高分子化学双语课课件 crosslinking
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B AB 2 A B B A A B A B B B A B B A A B B A B B B B A B B A B B B
ABf+AB与之相类似,只是在分子结构中插入一些AB单体单元。
当超支化高分子中所有的支化点的功能度相同,且所有支化 点间的链段长度相等时,叫树枝型高分子(Dendrimer)
7.8 The Crosslinking Polycondensation
7.8.1 Introduction
Branched Polymer(支化型)
Cross-linked Polymer (交联型)
(1) Branched Polycondensation 当聚合体系的单体组成是AB+Af 或ABf 或ABf +AB (f≥2)时,不管反应程度如何,都只能得到支化高分子, 而不会产生交联。
(理论要点:Xn→∞) a. 等基团数 平均官能度 (The average functionality)
f
N f N
i
i i
实例
二元体系: 2 mol丙三醇/ 3 mol邻苯二甲酸体系 nOH = 2x3 =6 mol, nCOOH = 3x2 = 6 mol f =∑Ni fi /∑Ni = (2x3 + 3x2) / (2 + 3) = 2.4
1 [r r ( f 2)]
1 2
Example 1
• 2mol glycerol(丙三醇) and 3mol diacid • r = 1, ρ= 1
• αC=1/(f-1)=1/2,the gel point
PC = 1/(1+3-2)1/2 = 0.707
• The systems will show the gelation if the extent of reaction is above 0.707.
(2) Crosslinking Polycondensation
Crosslinking poly-condensation forming the three dimensional polymer (network polymer)
AB+A 3+BB AB AB A A BA BA BA B B A A B A A B A B A A A
α (f-1)<1,不形成支链,不发生凝胶化
支链形成几率
A
A+ B
B
+
Af
A(f-1)
A ( B BA A)nB BA A(f-1)
官能团A、B的反应程度分别为PA、PB
支化点上A官能团数目与A官能团总数之比为ρ
B官能团与支化点上A官能团的反应几率为PB ρ
B官能团与非支化点A官能团的反应几率为PB (1-ρ)
PA[ PB (1 ) PA ] PB
n
= PA[ PB (1 ) PA ]n PB
n 0
1 0 Q 1 Q
n
PA PB = 1 PA PB (1 )
A官能团与B官能团 的比为r PB=rPA
统计法凝胶点预测方程:
( PA )C
Firstly, the linear or the branch polymers with small molecular weights (hundreds ~thousands), which are called oligomer(齐聚物) or prepolymer(预聚物), are prepared. Then the prepolymer react with themself or crosslinking agents together with other assistant agents by the condition of heating and occasionally press to prepare the thermosetting polymers.
are provided for the further molding to C stage.
(1) Carothers Equation
Key--The number-average molecular weight was presumed to be infinite at the gel point.
monomer H2N(CH2)6NH2 HOOC(CH2)4COOH CH3(CH2)4COOH Total
functionality molecule
1 2 1
_
(mol) 1 0.99 0.01 2.0
groups (mol) 2 1.98 0.01 3.99
The carboxyl group is minority
出现凝胶点时,并非所有的功能基都已反应,聚合体系中既 含有能溶解的支化与线形高分子,也含有不溶性的交联高分 子,能溶解的部分叫做溶胶(Sol),不能溶解的部分叫做 凝胶(Gel).
To predict and crontrol the gel point is the key of cross-linking polycondensation.
凝胶点
2 Pc f
例 二元体系: 2 mol丙三醇/ 5 mol邻苯二甲酸体系 nOH = 2x3 = 6 mol,nCOOH = 5x2 = 10 mol f = 2∑NOH fOH /∑Ni = 2(2x3) / (2 + 5) = 1.71 三元体系:0.5 mol丙三醇/ 0.7 mol乙二醇/1.5 mol邻苯二甲酸 体系
支化系数(α):高分子链末端支化单元上一给定 的官能团连接到另一高分子链的支化单元的几率。
A-A, B-B, Af (f>2) 凝胶化发生的条件:从支化点长出的(f-1)条 链中,至少有一条能与另一支化点相连接。 几率 1/(f-1)
产生凝胶时的临界支化系数:
1 c f 1
α (f-1)≥1,形成支链的数目增多,产生凝胶
∞
b.两基团数不相等
+
O
O
H2C
CH CH2
OH OH OH
O
5 mol
1 mol
等基团数公式的 平均官能度: 13/6=2.17
Pc=0.922
nA ≠ nB, 平均官能度 定义为量少的功能基总数乘2再除以全 部的单体分子总数。假设nA < nB, 则
f = 2∑NA fA /∑Ni
反应程度
2( N43; 0.7x2 = 2.9 mol,
nCOOH = 1.5x2 = 3.0 mol
f =2∑NOH fOH /∑Ni = 2x2.9/(0.5+0.7+1.5) = 2.15
Carothers方程计算聚合度
Xn
2 2 Pf
Example: to produce Nylon-66
Q1: Please calculate the gel points of following reaction system by Carothers equation and the statistical approach, respectively. (1) Phthalic anhydride (邻苯二甲酸酐) and glycerol (丙三醇) in the molar ratio 1.500 : 0.980 (2) phthalic anhydride, glycerol, and ethylene glycol (乙二醇) in the molar ratio 1.500 : 0.990 : 0.002.
7.8.2 The gelation and gel point
聚合物的交联化是以聚合过程中的凝胶化现象为标记。
凝胶化现象:在交联型逐步聚合反应中,随着聚合反应的进行, 体系粘度突然增大,失去流动性,反应及搅拌所产生的气泡无 法从体系逸出,可看到凝胶或不溶性聚合物的明显生成。
出现凝胶化现象时的临界反应程度叫做凝胶点 (Gel Point, Pc)。
热固性高分子: 既不溶解也不熔融,加热也不会软化流动
Excellent thermal stability, anti-solvability and dimensional stability due to their rigid network structure.
Two steps of the crosslinking polycondensations
P = 0.99
P = 1.0
(2) Statistical Approach to Gelation (统计法) 理论要点:Xw→∞ Two major assumptions (Flory): 1. Equal reactivity between functional groups; (官能团等反应活性) 2. Intramolecular condensation does not occur. (无分子内反应)
比较:
The linear polymers, which can melt and dissolve, are called thermo-polymers(热塑性聚合物). The crosslinking polymers, which can not melt and dissolve, are called thermosetting polymers (热固性聚合物).
Example 2 :
• 2 mol glycerol(丙三醇) , 1mol dihydric alcohol (二羟基醇) and 4 mol diacid (二酸) • r =1,ρ=2×3/(2×3+1×2) =3/4,αC=1/2
The systems will show the gelation if the extent of reaction is above 0.756
AB
A A BA BA BA BA B B A AB A A BA BA BA B B A
The necessary condition
There must be the monomer whose functionality is greater than two. ( f = 3,4…………)
AB+Af Af 单体与AB单体反应后,所有链末端都为A功能基,不能 进一步反应生成交联高分子。如:
AB+A 3 AB AB A A BA BA BA A BA BA BA
AB+A 4 BA BA BA A AB AB A A BA BA BA A BA BA BA
ABf生成超支化高分子(Hyperbranched Polymer)
Practically, the crosslinking polycondensation reactions are divided into three stages (A, B and C) according to the P. A:P<PC, The polymer molecules are the linear or branching molecules. B:P→PC The dissolubility of the branching molecules become bad. C:P≥PC The structure is crosslinking which is insoluble and infusible Commercially, the prepolymers at the A or B stage
凝胶点Carothers法、统计法、实验测定值比较
Carothers方法估算的Pc值偏高 统计学方法估算的Pc值偏低 虽然Carothers方法和统计法都能预测凝胶点,但统 计法使用更为普遍。因为Carothers方法预测的凝胶 点总比实际值高,这就意味着在聚合反应釜中会发 生凝胶化,这是工业生产不希望的。统计学方法不 存在这个问题,所以得到广泛应用。
假设N0为起始的单体分子数,聚合体系中单体的平均功能 度为f,则起始功能基总数为N0f,再假设聚合反应完成时的大 小分子总数为N,则反应中消耗的功能基数为2(N0-N)
P= 2( N 0-N) N0 f 2 = f – N0 f 2N Xn = N0/N
2 = –
2
f
f•Xn
凝胶化时理论上可以认为此时Xn 2 凝胶点 Pc= f
ABf+AB与之相类似,只是在分子结构中插入一些AB单体单元。
当超支化高分子中所有的支化点的功能度相同,且所有支化 点间的链段长度相等时,叫树枝型高分子(Dendrimer)
7.8 The Crosslinking Polycondensation
7.8.1 Introduction
Branched Polymer(支化型)
Cross-linked Polymer (交联型)
(1) Branched Polycondensation 当聚合体系的单体组成是AB+Af 或ABf 或ABf +AB (f≥2)时,不管反应程度如何,都只能得到支化高分子, 而不会产生交联。
(理论要点:Xn→∞) a. 等基团数 平均官能度 (The average functionality)
f
N f N
i
i i
实例
二元体系: 2 mol丙三醇/ 3 mol邻苯二甲酸体系 nOH = 2x3 =6 mol, nCOOH = 3x2 = 6 mol f =∑Ni fi /∑Ni = (2x3 + 3x2) / (2 + 3) = 2.4
1 [r r ( f 2)]
1 2
Example 1
• 2mol glycerol(丙三醇) and 3mol diacid • r = 1, ρ= 1
• αC=1/(f-1)=1/2,the gel point
PC = 1/(1+3-2)1/2 = 0.707
• The systems will show the gelation if the extent of reaction is above 0.707.
(2) Crosslinking Polycondensation
Crosslinking poly-condensation forming the three dimensional polymer (network polymer)
AB+A 3+BB AB AB A A BA BA BA B B A A B A A B A B A A A
α (f-1)<1,不形成支链,不发生凝胶化
支链形成几率
A
A+ B
B
+
Af
A(f-1)
A ( B BA A)nB BA A(f-1)
官能团A、B的反应程度分别为PA、PB
支化点上A官能团数目与A官能团总数之比为ρ
B官能团与支化点上A官能团的反应几率为PB ρ
B官能团与非支化点A官能团的反应几率为PB (1-ρ)
PA[ PB (1 ) PA ] PB
n
= PA[ PB (1 ) PA ]n PB
n 0
1 0 Q 1 Q
n
PA PB = 1 PA PB (1 )
A官能团与B官能团 的比为r PB=rPA
统计法凝胶点预测方程:
( PA )C
Firstly, the linear or the branch polymers with small molecular weights (hundreds ~thousands), which are called oligomer(齐聚物) or prepolymer(预聚物), are prepared. Then the prepolymer react with themself or crosslinking agents together with other assistant agents by the condition of heating and occasionally press to prepare the thermosetting polymers.
are provided for the further molding to C stage.
(1) Carothers Equation
Key--The number-average molecular weight was presumed to be infinite at the gel point.
monomer H2N(CH2)6NH2 HOOC(CH2)4COOH CH3(CH2)4COOH Total
functionality molecule
1 2 1
_
(mol) 1 0.99 0.01 2.0
groups (mol) 2 1.98 0.01 3.99
The carboxyl group is minority
出现凝胶点时,并非所有的功能基都已反应,聚合体系中既 含有能溶解的支化与线形高分子,也含有不溶性的交联高分 子,能溶解的部分叫做溶胶(Sol),不能溶解的部分叫做 凝胶(Gel).
To predict and crontrol the gel point is the key of cross-linking polycondensation.
凝胶点
2 Pc f
例 二元体系: 2 mol丙三醇/ 5 mol邻苯二甲酸体系 nOH = 2x3 = 6 mol,nCOOH = 5x2 = 10 mol f = 2∑NOH fOH /∑Ni = 2(2x3) / (2 + 5) = 1.71 三元体系:0.5 mol丙三醇/ 0.7 mol乙二醇/1.5 mol邻苯二甲酸 体系
支化系数(α):高分子链末端支化单元上一给定 的官能团连接到另一高分子链的支化单元的几率。
A-A, B-B, Af (f>2) 凝胶化发生的条件:从支化点长出的(f-1)条 链中,至少有一条能与另一支化点相连接。 几率 1/(f-1)
产生凝胶时的临界支化系数:
1 c f 1
α (f-1)≥1,形成支链的数目增多,产生凝胶
∞
b.两基团数不相等
+
O
O
H2C
CH CH2
OH OH OH
O
5 mol
1 mol
等基团数公式的 平均官能度: 13/6=2.17
Pc=0.922
nA ≠ nB, 平均官能度 定义为量少的功能基总数乘2再除以全 部的单体分子总数。假设nA < nB, 则
f = 2∑NA fA /∑Ni
反应程度
2( N43; 0.7x2 = 2.9 mol,
nCOOH = 1.5x2 = 3.0 mol
f =2∑NOH fOH /∑Ni = 2x2.9/(0.5+0.7+1.5) = 2.15
Carothers方程计算聚合度
Xn
2 2 Pf
Example: to produce Nylon-66
Q1: Please calculate the gel points of following reaction system by Carothers equation and the statistical approach, respectively. (1) Phthalic anhydride (邻苯二甲酸酐) and glycerol (丙三醇) in the molar ratio 1.500 : 0.980 (2) phthalic anhydride, glycerol, and ethylene glycol (乙二醇) in the molar ratio 1.500 : 0.990 : 0.002.
7.8.2 The gelation and gel point
聚合物的交联化是以聚合过程中的凝胶化现象为标记。
凝胶化现象:在交联型逐步聚合反应中,随着聚合反应的进行, 体系粘度突然增大,失去流动性,反应及搅拌所产生的气泡无 法从体系逸出,可看到凝胶或不溶性聚合物的明显生成。
出现凝胶化现象时的临界反应程度叫做凝胶点 (Gel Point, Pc)。
热固性高分子: 既不溶解也不熔融,加热也不会软化流动
Excellent thermal stability, anti-solvability and dimensional stability due to their rigid network structure.
Two steps of the crosslinking polycondensations
P = 0.99
P = 1.0
(2) Statistical Approach to Gelation (统计法) 理论要点:Xw→∞ Two major assumptions (Flory): 1. Equal reactivity between functional groups; (官能团等反应活性) 2. Intramolecular condensation does not occur. (无分子内反应)
比较:
The linear polymers, which can melt and dissolve, are called thermo-polymers(热塑性聚合物). The crosslinking polymers, which can not melt and dissolve, are called thermosetting polymers (热固性聚合物).
Example 2 :
• 2 mol glycerol(丙三醇) , 1mol dihydric alcohol (二羟基醇) and 4 mol diacid (二酸) • r =1,ρ=2×3/(2×3+1×2) =3/4,αC=1/2
The systems will show the gelation if the extent of reaction is above 0.756
AB
A A BA BA BA BA B B A AB A A BA BA BA B B A
The necessary condition
There must be the monomer whose functionality is greater than two. ( f = 3,4…………)
AB+Af Af 单体与AB单体反应后,所有链末端都为A功能基,不能 进一步反应生成交联高分子。如:
AB+A 3 AB AB A A BA BA BA A BA BA BA
AB+A 4 BA BA BA A AB AB A A BA BA BA A BA BA BA
ABf生成超支化高分子(Hyperbranched Polymer)
Practically, the crosslinking polycondensation reactions are divided into three stages (A, B and C) according to the P. A:P<PC, The polymer molecules are the linear or branching molecules. B:P→PC The dissolubility of the branching molecules become bad. C:P≥PC The structure is crosslinking which is insoluble and infusible Commercially, the prepolymers at the A or B stage
凝胶点Carothers法、统计法、实验测定值比较
Carothers方法估算的Pc值偏高 统计学方法估算的Pc值偏低 虽然Carothers方法和统计法都能预测凝胶点,但统 计法使用更为普遍。因为Carothers方法预测的凝胶 点总比实际值高,这就意味着在聚合反应釜中会发 生凝胶化,这是工业生产不希望的。统计学方法不 存在这个问题,所以得到广泛应用。
假设N0为起始的单体分子数,聚合体系中单体的平均功能 度为f,则起始功能基总数为N0f,再假设聚合反应完成时的大 小分子总数为N,则反应中消耗的功能基数为2(N0-N)
P= 2( N 0-N) N0 f 2 = f – N0 f 2N Xn = N0/N
2 = –
2
f
f•Xn
凝胶化时理论上可以认为此时Xn 2 凝胶点 Pc= f