连接题分类 (频率: 0.5/套) (1)配对表格题：重要信息对号入座，侧重于考察多个时间、地点、人物、事件的对应／ 段落中主要论点下的各分支及各分支定义和主要特点 Drag the appropriate description of each marmot species‘ behavior to the box below the marmot’s name. Now I’ll talk about three important factors The first is…… The other/ second is…… The third/ last is……
Q3:In the talk, the professor describes the sequence of uranium-lead dating. Summarize the sequence by putting the events in the correct order. Drag your answer choices to spaces where they belong. A. Zircon in the sandstone is matched to the zircon in a particular mountain range. B. The amount of lead in sandstone zircon is measured C. The age of zircon in a sandstone sample is determined
the age of one of your mountain ranges, then it means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular mountain range. Is everybody with me on that? Good. So, in this case, UraniumLead Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. So because of this, this new way of doing Uranium-Lead Dating, we’ve been able to determine that one of our major assumptions about the Grand Canyon was wrong.
托福考试模拟试题及答案word
托福考试模拟试题及答案word一、听力部分1. 听一段对话，然后选择正确的答案。
- 问题：对话中提到了什么活动？- 选项：A. 看电影B. 参加派对C. 去图书馆- 答案：B2. 听一段讲座，然后回答以下问题。
- 问题：讲座中提到了哪些主要观点？- 答案：讲座主要讨论了环境保护的重要性以及个人在日常生活中可以采取的措施。
二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下短文，然后回答相关问题。
- 短文：《城市化的影响》- 问题：城市化对环境有哪些影响？- 答案：城市化导致空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。
2. 阅读以下文章，然后选择正确的答案。
- 文章：《科技与教育》- 问题：科技如何改变教育？- 选项：A. 通过在线课程B. 通过提高学费C. 通过减少教师数量- 答案：A三、口语部分1. 描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么你选择参加它。
- 答案示例：我最近参加了一个环保志愿者活动，因为我对环境保护非常感兴趣，并且希望能够为保护我们的地球做出贡献。
2. 讨论你如何看待全球化对文化的影响。
- 答案示例：我认为全球化促进了不同文化之间的交流和理解，但同时也可能导致某些文化特色的丧失。
四、写作部分1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技发展对日常生活的影响。
- 答案示例：科技发展极大地方便了我们的日常生活，例如智能手机让我们随时随地都能获取信息，但同时也带来了隐私和安全问题。
2. 选择一个你感兴趣的话题，写一篇文章表达你的观点。
- 答案示例：我选择讨论教育的重要性。
教育不仅能够提高个人的生活质量，也是社会进步和发展的关键。
结束语托福考试是一个全面评估英语能力的测试，希望以上的模拟试题及答案能够帮助你更好地准备考试。
记住，持续的练习和复习是提高语言能力的关键。
祝你考试顺利！请注意，以上内容仅为模拟试题，实际的托福考试内容和形式可能会有所不同。
考生应以官方发布的考试指南为准。
2023年托福考试语法题题库及答案
1.Barges which carrier most of the heavy freight on rivers and canals are usually propelled by towing.答案：A测试点：词性。
分析：carrier是名词，而此处需要谓语动词。
应为carries。
解题要点：名词后缀-er,-or,-tion,-sion等形式出现在TOEFL改错题中，应引起特别注意。
答案：C测试点：习语。
分析：One of the+复数名词/名词词级是固定说法，此处缺of.测试点：主谓数的一致。
4.It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague e某pressions that only obscure one’s meaning.答案：B测试点：并列结构/词性。
分析：and的前后部分应同词性、同性质，此处应用副词effectively与and前的simply和directly并列，不用形容词effective。
5.Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in long.答案：D测试点：词性分析：表示“在长度方面”固定的说法是in length，不用long。
从词性考虑，介词诅后要加名词(1ength),不能加形容词(1ong)。
解题要点;TOEFL考题中表示长(1ong，length),高(high，height),深(deep，depth)等词的.名词及其形容词形式常常混淆。
答案：D测试点：词形。
7.When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the Sun.答案：D测试点：词序。
小托福试题及答案下载
小托福试题及答案下载小托福（TOEFL Junior）是针对11-17岁学生设计的英语能力测试，它旨在评估学生在学术环境中使用英语的能力。
以下是一些小托福试题及答案的样例，供学生下载并练习。
阅读部分1. 阅读以下短文，并回答问题。
短文：“在遥远的星球上，居住着一群智慧生物。
他们拥有高度发达的科技，但同时也面临着资源匮乏的问题。
为了解决这一问题，他们决定向地球寻求帮助。
”问题：A. 这个星球的生物为什么需要向地球寻求帮助？B. 他们拥有哪些高科技？答案：A. 他们需要向地球寻求帮助是因为他们面临着资源匮乏的问题。
B. 文章中没有具体提到他们拥有哪些高科技。
听力部分2. 听以下对话，并回答问题。
对话：“你好，请问图书馆在哪里？”“图书馆在校园的中心，从这里直走，然后右转。
”问题：A. 图书馆的位置在哪里？B. 从当前位置到图书馆应该怎么走？答案：A. 图书馆位于校园的中心。
B. 从当前位置直走，然后右转。
语言形式与含义部分3. 选择正确的词填空。
句子：“尽管他______，但他仍然决定参加马拉松比赛。
”选项：A. 受伤了B. 感到疲倦答案：A. 受伤了口语部分4. 看图说话。
图片描述：“一个小男孩正在公园里放风筝。
”问题：A. 小男孩在做什么？B. 他在哪里？答案：A. 小男孩正在放风筝。
B. 他在公园里。
写作部分5. 写一篇短文，描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释为什么。
提示：- 描述季节的特点。
- 说明你为什么喜欢这个季节。
答案：（此处应为学生自行撰写的短文，以下为示例答案）我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气凉爽宜人，树叶变成金黄色，给人一种宁静的感觉。
此外，秋天还是丰收的季节，农民们忙碌着收获庄稼，这让我感受到大自然的恩赐。
请注意，以上试题及答案仅供参考，实际的小托福试题可能会有所不同。
学生可以通过官方网站或授权的教育机构获取最新的试题和答案。
托福模拟题测试题及答案
托福模拟题测试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据录音内容，以下哪项是教授在讲座中提到的？A. 地球的气候变化对生态系统有积极影响。
B. 人类活动是导致全球变暖的主要原因。
C. 地球的自然周期导致了气候变化。
D. 气候变化对人类社会没有影响。
答案：B2. 在对话中，学生为什么感到困惑？A. 学生不理解课程作业的要求。
B. 学生不知道如何安排时间。
C. 学生对考试内容感到困惑。
D. 学生对老师的教学方法感到困惑。
答案：A二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 根据文章内容，作者主要讨论了什么主题？A. 科技发展对教育的影响。
B. 教育系统如何适应社会变化。
C. 教育的重要性在现代社会中减少。
D. 社会对教育的需求日益增长。
答案：B2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”是指什么？A. 只在学生时代接受教育。
B. 教育应该贯穿一个人的整个生活。
C. 教育只对年轻人重要。
D. 教育只包括学术知识。
答案：B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 请描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么这个活动对你很重要。
（答案略）2. 你如何看待在线教育与传统教育的结合？请给出你的观点。
（答案略）四、写作能力（Writing Ability）1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技在日常生活中的作用，并给出你的观点。
（答案略）2. 选择一个你感兴趣的社会问题，写一篇文章，说明这个问题的重要性以及可能的解决方案。
（答案略）请注意：以上模拟题及答案仅供参考，实际托福考试的题型和内容可能会有所不同。
托福测试题
托福测试题(总15页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除北美VIP项目入学测试Name：__ LIBO___ Grade：______ Score：______ Answer sheet：一、VocabularyYou will have 15 minutes to work on this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the answer sheet.1、The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is thenumber of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.The word "outstanding" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent2、They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems.The word "hard" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) firm(B) severe(C) difficult(D) bitter3、Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may beslightly more of it; in others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.The word "vary" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) mean(B) stretch(C) change(D) include4、Since the weight of the oxygen is always added, the weight of the products of combustion, including the evolved gases, would always be greater than the weight of the starting material.The word "Since" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) later(B) because(C) during(D) although5、In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core.The word "great" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) dangerous(B) unknown(C) variable(D) strong6、It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.The word "vast" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) special(B) Known(C) varied(D) great7、Richly organized colonies of the kind made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.The word "key" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) uncommon(B) important(C) incidental(D) temporary8、Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method) . Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions.The word "sole" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) obvious(B) best(C) only(D) final9、Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action.The word "ends" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) benefits(B) decisions(C) services(D) goals10、Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed down by 1966, another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) behind(B) since(C) during(D) precedingcamera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image.The word "transform" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) move(B) extend(C) change(D) interpret12、At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than 10 kilometers across.The word "heart" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) center(B) edge(C) tail(D) beginning13、Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.The word "precious" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) exact(B) scarce(C) valuable(D) initial14、While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming.The word "option"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) choice(B) benefit(C) idea(D) experience15、Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots.The word "whereas" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) while(B) previously(C) surprisingly(D) because16、One thinks of melodramas, boys' books, thrillers, romances, and the like rather than novels of the first rank.The phrase "first rank" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) largest category(B) highest quality(C) earliest writers(D) most difficult language17、Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers.The word "immobile"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) enclosed(B) permanent(C) motionless(D) intact18、The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.The word "threatened"is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) Restricted(B) Endangered(C) Prevented(D) Rejected19、The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe.The word “principal” is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) Major(B) Likely(C) Well protected(D) Distinct20、We know, however, that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a 5variety of ways. The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely, although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.The word "therefore" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) in theory(B) obviously(C) frequently(D) as a result二、GrammarYou will have 15 minutes to work on this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the answer sheet.1、While play is important at all levels of human development, _________takes on particular significance when children are five and six years old.A. itB. andC. whichD. because it2. _________ founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its president until1904.A. Clara Barton, whoB. Although Clara BartonC. It was Clara BartonD. Clara Barton3. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________President.A. he becameB. when becomingC. becameD. did he become4. _________ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen, and most do both.A. Working fire extinguishersB. Fire extinguishers that workC. Fire extinguishers workD. The work of fire extinguishers5. During the second and third years of life, children gain _________ over their bodies.A. control increasingB. increasing to controlC. control is increasingD. increasing control6. Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became _________ .A. the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB. the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC. it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD. so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony7. Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine _________ they are heading.A. the direction in whichC. that direction of whichD. where the direction8. In 1966 only 60 percent of all five year olds in the United States attended kindergarten, _________ in 1985 almost 82 percent did so.A. withB. whichC. whetherD. while9. _________ “nova” means new, novas are actually stars that have existed for a long time and suddenly flare into brilliance.A. ThatB. WhyC. AlthoughD. It is10. Some critics maintain _________ the mystery novel is a symbolic ritual of guilt and retribution.A. is thatB. that there isC. it isD. that11. A few species of mushrooms cause death or serious illness _________.A. having eatenB. that they are eatenC. are eatenD. when eaten12. _________ 639 named muscles in the human anatomy.A. As areB. There areC. Of theD. That are13. _________ as children that most people first come in contact with myths.A. WhenB. It isC. There areD. That is14. Today’s farmers use irrigation, fertilizers, large machines, and other technology _________ high crop yields.A. in the productionB. for productionC. to produceD. produce15. The portrayal of everyday life in the objects of folk art makes it _________ valuable source of history.A. and aB. so that aC. aD. is a16. About three-quarters of the state of Indiana is covered by _________.A. which farmlandB. such farmland is thereC. farmlandD. it is farmland17. Desktop publishing systems are capable of _________ camera-ready pages made up of text and graphics, with text set in different typefaces and sizes.A. when producingB. produceC. to produceD. producing18. More battles were fought in South Carolina _________ in any other state during the American Revolution.A. asB. althoughC. thanD. but19. _________ in 1800, Middlebury College is the oldest college in Vermont.A. OpenedB. Opened itC. The openingD. There was open20. Frances Perkins, _________ of the United States cabinet, served in the cabinet assecretary of labor from 1933 to 1945.A. the first female memberB. was the first female memberC. the first female member whoD. of whom the first female member三、ReadingYou will have 20 minutes to work on this section. Question 1-10 are based on the following passage.PASSAGEBy the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of thelanguage of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox4. The word "it" in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator5. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics6. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting7. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice8. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful9. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round10. The "produce" mentioned in the last sentence could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) markets。
新东方托福学习前测试试题
TOEFL ibt 测试卷R测试时间：测评教师：学生姓名：测评地点：学员成绩：/120Time: 60 minutesScore: READING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe reading section measures your ability to read and understand passages in English. For most questions, you will choose the one best answer of four possible answers. You have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer all of the questions.Reading 1 “Layers of Social Class”Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people’s social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.→Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400”– the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made”were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into “old rich” circles.→The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because ofthe difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class”because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.→The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people ten not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class include workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.→The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs. [A] Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-round And full time –a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. [B] The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments.[C] Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities. [D]1. The word those in the passage refers toA)characteristicsB)groupsC)classesD)continuum2. The word enormous in the passage is closest in meaning toA) very largeB) very newC)very earlyD)very good3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlightedstatement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.A)Although it is not generally accepted, your family provides the bestprediction of your future wealth.B)You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you mayhave been born.C)It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your futurewealth and level of social status.D)Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and socialstatus of your family.4.Why does the author mention the “Forbes 400” in paragraph 3?A)To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB)To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their moneyC)To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthD)To give examples of successful people who have modest family connectionsParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]5.In paragraph 4, the author states that business and professional people witheducational advantages are most often members of theA)lower middle classB)upper middle classC)nouveau richeD)upper classParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→]6.The word primarily in the passage is closest in meaning toA)mostlyB)somewhatC)finallyD)always7.The word contemporary in the passage is closest in meaning toA)unexpectedB)modernC)strategicD)reliable8.According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middleclass in the United States?A)They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.B)They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.C)They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear.D)They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]9. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?A) They are not able to find entry-level jobsB) They work in jobs that require little education.C) They are service workers and manual laborers.D) They do not try to find employment.10. According to paragraph 7,why has the underclass emerged?A) The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higherlifestyle than it had previously.B) The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live byengaging in illegal activities.C) Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive bywelfare or crime.D) Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard levelin the economic system.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]11. All of the following are indicators of prestige in the United States EXCEPTA) the level of education that a person has achievedB) the amount of money that an individual has acquiredC) the type of employment that someone pursuesD) the hard work that a person does on a consistent basis12. Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could beinserted in the passage.The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor.Where could the sentence best be added?Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.13.Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The levels of education, the acquisition of wealth, and occupational prestige determine social status in the United States.●●Answer Choices[A] People who have made their money more recently tend not to be accepted bythose who have inherited their wealth from family holdings.[B] The lower class includes working people with low incomes and a new underclassof people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime.[C] The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the uppermiddle class has a high income that they earn in their professions.[D] Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for the majority, it isdifficult for many people to maintain this standard of living.[E] Most people identify themselves as middle class, including blue-collar workersand service workers as well as bureaucratic employees.[F] It is still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States byworking your way up the ladder in a corporate environment.Reading 2 “THE ART OF THEATRE”The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium. Thus, sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature, the medium is written language. For theatre, it is a story performed by actors on a stage.Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays, like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel, a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work; it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of theplay—the scenery, lighting, and costumes—will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.The basic encounter in theatre is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people, characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theatre from other art forms.Theatre has several other distinctive characteristics. First, the subject matter of theatre is always human beings. Second, theatre is universal—there is an impulse toward creating theatre in all societies. Third, theatre is transitory in nature—a play is an event that occurs through time. Finally, theatre is set apart by its basic elements: audience, performers, director, dramatist, purpose, viewpoint, and setting.Human beings and human concerns are always the subject matter of drama, even when the performers play animals, object, or abstract ideas. In the medieval play Everyman, some of the roles are abstract ideas such as Beauty, Knowledge, and Strength. The central character is Everyman, a human character, and the subject is death arriving before we want it to come—a theme that is universal to humans. The focus of drama is on human beings, even though different human concerns have been emphasized in different plays.In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fullydeveloped theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience.One special quality of a theatre performance is its immediacy. In the theatre, we live in the perpetual present tense. Theatre is a transitory art. A performance changes from moment to moment, and each moment is a direct, immediate adventure for the audience. The transitory nature of theatre is a quality it shares with music and dance, and sets it apart from literature and the visual arts. A novel or a painting is a fixed object; it exists as a finished product. The performing art, on the other hand, are not objects but events. Theatre occurs through time; it is an experience created by a series of sights, sounds, and impressions.14. How does the art of theatre convey its message?A) An instrument or voice produces sound.B) A camera converts light to images on film.C)People perform a story for another group.D)A person writes a story for others to read.15. The author discusses literature in paragraph 2 in order to illustrate what point?A)Literature and drama are both written forms of communication.B)Reading a novel and attending a play are different experiences.C）Both novelists and dramatists use an outline to organize ideas.D) Many actors prefer roles from classic works of literature.16.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) A play’s scenery, lighting, and costumes contribute to the message of the play.B)Theatre is the only art form that mixes more than one medium in a singlework of art.C) A successful dramatist knows how to blend purpose, viewpoint, and themeinto a unique performance.D)Theatre is a distinct art form by the way it joins characters and audience in thetelling of a story.17.Why does the author mention Everyman in paragraph 5?A)To show that definition of theatre has evolved over timeB)To give an example of a play in which abstract ideas are charactersC)To compare the importance of beauty, knowledge, and strengthD)To illustrate the universal human desire to create theatre18.The word theme in paragraph 5 refers toA)performers playing animals, objects, or ideasB)death arriving before we want it to comeC)beauty, knowledge, and strengthD)Everyman as a central character19.The word urge in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA)moneyB)educationC)motivationD)patience20.The word realm in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA)formB)ritualC)scienceD)tool21.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the development of theatre?A)In every human society, theatre appeared before other forms of art.B)Theatre could not have developed without the support of political leaders.C)People created theatre as a way to promote peace between rival groups.D)Theatre emerged as a distinct art form at different times around the world.22.The word transitory in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA)temporaryB)beautifulC)surprisingD)expressive23.How is theatre similar to the other performing arts?A)It is based on works of literature.B)It exits as a finished product.C)It is an event that occurs through time.D)It is presented the same way every time.24.According to the passage, all of the following are true of theatre EXCEPTA)The impulse toward theatre is universal.B)The medium of theatre is written language.C)Theatre is a distinct form of art.D)The focus of theatre is always human.25.Look at the four squares, [A] [B] [C] and [D], which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, theatre is a shared event, an experience that includes both those who perform and who observe.In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. [A] The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. [B] At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. [C] Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience. [D]26.An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in this passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summarybecause they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Answer ChoicesA)Theatre is a form of literature because we can read plays in books.B)Theatre requires a human story, performers, and an audience.C)An actor must change his voice to play certain characters.D)The tendency toward creating theatre occurs in all human societies.E)Theatre developed as a separate art very early in Greece and India.F)Each theatre performance is an immediate yet transitory experience.Time: 60 minutesScore:LISTENING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe listening section measures your ability to understand conversations and lectures in English. You will hear two conversations and one lecture, each only one time. After each conversation or lecture, you will hear some questions about it. Answer all the questions based on what the speakers state or imply.You may take notes while you listen and use your notes to help you answer the questions. You have approximately 15 minutes to complete this section. Please don’t look at the questions until the conversation or lecture is over.Listening 1 “Professor’s office”1. Why does the man go to see his professor?A) To take a makeup test for a class that he missedB) To explain why he has been absent from classC) To turn in an extra credit project to the professorD) To ask the professor how to bring up his gradeC)Why did Ernie get a low grade on the last test?a)He does not understand the material.b)He is not a very good student.c)He did not have time to finish it.d)He was in a hurry to leave the class.D)What do we know about the test?a)There were 100questions on it.b)It was worth 25 percent of the final grade.c)The test was an extra credit assignment.d)The questions were very difficult.E)Why does the professor say this:a)Because she doesn’t understand what the man wants her to dob)Because she has finished the discussion about the man’s problemc)Because she wants the man to be more specific about his pland)Because she does not want to do what the man suggestsF)What can be inferred about the professor?a)She tries to be fair to all of her students.b)She is not very flexible about her policies.c)She does not have very many students.d)She is not sure what she wants to do.Listening 2 “Anthropology Class”G)Which of the following is the main topic of the lecture?a) A progressive view of agricultureb)The conditions for the development of agriculturec) A comparison of hunter-gatherers and farmersd)The negative effects of agriculture on early farmersH)What are two key characteristics of hunter-gatherers mentioned in the lecture?a)They were taller than farmers.b)They ate less well than farmersc)They lived longer than farmers.d)They were less physically fit than farmers.I)Why does the professor say this:a)To emphasize the point that he has just madeb)To indicate that another point will be madec)To demonstrate that the point is his opiniond)To regain the student’s attention for the next pointJ)How does the professor organize his lecture?a)He contrasts older theories of agriculture with newer ones.b)He makes an argument for the revisionist view of agriculture.c)He defines revisionism by giving examples of early farmers.d)He provides a chronological account of early farmers.10. Which of the following statements best summarizes the position of therevisionists?A) The agricultural revolution affected all human activity.B) The development of agriculture had a positive influence on nutrition.C) Agriculture contributed to the health risks for early farmers.D) Agriculture people had to move from place to place to plant crops.11. In the lecture, the professor describes the relationship between health andagriculture. Indicate whether each of the following is true or false. Click in the correct box for each phrase.Listening 3 “Business Class”12.What is the lecture mainly about?A)Commercials on televisionB)Marketing brand-name productsC)A book by Rob FrankelD)Selling Aunt Ruby’s chicken13.Why does the professor say this :A)To emphasize the importance of commercialsB)To correct something that he said earlierC)To identify the time limits for most commercialsD)To relate new information to a previous example14. According to the professor, why do consumers develop brand loyalty?A) They have a relationship with the personality that the product projects.B) They are able to recognize the brand easily when they see it.C) They tend to make decisions based on recommendations by friendsD) They find a product that they like and continue to buy it.15. How does the professor emphasize his point about branding?A) He uses Aunt Ruby’s chicken as an example.B) He defines it by contrasting it with related concepts.C) He refers to a book that he has written.D) He shows a familiar commercial in class.16. Why does the professor mention laundry detergent?A) To give an example of price warsB) To show that consumers buy different brandsC) To name an industry that introduces new brandsD) To explain the concept of brand loyalty17. According to the professor, what would be a good way to sell a product?A) Design a good logo to present the product to the publicB) Hire a celebrity that customers like and relate toC) Make it easy for consumers to recognize the packagingD) Increase the customer service for the productListening 4 “Students on Campus”18. What is the purpose of this conversation?A)The man wants to borrow the woman’s lab notes.B)The woman is helping the man to write a report.C)The man asks the woman to study for their test with him.D)The woman and the man are performing an experiment.19. What is the study about?A) Reaction times for drivers drinking alcohol in comparison with those ofnondrinkersB) The effects of drinking beer as compared with those of drinking gin and tonic.C) The time that it takes to stop a car going 35 miles per hour when the brakes areapplied.D) The problems of riding bicycles on college campuses that have 35mile-per-hour speed limits.20. According to the man, why is it important to mention that the subjects wererandomly selected ?A)The random selection explains why the results were so general.B)This information allows another researcher to repeat the experiment.C)The lab assistant included it in the example that the students received.D)Randomly selected subjects assure researchers of an accurate outcome.21. Why does the woman say this:A)She is not sure about her observation.B)She is insulting the man with this comment.C)She is certain the man agrees with her.D)She is asking for the man’s opinion.22. Which section includes the conclusions?A)DiscussionB)ResultsC)ChartD)IntroductionListening 5 “Biology Class”23. What aspect of blood does the professor mainly discuss?A)An explanation of stem cellsB) A process for blood transfusionC) A method for producing artificial bloodD) A discussion of blood typing24. Why does the student say this:A)She is apologizing for disagreeing with the professor.B)She is interrupting politely to ask a question.C)She is talking to herself during the lecture.D)She is changing the subject of the professor’s talk.25. Why does the professor mention fingerprints?A)To demonstrate that blood types are different for individualsB)To explain how most of the blood tests are performedC)To explain why O blood is considered universalD)To help students remember the different antigens26. In cross matching, how does a compatible match appear under the microscope?A)All of the cells are at an equal distance from each other.B)The arrangement of the cells looks like two parallel lines.C)The cells tend to group together in a large clump.D)The red cells and the plasma separate in an irregular pattern.27. Why does the professor mention artificial blood?A)She is referring to the textbook.B)She is answering a question.C)She is reporting her research.D)She is joking with the students.28. What does the professor imply when she says this :A)She is very uncertain about the risks of the research.B)She is somewhat interested in doing research in this area.C)She is with drawing her support for future research.D)She agrees that research should continue in spite of problems.Listening 6 “Orientation session”29. What is this discussion mainly about?A)Success in collegeB)How to read fasterC)Academic study skillsD)Research on college students30. How does the professor organize the discussion?A)She cites research to support her arguments.B)She gives a demonstration of her theory.C)She debates the issues with her students.D)She shares strategies that she developed.31. Why does the professor mention running?A)To digress from the topic with a personal storyB)To make a comparison between reading and runningC)To show that reading requires physical effortD)To clarify the times two rule32. Why does the professor say this:A)She doesn’t think the point is very important.B)She is trying to finish the lecture on time.C)She thinks the idea will fit in better later on.D)She doesn’t want the student to interrupt her.33. The professor mentions several negative habits. Match these habits to theexplanations. Click on the habit and drag it to the correct explanation.A)FixatingB)Auditory readingC)Regressing34. What would the professor probably like the students to do?A)Spend more time studying outside of classB)Use their dictionaries when they are readingC)Take one of her classes at the collegeD)Get help at the Learning CenterTime: 60 minutesScore: WRITING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe writing section measures your ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment. You will answer a question based on your own knowledge and experience. You have 30 minutes to plan and write your response.。
(完整版)雅思托福基础测试题
Model Test (Basic)vocabularypart I (20 分)1. The government is determined to protect its tobacco ________.A) monopoly B) monotony C) monologue D) monograph2. Apparently in interviews he refuses to talk about his ________life.A) privacy B) private C) universe D) unify3. He decided to postpone their holiday ______ next year.A) on B) for C) until D) in4. Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _______ with the local police.A) inquire B) consult C) register D) profession5. As he has _______ our patience, we ’ll not wait for him any longe r.A) torn B) wasted C) exhausted D) consumed6. These teachers try to be objective when they _______ the integrated ability oftheir students.A) justify B) evaluate C) indicate D) reckon7. Mrs. Morris's daughter is pretty and _______, and many girls envy her.A) slender B) light C) faint D) minor8. Tomorrow the mayor is to _____ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city.A) coordinate B) cooperate C) accompany D) associate9. Norman Davis will be remembered by many _____ with not only as a greatscholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend.A) kindness B) friendliness C) warmth D) affection10.Technological ______ has been so rapid over the last few years.A) retrograde B)retrogress C) progress D) project11. Salaries for ______ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.A) legal B) optional C) voluntary D) temporary12.He never arrives on time and my ______ is that he feels the meetings are useless.A) preference B) conference C) inference D) reference13.It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without _______.A) exception B) exclusion C) modification D) substitution14.Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ______ the quality of the programs.A) lessened B) declined C) affected D) effected15. The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.A) convention B) confinement C) principle D) discipline16.There's not much ______ that this war will be over soon.A) prospect B) process C) foreground D) profess17. It was the first time that such a ______had to be taken at a British nuclear power station.A) presentation B) precaution C) preparation D) prediction18.She felt _____ when her closest friend moved away.A) desolate B) solace C) insulate D)repugnant19.You should try to ______ your ambition and be more realistic.A) reserve B) restrain C) retain D) replace20.The ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _____ instead of mec hanically.A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) syntheticallyPart II (10 分)1.She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image. The word "transform" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) move B) extend C) change D) interpret2.The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the animals to capture its food.The word "capture" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) catch B) control C) cover D) clean3.When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so thatit resembles a lump on a rock.The word "retracts" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) pulls back B) relaxes C) reproduces D) lifts up4.Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing the character of the area. The word "retain" is closest in meaning to which of following?A) preserve B) possess C) enjoy D) improve5.A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations. The word "shattered " is closest in meaning to which of following?A) arranged B) dissolved C) broken apart D) gathered togetherGrammar (30 分)1. According to the law, _____ have an equal right to an education.A. every of childrenB. every childC. all of childrenD. all children2. The workers in that factory are paid _____.A. by the hourB. by an hourC. by hourD. by hours3. They talked about the problem among _____.A. themB. each otherC. themselvesD. one another4. A good writer is _____ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A. thatB. heC. oneD. this5. Which do you think _____ , wealth or health?A. bestB. betterC. the betterD. the best6.The size of that island is about _____ that of this one.A. three times as much asB. as three times much asC. as three times greater thanD. three times as big as7. That last novel of his is _____ the best he has written.A. by farB. so farC. by thenD. so much8. A good sleep can _____ a tiring day.A. make out forB. make upC. make up forD. make up to9. He hasn’t any money so I _____ him some.A. will be lendingB. am to lendC. would lendD. am going to lend10. He promised to let me have the book as soon as he _____ it.A. had readB. has readC. read D, would have read11. We can go only when the ground _____ .A. is dryingB. will dryC. driedD. has dried12. He went away and he _____ back yet.A. is notB. has not beenC. was notD. will not be13. The world’s supplies of petroleum _____ .A. have been gradually exhaustedB. have gradually exhaustedC. are being gradually exhaustedD. are gradually exhausted14. We _____ your terms carefully but _____ to say that we cannot accept them.A. are studying; regretB. have studied; are regrettingC. have studied; regretD. have been studying; will regret15. With the development of production and science, electronics _____ a wide application ina short time.A. has foundB. findsC. have foundD. found16. The company _____ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.A. has been promisedB. has been promisingC. is promisingD. promised17. The children _____ many times not to go near the stove.A. have toldB. toldC. have been toldD. are told18. The experiment is very expensive. But _____ succeed, we would be able to make production more efficient.A. should weB. were weC. if should weD. if we19. _____ if you had lost your watch?A. Hadn’t you been upsetB. Wouldn’t you be upsetC. Weren’t you upsetD. Wouldn’t you have upse t20. I wished it _____ but it did.A. not occurredB. did not occurC. had not occurredD. would not occur21. If I had only read all the books before I _____ the lecture!A. attendedB. would have attendedC. had attendedD. have attended22. The swimmer was very tired but he _____ reach the shore before he collapsed.A. managedB. couldC. was succeeded toD. was able to23. _____ as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false.A. The estimate B The estimate that C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that24. The lawyer told his client that _____.A. the case was of a small chance to winB. it was nearly impossible to win him the caseC. they had little chance of winning the caseD. the chance of their winning the case was little25. _____ that men try to do the same things as nature does, and they usually have to do them in a different way.A. The fact is so interestingB. It is an interesting factC. The fact has much interestD. There is a fact so interesting26. We were all overjoyed at the news _____ the experiment turned out a success.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. what27. The man _____ had little information.A. I spoke ofB. of who I spokeC. I spoke of whomD. whom I spoke28. The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.A. whomB. asC. whichD. that29. The higher income tax is harmful _____ it may discourage people from trying to earn more.A. so thatB. in thatC. unlessD. in case30. Only in the last few years _____ to help the underprivileged in the country.A. something is doneB. is something doneC. has there something been doneD. has anything been doneReading (30 分)Interesting Day Courses in your AreaA Photographing WildlifeThis workshop includes an introduction in the classroom, two photography sessions with specially arranged access to the zoo enclosures so that you can take natural-lookingclose-ups of the most exotic species, and the opportunity to review and discuss your images as a group.B Drawing For FunYou will learn some basic techniques using soft pencils and charcoal. These and different types of paper are provided. Just bring yourself and a willingness to‘have a go ’. This is a start-up day so people who have already attended courses should not apply.C Find Your VoiceYou may feel you can ’t sing or you may be an established singer who wants to improve or gain confidence. You will be shown how to sing in tune, how to breathe correctly and how to project your voice. You may attend this course more than once and each time have a wonderful experience. Everyone can sing and it ’s great fun.D Focus On LandscapesThis course is designed for students who are familiar with painting in watercolors, but are having difficulty with some techniques. We will discuss choice of materials, color mixing and any other areas that may be raised.The day will start with a demonstration, followed by an opportunity to sketch outdoors. After a light lunch cooked in the studio, there will be a further practical session.E Taking Happy PicturesThe main objective is to introduce you to the skills required to take good photographs of people at special events, such as parties or weddings.We will discuss camera settings, dealing with varied light or bad weather, and how to get a good atmosphere. Lunch is provided at a nearby hotel, followed by a practical session inside the studio.F The Music TakeawayGet some friends, family or colleagues together for your own music course in a venue of your choice, which could be your front room, basement or workplace. We send two guitar tutors to lead a one-day session for you in the style of music you prefer, such as rock, country, funk or blues.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.Participants can decide where the course is held.Different ability levels are welcome.All the necessary materials are supplied.Participants will be able to go where the public are not normally allowed.It is possible to repeat this course.You can select what to study from a range of options.The course will provided advice on how to overcome difficult conditions.THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMSPlant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “ succession ” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years . These changes in plant numbers and the mix of species are cumulative.Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year ’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish may tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time. Ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystem stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem.Support for this idea came from observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologist concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity.To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a singe crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy their entire crop.In contrast, a complex climax community , such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from bad weather or pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologist don’t all agree what “stability “ means . Stability can be all defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition,it changes the least over time.Alternatively,stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience . In that case, climax community would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can acquire hundreds of years to return to the complex state.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced . In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability . Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is , in general, more likely than a simple system to break down . (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.The destruction caused by volcanic explosion of Mount.St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example , pales in comparison to theconstruction cause by humans. We need to know what aspects of community are most important to the community ’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness”of the environment.An environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform .A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.2 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is not true of climax communities?A They occur at the end of a succession.B They last longer than any other type of community.C The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.D They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?A Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.B The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replace.C Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.D A change in the numbers of an organism does not affect tan ecosystem ’s properties.4According to paragraph 3,ecologist once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?A Pioneer communitiesB Climax communitiesC Single-crop farmlandsD Successional plant communities5 According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?A The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.B Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “ resilience”.C The exact meaning of the word “ stability” is debated by ecologists.D There are many different answers to the ecological questions.6 According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about climax community?A They are more resilient than pioneer communities.B They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.C They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.D They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.7 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forest?A They become less stable as they mature.B They support many species when they reach climax.C They are found in temperate zones.D They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stage.9 In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “a A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child ’s tricycle”?A To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an every-day example.B To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystem can be applied to help understand stability in other situations.C To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity.D To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems.11 which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A Ecologists now thinks that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.B Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.C Uniform environments can ’t be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.D A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.Writing (30 分)Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in improving road safety.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.。
雅思托福10分钟模拟测试卷
雅思托福10分钟模拟测试卷一、听力部分（3分钟）（一）雅思听力题型：填空题。
1. You will hear a short conversation about a travel plan. Listen carefully and fill in the blanks.Man: We are going to Paris next week. We'll stay there for _(1)_ days.Woman: That's great. How are you getting there?Man: By _(2)_2. Now listen to a short talk about a university course. Fill in the missing information.The course is called _(3)_ and it focuses on _(4)_ in modern society.（二）托福听力题型：细节理解题。
Listen to the following passage and answer the question.The passage is mainly about a new scientific discovery. What is the discovery mainly related to?A. A new type of plant.B. A new energy source.C. A new medical treatment.D. A new species of animal.二、阅读部分（4分钟）（一）雅思阅读题型：判断题。
Read the following passage and decide whether the statements are True, False or Not Given.Passage: The History of Coffee.Coffee has a long and interesting history. It was first discovered in Ethiopia, where it grew wild. From there, it spread to the Arabian Peninsula. By the 15th century, coffee had become a popular drink in the Middle East.1. Coffee was first found in Arabia. _(5)_2. Coffee became popular in the Middle East in the 15th century. _(6)_（二）托福阅读题型：词汇题。
托福测试题及答案
托福测试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. What is the main topic of the lecture?A. The history of photographyB. The impact of technology on artC. The role of photography in journalismD. The evolution of camera technologyAnswer: B2. According to the professor, what is one of the benefits of digital photography?A. It allows for greater artistic control.B. It is less expensive than film photography.C. It is easier to manipulate images.D. It requires less technical skill.Answer: A3. Why does the professor mention the example of the painter who used a camera?A. To illustrate the limitations of photographyB. To show how technology can inspire traditional art formsC. To demonstrate the influence of photography on paintingD. To argue that photography is a form of artAnswer: B4. What does the student imply about the relationship between photography and journalism?A. They are becoming more distinct from each other.B. They have always been closely related.C. They are merging due to technological advancements.D. They are separate fields with little overlap.Answer: C二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）Passage 1: The Impact of Technology on Education5. What is the author's main argument in the passage?A. Technology has had a negative impact on education.B. The integration of technology in education is essentialfor its future.C. Technology has made education less personal.D. The benefits of technology in education are overstated. Answer: B6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of using technology in the classroom?A. Increased student engagementB. Access to a wider range of resourcesC. Improved test scoresD. Enhanced communication between students and teachers Answer: C7. The author cites the example of online courses toillustrate:A. The accessibility of education to a broader audience.B. The potential for personalized learning experiences.C. The challenges of maintaining student motivation.D. The need for traditional classroom settings.Answer: APassage 2: The History of Urban Planning8. What is the primary focus of the passage?A. The evolution of urban planning over time.B. The role of government in urban development.C. The impact of urban planning on society.D. The challenges faced by urban planners.Answer: A9. The author mentions ancient Rome to demonstrate:A. The early origins of urban planning.B. The influence of urban planning on architecture.C. The importance of public spaces in cities.D. The limitations of early urban planning techniques. Answer: A10. What does the passage suggest about modern urban planning?A. It is more focused on aesthetics than functionality.B. It has become more inclusive and sustainable.C. It is primarily driven by economic considerations.D. It has largely abandoned traditional planning principles.Answer: B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）Task 1: Describe a memorable event from your childhood.Sample Response:One of the most memorable events from my childhood was the summer I spent at my grandparents' farm. I was about ten years old at the time. The experience was incredibly enriching as I learned about farming, the importance of hard work, and the beauty of nature. It was a time filled with laughter, new discoveries, and a deep connection with my family.Task 2: Explain why you think environmental conservation is important.Sample Response:Environmental conservation is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it ensures the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Secondly, it helps maintain biodiversity, which is vital for the balance of ecosystems. Lastly, conservation efforts contribute to combating climate change by reducing pollution and promoting sustainable practices. It is our collective responsibility to protect the environment for the well-being of all living beings on Earth.四、写作任务（Writing Task）Task 1: Write an essay discussing the advantages and disadvantages of social media.Sample Essay:Social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. On the positive side, it allows for instant connectivity with people around the world, fosters communities with shared interests, and provides a platform for self-expression and creativity. However, it also has its downsides, such as the spread of misinformation, the potential for cyberbullying, and the negative impact on mental health due to social comparison. Balancing the benefits and drawbacks is key to harnessing the power of social media responsibly.Task 2: Propose a solution to a local environmental issue in your community.Sample Essay:One pressing environmental issue in our community is the excessive use of single-use plastics. To address this, I propose the implementation of a local ordinance that bans single-use plastic items, such as straws and bags, and encourages the use of reusable alternatives. Additionally, educational campaigns can raise awareness about the environmental impact of plastic waste. By working together, our community can significantly reduce its。
托福英语口语与写作能力测试 选择题 60题
1. What is the main purpose of the TOEFL test?A. To test mathematical skillsB. To evaluate English proficiencyC. To assess physical fitnessD. To measure artistic abilities2. Which of the following is NOT a component of the TOEFL iBT?A. ReadingB. WritingC. SpeakingD. Calculus3. How many minutes are typically allotted for the TOEFL speaking secti on?A. 15 minutesB. 20 minutesC. 30 minutesD. 60 minutes4. Which of the following is a common topic for TOEFL writing tasks?A. The benefits of space explorationB. The history of computer programmingC. The impact of climate changeD. All of the above5. What is the recommended word count for the integrated writing task i n TOEFL?A. 150-225 wordsB. 250-300 wordsC. 300-350 wordsD. 350-400 words6. Which of the following is a strategy for improving TOEFL speaking sk ills?A. Memorizing mathematical formulasB. Practicing pronunciation with native speakersC. Studying historical eventsD. Learning advanced physics7. What is the scoring range for the TOEFL iBT?A. 0-100B. 0-120C. 0-200D. 0-3008. Which of the following is NOT a speaking task type in the TOEFL iBT?A. Independent taskB. Integrated taskC. Descriptive taskD. Opinion task9. What is the typical length of a TOEFL writing essay?A. 1 paragraphB. 2-3 paragraphsC. 4-5 paragraphsD. 6-7 paragraphs10. Which of the following is a recommended resource for TOEFL preparat ion?A. Khan AcademyB. CourseraC. TOEFL official guideD. All of the above11. What is the main focus of the integrated writing task in TOEFL?A. Summarizing a lectureB. Comparing a lecture and a readingC. Writing a research paperD. Creating a debate12. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective TOEFL speak ing responses?A. Using complex vocabularyB. Speaking rapidlyC. Providing clear examplesD. Ignoring the question13. What is the time limit for the independent writing task in TOEFL?A. 20 minutesB. 30 minutesC. 40 minutesD. 60 minutes14. Which of the following is a tip for managing time during the TOEFL test?A. Spend more time on easier questionsB. Skip difficult questionsC. Allocate time evenly across sectionsD. Rush through the test15. What is the purpose of the reading section in TOEFL?A. To test mathematical reasoningB. To evaluate English reading comprehensionC. To assess physical enduranceD. To measure artistic creativity16. Which of the following is a common mistake in TOEFL writing?A. Using too many examplesB. Not providing a clear thesis statementC. Writing too longD. All of the above17. What is the recommended preparation time for the TOEFL test?A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 1 year18. Which of the following is a strategy for improving TOEFL reading sk ills?A. Reading academic articlesB. Watching moviesC. Playing video gamesD. Listening to music19. What is the main difference between the independent and integrated speaking tasks in TOEFL?A. Length of responseB. Source of informationC. Scoring criteriaD. Time allotted20. Which of the following is a characteristic of a high-scoring TOEFL essay?A. Poor grammarB. Lack of organizationC. Clear and coherent argumentsD. Off-topic content21. What is the purpose of the listening section in TOEFL?A. To test mathematical skillsB. To evaluate English listening comprehensionC. To assess physical fitnessD. To measure artistic abilities22. Which of the following is a recommended practice for TOEFL listenin g?A. Skipping the audioB. Taking notesC. Ignoring the questionsD. Rushing through the audio23. What is the typical format of the TOEFL speaking section?A. Multiple-choice questionsB. Short responses and integrated tasksC. Long essaysD. Calculations24. Which of the following is a common topic for TOEFL speaking tasks?A. Personal experiencesB. Historical eventsC. Scientific theoriesD. All of the above25. What is the main focus of the independent writing task in TOEFL?A. Summarizing a lectureB. Comparing a lecture and a readingC. Expressing personal opinionD. Creating a debate26. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective TOEFL writi ng responses?A. Using simple vocabularyB. Providing clear examplesC. Ignoring the promptD. Writing randomly27. What is the time limit for the integrated writing task in TOEFL?A. 20 minutesB. 30 minutesC. 40 minutesD. 60 minutes28. Which of the following is a tip for managing time during the TOEFL speaking section?A. Speak rapidlyB. Take your time to organize thoughtsC. Ignore the timerD. Skip questions29. What is the purpose of the speaking section in TOEFL?A. To test mathematical reasoningB. To evaluate English speaking proficiencyC. To assess physical enduranceD. To measure artistic creativity30. Which of the following is a common mistake in TOEFL speaking?A. Using too many examplesB. Not providing a clear thesis statementC. Speaking too longD. All of the above31. What is the recommended preparation time for the TOEFL speaking sec tion?A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 1 year32. Which of the following is a strategy for improving TOEFL speaking s kills?A. Reading academic articlesB. Watching moviesC. Practicing pronunciationD. Listening to music33. What is the main difference between the independent and integrated writing tasks in TOEFL?A. Length of responseB. Source of informationC. Scoring criteriaD. Time allotted34. Which of the following is a characteristic of a high-scoring TOEFL speaking response?A. Poor grammarB. Lack of organizationC. Clear and coherent argumentsD. Off-topic content35. What is the purpose of the writing section in TOEFL?A. To test mathematical skillsB. To evaluate English writing proficiencyC. To assess physical fitnessD. To measure artistic abilities36. Which of the following is a recommended practice for TOEFL writing?A. Skipping the promptB. Taking notesC. Ignoring the questionsD. Rushing through the essay37. What is the typical format of the TOEFL writing section?A. Multiple-choice questionsB. Short responses and integrated tasksC. Long essaysD. Calculations38. Which of the following is a common topic for TOEFL writing tasks?A. Personal experiencesB. Historical eventsC. Scientific theoriesD. All of the above39. What is the main focus of the integrated speaking task in TOEFL?A. Summarizing a lectureB. Comparing a lecture and a readingC. Expressing personal opinionD. Creating a debate40. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective TOEFL speak ing responses?A. Using simple vocabularyB. Providing clear examplesC. Ignoring the promptD. Speaking randomly41. What is the time limit for the independent speaking task in TOEFL?A. 20 minutesB. 30 minutesC. 40 minutesD. 60 minutes42. Which of the following is a tip for managing time during the TOEFL writing section?A. Write rapidlyB. Take your time to organize thoughtsC. Ignore the timerD. Skip questions43. What is the purpose of the writing section in TOEFL?A. To test mathematical reasoningB. To evaluate English writing proficiencyC. To assess physical enduranceD. To measure artistic creativity44. Which of the following is a common mistake in TOEFL writing?A. Using too many examplesB. Not providing a clear thesis statementC. Writing too longD. All of the above45. What is the recommended preparation time for the TOEFL writing sect ion?A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 1 year46. Which of the following is a strategy for improving TOEFL writing sk ills?A. Reading academic articlesB. Watching moviesC. Practicing grammarD. Listening to music47. What is the main difference between the independent and integrated speaking tasks in TOEFL?A. Length of responseB. Source of informationC. Scoring criteriaD. Time allotted48. Which of the following is a characteristic of a high-scoring TOEFL writing response?A. Poor grammarB. Lack of organizationC. Clear and coherent argumentsD. Off-topic content49. What is the purpose of the speaking section in TOEFL?A. To test mathematical skillsB. To evaluate English speaking proficiencyC. To assess physical fitnessD. To measure artistic abilities50. Which of the following is a recommended practice for TOEFL speaking?A. Skipping the promptB. Taking notesC. Ignoring the questionsD. Rushing through the response51. What is the typical format of the TOEFL speaking section?A. Multiple-choice questionsB. Short responses and integrated tasksC. Long essaysD. Calculations52. Which of the following is a common topic for TOEFL speaking tasks?A. Personal experiencesB. Historical eventsC. Scientific theoriesD. All of the above53. What is the main focus of the independent speaking task in TOEFL?A. Summarizing a lectureB. Comparing a lecture and a readingC. Expressing personal opinionD. Creating a debate54. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective TOEFL speak ing responses?A. Using simple vocabularyB. Providing clear examplesC. Ignoring the promptD. Speaking randomly55. What is the time limit for the integrated speaking task in TOEFL?A. 20 minutesB. 30 minutesC. 40 minutesD. 60 minutes56. Which of the following is a tip for managing time during the TOEFL speaking section?A. Speak rapidlyB. Take your time to organize thoughtsC. Ignore the timerD. Skip questions57. What is the purpose of the speaking section in TOEFL?A. To test mathematical reasoningB. To evaluate English speaking proficiencyC. To assess physical enduranceD. To measure artistic creativity58. Which of the following is a common mistake in TOEFL speaking?A. Using too many examplesB. Not providing a clear thesis statementC. Speaking too longD. All of the above59. What is the recommended preparation time for the TOEFL speaking sec tion?A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 1 year60. Which of the following is a strategy for improving TOEFL speaking s kills?A. Reading academic articlesB. Watching moviesC. Practicing pronunciationD. Listening to music答案部分1. B2. D3. B4. D6. B7. B8. C9. C10. D11. B12. C13. B14. C15. B16. B17. B18. A19. B20. C21. B22. B23. B24. D25. C26. B27. A28. B29. B30. D31. B32. C33. B34. C35. B36. B37. C38. D39. B40. B41. B42. B43. B44. D45. B46. C47. B48. C49. B50. B51. B52. D53. C54. B56. B57. B58. D59. B60. C。
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IBT TEST SAMPLE（50mins）Section 1: Vocabulary （10mins）Direction: In this section, each question is a single word or a phrase. Beneath the word you will see four words or phrase, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that is the synonym of the given word. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.1. acute:(A) limited (B) intense (C) pure (D) necessary2. remarkable:(A) movement (B) school (C) tendency (D) extraordinary3. vary:(A) maximum (B) perplexing (C) independent (D) differ4. stressed:(A) invariable (B) persistent (C) predictable (D)emphasized5. considerable:(A) started (B) requested (C) proponent (D) great6. accelerate:(A) exactly (B) clearly (C) increase (D) practically7. rushing:(A) faced (B) ruined (C) increased (D)rapid8. derived:(A) thoughtful (B) show (C) relational (D)obtained9. means:(A) dried (B) large (C) collected (D) methods10. establish:(A) connected (B) excellent (C) create (D) identified11. apparent(A). evident (B) differed (C). develops (D). invests12. prized(A). valued (B). limited (C).. replaced (D). dominated13.clues(A). fly (B). indication (C). feed (D). forge14. source(A). basis (B). long-lasting (C). marvelous (D). gorgeous15. sweep(A). varied (B). extend (C). audible (D). perilous16. thriving(A). prejudice (B). separate (C). conducive (D). flourishing17. at any rate(A). inimical (B). branch (C). observe (D). regardless18. prime(A). inhabitant (B). break (C). clan D). principal19. exert(A). spread (B). allow (C). recognized (D). put20. most common(A). contemplate (B). dedicate (C). put into practice (D). dominantDirection: In this section, each question is a single word or a phrase. Beneath the word you will see four words or phrase, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that is the antonym of the given word. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.21. vivid:(A) pierce (B) dull (C) Anguish (D) cover22. profound:(A) put together (B) Undistinguished (C) pile high (D) shallow23. disaster:(A) deficient (B) noisy (C) innovative (D) fortune24. fail:(A) increased (B) Corrupt (C) succeed (D) appeared25. gloom:(A) controlling (B) darken (C) opposing (D) brightness26. dignify:(A) report (B) learn (C) worry (D) degrade27. fresh:(A) firm (B) Stale (C) difficult (D) bitter28. adult:(A) lonely (B) lower (C) uncomfortable (D) infant29. complicate:(A) possible (B) basic (C) gradual (D) simplify30. Unworthy:(A) endure (B) replace (C) compensate (D) valuable31. Exit:(A) limited (B) entrance (C) pure (D) necessary32. invalid:(A) movement (B) forget (C) use (D) valid33. comfort:(A) conspiracy (B) attentive (C) independent (D) anguish34. skillful:(A) invariable (B) dull (C) predictable (D) awkward35. Intensify:(A) started (B) requested (C) adjourn (D) weaken36. misery:(A) exactly (B) clearly (C) shelter (D) happy37. Regain:(A) faced (B) lose (C) increased (D) discussed38. Expenditure:(A) thoughtful (B) outline (C) relational (D) income39. Prolong:(A) dried (B) vex (C) reduce(D) evaporated40. Suspend:(A) connected (B) scatter (C) completed (D)continueSection 2: Reading Comprehension共27个题目，每题1分，第一套12题2分，第二套15题3分，共30分。
做题时间：40分钟Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it, you are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.The First Environmentalist: Rachel CarsonRachel Louise Carson received her degrees in marine biology from the Pennsylvania College for Women and in zoology from the Johns Hopkins University. Her true calling turned out to be much broader in range than the academic study of wildlife, however. As Carson's career as a scientific writer progressed, she became interested in the effects of artificial chemicals on the natural environment. Through her published research, she was the first to direct public attention to the environmental damage caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture. She is thus regarded as the public figure who launched the environmentalist movement.Upon enrolling in college, Carson had initially intended to major in English and become a journalist or novelist. Her attentiveness to presentation allowed her to convey even rather dry facts in an evocative prose style that held the attention of the general reader. Wedded to her extensive academic training in biology, Carson's talent for expressive writing positioned her ideally to bring scientific findings about ecology to a mass audience. She published a famous trilogy about the delicate and complex ecology of the sea, beginning with Under the Sea-Wind. That first volume took a large-scale approach, describing the living systems of the ocean in everyday easily understood terms. Under the Sea-Wind was only a moderate commercial success, but it, along with Carson's writings for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, set the stage for her second volume, published ten years after the first. The Sea Around Us made Rachel Carson a household name. It became not only a bestseller but also a National Book Award winner. In it, Carson examined more explicitly than before the effects of humanaction on the creatures of the ocean. The last book in the trilogy was The Edge of the Sea, in which Carson trailed her writerly and scientific gaze on the shoreline of the East Coast to examine the endangered organisms that populated it.These books established Carson as a public figure who advocated respect for the environment, but the work that would be her most lasting legacy was yet to come. She began to examine data on the effects of agricultural pesticides, spurred in part by a letter from two friends who owned a farm in Massachusetts and expressed concern that sprayed pesticides were causing harm to local wildlife. Carson's research convinced her that high exposure to pesticides such as DDT threatened not only beneficial insects and birds but also people. She put her conclusions in a landmark fourth scientific volume. Silent Spring. In the famous image that gave the book its title, Carson hypothesized about an ecosystem in which the calling of birds had been silenced by poison in soil and groundwater.Carson alleged that the regulations governing use of these chemicals were inadequate, though her positions were not as extreme as they are sometimes now characterized. She did not support the outright banning of pesticides. Rather, she objected to "indiscriminate"use, which is to say, use without any thought for caution and moderation. Eventually, Carson's views were taken seriously at the highest levels of government. President John F. Kennedy's Science Advisory Committee solicited her advice on how to improve rules about pesticide use. She also testified before Congress. Through her influence, she assisted in bringing about far stricter controls on toxic chemicals such as DDT, which deteriorates slowly and thus remains in soil and groundwater for very long periods of time.Although Carson's fame meant that she was in demand as a public speaker, she much preferred the solitude of research and writing. She employed assistants but frequently did even tedious archival research herself to avoid wasting time reviewing material with which she was already familiar. The same concern with clarity and elimination of waste characterized her writing itself. Though Carson died in 1964, two years after the publication of Silent Spring, that book is still frequently cited in environmental policy recommendations by analysts and regulators. Her best-selling work, it also remains a staple of high school and college science classes. Indeed, more than one major publication has deemed Carson one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century.1. The word launched in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) wrote about(B) reorganized(C) began(D) researched2. The author uses the word dry in the passage to indicate that the facts discussed are(A) not interesting(B) not related to marine life(C) not difficult to explain(D) available in the works of other scientists3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the boldfaced sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Carson felt it necessary to choose between becoming a scientist and becoming a popular writer.(B) People were surprised at the large-scale damage Carson's writings brought to their attention.(C) Carson initially found it difficult to write about ecology for a mass audience.(D) Carson was able to popularize her views by combining writing talent and knowledge of biology.4. The author uses the phrase a household name to indicate that Carson(A) became famous(B) wrote very slowly(C) did not socialize much(D) was already planning her third book5. The word trained in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) questioned(B) studied(C) reviewed(D) aimed6. According to paragraph 3 of the passage, Carson was influenced to write Silent Spring by(A) observing the use of pesticides at her farm(B) a letter from friends(C) the public reaction to her first three books(D) her illnesses caused by DDT7. It can be inferred from the passage that DDT is especially dangerous because(A) it is the most commonly used pesticide(B) its taste attracts birds(C) it does not disappear quickly(D) it takes a long time to kill insects8. The "silent spring" in the title of Carson's fourth major book refers to(A) the long gap between her two books(B) people's unwillingness to speak out against pollution(C) the death of wildlife from agricultural chemicals(D) the hidden dangers of pesticides9. The word alleged in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) ruled(B) argued(C) disproved(D) limited10. The word indiscriminate in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) ineffective(B) uncontrolled(C) illegal(D) funded11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as evidence of Carson's influence on the regulation of pesticides?(A) She spoke before Congress.(B) She served on a presidential committee.(C) Her work is still cited by regulators.(D) She wrote the first set of pesticide regulations.12. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideasin the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Rachel Carson was a pioneering environmentalist who helped draw public attention to theNational Flags->The flag, the most common symbol of national identity in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. The traditional flag of fabric is still used to mark buildings, ships, and diplomatic caravans by national affiliation, but its visual design makes it adaptable for other roles as well. Most flags have a compact, rectangular shape and distinct visual symbolism. Their strong colors and geometric patterns are usually instantly recognizable even if miniaturized to less than a square centimeter. Images of flags can thus serve as identifying icons on airliners, television broadcasts, and computer displays.Despite its simplicity, the national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive artifact. It is, rather, the product of millennia of development in many corners of the globe. Historians believe it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to indicate wind direction. ■ Early human societies used very fragile shelters and boats. ■ Their food sources were similarly vulnerable to disruption. ■ Even after various grains had been domesticated, people needed cooperation from the elements to assure good harvests. For all these reasons, they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.Ascertaining the direction of the wind using a simple strip of cloth tied to the top of a post was more reliable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire or the swaying of field grasses. The association of these prototypes of the flag with divine power was therefore a natural one. ■ Tribes began to fix long cloth flutters to the tops of totems before carrying them into battle, believing that the magical assistance of the wind would be added to the blessings of the gods and ancestors represented by the totem itself.■■►These flutters may seem like close kin of our present-day flags, but the path through history from one to the other wanders through thousands of years and over several continents. The first known flag of a nation or ruler was unmarked: The king who established the Chou Dynasty in China (around 1000 B.C)was reputed to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice mayhave been adopted from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to medieval Europe.In Europe, the Chinese-derived flag met up with the modern flag's second ancestor, the heraldic crest. The flags used in Asia may have been differentiated by color, but they rarely featured emblems or pictures. European nobles of the medieval period had, however, developed a system of crests (symbols or insignias specific to particular families) that were commonly mounted on hard surfaces; shields to be used in battle often displayed them especially prominently.->The production of these crests on flags permitted them to be used as heralds, meaning that they functioned as visual announcements that a member of an important household was present. While crests began to appear on flags as well as shields, the number of prominent families was also increasing. They required an ever greater number of combinations of stripes, crosses, flowers, and mythical animals to distinguish themselves. These survived as the basic components of flag design when small regional kingdoms were later combined into larger nation-states. They remain such for many European countries today.Some nations, particularly those whose colors and emblems date back several hundred years, have different flags for different official uses. For example, the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper half and red lower half. The colors themselves have been associated with Polish nationalism since the 1700s. They originated as the colors of the Piast family, which during its rule displayed a crest bearing a white eagle on a red field. Homage is paid to the Piast Dynasty in the Polish ensign, the flag officially used at sea. Unlike the familiar plain flag flown on land, the ensign has a red shield with a white eagle centered on its upper white stripe.1. Paragraph 1 of the passage describes the design of the typical flag as(A) unfamiliar to people from other countries(B) likely to change as technology improves(C) suited to many different uses(D) older than the country it represents2. The word miniaturized in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) publicized(B) colored(C) made brighter(D) made smaller3. The word primitive in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) ancient(B) unsophisticated(C) identifiable(D) replaceable4. The word they in the passage refers to(A) grains(B) people(C) elements(D) harvests5. The earliest ancestors of the flag were associated with divine power because(A) they were flown as high in the sky as people could reach(B) they were woven from valuable field grasses(C) they moved with the wind(D) tribes that flew them always won battles6. The word fix in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) create(B) respect(C) attach(D) blow7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the boldfaced sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Despite the obvious similarities between the two, ancient flutters developed very slowly and indirectly into modern flags.(B) Despite the widespread use of modern flags, flutters in the ancient style are still used in some parts of the world.(C) Historians are slowly discovering evidence of how the flutters used on ancient totems developed into modern flags.(D) Ancient flutters are still sometimes used instead of modern flags to represent a country over official journeys.8. According to paragraph 4 of the passage, the first known national flag in history(A) was not carried into battle(B) is still used in China today(C) was copied by the Egyptians(D) was not colored or patterned9. As discussed in the passage, a crest is(A) the most important member of a household(B) the color of a particular flag(C) the symbol of a particular family(D) a European noble10. According to paragraph 6 of the passage, the number of flag designs increased because(A) fewer shields were being made for battle(B) nation-states were becoming larger(C) artists had greater freedom in creating flags(D) more families wanted their own symbols11. The word them in the passage refers to(A) crests(B) families(C) hard surfaces(D) shields12. The word components in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) styles(B) makers(C) countries(D) parts13. The two flags of Poland mentioned in the passage differ in that(A) they do not use the same colors(B) they originally represented different families(C) only one is used officially(D) one does not have a crest14. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Therefore, strong winds could easily tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that imperiled travelers.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.15. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.There were many historical steps in the evolution of the national flag as it's known today.123。