托福TPO45阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福阅读tpo45R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
tpo45阅读-3Feeding Strategies In The Ocean原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Feeding Strategies In The Ocean①In the open sea, animals can often find food reliably available in particular regions or seasons (e g., in coastal areas in springtime). In these circumstances, animals are neither constrained to get the last calorie out of their diet nor is energy conservation a high priority. In contrast, the food levels in the deeper layers of the ocean are greatly reduced, and the energy constraints on the animals are much more severe . To survive at those levels, animals must maximize their energy input, finding and eating whatever potential food source may be present.②In the near-surface layers, there are many large, fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals, which feed on plankton (small, free-floating plants or animals) by filtering them from currents of water that pass through a specialized anatomical structure. These filter-feeders thrive in the well-illuminated surface waters because oceans have so many very small organisms, from bacteria to large algae to larval crustaceans. Even fishes can become successful filter-feeders in some circumstances. Although the vast majority of marine fishes are carnivores, in near-surface regions of high productivity the concentrations of larger phytoplankton (the plant component of plankton) are sufficient to support huge populations of filter-feeding sardines and anchovies. These small fishes use their gill filaments to strain out the algae that dominate such areas. Sardines and anchovies provide the basis for huge commercial fisheries as well as a food resource for large numbers of local carnivores, particularly seabirds. At a much larger scale, baleen whales and whale sharks are also efficient filter-feeders in productive coastal or polar waters, although their filtered particles comprise small animals such as copepods and krill rather than phytoplankton.③Filtering seawater for its particulate nutritional content can be an energetically demanding method of feeding, particularly when the current of water to be filtered has to be generated by the organism itself, as is the case for all planktonic animals. Particulate organic matter of at least 2.5 micrograms per cubic liter is required to provide a filter-feeding planktonic organism with a net energy gain.This value is easily exceeded in most coastal waters, but in the deep sea, the levels of organic matter range from next to nothing to around 7 micrograms per cubic liter. Even though mean levels may mask much higher local concentrations, it is still the case that many deep-sea animals are exposed to conditions in which a normal filter-feeder would starve.④There are, therefore, fewer successful filter-feeders in deep water, and some of those that are there have larger filtering systems to cope with the scarcity of particles. Another solution for such animals is to forage in particular layers of water where the particles may be more concentrated. Many of the groups of animals that typify the filter-feeding lifestyle in shallow water have deep-sea representatives that have become predatory. Their filtering systems, which reach such a high degree of development in shallow- water species, are greatly reduced. Alternative methods of active or passive prey capture have been evolved, including trapping and seizing prey, entangling prey, and sticky tentacles.⑤In the deeper waters of the oceans, there is a much greater tendency for animals to await the arrival of food particles or prey rather than to search them out actively (thus minimizing energy expenditure). This has resulted in a more stealthy style of feeding, with the consequent emphasis on lures and/or the evolution of elongated appendages that increase the active volume of water controlled or monitored by the animal. Another consequence of the limited availability of prey is that many animals have developed ways of coping with much larger food particles, relative to their own body size, than the equivalent shallower species can process. Among the fishes there is a tendency for the teeth and jaws to become appreciably enlarged. In such creatures, not only are the teeth hugely enlarged and/or the jaws elongated but the size of the mouth opening may be greatly increased by making the jaw articulations so flexible that they can be effectively dislocated. Very large or long teeth provide almost no room for cutting the prey into a convenient size for swallowing, the fish must gulp the prey down whole.译文海洋中的捕食策略①在开阔的海域，动物们经常能在特定的区域或季节找到稳定的食物来源（比如在春天的沿海地区）。
托福TPO46阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO46阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Origins of Writing It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia(modern-day Iraq)that civilization arose,and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization,writing.These examples,in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E.,have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians,a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing,but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material.In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants,and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper;it was excellent in quality but,like any paper,fragile.Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds,but its land did provide good clay,and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material.Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists:it is durable.Fire,for example,which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood,simply bakes it hard,thereby making it even more durable.So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze,he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it.Clay,moreover,is cheap,and forming it into tablets is easy,factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well,in Syria,Asia Minor,Persia,and even for a while in Crete and Greece.Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands.In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia,and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding,once and for all,to more convenient alternatives. The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay.This script consists of simple shapes,basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus;scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks(cunei in Latin)that are its hallmark.Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines,there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words.Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice;inevitably,literacy was largely limited to a small professional class,the scribes. The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E.,and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language.■A The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same,and so did peoples in Syria and Asia Minor.■B The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East,and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken,the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literarylanguage,the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome.■C For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages,training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language.■D The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities—animals,jars,baskets,etc.Writing,it would appear,started as a primitive form of bookkeeping.Its use soon widened to document the multitudinous things and acts that are involved in daily life,from simple inventories of commodities to complicated governmental rules and regulations. Archaeologists frequently find clay tablets in batches.The batches,some of which contain thousands of tablets,consist for the most part of documents of the types just mentioned:bills,deliveries,receipts,inventories,loans,marriage contracts,divorce settlements,court judgments,and so on.These records of factual matters were kept in storage to be available for reference—they were,in effect,files,or,to use the term preferred by specialists in the ancient Near East,archives.Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order,writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity.They range from simple textbook material to literature and they make an appearance very early,even from the third millennium B.C.E. Paragraph 1 It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia(modern-day Iraq)that civilization arose,and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization,writing.These examples,in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E.,have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians,a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. 1.The word“key”in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A.frequent B.essential C.original D.familiar Paragraph 2 The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing,but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material.In。
TPO 45 Reading 1 解析
正确答案：A解析：定位句的意思是：白令海两端的现代动植物的很多方面是作为冰河世纪地貌的remnants的意识出现后，直接就成为了此地被命名为白令陆桥的原因。
该句中remnants意思是“遗留物”，同A选项意思一致，其他三项意思分别为“证据”，“结果”和“提示”。
Q2正确答案：A解析：定位句的意思是：一个很大的争议在于解释美国人口定居是古生态学家的domain，但是它对于理解人类历史也是非常重要的，那就是Beringia到底是什么样的？“domain”是“领域”，同A选项的意思，其他各项意思分别为“挑战”，“兴趣”和“责任”。
Q3正确答案：B解析：A选项同段落的“sparse vegetation”对应，C选项同段落的“less moisture”对应，D选项同“glaciated mountains”是对应的。
B选项同“this land mass supported herds of now-extinct species”刚好相反。
Q4正确答案：B解析：该段第一句话就说明该段主旨“the Beringia landscape”。
A选项信息中“other landscapes in American continent”该段不存在；C选项中说解释了为什么这么多Beringian 物种在上一个冰河世纪灭绝，没提到；D选项说总结了历史学家达成共识的关于Beringian的信息，也没提到。
Q5正确答案：D解析：定位句的意思是：Guthrie 也证实了地貌一定是受到强劲的和continuous 的风影响，尤其是在冬天。
句中continuous意思是“持续的”，同D选项意思相同，其他项意思为“不可预测的”，“很冷的”，和“危险的”。
正确答案：C解析：原文意思是需要草原植被的哺乳动物的存在使得北极生物学家Guthrie得出：尽管寒冷干燥，但是肯定有大片浓密植被来供养长毛象，马群和野牛群。
同C选项属于同义表达；干扰项D选项逻辑关系错误，as long as表示条件，但原句的逻辑是转折关系，though 和原文的while同义。
TPO 45答案及解析 (2)
Conversation 11. Why does the student go to see the man?(Click on 2 answers)【题型】目的主旨题A To discontinue a campus serviceB To pay the fee for her campus mailboxC To get information about mailing a packageD To pick up a package答案：AD破题关键词汇：why解析：(从第19“开始，原文重现：Well, my roommate asked me to pick something up for her. I told her I was coming down here….52”I’ll be able to receive…, so I don’t really need my campus mailbox.)Man说“What can I do for you ?”之后，girl说了上面所示的来意。
所以AD为正确选项。
2. What does the man say about the campus mailbox service? 【题型】细节题A Its rates for all students have recently gone down.B It is the only way to receive certain mailings about university eventsC All students are required to use it.D It is more reliable than e-mail.答案：B破题关键词汇：campus mailbox service解析：(从第59”开始，原文重现：Although I should tell you that we do recommend that students use the campus mailbox service even if they are moving off campus. …1’18” Yes， that’s true. But… theyar only attributed to campus mailboxes. None of that is mailed off campus.)Man说像是newsletters, flyers，notices等只分发到campus mailboxes. 所以B选项正确。
TPO-45 Reading 1 翻译
参考译文微观白令陆桥地貌在最后一次冰河世纪的顶峰期，亚洲的东北部（西伯利亚）和阿拉斯加是由一片巨大的陆地连接在一起，这个地区叫白令陆桥。
白令陆桥出现的原因是，地球上大量海水被冻住，形成大片冰川，使得海平面比今天要低100米。
在2万5千到1万年前之间的这段时间，西伯利亚、白令陆桥和阿拉斯加有着很多相似的环境特征。
比如，很多大型哺乳动物，广阔的草原及其中的各种植物，多风的沙丘和冻土，寒冷干燥的冬天和炎热的夏季。
人们发现很多现代动植物的特征在白令海两侧都存在，其实就是冰河时期地貌遗留下来的，所以，这个地区被命名为白令陆桥。
一群群的狩猎大型动物的猎人，穿过白令陆桥，逐渐扩张他们捕猎的地区，最终迁徙并居住在北美和南美洲。
考古学家通常同意这个观点，但也就仅仅同意这个观点而已。
很大一部分关于定居美洲的争论发生在古生态学的领域，但是这对于了解人类的历史很关键：白令陆桥是什么样子的？白令陆桥的地貌与今天的地貌差异很大。
广阔多风的山谷、冰山、稀疏的植被和较低的水分，产生了一个非常严峻荒芜的地区。
这片土地生长着一些现在已经灭绝的动物，比如猛犸象、野牛和马，以及一些现在还存在的动物，如北美驯鹿、麝牛、驯鹿和高鼻羚羊。
这些食草动物反过来维持了大量的食肉动物的生存，包括巨型短面熊、剑齿虎和体型很大的狮子。
甶于存在一些需要草原植被才能生存的哺乳动物，使得北极生物学家Dale Guthrie认为，虽然环境寒冷且干燥，但是一定存在大片的植被茂密的区域，来维持大群的猛犸象、马和野牛的生存。
此外，几乎所有冰河时期的动物的牙齿都能显示出，它们能够吃草和苔草；它们不能通过吃苔藓和地衣生存。
Guthrie同样也证明，这个地区一定持续遭受到强风的影响，特别是冬季。
马和野牛的解剖学结构显示出它们没有在积雪中搜索食物的能力，从而例证了这个人的理论。
它们的生长地区需要强风吹走积雪，暴露出下面干燥的草。
Guthrie使用"猛犸草原"来描述这个地区的特征。
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文文本：Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. T oday's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of t he finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests thefossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.托福TPO45综合写作听力原文文本：ProfessorIt's perfectly possible that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing.First, it's true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees could not be preserved as fossils at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later. So the fact that we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn't mean that bees did not exist at that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved.Second, while it's true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today, it's quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. Those very early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants thatpreceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could have fed on non- flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them! And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may have remained stable ever since.Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there's chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers againstwater by using a special waterproofing substance that has a distinctive chemical composition. When the fossilized chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that's used by modern bees.托福TPO45综合写作满分范文：In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were not created by bees. The professor asserts that the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. T o begin with, according to the reading passage, no fossil remains of actual bees have been found that date to 200 million years ago. The professor argues that no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn’t mean that bees didn’t exist at that time. He says maybe bees couldn’t be preserved as fossils at that time. Since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees, the bees could not be preserved. On top of that, the reading passage states that flowering plants were in absence 200 million years ago. On the contrary, the professor claims that it’s quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. The professor points out that early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them. And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants have remained stable ever since. Lastly, the professor rebuts the reading’s point that the fossilized structures lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests such as the chambers lacking caps by stating that there’s chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. The professor points out that when the fossilized chambers werechemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that’s used by modern bees.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福阅读真题第45篇TheDoc...
托福阅读真题第45篇TheDoc...In the United States, the nonfiction film was primarily defined and sustained by the travelogue, which was filmed in foreign lands and shown at lectures and sideshows to introduce audiences to different cultures and exotic locations. In 1904, at the St. Louis Exposition, George . Hale's Tours and Scenes of the World was particularly successful but did not reach the mythic proportions of the film made from President Teddy Roosevelt's frican safaris or Robert Scott's expedition to the South Pole. These kinds of travelogues appealed to the merican public because they demonstrated a spirit of enterprise and adventure. This outlook underpins the Romantic tradition of filmmaking that begins with travelogues of the merican West and comes to its fullest expression in the films of Robert Flaherty. It is he who most embodies the development of the documentary form as an objective tool of ethnography- -the scientific study of other cultures from a position "within" the community- -and anthropology.His film Nanook of the North (1922), a study of Inuits of northern anada, is acknowledged as one of the most influential films within the genre. It perhaps provides us with all the clues we require to define both the documentary and its acceptable limits. Flaherty's films, which have been called“authored" films, are made with a specific intent: not merely to record the lives of the Inuits but to recall and restage a former, more“p rimitive" era of Inuit life. This nostalgic intent only serves to mythologize Inuit life and to some extent remove it from its real context, thus calling into question some of the inherent principles that we may assume are crucial in determining documentary "truth."lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized parts of Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana (1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporary existence of the ran Islanders.John Grierson, the ritish documentary maker, argues that Flaherty becomes intimate with the subject matter before he records it and thus,“He lives with his people till the story is told 'out of himself' and this enables him to 'make the primary distinction between a method which describes only the surface value of a subject and a method that more explosively reveals the reality of it."" This seems to legitimize Flaherty's approach because Nanook, Moana, and Man of ran all succeed in revealing the practices of more“primitive”cultures- cultures which in Flaherty's view embody a certain kind of simple and romanticized social perfection.learly then, Flaherty essentially uses actuality to illustratedominant themes and interests that he is eager to explore. In some ways, Flaherty ignores the real social and political dimensions informing his subjects' lives and indeed does not engage with the darker side of human sensibility, preferring instead to prioritize larger, more mythic and universal topics. There is almost a nostalgic yearning in Flaherty's work to return to a simpler, more physical, preindustrial world, where humankind could pit itself against the natural world, slowly but surely harnessing its forces to positive ends. Families and communities are seen as stoic and noble in their endeavors, surviving often against terrible odds. Flaherty obviously manipulates his material and sums up one of the apparent ironies in creating documentary“truth" by suggesting that“Sometimes you have to lie. One often has to distort a thing to catch its true spirit."1.In the United States, the nonfiction film was primarily defined and sustained by the travelogue, which was filmed in foreign lands and shown at lectures and sideshows to introduce audiences to different cultures and exotic locations. In 1904, at the St. Louis Exposition, George . Hale's Tours and Scenes of the World was particularly successful but did not reach the mythic proportions of the film made from President Teddy Roosevelt's frican safaris or Robert Scott's expedition to the South Pole. These kinds of travelogues appealed to the merican public because they demonstrated a spirit of enterprise and adventure. This outlook underpins the Romantic tradition of filmmaking that begins with travelogues of the merican West and comes to its fullest expression in the films of Robert Flaherty. It is he who most embodies the development of the documentary form as an objective tool of ethnography- -the scientific study of othercultures from a position "within" the community- -and anthropology.2.His film Nanook of the North (1922), a study of Inuits of northern anada, is acknowledged as one of the most influential films within the genre. It perhaps provides us with all the clues we require to define both the documentary and its acceptable limits. Flaherty's films, which have been called“authored" films, are made with a specific intent: not merely to record the lives of the Inuits but to recall and restage a former, more“primitive" era of Inuit life. This nostalgic intent only serves to mythologize Inuit life and to some extent remove it from its real context, thus calling into question some of the inherent principles that we may assume are crucial in determining documentary "truth."3.lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized parts of Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana(1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporaryexistence of the ran Islanders.4.lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized parts of Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana (1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporary existence of the ran Islanders.5.lthough Flaherty was an advocate of the use of lenses that could view the subject from a long distance so as not to affect unduly the behavior of the natives, and he filmed long, uninterrupted scenes at one time without stopping the camera instead of using complex editing, it is his intervention in the material that is most problematic when evaluating Nanook as a key documentary. Flaherty was not content merely to record events; he wanted to dramatize actuality by filming aspects of Inuit culture that he knew of from his earlier travels into the Hudson ay area between 1910 and 1916. For example, he rebuilt igloos to accommodate camera equipment and organized partsof Inuit lifestyle to suit the technical requirements of filming under these conditions. In another of his documentaries, Moana (1926), Flaherty staged a ritual tattooing ceremony among the Samoan Islanders, recalling a practice that had not been carried out for many years. In Man of ran (1935) shark hunts were also staged and did not characterize the contemporary existence of the ran Islanders.6.John Grierson, the ritish documentary maker, argues that Flaherty becomes intimate with the subject matter before he records it and thus,“He lives with his people till the story is told 'out of himself' and this enables him to 'make the primary distinction between a method which describes only the surface value of a subject and a method that more explosively reveals the reality of it."" This seems to legitimize Flaherty's approach because Nanook, Moana, and Man of ran all succeed in revealing the practices of more“primitive”cultures- cultures which in Flaherty's view embody a certain kind of simple and romanticized social perfection.7.learly then, Flaherty essentially uses actuality to illustrate dominant themes and interests that he is eager to explore. In some ways, Flaherty ignores the real social and political dimensions informing his subjects' lives and indeed does not engage with the darker side of human sensibility, preferring instead to prioritize larger, more mythic and universal topics. There is almost a nostalgic yearning in Flaherty's work to return to a simpler, more physical, preindustrial world, where humankind could pit itself against the natural world, slowly but surely harnessing its forces to positive ends. Families and communities are seen as stoic and noble in their endeavors, surviving often against terrible odds. Flaherty obviouslymanipulates his material and sums up one of the apparent ironies in creating documentary“truth" by suggesting that“Sometimes you have to lie. One often has to distort a thing to catch its true spirit."8.learly then, Flaherty essentially uses actuality to illustrate dominant themes and interests that he is eager to explore. In some ways, Flaherty ignores the real social and political dimensions informing his subjects' lives and indeed does not engage with the darker side of human sensibility, preferring instead to prioritize larger, more mythic and universal topics. There is almost a nostalgic yearning in Flaherty's work to return to a simpler, more physical, preindustrial world, where humankind could pit itself against the natural world, slowly but surely harnessing its forces to positive ends. Families and communities are seen as stoic and noble in their endeavors, surviving often against terrible odds. Flaherty obviously manipulates his material and sums up one of the apparent ironies in creating documentary“truth" by suggesting that“Sometimes you have to lie. One often has to distort a thing to catch its true spirit."9.His film Nanook of the North (1922), a study of Inuits of northern anada, is acknowledged as one of the most influential films within the genre.⬛It perhaps provides us with all the clues we require to define both the documentary and its acceptable limits.⬛Flaherty's films, which have been called“authored" films, are made with a specific intent: not merely to record the lives of the Inuits but to recall and restage a former, more“primitive" era of Inuit life. ⬛This nostalgic intent only serves to mythologize Inuit life and to some extent remove it from its real context, thus calling into question some of the inherent principles that we mayassume are crucial in determining documentary "truth."⬛10.。
TPO-45 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第2篇
2. Wind pollinationPollen, a powdery substance, which is produced by flowering plants and contains male reproductive cells, is usually carried from plant to plant by insects or birds, but some plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen. Wind pollination is often seen as being primitive and wasteful in costly pollen and yet it is surprisingly common, especially in higher latitudes. Wind is very good at moving pollen a long way; pollen can be blown for hundreds of kilometers, and only birds can get pollen anywhere near as far. The drawback is that wind is obviously unspecific as to where it takes the pollen. It is like trying to get a letter to a friend at the other end of the village by climbing onto the roof and throwing an armful of letters into the air and hoping that one will end up in the friend's garden. For the relatively few dominant tree species that make up temperate forests, where there are many individuals of the same species within pollen range, this is quite a safe gamble. If a number of people in the village were throwing letters off roofs, your friend would be bound to get one. By contrast, in the tropics, where each tree species has few, widely scattered individuals, the chance of wind blowing pollen to another individual is sufficiently slim that animals are a safer bet as transporters of pollen. Even tall trees in the tropics are usually not wind pollinated despite being in windy conditions. In a similar way, trees in temperate forests that are insect pollinated tend to grow as solitary, widely spread individuals.Since wind-pollinated flowers have no need to attract insects or other animals, they have dispensed with bright petals, nectar, and scent. These are at best a waste and at worst an impediment to the transfer of pollen in the air The result isinsignificant-looking flowers and catkins (dense cylindrical clusters of small, petalless flowers).Wind pollination does, of course, require a lot of pollen. ■ Birch and hazel trees can produce 5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin, respectively. ■There are various adaptations to help as much of the pollen go as far as possible. ■ Most deciduous wind-pollinated trees (which shed their leaves every fall) produce their pollen in the spring while the branches are bare of leaves to reduce the surrounding surfaces that “compete" with the stigmas (the part of the flower that receives the pollen) for pollen. ■Evergreen conifers, which do not shed their leaves, have less to gain from spring flowering, and, indeed, some flower in the autumn or winter.Pollen produced higher in the top branches is likely to go farther: it is windier (and gustier) and the pollen can be blown farther before hitting the ground. Moreover, dangling catkins like hazel hold the pollen in until the wind is strong enough to bend them, ensuring that pollen is only shed into the air when the wind is blowing hard. Weather is also important. Pollen is shed primarily when the air is dry to prevent too much sticking to wet surfaces or being knocked out of the air by rain. Despite these adaptations, much of the pollen fails to leave the top branches, and only between 0.5 percent and 40 percent gets more than 100 meters away from the parent. But once this far, significant quantities can go a kilometer or more. Indeed, pollen can travel many thousands of kilometers at high altitudes. Since all this pollen is floating around in the air, it is no wonder that wind-pollinated trees are a major source of allergies.Once the pollen has been snatched by the wind, the fate of the pollen isobviously up to the vagaries of the wind, but not everything is left to chance. Windbome pollen is dry, rounded, smooth, and generally smaller than that of insect-pollinated plants. But size is a two-edged sword. Small grains may be blown farther but they are also more prone to be whisked past the waiting stigma because smaller particles tend to stay trapped in the fast-moving air that flows around the stigma. But stigmas create turbulence, which slows the air speed around them and may help pollen stick to them.1. The word "drawback" in the passage is closest in meaning toO other side of the issueO objectionO concernO problem2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about pollen production? O Pollen production requires a significant investment of energy and resources on the part of the plant.O The capacity to produce pollen in large quantities is a recent development in the evolutionary history of plants.O Plants in the tropics generally produce more pollen than those in temperate zones. O The highest levels of pollen production are found in plants that depend on insects or birds to carry their pollen.3. According to paragraph 1, wind-pollinated trees are most likely to be foundO in temperate forestsO at lower latitudesO in the tropicsO surrounded by trees of many different species4. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following as the reason animals are a safer bet than wind as pollinators when the individual trees of a species are widely separated? O Animals tend to carry pollen from a given flower further than the wind does.O Animals serve as pollinators even where there is little wind to disperse the pollen. O An animal that visits a flower is likely to deliberately visit other flowers of the same species and pollinate them.O Birds and insects fly in all directions, not just the direction the wind is blowing at a given moment.5. In paragraph 1, the author compares pollen moved by wind with letters thrown off roofs in order toO explain why there are relatively few species of trees that depend on wind pollination O compare natural, biological processes with human social practicesO make a point about the probability of wind-blown pollen reaching a tree of the same speciesO argue against the common assumption that the tallest trees are the most likely to employ wind pollination6. Paragraph 2 suggests that wind-pollinated plants do not have bright petals, nectar, and scent for which TWO of the following reasons? To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.□ They interfere with pollination by wind.□ They are easily damaged by wind.□ They are unnecessary.□ They reduce the amount of pollen that can be produced.7. The word "respectively” in the passage is closest in meaning toO over timeO separatelyO in that orderO consistently8.According to paragraph 3, why do most deciduous wind-pollinated trees produce their pollen in the spring?O To avoid competing with evergreen conifers, which flower in the fall or winterO So that the leaves of the trees receiving the pollen will not prevent the pollen from reaching the trees' stigmasO Because they do not have enough energy to produce new leaves and pollen at the same timeO In order to take advantage of the windiest time of year9. According to paragraph 4，which of the following is NOT an adaptation that helps ensure that pollen travels as far as possible?O Pollen-producing flowers and catkins are located at or near the top of the tree.O Trees grow at least 100 meters away from each other.O Dangling catkins release pollen only when the wind is blowing hard.O Pollen is not released during rain storms or when the air is damp.10. The word "significant" in the passage is closest in meaning toO sufficientO considerableO increasingO small11. The phrase “no wonder" in the passage is closest in meaning toO unsurprisingO understandableO well-knownO unfortunate12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Because smaller particles tend to stay trapped in the fast moving air, they are blown much farther than other grains.O Smaller particles are trapped by the stigma when fast-moving air flows past it.O Small particles that are whisked past the waiting stigma gain speed and are often trapped in the fast-moving air.O While smallness helps pollen travel farther, it also makes it more likely to be blown past the stigma.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This level of volume is important to ensure that at least some of the pollen reaches target tree, but dispersing the pollen is crucial as well.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTSome plants depend on the wind to carry their pollen.Answer ChoicesBecause there are few trees in temperate forests, it is safer to transport pollen by insects or birds.Wind pollination is a safe reproductive strategy for trees in temperate forests where there are only a few dominant species and, therefore, many individuals of the same species.Wind pollination requires production of a large amount of pollen, which must bereleased at the right time and under the right conditions to extend its range.Most wind-pollinated trees are deciduous because evergreen needles compete with the stigma for pollen, making wind pollination uncertain.Wind-pollinated plants usually have small petalless flowers which often grow in catkins that produce a very fine-grained pollen.Wind-pollinated trees must grow in regions that are only moderately windy because strong winds will blow the tiny pollen grains past the stigma.。
TPO45 阅读文本答案翻译
TPO-45Microscopes The Beringia LandscapeDuring the peak of the last ice age, northeast Asia (Siberia) and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge. This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over 100 meters lower than they are today. Between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago, Siberia, the Bering Land Bndge, and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics. These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals, a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra, and a common climate with cold, dry winters and somewhat warmer summers. The recognition that many aspects of the modem flora and fauna were present on both sides of theIt is through Beringia that small groups of large mammal hunters, slowly expanding their hunting territories, eventually colonized North and South America. On this archaeologists generally agree, but that is where the agreement stops. One broad area of disagreement inexplaining the peopling of the Americas is paleoecologists, but it is critical to understanding human history: what was Beringia like?The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today. ■ Broad, windswept valleys; glaciated mountains; sparse vegetation; and less moisture created a rather forbidding land mass. ■ This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth, bison, and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou, musk ox, elk, and saiga antelope. ■ These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores, including the giant short-faced bear, the saber-tooth cat, and a large species of lion. ■had teeth that indicate an adaptation to grasses and sedges; they could not have been supported bya modern flora of mosses and lichens. Guthrie has also demonstrated that the landscape must haveon the anatomy of horse and bison, which do not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover. They need landscapes with strong winds that remove the winter snows, exposing the dry grasses beneath. Guthrie applied the term “ mammoth steppe" to characterize this landscape.In contrast, Paul Colinvaux has offered a counterargument based on the analysis of pollen in lake sediments dating to the last ice age. He found that the amount of pollen recovered in these sediments is so low that the Beringian landscape during the peak of the last glaciation was more likely to have been what he termed a "polar desert," with little or only sparse vegetation, in no way was it possible that this region could have supported large herds of mammals and thus, human hunters. Guthrie has argued against this view by pointing out that radiocarbon analysis of mammoth, horse, and bison bones from Beringian deposits revealed that the bones date to the period of most intense glaciation.Too many words you don’t know? Look them up in《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》! Wechat: geeqi0805The argument seemed to be at a standstill until a number of recent studies resulted in a spectacular suite of new finds. The first was the discovery of a 1,000-square-kilometer preserved patch of Beringian vegetation dating to just over 17,000 years ago—the peak of the last ice age The plants were preserved under a thick ash fall from a volcanic eruption. Investigations of the plants found grasses, sedges, mosses, and many other varieties in a nearly continuous cover, as was predicted by Guthrie. But this vegetation had a thin root mat with no soil formation, demonstrating that there was little long-term stability in plant cover, a finding supporting some of the arguments of Colinvaux. A mixture of continuous but thin vegetation supporting herds of largeO remainsO evidenceO resultsO remindersO field of expertiseO challengeO interestO responsibility3. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Beringian landscape EXCEPT.O There was little vegetation.O The mammal species there all survived into modern versions.O The climate was drier than it is today.O There were mountains with glaciers.4. The purpose of paragraph 3 is toO contrast today’s Beringian landscape with oth er landscapes in the American continentO describe the Beringian landscape during the last ice ageO explain why so many Beringian species became extinct during the last ice ageO summarize the information about Beringia that historians agree onO unpredictableO very coldO dangerousO uninterruptedYou enjoy the convenience of having all vocabulary questions listed as a separate part in《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O According to biologist Dale Guthrie, mammal species require broad areas of vegetation to survive.O Dale Guthrie is an Arctic biologist who argued that broad areas of dense vegetation were surely enough to attract mammals such as mammoth, horse, and bison to Beringia.O Dale Guthrie argued that Beringia, though cold and dry, must have had enough dense vegetation to support the herds of mammoth, horse, and bison that lived there.O As long as Beringia was cold and dry, argued Dale Guthrie, dense vegetation grew in order to support the herds of mammoth, horse, and bison—the mammal species present there.7. According to paragraph 4，Guthrie believes that the teeth of ice-age fauna support which of thefollowing conclusions?O Large mammals would not have been able to survive in the Beringian landscape.O Grasslands were part of the Beringian landscape.O Strong winds exposed dry grasses under the snow.O Horses and bison did not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover..8. According to paragraph 4，which of the following statements is true of the relationship betweenice- age Benngian animals and their environment?O When present in sufficient quantities, lichens and mosses provide enough nutrients to satisfy the needs of herds of large mammals.O The anatomy of certain animals present in that environment provides information about the intensity of winds there at that time.O The structure of the teeth of most ice-age fauna indicates that they preyed on animals such as the mammoth, horse, and bison.O Horses and bison are large enough that their feet can easily penetrate deep snow and uncover areas where they can feed on plant material.9. In paragraph 5, the amount of pollen in Beringian lake sediments from the last ice age is used to explainO how long the ice age lastedO how important pollen is as a source of foodO how many different kinds of plants produce pollenO how little vegetation must have been present at that time10. According to paragraph 5, how did Dale Guthrie use the information about radiocarbon analysis of bones from Benngian deposits?O To suggest that Colinvaux should have used different methods to measure the amount of pollen in ice-age lake sedimentsO To argue that the large Beringian mammals must have eaten plants that produce little, if any, pollenO To show that the conclusions that Colinvaux drew from the analysis of pollen in ice-age lake sediments cannot be correctO To explain why so-called polar deserts are incapable of supporting such large animals as mammoth, horse, and bisonO preferableO practicalO reasonableO advantageous12. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 6?O Two contrasting views are presented, and a study that could decide between them is proposed O An argument is offered, and reasons both for and against the argument are presentedO A claim is made, and a study supporting the claim is describedO New information is presented, and the information is used to show that two competing explanations can each be seen as correct in some way.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Nevertheless, large animals managed to survive in Beringia.Where would the sentence best fit? Clic k on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.During the last ice age, human hunters pursued large mammals across Beringia, a land whose climatic characteristics have been in dispute.●●●Answer ChoicesO Strong evidence indicates that large mammals like mammoth and bison survived in the harsh ice-age Beringian landscape.O Carnivores such as the saber-tooth cat were primarily responsible for the disappearance of the largest of the grazing animals, but the harsh winters caused some grazers to die of starvation.O The discovery that grasses, sedges, and mosses survived under the thick ash from a large volcanic eruption proved that the ice-age Benngian plant cover was extremely resistant to climatic extremes.O Benngian mammals crossed easily from northeastern Asia to Alaska across the Bering Land Bridge, though there are indications that they usually went back to Asia for the brief, but warm, summers.O Analyses of ice-age sediments uncovered very small amounts of pollen, suggesting that Benngia lacked the quantity of vegetation needed to support large herds of mammals.O Recent discoveries suggest that shallow-rooted plants created a fairly continuous cover overice-age Beringia, though the cover most likely was variable and uncertain in any one location.参考答案：1-5.A A B B D 6-10.C B B D C 11-13.C D B 14.AEFIf you have any questions concerning the texts or answers, feel free to contact Wechat: geeqi0805. If you are tired of looking up TPO words in a dictionary, try《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!参考译文：白令陆桥景观上一次冰期高峰，东北亚（西伯利亚）和阿拉斯加被一名为白令陆桥的广阔大陆块连接起来。
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析（原TPO）
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析(原TPO)现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。
托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. T o keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But forthe black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1题目Question 1 of 14According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.Question 2 of 14It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditionsA. cause some deer to hibernateB. make food unavailable in the highlands for deerC. make it easier for deer to locate understory plantsD. prevent deer from migrating during the winterQuestion 3 of 14The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. consists ofB. combinesC. restrictsD. establishesQuestion 4 of 14The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. impatientlyB. humorouslyC. continuouslyD. immediatelyQuestion 5 of 14The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the UnitedStates than in the West.D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.Question 6 of 14According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.B. Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.Question 7 of 14Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population declineB. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environmentC. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD. To argue that some deer species must be given a protected statusQuestion 8 of 14The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to periodA. whose end has not been determinedB. that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD. whose importance remains unknownQuestion 9 of 14Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.Question 10 of 14The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. declineB. recoveryC. exchangeD. movementQuestion 11 of 14Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacif ic Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to findadditional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.Question 12 of 14Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A. A reduction in the number of predatorsB. Restrictions on huntingC. The effects of logging and fireD. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deerQuestion 13 of 14Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter..Question 14 of 14Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1解析Question 1 of 14正确答案：D题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文文本： Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles. 托福TPO45综合写作听力原文文本： ProfessorIt's perfectly possible that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing. First, it's true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees could not be preserved as fossils at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later. So the fact that we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn't mean that bees did not exist at that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved. Second, while it's true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today, it's quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. Those very early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants thatpreceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could have fed on non- flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them! And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may have remained stable ever since. Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there's chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers against water by using a special waterproofing substance that has a distinctive chemical composition. When the fossilized chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that's used by modern bees. 托福TPO45综合写作满分范文： In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were not created by bees. The professor asserts that the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. To begin with, according to the reading passage, no fossil remains of actual bees have been found that date to 200 million years ago. The professor argues that no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn’t mean that bees didn’t exist at that time. He says maybe bees couldn’t be preserved as fossils at that time. Since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees, the bees could not be preserved. On top of that, the reading passage states that flowering plants were in absence 200 million years ago. On the contrary, the professor claims that it’s quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. The professor points out that early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them. And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants have remained stable ever since. Lastly, the professor rebuts the reading’s point that the fossilized structures lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests such as the chambers lacking caps by stating that there’s chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. The professor points out that when the fossilized chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that’s used by modern bees. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (15)原文 (15)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (24)答案 (26)译文 (26)托福听力tpo45 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR: As I was saying, the Renaissance period—which started in the fourteen hundreds in Europe—the Renaissance was still a pretty religious period. And that's reflected in the artwork of that time.But artists were starting to experiment with a more secular point of view as well—a tendency to also use the natural world as the subject matter for their art.And there were different ways that these natural themes were explored. For instance, many artists would paint portraits, while others—although this was more common in northern Europe—would make landscapes the subject of their works.But today I'd like to consider an influential Italian Renaissance artist, Leon Battista Alberti, who took a slightly different approach.Leon Battista Alberti was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, poet—very wide-ranging interests—like daVinci or Michelangelo, the sort of guy for whom the term “Renaissance man” was in fact created.Alberti believed that the most important approach for a painter was to capture a story or narrative. Now, as I've indicated, this narrative could be either religious or secular, depending on what the work of art was for. If the work was to be placed in a church then obviously it'd have a religious theme, whereas if it was for someone's home then it could deal with a different subject matter. The exact narrative didn't really matter, so long as it was one that captivated the audience—that held the viewer's attention.So what is actually needed to tell a story?Well, Alberti needed characters, right? Human figures.And he wanted to represent them as realistically as possible to capture the viewer's attention. One way he achieved this was to make use of what's known as the contrapposto pose.A contrapposto pose basically entails showing a slight twist in the body. The shoulders and hips are usually bent in different directions. In other words, if the left shoulder is bent so that it's slightly higher than the right shoulder, then the hips will be bent so that the left side will be slightly lower than the right side. Similarly, in sculptures, most of the weight seems to be on one foot, which also results in this slanted position—making it seem like the figure is about to walk or move. This adds to the realistic aspect of the figure.But there are actually a lot of things that could go wrong in the attempt to create such a pose. You could make a figure’s arms bigger than its legs, or the head too small for the body. Messing up the proportions can leave a figure looking cartoon-like and unnatural. But Alberti had a solution: He encouraged artists to visualize a figure's bones and structure. This would give the artist an idea of the proportions of the figure. From there, Alberti suggested the artist imagine attaching the tendons and muscles, then covering those with flesh and skin.Now, although this method may seem complicated, artists since antiquity have used anatomical observations to try to get the proportions of the human figure as accurate as possible—though obviously not to the degree that Alberti was recommending.Now, in addition to characters, the setting is extremely important, especially when attempting to tell a story realistically. Renaissance artists essentially needed to create a three-dimensional scene on a two-dimensional surface. They accomplished this by the use of perspective—a relatively new idea for artists at the time. In particular, the type of perspective that Alberti advocated was called linear one-point perspective. In fact, Alberti was one of the artists who developed the geometry behind linear one-point perspective.Linear perspective basically consists of drawing straight lines that extend from the forefront of the painting into the background—lines that seem to be parallel to each other, but which actually converge on a single point in the horizon, called the vanishing point. By drawing figures and objects smaller and smaller as the lines get closer together, the artist is able to create depth in a painting. This gives the illusion of a third dimension and makes the work of art more realistic.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. Reasons for the transition from religious to secular themes in Renaissance artB. The disproportionate influence of Italian artists during the Renaissance periodC. Techniques used during the Renaissance to produce realistic works of artD. A comparison of themes in paintings and sculptures during the Renaissance2.What is the professor's opinion of Leon Battista Alberti as an artist?A. Alberti's interests were too diverse for him to succeed in any one field.B. Alberti was ineffective in imposing his own theories on other artists.C. Alberti was a much more skilled artist than da Vinci or Michelangelo.D. Alberti represents the Renaissance ideal of wide-ranging achievement.3.According to the professor, what did Alberti consider to be the most important aspect of a Renaissance painting?A. That it convey an appealing narrativeB. That its figures be posed symmetricallyC. That its theme not be religiousD. That its characters be positioned within a landscape4.Why did some artists begin to use the contrapposto pose?A. To create a cartoon-like effectB. To help viewers identify the main figure in a work of artC. To show the relative sizes of human figuresD. To make human figures appear more natural5.Why does the professor discuss tendons and muscles?A. To emphasize that Alberti's study of anatomy led to his interest in artB. To show the emphasis Alberti placed on using physically fit modelsC. To illustrate the difficulty of maintaining a contrapposto pose in real lifeD. To explain one of Alberti's methods for creating accurate proportions6.Why was the development of linear one-point perspective important to Renaissance artists?A. It helped painters to place figures more symmetrically within their paintings.B. It allowed painters to create an illusion of three dimensions.C. It enabled artists to paint large landscapes for the first time.D. It encouraged artists to take an interest in geometry.答案C D A D D B译文旁白：听一篇艺术史学科讲座。
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (20)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26) TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27) TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28) TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29) TPO11 (30) 1. 阅读部分 (30) 3. 范文赏析 (30) TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34) TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38) TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41) TPO15 (43) 1. 阅读部分 (43)3. 范文赏析 (45) TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49) TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54) TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55) TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56) TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57) TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58) TPO22 (59) 1. 阅读部分 (59) 3. 范文赏析 (59) TPO23 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60) TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61) TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62) TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63) TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64) TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65) TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66) TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
托福TPO45阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO45阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Microscopes The Beringia LandscapeDuring the peak of the last ice age,northeast Asia(Siberia)and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge.This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over 100 meters lower than they are today.Between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago,Siberia,the Bering Land Bridge,and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics.These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals,a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra,and a common climate with cold,dry winters and somewhat warmer[没有wanner这个单词和summer搭配哈，我觉得应该是转码故障导致的问题，应该是warmer。
]summers.The recognition that many aspects of the modem flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia.It is through Beringia that small groups of large mammal hunters,slowly expanding their hunting territories,eventually colonized North and South America.On this archaeologists generally agree,but that is where the agreement stops.One broad area of disagreement in explaining the peopling of the Americas is the domain of paleoecologists,but it is critical to understanding human history:what was Beringia like?The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today.■A Broad,windswept valleys;glaciated mountains;sparse vegetation;and less moisture created a rather forbidding landmass.■B This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth,bison,and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou,mu sk ox,elk,and saiga antelope.■C These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores,including the giant short-faced bear,the saber-tooth cat,and a large species of lion.■DThe presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that while cold and dry,there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herds of mammoth,horse,and bison.Further,nearly all of the ice-age fauna had teeth that indicate an adaptation to grasses and sedges;they could not have been supported by a modern flora of mosses and lichens.Guthrie has also demonstrated that the landscape must have been subject to intense and continuous winds,especially in winter.He makes this argument based on the anatomy of horse and bison,which do not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover.They need landscapes with strong winds that remove the winter snows,exposing the dry grasses beneath.Guthrie applied the term“mammoth steppe"to characterize this landscape.In contrast,Paul Colinvaux has offered a counterargument based on the analysis of pollen in lake sediments dating to the last ice age.He found that the amount of pollen recovered in these sediments is so low that the Beringian landscape during the peak of the last glaciation was more likely to have been what he termed a"polar desert,"with little or only sparse vegetation,in no way was it possible that this region could have supported large herds of mammals and thus,human hunters.Guthrie has argued against this view by pointing out that radiocarbonanalysis of mammoth,horse,and bison bones from Beringian deposits revealed that the bones date to the period of most intense glaciation.The argument seemed to be at a standstill until a number of recent studies resulted in a spectacular suite of new finds.The first was the discovery of a 1,000-square-kilometer preserved patch of Beringian vegetation dating to just over 17,000 years ago—the peak of the last ice age.The plants were preserved under a thick ash fall from a volcanic eruption.Investigations of the plants found grasses,sedges,mosses,and many other varieties in a nearly continuous cover,as was predicted by Guthrie.But this vegetation had a thin root mat with no soil formation,demonstrating that there was little long-term stability in plant cover,a finding supporting some of the arguments of Colinvaux.A mixture of continuous but thin vegetation supporting herds of large mammals is one that seems plausible and realistic with the available data.Paragraph 1During the peak of the last ice age,northeast Asia(Siberia)and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge.This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over 100 meters lower than they are today.Between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago,Siberia,the Bering Land Bridge,and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics.These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals,a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra,and a common climate with cold,dry winters and somewhat warmer summers.The recognition that many aspects of the modem flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea asremnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia.1.The word"remnants"in paragraph 1is closest in meaning toA.remainsB.evidenceC.resultsD.reminders。
2018年3月11日托福真题回忆及解析
2018年3月11日托福真题回忆及解析备考托福的时候我们可以找一些历年的真题来参考，看看考试内容，重点，还有答题思路，下面小编给大家带来2018年3月11日托福真题回忆及解析，希望大家喜欢。
2018年3月11日托福听力真题回忆及解析(精准)Conversation 1话题分类：课外活动场景内容回忆：排球场被艺术课展品占了参考听力TPO 16 Conversation 1Conversation 2话题分类：论文作业场景内容回忆：学生找教授询问上课时的一个疑惑，上课时教授提到我们可以观察动物的睡觉行为，学生很困惑如何观察，教授说我们现在有仪器可以观察，而且仪器很小，并且只有1.5公斤重。
然后学生说到她想参与这种项目，教授鼓励说她可以但是需要申请，说到本校资金有限，但是教授提到他也在亚利桑那大学参与了一个项目，没准可以。
参考听力TPO 20 Conversation 2;TPO 19 Conversation 1Conversation 3话题分类：图书馆场景内容回忆：女生采访快退休的图书馆管理员参考听力：TPO 27 Conversation 1Conversation 4话题分类：学习规划场景内容回忆：学生去找院长申请一个campus program，想为学院设立一个信息中心，为一年级学生找工作提供便利，但是院长说学校不是有网站可以给学生提供这样的信息，但是学生说不太合适，院长又说这得花钱，建议学生先提交一个预算。
参考听力：TPO 34 Conversation 2;TPO 18 Conversation 1Conversation 5话题分类：校园生活场景内容回忆：一个女生和cafeteria工作人员建议设计个app，女生和cafeteria的工作人员提建议，工作人员夸了这个女生。
女生表示我来给你个意见，现在的学生关心的是食物从来哪的、营养如何，管理员说以前学生只关心how much，女生表示这是一种另类的how much，管理员说学生可以在网站上查啊，女生：你们网站字太小，需要个app，我同学可以做。
托福听力tpo45 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo45section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (6)原文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (10)译文 (10)Lecture2 (12)原文 (12)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and a campus mail center employee.MALE EMPLOYEE:Sorry you had to wait.It's a busy time of year—lots of people mailing packages home…FEMALE STUDENT:I bet.I'll have to come next week to do that…I'm moving out of my dorm,and I'm sending some papers home.MALE EMPLOYEE:OK,we'll be here…what can I do for you today?FEMALE STUDENT:Well,my roommate asked me to pick something up for her.I told her I was coming down here…She got this notice saying there was a package to pick up—I guess it was too big to fit into her mailbox.MALE EMPLOYEE:I'm sorry,but I can only give packages to the person who they're addressed to—it's university policy.FEMALE STUDENT:Really?Could you make an exception?She is my roommate.MALE EMPLOYEE:I wish I could,but…she'll have to come and get it herself—and be sure to tell her to have her student ID card on her.We’ll need to see identification —oh,and she'll need that package notification too.FEMALE STUDENT:OK,I'll let her know.Um,also…since I'm moving,I'll be able to receive my mail at my new apartment,so…I don't really need my campus mailbox.MALE EMPLOYEE:Oh,OK.Although I should tell you that we do recommend that students use the campus mailbox service,even if they are moving off campus.FEMALE STUDENT:Really?Why?MALE EMPLOYEE:Well,if any of your professors want to notify you of changes to class schedules—or get in touch with you for any reason…FEMALE STUDENT:My professors have my e-mail address.MALE EMPLOYEE:Yes,that's true…but remember things like university newsletters,flyers from university clubs,notices about special events…they're only distributed to campus mailboxes.None of that's mailed off campus.FEMALE STUDENT:Well,I work at the college newspaper,so I should be able to keep on top of what's going on.Plus there’s the bulletin board outside the dining hall…MALE EMPLOYEE:True,but...You know,if it's the campus mailbox fee,I might be able to offer you a less expensive rate for next year.We can do that,in special circumstances.FEMALE STUDENT:Thanks,but…I mean,I can afford the mailbox fee.It's just that between my off-campus address,my e-mail account,and the school newspaper,I don't think there’ll be a problem.MALE EMPLOYEE:OK.In that case,stop by the main desk on your way out of the building and pick up the form you'll need...and don't forget to include a forwarding mail address for anything that's addressed to your box from outside the university.题目1.Why does the student go to see the man?[Click on2answers]A.To discontinue a campus serviceB.To pay the fee for her campus mailboxC.To get information about mailing a packageD.To pick up a package2.What does the man say about the campus mailbox service?A.Its rates for all students have recently gone down.B.It is the only way to receive certain mailings about university eventsC.All students are required to use it.D.It is more reliable than e-mail.3.How does the student usually obtain information about campus events?[Click on2 answers]A.She reads about them on the university Web site.B.She learns about them at her place of work.C.She sees the posters on a bulletin board.D.Her roommate tells her about them.4.What does the man offer to do for the student?A.Reduce the cost of renting a mailboxB.Send her a form to fill outC.Provide university organizations with her new addressD.Deliver a package to her apartment5.Why does the student say this:MALE EMPLOYEE:Well,if any of your professors want to notify you of changes to class schedules—or get in touch with you for any reason…FEMALE STUDENT:My professors have my e-mail address.A.To indicate that she agrees with the manB.To inform the man of a recent developmentC.To prevent a misunderstandingD.To support her own position答案AD B BC A D译文旁白：听一段学生和校园邮件中心员工的对话。
托福TPO45阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Wind pollination Pollen,a powdery substance,which is produced by flowering plants and contains male reproductive cells,is usually carried from plant to plant by insects or birds,but some plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen.Wind pollination is often seen as being primitive and wasteful in costly pollen and yet it is surprisingly common,especially in higher latitudes.Wind is very good at moving pollen a long way;pollen can be blown for hundreds of kilometers,and only birds can get pollen anywhere near as far.The drawback is that wind is obviously unspecific as to where it takes the pollen.It is like trying to get a letter to a friend at the other end of the village by climbing onto the roof and throwing an armful of letters into the air and hoping that one will end up in the friend's garden.For the relatively few dominant tree species that make up temperate forests,where there are many individuals of the same species within pollen range,this is quite a safe gamble.If a number of people in the village were throwing letters off roofs,your friend would be bound to get one.By contrast,in the tropics,where each tree species has few,widely scattered individuals,the chance of wind blowing pollen to another individual is sufficiently slim that animals are a safer bet as transporters of pollen.Even tall trees in the tropics are usually not wind pollinated despite being in windy conditions.In a similar way,trees in temperate forests that are insect pollinated tend to grow as solitary,widely spread individuals. Since wind-pollinated flowers have no need to attract insects or other animals,they have dispensed with bright petals,nectar,and scent.These are at best a waste and at worst an impediment to the transfer of pollen in the air.The result is insignificant-looking flowers and catkins(dense cylindrical clusters of small,petalless flowers). Wind pollination does,of course,require a lot of pollen.■A Birch and hazel trees can produce 5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin,respectively.■B There are various adaptations to help as much of the pollen go as far as possible.■C Most deciduous wind-pollinated trees(which shed their leaves every fall)produce their pollen in the spring while the branches are bare of leaves to reduce the surrounding surfaces that “compete"with the stigmas(the part of the flower that receives the pollen)for pollen.■D Evergreen conifers,which do not shed their leaves,have less to gain from spring flowering,and,indeed,some flower in the autumn or winter. Pollen produced higher in the top branches is likely to go farther:it is windier(and gustier)and the pollen can be blown farther before hitting the ground.Moreover,dangling catkins like hazel hold the pollen in until the wind is strong enough to bend them,ensuring that pollen is only shed into the air when thewind is blowing hard.Weather is also important.Pollen is shed primarily when the air is dry to prevent too much sticking to wet surfaces or being knocked out of the air by rain.Despite these adaptations,much of the pollen fails to leave the top branches,and only between 0.5 percent and 40 percent gets more than 100 meters away from the parent.But once this far,significant quantities can go a kilometer or more.Indeed,pollen can travel many thousands of kilometers at high altitudes.Since all this pollen is floating around in the air,it is no wonder that wind-pollinated trees are a major source of allergies. Once the pollen has been snatched by the wind,the fate of the pollen is obviously up to the vagaries of the wind,but not everything is left to chance.Windborne pollen is dry,rounded,smooth,and generally smaller than that of insect-pollinated plants.But size is a two-edged sword.Small grains may be blown farther but they are also more prone to be whisked past the waiting stigma because smaller particles tend to stay trapped in the fast-moving air that flows around the stigma.But stigmas create turbulence,which slows the air speed around them and may help pollen stick to them. Paragraph 1 Pollen,a powdery substance,which is produced by flowering plants and contains male reproductive cells,is usually carried from plant to plant by insects or birds,but some plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen.Wind pollination is often seen as being primitive and wasteful in costly pollen and yet it is surprisingly common,especially in higher latitudes.Wind is very good at moving pollen a long way;pollen can be blown for hundreds of kilometers,and only birds can get pollen anywhere near as far.The drawback is that wind is obviously unspecific as to where it takes the pollen.It is like trying to get a letter to a friend at the other end of the village by climbing onto the roof and throwing an armful of letters into the air and hoping that one will end up in the friend's garden.For the relatively few dominant tree species that make up temperate forests,where there are many individuals of the same species within pollen range,this is quite a safe gamble.If a number of people in the village were throwing letters off roofs,your friend would be bound to get one.By contrast,in the tropics,where each tree species has few,widely scattered individuals,the chance of wind blowing pollen to another individual is sufficiently slim that animals are a safer bet as transporters of pollen.Even tall trees in the tropics are usually not wind pollinated despite being in windy conditions.In a similar way,trees in temperate forests that are insect pollinated tend to grow as solitary,widely spread individuals. 1.The word"drawback"in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A.other side of the issue B.objection。
老托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE1
老托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE1为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 1，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm abouttwenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before theinvention of the icebox5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) markets正确答案：BBACC DBCDA B托福阅读技巧之如何巧用关键词?托福考试阅读部分一篇文章一般较长，所以一般是以段落为单位的。
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 45 试题及答案
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 45试题及答案PASSAGE 45By the turn of the century, the middle-class home in North American had been transformed. "The flow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic, the soap kettle in the shed," Ellen Richards wrote in 1908. The urban middle class was now able to buy a wide array of food products and clothing — baked goods, canned goods, suits, shirts, shoes, and dresses. Not only had household production waned, but technological improvements were rapidly changing the rest of domestic work. Middle-class homes had indoor running water and furnaces, run on oil, coal, or gas, that produced hot water. Stoves were fueled by gas, and delivery services provided ice for refrigerators. Electric power was available for lamps, sewing machines, irons, and even vacuum cleaners. No domestic task was unaffected. Commercial laundries, for instance, had been doing the wash for urban families for decades; by the early 1900's the first electric washing machines were on the market.One impact of the new household technology was to draw sharp dividing lines between women of different classes and regions. Technological advances always affected the homes of the wealthy first, filtering downward into the urban middle class. But women who lived on farms were not yet affected by household improvements. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, rural homes lacked running water and electric power. Farm women had to haul large quantities of water into the house from wells or pumps for every purpose. Doing the family laundry, in large vats heated over stoves, continued to be a full day's work, just as canning and preserving continued to be seasonal necessities. Heat was provided by wood or coal stoves. In addition, rural women continued to produce most of their families' clothing. The urban poor, similarly, reaped few benefits from household improvements. Urban slums such as Chicago's nineteenth ward often had no sewers, garbage collection, or gas or electric lines; and tenements lacked both running water and central heating. At the turn of the century, variations in the nature of women's domestic work were probably more marked than at any time before.1. What is the main topic of the passage ?(A) The creation of the urban middle class(B) Domestic work at the turn of the century(C) The spread of electrical power in the United States(D) Overcrowding in American cities.2. According to the passage , what kind of fuel was used in a stove in a typical middle-class household?(A) oil(B) coal(C) gas(D) wood3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a household convenience in the passage ?(A) the electric fan(B) the refrigerator(C) the electric light(D) the washing machine4. According to the passage , who were the first beneficiaries of technological advances?(A) Farm women(B) The urban poor(C) The urban middle class(D) The wealthy5. The word "reaped" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) gained(B) affected(C) wanted(D) accepted6. Which of the following best characterizes the passage 's organization?(A) analysis of a quotation(B) chronological narrative(C) extended definition(D) comparison and contrast7. Where in the passage does the author discuss conditions in poor urban neighborhoods?(A) lines 3-5(B) lines 6-7(C) lines 8-9(D) lines 22-23ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 45 BCADA DD。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Microscopes The Beringia Landscape During the peak of the last ice age,northeast Asia(Siberia)and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge.This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over 100 meters lower than they are today.Between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago,Siberia,the Bering Land Bridge,and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics.These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals,a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra,and a common climate with cold,dry winters and somewhat warmer[没有wanner这个单词和summer搭配哈，我觉得应该是转码故障导致的问题，应该是warmer。
]summers.The recognition that many aspects of the modem flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia. It is through Beringia that small groups of large mammal hunters,slowly expanding their hunting territories,eventually colonized North and South America.On this archaeologists generally agree,but that is where the agreement stops.One broad area of disagreement in explaining the peopling of the Americas is the domain of paleoecologists,but it is critical to understanding human history:what was Beringia like? The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today.■A Broad,windswept valleys;glaciated mountains;sparse vegetation;and less moisture created a rather forbidding land mass.■B This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth,bison,and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou,musk ox,elk,and saiga antelope.■C These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores,including the giant short-faced bear,the saber-tooth cat,and a large species of lion.■D The presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that while cold and dry,there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herds of mammoth,horse,and bison.Further,nearly all of the ice-age fauna had teeth that indicate an adaptation to grasses and sedges;they could not have been supported by a modern flora of mosses and lichens.Guthrie has also demonstrated that the landscape must have been subject to intense and continuous winds,especially in winter.He makes this argument based on the anatomy of horse and bison,which do not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover.They need landscapes with strong winds that remove the winter snows,exposing the dry grasses beneath.Guthrie applied the term“mammoth steppe"to characterize this landscape. In contrast,Paul Colinvaux has offered a counterargument based on the analysis of pollen in lake sediments dating to the last ice age.He found that the amount of pollen recovered in these sediments is so low that the Beringian landscape during the peak of the last glaciation was more likely to have been what he termed a"polar desert,"with little or only sparse vegetation,in no way was it possible that this region could have supported large herds of mammals and thus,human hunters.Guthrie has argued against this view by pointing out that radiocarbon analysis of mammoth,horse,and bison bones from Beringian deposits revealed that the bones date to the period of most intense glaciation. The argument seemed to be at a standstill until a number of recent studies resulted in a spectacular suite of new finds.The first was the discovery of a 1,000-square-kilometer preserved patch of Beringian vegetation dating to just over 17,000 years ago—the peak of the last ice age.The plants were preserved under a thick ash fall from a volcanic eruption.Investigations of the plants found grasses,sedges,mosses,and many other varieties in a nearly continuous cover,as was predicted by Guthrie.But this vegetation had a thin root mat with no soil formation,demonstrating that there was little long-term stability in plant cover,a finding supporting some of the arguments of Colinvaux.A mixture of continuous but thin vegetation supporting herds of large mammals is one that seems plausible and realistic with the available data. Paragraph 1 During the peak of the last ice age,northeast Asia(Siberia)and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge.This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over 100 meters lower than they are today.Between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago,Siberia,the Bering Land Bridge,and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics.These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals,a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra,and a common climate with cold,dry winters and somewhat warmer summers.The recognition that many aspects of the modem flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia. 1.The word"remnants"in paragraph 1is closest in meaning to A.remains B.evidence C.results D.reminders。