托福TPO41阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Development of Steam Power蒸汽机的发展By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.Because of the growth of population,most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.Wood was in ever-shorter supply,yet it remained tremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material.Processed wood(charcoal)was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron(raw iron).The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous,and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much of which was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.在18世纪之前，英国正在经历一次严重的能源短缺。
托福TPO41综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Burning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the damage such harmful chemicals may be doing to the environment and suggest that the United States government should create new, much stricter regulations for handling and storing coal ash. However, representatives of power companies take the opposite view; they argue that new regulations are unnecessary and might actually have negative consequences They use the following arguments to support their position. Regulations Exist First, power company representatives point out that effective environmental regulations already exist. For example, one very important regulation requires companies to use liner-special material that prevents coal ash components from leaking into the soil and contaminating the surrounding environment. Companies that dispose of coal ash in disposal ponds or landfills must use liner in every new pond or landfill they build. Concerns About Recycling Coal Ash Second, some analysts predict that creating very strict rules for storing and handling coal ash might discourage the recycling of coal ash into other products Currently, a large portion of coal ash generated by power plants is recycled: it is used, for example, in building materials such as concrete and bricks Recycling coal ash reduces the need to dispose of it in other ways and presents no environmental danger. However, if new, stricter rules are adopted for handling coal ash, consumers may become concerned that recycled coal ash products are just too dangerous, and may stop buying the products Increased Cost Finally, strict new regulations would result in a significant increase in disposal and handling costs for the power companies. perhaps as much as ten times the current costs. Power companies would be forced to increase the price of electricity, which would not be welcomed by the general public.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Professor: There should definitely be stricter rules adopted for handling and disposing of coal ash.¡¡¡¡First, the regulations we have now, for example, those that require companies to use liner, are not really sufficient. Under the current regulations, liner has to be used only when a company builds a new landfill or a new pond. But companies are not required to add liner to old ponds and landfills. Yet several of those older disposal sites have caused significant damage. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. We absolutely need stricter new regulations that will prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites, the new sites as well as the old ones.¡¡¡¡Second, stricter rules for handling coal ash won't necessarily mean that consumers will stop using recycled coal ash products. Let's look at how people responded to strict regulations for other dangerous materials. Take mercury for example. Mercury is a fairly hazardous material and it's been subject to very strict handling and storage rules for a long time. Yet despite those rules, it's been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years. And consumers have had very few concerns about it. So it's unlikely that consumers will become afraid to buy recycled coal ash products if stricter regulations are adopted.¡¡¡¡Third, it's true that the cost of coal ash storage and handling will increase, but in this case, the result is well worth the extra cost. According to analysts, the cost to the power companies of implementing these rules would be about 15 billion dollars. That sounds like a lot. But when you actually do the math, it would increase the average consumer's household electricity bill by only about one percent. That's not a big price to pay for having a cleaner environment.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO41×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The reading mainly talks about that the new regulations of coal ash are unnecessary. However the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations have already existed. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So we need stricter new rules to prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites. Secondly, the passage asserts that creating too strict rules for storing and dealing with coal ash might discourage the recycling of it into other products. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that stricter rules don¡¯t mean that consumers won¡¯t use recycled coal ash products anymore. Take mercury as example, it¡¯s been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years and it receives little concerns. Finally, the author of reading passage believes that strict new regulations would increase the cost of disposal and handling for the power companies. On the other hand, the professor disagrees it with the point that the result is worth the extra cost. To state it more clearly, it would increase the average consumer¡¯s electricity bill by only about one percent which is totally acceptable to have a cleaner environment. ####According to the reading passage, representatives of power companies hold the view that new regulations for handling and storing coal ash are unnecessary and might lead to undesirable consequences. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations already exist. For example one regulation requires companies to use liner to prevent coal ash components from contaminating the surrounding environment. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So。
tpo41三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo41三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (17)背景知识 (18)阅读-2 (20)原文 (20)译文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (35)背景知识 (35)阅读-3 (39)原文 (39)译文 (43)题目 (46)答案 (56)背景知识 (56)阅读-1原文Navajo Art①The Navajo,a Native American people living in the southwestern United States,live in small scattered settlements.In many respects, such as education,occupation,and leisure activities,their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century.At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms.For example,the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin,finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances,pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.The largest of these paintings may be up to5.5meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room.Working from the inside of the design outward,the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black,white,bluish-gray, orange,and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery.The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.The twenty-four knownNavajo chants can be represented by up to500sand paintings.These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs,which can last up to nine days.②The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society,embodied in their word hozho(beauty or harmony,goodness,and happiness).It coexists with hochxo("ugliness,"or"evil,"and"disorder")in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change.When the world,which was created in beauty,becomes ugly and disorderly,the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony.Thus,the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.③Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past.The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past.By recreating these arts,which reflect the original beauty of creation,the Navajo bring beauty to the presentworld.As relative newcomers to the Southwest,a place where their climate,neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable,the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them,not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized,but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves.The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who,after being healed by the gods,gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory,the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.④The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets.Navajo women own the family flocks,control the shearing of the sheep,the carding,the spinning,and dyeing of the thread,and the weaving of the fabrics.While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought,women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make.Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky.It was she who,according to legend,taught Navajo women how to weave.As they prepare their materials and weave,Navajo women imitate the transformations thatoriginally created the world.⑤Working on their looms,Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature.It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty,harmony,and healing of the world.Thus,weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.译文纳瓦霍人的艺术①纳瓦霍人是生活在美国西南部的土著美国人，居住在分散的小定居点。
tpo41托福综合写作范文
tpo41托福综合写作范文一、阅读文章要点。
阅读文章的观点是，人类可以在火星上建立永久性的居住点，并且给出了三个理由：1. 火星的大气含有二氧化碳：这一气体可以被利用来生产燃料和氧气。
通过一些技术手段，比如将二氧化碳分解成一氧化碳和氧气，氧气可供人类呼吸，一氧化碳可作为燃料的组成部分。
这样就能解决人类在火星上生存所需要的呼吸用气和能源问题。
2. 火星的重力较低：这对于人类来说是一个优势。
低重力环境使得从火星发射宇宙飞船返回地球更加容易。
相比在地球发射火箭，需要克服巨大的重力，在火星上发射火箭所需要的燃料会少很多，从而大大降低了太空探索任务的成本和难度。
3. 火星上有冰存在：火星上的冰可以融化成水。
水是生命之源，它可以用于人类饮用、灌溉农作物等。
而且，水还可以分解成氢气和氧气，进一步为人类提供能源。
这就使得人类在火星上建立永久性居住点有了最基本的资源保障。
二、听力文章要点。
听力文章对阅读中的观点进行了反驳，理由如下：1. 二氧化碳利用困难：虽然火星大气中有二氧化碳，但是这些二氧化碳大多以固体干冰的形式存在于火星的两极。
要将其收集并转化为有用的氧气和燃料，需要复杂的设备和大量的能量投入。
以目前人类的技术水平，要将这些设备运送到火星并且维持其运行是非常困难的，所以无法像阅读中所说的那样轻易地利用二氧化碳。
2. 低重力带来健康问题：火星的低重力环境对人类健康有严重的危害。
长时间处于低重力环境下，人类的肌肉和骨骼会萎缩。
例如，宇航员在国际空间站待一段时间后返回地球时，身体就会出现各种问题。
在火星上建立永久性居住点意味着人类要长期面对这种低重力环境，这会使人类的身体状况变得非常糟糕，甚至可能威胁到生命，所以低重力并不是一个像阅读中说的那样的优势。
3. 火星上的冰难以利用：火星上的冰并不是像阅读中所说的那样容易被利用。
因为这些冰里含有很多有害物质，像高氯酸盐。
如果要将这些冰融化成水供人类使用，首先需要去除这些有害物质，而目前我们还没有一种简单有效的方法来做到这一点。
托福TPO41阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Trade and Early State Formation Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world. In the 1970s,a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states.British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities.As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances,a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted.Eventually,this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities,systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces.As time went on,the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence.Interest in long-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange,and perhaps even led to piracy.Thus,intensified trade and interaction,and the flowering of specialist crafts,in a complex process of positive feedback,led to much more complex societies based on palaces,which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization. Renfrew’s model made some assumptions that are now discounted.For example,he argued that the introduction of domesticated vines and olives allowed a substantial expansion of land under cultivation and helped to power the emergence of complex society.Many archaeologists and paleobotanists now question this view,pointing out that the available evidence for cultivated vines and olives suggests that they were present only in the later Bronze Age.Trade,nevertheless,was probably one of many variables that led to the emergence of palace economies in Minoan Crete. American archaeologist William Rathje developed a hypothesis that considered an explosion in long-distance exchange a fundamental cause of Mayan civilization in Mesoamerica.He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources,among them obsidian,salt,stone for grinding maize,and many luxury materials.All these could be obtained from the nearby highlands,from the Valley of Mexico,and from other regions,if the necessary trading networks came into being.Such connections,and the trading expeditions to maintain them,could not be organized byindividual villages.The Maya lived in a relatively uniform environment,where every community suffered from the same resource deficiencies.Thus,argued Rathje,long-distance trade networks were organized through local ceremonial centers and their leaders.In time,this organization became a state,and knowledge of its functioning was exportable,as were pottery,tropical bird feathers,specialized stone materials,and other local commodities. Rathje’s hypothesis probably explains part of the complex process of Mayan state formation,but it suffers from the objection that suitable alternative raw materials can be found in the lowlands.It could be,too,that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land,and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan states. Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce,we know that,because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices,trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.Many ever-changing variables affected ancient trade,among them the demand for goods.There were also the logistics of transportation,the extent of the trading network,and the social and political environment.Intricate market networks channeled supplies along well-defined routes.Authorities at both ends might regulate the profits fed back to the source,providing the incentive for further transactions.There may or may not have been a market organization.Extensive long-distance trade was a consequence rather than a cause of complex societies. Paragraph 1 Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world. 1.The word"notions"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.ideas B.rules C.degrees。
托福TPO41阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Navajo Art The Navajo,a Native American people living in the southwestern United States,live in small scattered settlements.In many respects,such as education,occupation,and leisure activities,their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century.At the same time,they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms.For example,the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings.These are actually made by pouring thin,finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances,pollen,and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room.Working from the inside of the design outward,the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black,white,bluish-gray,orange,and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery.The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs,which can last up to nine days. The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society,embodied in their word hozho(beauty or harmony,goodness,and happiness).It coexists with hochxo("ugliness,"or"evil,"and"disorder")in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change.When the world,which was created in beauty,becomes ugly and disorderly,the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world.Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony.Thus,the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process. Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past.The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past.By recreating these arts,which reflect the original beauty of creation,the Navajo bring beauty to the present world.As relative newcomers to the Southwest,a place where their climate,neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable,the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them,not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized,but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves.The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero,who,after being healed by the gods,gave gifts of songs and paintings.Working from memory,the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accuratelyas possible. The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets.Navajo women own the family flocks,control the shearing of the sheep,the carding,the spinning,and dying of the thread,and the weaving of the fabrics.While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought,women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make.Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider Woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky.It was she who，according to legend,taught Navajo women how to weave.As they prepare their materials and weave.Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.Working on their looms,Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature.It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty,harmony,and healing of the world.Thus,weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it. Paragraph 1 The Navajo,a Native American people living in the southwestern United States,live in small scattered settlements.In many respects,such as education,occupation,and leisure activities,their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century.At the same time,they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms.For example,the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings.These are actually made by pouring thin,finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances,pollen,and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room.Working from the inside of the design outward,the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black,white,bluish-gray,orange,and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery.The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs,which can last up to nine days. 1.The word“precise”is closest in meaning to A.colorful B.exact C.delicate。
托福听力tpo41 两篇对话精析
托福听力tpo41 两篇对话精析Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Conversation2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (11)答案 (13)译文 (13)Conversation1原文FEMALE PROFESSOR: I have some good news for you. One of thestudents who was signed up for the summer term at the field station next year won't be attending after all. Your name's first on the waiting list,so if you still want to do it, the space is available.MALE STUDENT: Aw, that's terrific!FEMALE PROFESSOR: You were also interested in doing an independent research project next summer, right?MALE STUDENT: Yeah, on salt-marsh restoration—but that was before, when I thought I wasn't going to get into the field station.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, you can still do it if you want. I looked over your application for the independent research project, and it looks strong: I approved it. And you’d have even more resources there at the field station, so…MALE STUDENT: The field station and an independent study.…But the summer term is a few weeks shorter than a regular term…FEMALE PROFESSOR: Wh—it's up to you. You'd have to work hard, but I think you can do very well. Professor Garfield—one of the professors over at the field station—MALE STUDENT: Yeah, I’ve heard of him.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Yes, well, Professor Garfield's been doing research on salt marshes for years, assessing human impact and methods ofsalt-marsh restoration. He's willing to oversee your project.MALE STUDENT: Wow! That’s too good an opportunity to pass up. FEMALE PROFESSOR: I thought you'd say that. When I spoke with Dr. Garfield, he suggested you take a particular course he'll be teaching here in the spring…it's called Advanced Topics in Salt-Marsh Management. The course looks at salt-marsh ecology in-depth, and it also focuses on factors that stress salt-marsh systems, and how to assess and monitor the level of stress.MALE STUDENT: And that background information'll feed right into my project on salt-marsh restoration. This is so great.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Oh, one more thing. Do you know John Arnold? MALE STUDENT: Not really. But he lives in my dorm. Why?FEMALE PROFESSOR: John's another ecology student who'll be at the field station next summer. I approved an independent research project for him, too. Initially he had the same concern as you. But anyway, his topic will be similar to yours. He’ll be researching how bridges and culverts that've been installed to allow tidal waters to move underneath roads—between the sea and the salt marshes—well, they're often too small…MALE STUDENT: I guess that'd result in not enough tidal water flowinginto the marshes to maintain the natural vegetation, right?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Exactly. And he'll be looking at how to determine the right size. So I was thinking he might be a good choice for a summer roommate for you.题目1.What does the professor talk about with the man?A. Reasons the man should work at the field station next summer instead of working independentlyB. Reasons the man should change the focus of his independent study projectC. Projects that the man has permission to work on next summerD. Whether the man would be willing to cooperate on a project with another student2.What does Professor Garfield suggest the student do during the spring term?A. Take a particular classB. Modify his research topicC. Pay the field-station program feeD. Begin collecting data3.What do the student and John Arnold have in common? [Click on 2 answers.]A. They were both on the waiting list for the summer field program.B. They will both be doing research involving salt marshes.C. They often volunteer to help restore salt marshes.D. They live in the same university dormitory.4.What does the professor say is the main topic of John Arnold's research?A. Establishing size recommendations for salt marsh habitatsB. The relationship between bridge size and the flow of tidal watersC. How the vegetation of coastal habitats is affected by the restoration of salt marshesD. Ways of assessing levels of stress on salt-marsh habitats5.What can be inferred about the student when he says this:(MALE STUDENT) The field station and an independent study. …But the summer term is a few weeks shorter than a regular term …A. He cannot participate at the field station because of a prior commitment.B. He is unsure if he will earn enough course credits before the summer.C. He prefers to do the independent study instead of working at the field station.D. He thinks he may not have enough time to complete the required work over the summer.答案C A BD B D译文教授：我有些好消息要告诉你。
托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本Employee:Hi, can I help you?Student:Yes, I'd like to get help with the, you know, payment for my classes, some sort of financial aid. The problem is I don't know much about it, so I don't really know where to begin. I saw this poster about work-study programs. Can you tell me something about that?Employee:Well, I think you're talking about the government sponsored work-study program. It works like this: you work on campus and get paid an hourly wage just like a regular job. However, instead of getting a paycheck, the money goes directly to your bill for your courses, but almost all work-study jobs pay minimum wage, which is usually pretty low. The truth is: you might do better getting a job off campus since you can do whatever you want with the money, like paying your rent or...or buying textbooks.Student:Thanks! That's very useful. So how do I find out what's out there?Employee:Let me show you our catalogue of various programs as well as scholarships offered here. [01.00.24]That's your best bet1 really, if you can find a good scholarship, because you don't have to pay the money back. You might qualify if your grades are good enough or if you have the right background.Student:Yeah, that sounds like something I should try for.Employee:Now, this is my desk-copy of the catalogue, but I can give you your own copy if you want. Oh yeah, be sure to visitthe university library, too. There's a whole section on financial aid including application forms.Student:Why isn't all the information listed in the catalogue? It'd be so much easier.Employee:Oh, if we did that, the catalogue would be too heavy to pick up. Civic clubs, foundations, organizations from all over the country offer scholarships or other financial assistance to college students and all kinds of companies have programs to help their employees' children go to college. If either of your parents works for a large corporation, have them check to see if their companies do that.Student:Okay. Good idea. Hey, my dad works for a big accounting firm and he's a member of a professional accounting organization. Do you think they'd offerfinancial aid?Employee:Yes, that's fairly common, especially if you are planning to go into accounting. What are you studying?What do you plan to do after you graduate?Student:I want to become a dentist. I'm enrolled in a pre-med program for dentistry.Employee:Okay. So I'd suggest looking in the library for information on organizations that have to do with dentistry. Any number of them might offer scholarships to students planning to join their profession.Student:I'll definitely investigate that one.Employee:Great! But be sure to talk to one of our librarians, too. They get the same questions over and over, so they can save you a great deal of time.托福TPO41听力Conversation2题目1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?A. The procedures for applying for different types of scholarshipsB. Where the man must go to submit his financial-aid applicationC. How students can get help paying their tuitionD. Various organizations that offer work-study programs2.What is the woman’s opinion of the wor k-study program?A. It does not provide as much financial flexibility as a regular job does.B. It is more difficult to apply for than other types of financial aid.C. It should offer more jobs that would appeal to dental students.D. It should allow students to choose where they want to work.3.Why does the woman mention civic clubs, foundations, and large corporations?A. To suggest organizations the man should visit to learn about scholarshipsB. To give some examples of organizations that offer scholarships。
托福阅读 tpo41-2WORD打印 Climate of Venus
Climate of VenusEarth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere. By contrast, Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth, or outgassed, by volcanoes. The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth, such as Mount Saint Helens, are predominantly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth. Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets, icy bodies formed in the outer solar system.According to paragraph 1, in what major respect are Venus and Earth different from each other?A Whether carbon dioxide was present in their original atmospheresB How thin their original atmospheres wereC What their present-day atmospheres mainly consist ofD How long ago they first developed an atmosphereWhy does the author mention “present-day volcanoes on Earth”?A To provide an example of an important difference between present-day Venus andpresent day EarthB To help explain why Earth’s atmosphere still contains traces of s ulfur dioxide butVenus’ does notC To indicate one source of information about the likely composition of the originalatmospheres of Venus and EarthD To account for the fact that Earth’s water supply no longer comes primarily fromimpacting cometsIn fact, water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere. Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass, so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth, and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces. Studies of how stars evolve suggest that the early Sun was only about 70 percent as luminous as it is now, so the temperature in Venus' early atmosphere must have been quite a bit lower. Thus water vapor would have been able to liquefy and form oceans on Venus. But if water vapor and carbon dioxide wereonce so common in the atmospheres of both Earth and Venus, what became of Earth's carbon dioxide? And what happened to the water on Venus?According to paragraph 2, what is one reason for thinking that at one time, there were significant amounts of water on Venus?A Because of Venus’ size and mass, its volcanoes probably produced much more watervapor than volcanoes on Earth did.B The low temperature of Venus’ early atmosphere can be ex plained only by the presenceof water.C The presence of carbon dioxide in a planet’s atmosphere is an indicator of water on thatplanet.D Venus probably was struck by roughly as many comets as Earth was.The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. If Earth became as hot as Venus, much of its carbon dioxide would be boiled out of the oceans and baked out of the crust. Our planet would soon develop a thick, oppressive carbon dioxide atmosphere much like that of Venus.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A The first question to be answered is how Earth’s atmospheric carbon dioxide ei ther gotdissolved in the oceans or got chemically bound into carbonate rocks.B The fact that Earth’s abundant carbon dioxide is more often found in carbonate rockthan dissolved in the oceans is the answer to the first question.C Earth still has abundant carbon dioxide, but instead of being in the atmosphere it isnow dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into ocean rocks.D The formation of limestone and marble used up the carbon dioxide that was dissolvedin Earth’s oceans so that only carbon dioxide in atmospheric form remained.To answer the question about Venus' lack of water, we must return to the early history of the planet. Just as on present-day Earth, the oceans of Venus limited the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by dissolving it in the oceans and binding it up in carbonate rocks. But being closer to the Sun than Earth is, enough of the liquid water on Venus would have vaporized to create a thick cover of water vapor cIouds. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this humid atmosphere, perhaps denser than Earth's present-day atmosphere, but far less dense than the atmosphere that envelops Venus today would have efficiently trapped heat from the Sun. At first, this would have had little effect on the oceans of Venus. Although the temperature would have climbed above 100° C, the boiling point of water at sea level on Earth, the added atmospheric pressure from water vapor would have kept the water in Venus' oceans in the liquid state.According to paragraph 4, what is one factor that kept the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of early Venus relatively low?A The presence of water vapor cloudsB The presence of oceansC Rapidly increasing temperatures at ground levelD Low atmospheric pressuresThis hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years. But as the Sun's energy output slowly increased over time, the temperature at the surface would eventually have risen above 374°C. Above this temperature, no matter what the atmospheric pressure, Venus' oceans would have begun to evaporate, and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect.This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster, producing more water vapor. That, in turn, would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still.According to paragraph 5, what happens when temperatures rise above 374ºC?A Atmospheric pressure begins to decrease.B Water vapor disappears from the atmosphere.C Water evaporates regardless of atmospheric pressure.D More energy is required to evaporate a given volume of water.Once Venus' oceans disappeared, so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. With no oceans to dissolve it, outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more. Temperatures eventually became high enough to "bake out" any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks. This liberated carbon dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus. Over time, the rising temperatures would have leveled off, solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, With all the water vapor gone, the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated.According to paragraph 6, extremely high temperatures increased the amount of carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere byA increasing the rate at which carbon dioxide was outgassedB baking out carbon dioxide from carbonate rocksC creating additional water vaporD replacing the previous mechanisms for removing carbon dioxide with less effectiveonesThe phrase “mechanism for” in the passage is closest in meaning toA means ofB importance ofC need forD benefits of。
托福听力tpo41 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo41lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文FEMALE PROFESSOR:Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions—extreme heat or cold,or,very dry conditions....Like, plants in the desert—your textbook doesn’t have much about the specifics on desert plants,but I think that desert plants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions.So with desert plants,there are basically three different adaptive strategies.And I should point out that these strategies are not specific to any particular species—many different species have developed each of the adaptations.So,first off,there are succulent plants.There are many different species of succulent plants,but they all can absorb and store a lot of water.Obviously,opportunities to get water in the desert are few and far between.Generally,rains are light and short,so the rain doesn’t seep too far down into the soil…and there's a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it evaporates.But succulent plants have a spread-out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil,though the soil has to be saturated,since succulents aren't good at absorbing water from soil that’s only a little moist.Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water—important in an environment where rainy days are rare.Succulent plants can store water in their leaves,in their stems,or in their roots.And to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot desert sun,most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost waterproof when their stomates are closed.They also preserve water by minimizing their surface area—the more of the plantthat’s out in the sun,the more potential there is to lose stored-up water—and that means that most succulent plants have few,if any,leaves.Now besides succulent plants,there are also drought-tolerant plants. Drought-tolerant plants are like bears in a way.You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter?They can survive without eating because their metabolism slows down.Well,drought-tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources—in their case,water—runs short.A drought-tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying.I said before that most desert rains are light and brief,but occasionally there's a heavy one.Drought-tolerant plants revive after one of these significant rainfalls—and they're able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots.Actually the root system for drought-tolerant plants is more extensive than the root systems of many plants that live in wetter climates.Drought-tolerant plants can even absorb water from relatively dry soil because of their deep roots,in contrast to succulent plants.The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this—annual plants.An annual plant will mature and produce seeds in a single season that will become the next generation of annual plants.In desert conditions,annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter.Of course,these plants could face a serious problem if a particular fall or spring happened to be very dry—they would have difficulty growing and could die before producing seeds.But they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wiping them out. Not all seeds an annual plant puts out will grow the following year.Some seeds remain dormant in the ground for several years.It's a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from a season of poor growing conditions,of unfavorable weather.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The growth rates of plants in different geographical regionsB.Different ways that plants have adapted to desert environmentsC.The different mechanisms that plant roots use to absorb waterD.Different kinds of succulent plants2.What are two features of succulent plants that help them survive in deserts?[Click on2answers.]A.Succulent plants store water in their leaves and stems.B.Succulent plants become dormant until the next rainfall.C.Succulent plants have short stems.D.Succulent plants have few leaves.3.Why does the professor mention bears?A.To remind students of information from a previous lectureB.To point out a feature common to all desert plantsC.To reinforce a point about drought-tolerant plantsD.To help students understand the concept of adaptation4.What is one ability that drought-tolerant plants have that succulent plants do not have?A.The ability to absorb water from dry soilB.The ability to absorb water through their leavesC.The ability to prevent moisture from being lost through their leavesD.The ability to shed leaves5.Why can annual plants grow in a desert even after a year of no rainfall?A.Annual plants have an extensive root system that can absorb water from far away.B.Annual plants produce seeds all year long.C.Seeds of annual plants can store water for a long time.D.Seeds of annual plants can survive in the ground for a long time without water.5.Listen again to part of the lecture.Then,answer the question.(PROFESSOR)The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this.Why does the professor say this: (PROFESSOR)Yes,there are plants that do this.A.To correct a previous statementB.To acknowledge a potentially surprising factC.To anticipate the types of questions that students might have about the topicD.To make sure that students are paying attention答案B ADC AD B译文教授：许多生物已经发展了在恶劣环境中生存的能力：酷热、严寒，或者非常干燥的环境。
托福TPO4阅读真题及答案Part2
托福TPO4阅读真题及答案Part2托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO4阅读真题及答案Part2，望喜欢！托福TPO4阅读真题原文：Part2Cave Art in EuropeThe earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of ahuman image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period thatfollowed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.Paragraph 1: The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show amarked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe asmuch as 60,000 years ago.托福TPO4阅读题目：Part21.The word "marked" in the passage is closest in meaning to○considerable○surprising○limited○adequate2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?○It is much older than painting in Australia.○It is as much as 28,000 years old.○It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.○It is much more than 30,000 years old.Paragraph 2: The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principallocations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.3.The word "principal" in the passage is closest in meaning to○major○likely○well p rotected○distinct4.According to paragraph 2, what makes some researchers think that certain cave paintings were connected with magical-religious activities?○The paintings were located where many people could easilysee them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities.○Upper Paleolithic people shared similar beliefs with contemporary peoples who use paintings of animals in their magical-religious rituals.○Evidence of magical-religious activities has been found in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves.○The paintings were found in hard-to-reach places away from the inhabited parts of the cave.Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.5.The word "trappings" in the passage is closest in meaning to○conditions○problems○influences○decorations6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.○Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.○If Up per Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.○Although many contemporary peoples believe that th e drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.7.According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting8.Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have "reached a peak toward the end of the UpperPaleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing"?○To argue that Upper Paleo lithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce○To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting○To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period○To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period Paragraph 4: The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals(because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.9.According to paragraph 4, scholars believe that wild cattle, horses, and mammoths are the animals most frequently portrayed in cave paintings for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:○These animals were difficult to hunt because their unpredictable behavior.○People preferred these animals for their meat and for their skins.○The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.○People feared these animals because of their size and speed.10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following may best represent the attitude of hunters toward deer and reindeer in the Upper Paleolithic period?○Hunters did not fear deer and reindeers as much as they did large game animals such as horses and mammoths.○Hunters were not interested in hunting deer and reind eer because of their size and speed.○Hunters preferred the meat and hides of deer and reindeer to those of other animals.○Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.11.According to paragraph 4, what change is evident in the art of the period following the Upper Paleolithic?○This new art starts to depict small animals rather than large ones.○This new art ceases to reflect the ways in which people obtained their food.○This new art no longer consists mostly of repre sentations ofanimals.○This new art begins to show the importance of hunting to the economy.Paragraph 5: Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following has been used as evidence to suggest that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and conscious awareness of their environment?○They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.○They may have used engraved signs to record the phases of the Moon.○Their figurines represented the human female in exaggerated form.○They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals.The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. █This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. █But if imp roving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. █Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. █13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that explain the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity's earliest artistic efforts.● ●●Answer choices○Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.○The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.○Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.○The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.○Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.○Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought托福TPO4阅读题目答案：Part2参考答案：1. ○12. ○23. ○14. ○45. ○46. ○37. ○48.○29. ○310. ○111. ○312. ○213. ○314. Researchers have proposed…Some researchers believe…Besides cave paintings…托福TPO4阅读题目翻译：Part2参考翻译：欧洲的岩洞艺术迄今为止，发现的最早的并且有迹可寻的工艺品是珠链和雕刻，然后还有绘画，人类在旧石器时代晚期的遗址上发现了它们。
托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本 Employee:Hi, can I help you? Student:Yes, I'd like to get help with the, you know, payment for my classes, some sort of financial aid. The problem is I don't know much about it, so I don't really know where to begin. I saw this poster about work-study programs. Can you tell me something about that? Employee:Well, I think you're talking about the government sponsored work-study program. It works like this: you work on campus and get paid an hourly wage just like a regular job. However, instead of getting a paycheck, the money goes directly to your bill for your courses, but almost all work-study jobs pay minimum wage, which is usually pretty low. The truth is: you might do better getting a job off campus since you can do whatever you want with the money, like paying your rent or...or buying textbooks. Student:Thanks! That's very useful. So how do I find out what's out there? Employee:Let me show you our catalogue of various programs as well as scholarships offered here. [01.00.24]That's your best bet1 really, if you can find a good scholarship, because you don't have to pay the money back. You might qualify if your grades are good enough or if you have the right background. Student:Yeah, that sounds like something I should try for. Employee:Now, this is my desk-copy of the catalogue, but I can give you your own copy if you want. Oh yeah, be sure to visit the university library, too. There's a whole section on financial aid including application forms. Student:Why isn't all the information listed in the catalogue? It'd be so much easier. Employee:Oh, if we did that, the catalogue would be too heavy to pick up. Civic clubs, foundations, organizations from all over the country offer scholarships or other financial assistance to college students and all kinds of companies have programs to help their employees' children go to college. If either of your parents works for a large corporation, have them check to see if their companies do that. Student:Okay. Good idea. Hey, my dad works for a big accounting firm and he's a member of a professional accounting organization. Do you think they'd offerfinancial aid? Employee:Yes, that's fairly common, especially if you are planning to go into accounting. What are you studying?What do you plan to do after you graduate? Student:I want to become a dentist. I'm enrolled in a pre-med program for dentistry. Employee:Okay. So I'd suggest looking in the library for information on organizations that have to do with dentistry. Any number of them might offer scholarships to students planning to join their profession. Student:I'll definitely investigate that one. Employee:Great! But be sure to talk to one of our librarians, too. They get the same questions over and over, so they can save you a great deal of time. 托福TPO41听力Conversation2题目 1.What are the speakers mainly discussing? A. The procedures for applying for different types of scholarships B. Where the man must go to submit his financial-aid application C. How students can get help paying their tuition D. Various organizations that offer work-study programs 2.What is the woman’s opinion of the work-study program? A. It does not provide as much financial flexibility as a regular job does. B. It is more difficult to apply for than other types of financial aid. C. It should offer more jobs that would appeal to dental students. D. It should allow students to choose where they want to work. 3.Why does the woman mention civic clubs, foundations, and large corporations? A. To suggest organizations the man should visit to learn about scholarships B. To give some examples of organizations that offer scholarships。
TPO-41 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：C解析：对应“By contrast, Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide”，金星相比地球，水少而大气二氧化碳含量高。
C选项正确。
A选项错误，不是是否存在的问题；B选项错误，初始的大气可能是一样的：“The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth, or outgassed, by volcanoes.”；D选项文中没有提到。
Q2正确答案：C解析：对应这句话之前，作者介绍，金星和地球的原始大气都是由火山喷发的气体形成的。
接着举例介绍了地球上的一座火山喷发的气体，正是原始大气的来源之一。
A选项错误，并没有比较金星和地球的意思，是说他们的气体组成和火山有关。
B选项错误，“sulfur dioxide”并不是讨论重点；D选项也不对，“impacting comets”是后文要提到的内容。
Q3正确答案: D解析：由于金星和地球大小、质量类似，经历了类似数量的陨石撞击，所以金星和地球上可能释放出基本相同数量的水蒸气：“Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass, so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth, and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces”。
理清逻辑关系，其他选项很容易排除。
Q4正确答案：B解析：这句话的意思是，早期的太阳亮度只有现在的百分之七十，所以金星的温度可能比现在低一些。
tpo41托福综合写作范文
tpo41托福综合写作范文一、阅读部分观点及理由。
1. 经济影响。
阅读认为在很多农村地区，ORV娱乐活动是当地经济的重要来源。
例如，那些有大量公共土地可供ORV使用的地方，会吸引很多游客。
游客们会在当地住宿、在餐馆就餐、购买汽油等，这给当地的小企业，像小旅馆、餐馆和加油站等带来了大量的生意。
如果限制ORV使用，这些企业的收入会锐减，导致当地经济衰退。
2. 执法困难。
限制ORV使用会带来执法上的难题。
公共土地面积广阔，要去监管哪些地方ORV 可以使用，哪些不可以，需要大量的人力和物力。
政府需要雇佣更多的执法人员，购买更多的设备，如巡逻车等。
而且即使这样，也很难完全监管到所有的公共土地，因为有很多偏远的区域难以到达。
这就会导致一些人可能会违反限制规定而不被发现，使得限制ORV使用的政策难以有效实施。
3. 不公平对待。
阅读指出这种限制对ORV使用者不公平。
公共土地是属于全体公民的，而ORV使用者也是公民的一部分。
他们缴纳了税款，有权利像其他公民使用公共土地进行野餐、徒步等活动一样，使用公共土地来进行ORV活动。
如果限制他们，就相当于剥夺了他们使用公共土地的部分权利，这是一种不公平的对待。
二、听力部分观点及理由反驳阅读。
听力材料对阅读中的观点进行了一一反驳。
1. 经济影响方面的反驳。
听力认为从长远来看，限制ORV使用实际上对当地经济有益。
虽然短期内那些依赖ORV游客的小企业可能会受到影响，但如果限制ORV使用，公共土地的生态环境会得到改善。
例如，土地不会被ORV过度碾压破坏，植被能够更好地生长。
这样会吸引更多其他类型的游客，像那些喜欢观赏自然风景、进行徒步旅行或者鸟类观察的游客。
这些游客数量更多，停留时间可能更长，而且他们的消费模式更加多样化，会给当地带来更多不同类型的商业机会，从长远来说会促进当地经济的发展。
2. 执法困难方面的反驳。
关于执法困难这一点，听力指出其实不需要对整个公共土地进行严格监管。
可以采用一些简单而有效的方法。
托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Trade And Early State Formation①Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world.②In the1970s,a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states.British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities.As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances,a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted.Eventually,this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities,systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces.As time went on,the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence.Interest in long-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange,and perhaps even led to piracy.Thus,intensified trade and interaction,and the flowering of specialist crafts,in a complex process of positive feedback,led to much more complex societies based on palaces,which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization.③Renfrew’s model made some assumptions that are now discounted.For example,he argued that the introduction of domesticated vines and olives allowed a substantial expansion of land under cultivation and helped to power the emergence of complex society.Many archaeologists and paleobotanists now question this view,pointing out that the available evidence for cultivated vines and olives suggests that they were present only in the later Bronze Age.Trade, nevertheless,was probably one of many variables that led to the emergence of palace economies in Minoan Crete.④American archaeologist William Rathje developed a hypothesis that considered an explosion in long-distance exchange a fundamental cause of Mayan civilizationin Mesoamerica.He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources,among them obsidian,salt,stone for grinding maize,and many luxury materials.All these could be obtained from the nearby highlands, from the Valley of Mexico,and from other regions,if the necessary trading networks came into being.Such connections,and the trading expeditions to maintain them,could not be organized by individual villages.The Maya lived in a relatively uniform environment,where every community suffered from the same resource deficiencies.Thus,argued Rathje,long-distance trade networks were organized through local ceremonial centers and their leaders.In time,this organization became a state,and knowledge of its functioning was exportable,as were pottery,tropical bird feathers,specialized stone materials,and other local commodities.⑤Rathje’s hypothesis probably explains part of the complex process of Mayan state formation,but it suffers from the objection that suitable alternative raw materials can be found in the lowlands.It could be,too,that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land,and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan states.⑥Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce,we know that,because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices,trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.Many ever-changing variables affected ancient trade,among them the demand for goods.There were also the logistics of transportation,the extent of the trading network,and the social and political environment.Intricate market networks channeled supplies along well-defined routes.Authorities at both ends might regulate the profits fed back to the source,providing the incentive for further transactions.There may or may not have been a market organization.Extensive long-distance trade was a consequence rather than a cause of complex societies.译文贸易与早期的国家形成①易货贸易是数千年来的一种基本贸易机制；它通常是不定时发生的，并且基于互惠的概念，它涉及个人或群体之间商品或物品的相互交换。
TPO-41 Reading 1 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：以倾倒细腻的且精确控制流量的彩色石沙或者是粉末状的植物和矿物质，花粉，花朵为制作材料，然后以precise的模式在地面上画出来。
由此可见，制作painting的材料和制作手法都是非常讲究细致的，所以修饰pattern的应该也是一个精确精准含义的词，这里“exact”的意思相同。
其余选项的意思分别是“五彩的”、“精致的”、“复杂的”，在上下文均没有确切的依据。
选项C的delicate侧重于小巧精致，而作画显然是有既定的样板去遵从，所以exact才是准确的。
Q2正确答案：D解析：这句话的意思是，技术高超的画家和歌唱家在仪式上招募“鬼魂”，后者由面具者扮演。
这里的“enlist”意思是“招募”，与D选项意思一样。
其余选项分别意为“帮助”、“要求”和“描述”。
从前后文来看，enlist the aid of ，招募，征募，能够和spirits搭配且符合文意的，也只有D选项。
Q3正确答案：C解析：第一段最后说，“These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs”，也就是chants非常复杂，需要绘画来辅助记忆。
24个chants 最多由500个sand paintings 来表达，这些复杂的paintings 为了帮助singers 在表演的时候记住内容的，相当于记忆提示。
A错在large number；B错在段落没有强调这种对应关系。
Q4正确答案：D解析：A、B和C三个选项分别对应“create the finely detailed imagery”，“spirits who are impersonated by masked performers”以及“cover the entire floor of a room”（画的位置表明仪式是在室内进行）。
TPO 41 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 41综合写作：According to the reading passage, representatives of power companies hold the view that new regulations for handling and storing coal ash are unnecessary and might lead to undesirable consequences. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons.Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations already exist. For example one regulation requires companies to use liner to prevent coal ash components from contaminating the surrounding environment. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So we need stricter new rules to prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites.Secondly, the passage asserts that creating too strict rules for storing and dealing with coal ash might discourage the recycling of it into other products, and consumers may be reluctant to purchase recycled coal ash products. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that stricter rules doesn’t mean that consumers won’t use recycled coal ash products anymore. Take mercury as example, it’s been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years and it receives little concerns.Finally, the author of reading passage believes that strict new regulations would increase the cost of disposal and handling for the power companies. On the other hand, the professor disagrees it with the point that the result is worth the extra cost. To state it more clearly, it would increase the average consumer’s electricity bill by only about one percent, which is totally acceptable to have a cleaner environment.独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teacher were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they were nowadays. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.综合写作：阅读：新的规定没有必要，听力：有必要阅读1：规定已经存在听力1：not sufficientNew—linerOld—没有，污染土壤和环境阅读2：不利于废物循环听力2：并不一定意味着就不适用了，举例：汞阅读3：成本增加，点的价格上升听力3：平均很低，1%独立写作：同意：老师过去收到更多的重视/现在没有收到重视理由1：因为现在科技发达，学生可以从多种途径获得信息/知识人工智能，网络，一搜索所以，不重视老师对比：老师是获取信息的唯一途径，会受到更多的尊重理由2：现在父母受教育程度也比较高，学生从父母那里获得知识过去：父母受教育程度较低，充分信任老师过去重视，现在不重视理由3：教育：现在对于尊师重道的教育是缺乏的不重视不同意：现在收到更多的重视和欣赏/过去没有那么多的重视和欣赏理由1：现在做老师de 标准比较高—-- 迫使步段提升自己理由2：现在父母更重视孩子的学习，重视教育传授知识，教育的执行者重视老师理由3：必须承认的是：现在老师在某种那个程度上不那么收重视了，因为学生可以从网络上获取知识，但是，网络上的知识有时候不是那么的准确，不权威，然而老师在课堂上讲的内容经过验证，因此我认为现在老师更受重视。
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 2
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 2选择出guo学习的人数越来越多，参加无疑是进入国外大学的一块敲门砖。
以下是网的关于托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2，供大家练习备考。
The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical pounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agentof continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic work. This immense polarized work channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative sizeof the various reservoirs. If we define residence time asthe average time for a water molecule to pass through oneof the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand yearsin the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) pounds3. Aording to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic work" (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical pounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Climate of Venus Earth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere.By contrast,Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide.The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth,or outgassed,by volcanoes.The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth,such as Mount Saint Helens,are predominantly water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide.These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth.Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets,icy bodies formed in the outer solar system. In fact,water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere.Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass,so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth,and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces.Studies of how stars evolve suggest that the early Sun was only about 70 percent as luminous as it is now,so the temperature in Venus’early atmosphere must have been quite a bit lower.Thus water vapor would have been able to liquefy and form oceans on Venus.But if water vapor and carbon dioxide were once so common in the atmospheres of both Earth and Venus,what became of Earth’s carbon dioxide?And what happened to the water on Venus? The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth,but now,instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide,it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks,such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.If Earth became as hot as Venus,much of its carbon dioxide would be boiled out of the oceans and baked out of the crust.Our planet would soon develop a thick,oppressive carbon dioxide atmosphere much like that of Venus. To answer the question about Venus’lack of water,we must return to the early history of the planet.Just as on present-day Earth,the oceans of Venus limited the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by dissolving it in the oceans and binding it up in carbonate rocks.But being closer to the Sun than Earth is,enough of the liquid water on Venus would have vaporized to create a thick cover of water vapor clouds.Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas,this humid atmosphere—perhaps denser than Earth’s present-day atmosphere,but far less dense than the atmosphere that envelops Venus today—would have efficiently trapped heat from the Sun.At first,this would have had little effect on the oceans of Venus.Although the temperature would have climbed above 100°C,the boiling point of water at sea level on Earth,the added atmospheric pressure from water vapor would have kept the water in Venus’oceans in the liquid state. This hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years.But as the Sun’s energy output slowly increased over time,the temperature at the surface would eventually have risen above 374°C.Above this temperature,no matter what the atmospheric pressure，Venus’oceans would have begun to evaporate,and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect.This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster,producing more water vapor.That,in turn,would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still. Once Venus’oceans disappeared,so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.With no oceans to dissolve it,outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere,intensifying the greenhouse effect even more.Temperatures eventually became high enough to"bake out”any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks.This liberated carbon dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus.Over time,the rising temperatures would have leveled off,solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.With all the water vapor gone,the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated. Paragraph 1 Earth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere.By contrast,Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide.The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth,or outgassed,by volcanoes.The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth,such as Mount Saint Helens,are predominantly water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide.These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth.Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets,icy bodies formed in the outer solar system. 1.According to paragraph 1,in what major respect are Venus and Earth different from each other? A.Whether carbon dioxide was present in their original atmospheres B.How thin their original atmospheres were C.What their present-day atmospheres mainly consist of D.How long ago they first developed an atmosphere 2.Why does the author mention"present-day volcanoes on Earth"?。