公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN
公共管理学专业英语词汇
公共管理学专业英语词汇目标 mission/ objective 内部环境 internal environment 外部环境 external environment 集体目标 group objective 计划 planning 组织 organizing人事 staffing 领导 leading 控制 controlling步骤 process 原理 principle 方法 technique经理 manager 总经理 general manager 行政人员 administrator主管人员 supervisor 企业 enterprise 商业 business产业 industry 公司 company 效果 effectiveness效率efficiency 企业家 entrepreneur 权利 power职权 authority 职责 responsibility 科学管理 scientific management现代经营管理 modern operational management 行为科学 behavior science 生产率 productivity 激励 motivate 动机 motive法律 law 法规 regulation 经济体系 economic system管理职能 managerial function 产品 product 服务 service利润 profit 满意 satisfaction 归属 affiliation尊敬 esteem 自我实现 self-actualization 人力投入 human input盈余 surplus 收入 income 成本 cost 资本货物 capital goods机器 machinery 设备 equipment 建筑 building 存货 inventory经验法the empirical approach 人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach集体行为法 the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法 the cooperative social systems approach社会技术系统法 the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法 the decision theory approach数学法 the mathematical approach 系统法 the systems approach随机制宜法 the contingency approach 管理任务法 the managerial roles approach经营法 the operational approach 人际关系 human relation心理学 psychology 态度 attitude 压力 pressure 冲突 conflict招聘 recruit 鉴定 appraisal 选拔 select 培训 train报酬compensation 授权delegation of authority 协调coordinate 业绩performance考绩制度 merit system 表现 behavior 下级 subordinate 偏差 deviation检验记录 inspection record 误工记录 record of labor-hours lost 销售量sales volume 产品质量 quality of products 先进技术 advanced technology 顾客服务 customer service 策略 strategy 结构 structure 领先性 primacy 普遍性 pervasiveness 忧虑 fear 忿恨 resentment 士气 morale 解雇 layoff 批发 wholesale 零售 retail 程序 procedure 规则 rule规划 program 预算 budget 共同作用 synergy 大型联合企业 conglomerate 资源 resource 购买 acquisition 增长目标 growth goal 专利产品 proprietary product 竞争对手 rival 晋升 promotion 管理决策 managerial decision 商业道德 business ethics 有竞争力的价格 competitive price 供货商 supplier 小贩 vendor 利益冲突 conflict of interests 派生政策 derivative policy 开支帐户 expense account 批准程序 approval procedure病假 sick leave 休假 vacation 工时 labor-hour 机时 machine-hour 资本支出 capital outlay 现金流量 cash flow 工资率 wage rate 税收率 tax rate 股息 dividend 现金状况 cash position 资金短缺 capital shortage总预算 overall budget 资产负债表 balance sheet 可行性 feasibility投入原则 the commitment principle 投资回报 return on investment 生产能力 capacity to produce 实际工作者 practitioner 最终结果 end result 业绩performance个人利益 personal interest 福利 welfare 市场占有率 market share 创新innovation 生产率 productivity 利润率 profitability社会责任 public responsibility 董事会 board of director 组织规模 size of the organization 组织文化 organizational culture 目标管理 management by objectives 评价工具 appraisal tool 激励方法 motivational techniques 控制手段control device 个人价值personal worth 优势strength 弱点weakness 机会 opportunity 威胁 threat个人责任 personal responsibility 顾问 counselor 定量目标 quantitative objective 定性目标qualitative objective 可考核目标verifiable objective 优先 priority 工资表 payroll 策略 strategy 政策 policy 灵活性discretion 多种经营diversification 评估assessment 一致性consistency应变策略 consistency strategy 公共关系 public relation 价值 value 抱负aspiration 偏见prejudice 审查review 批准approval 主要决定major decision 分公司总经理 division general manager 资产组合距阵 portfoliomatrix 明星star 问号question mark 现金牛cash cow 赖狗dog 采购procurement 人口因素 demographic factor 地理因素 geographic factor 公司形象 company image产品系列product line 合资企业joint venture 破产政策liquidation strategy紧缩政策 retrenchment strategy 战术 tactics 追随 followership个性 individuality 性格 personality 安全 safety 自主权 latitude 悲观的pessimistic 静止的static 乐观的optimistic 动态的dynamic 灵活的flexible 抵制 resistance 敌对 antagonism 折中 eclectic 激励 motivation 潜意识subconscious 地位status 情感affection 欲望desire 压力pressure满足 satisfaction自我实现的需要 needs for self-actualization 尊敬的需要 esteem needs 归属的需要affiliation needs 安全的需要security needs 生理的需要physiological needs 维持 maintenance 保健 hygiene 激励因素 motivator 概率 probability 强化理论 reinforcement theory 反馈 feedback 奖金 bonus 股票期权 stock option 劳资纠纷 labor dispute 缺勤率 absenteeism 人员流动 turnover 奖励 reward 特许经营 franchise 热诚 zeal 信心 confidence 鼓舞 inspire 要素 ingredient忠诚 loyalty 奉献 devotion 作风 style 品质 trait适应性 adaptability 进取性 aggressiveness 热情 enthusiasm毅力 persistence 人际交往能力 interpersonal skills行政管理能力 administrative ability智力 intelligence 专制式领导 autocratic leader 民主式领导 democratic leader 自由放任式领导 free-rein leader 管理方格图 the managerial grid 工作效率 work efficiency 服从 obedience 领导行为 leader behavior支持型领导 supportive leadership 参与型领导 participative leadership 指导型领导 instrumental leadership成就取向型领导 achievement-oriented leadershipAutomated inspection 自动化检验automatic assembly system 自动化装配系统applied biomechanics 应用生物力学CAD/CAM 计算机辅助设计与制造computer integrated manufacturing system 计算机整合制造系统data structure 数据结构data base management system 数据库管理系统decision analysis 决策分析engineering economy 工程经济engineering statistics 工程统计facilities planning 设施规划factory diagnoisis and improvement method 工厂诊断与改善方法financial and cost analysis 财务与成本分析fuzzy theory and application 模糊理论与应用human-computer interaction (HCI)人因工程与计算机系统human factors engineering 人因工程human information processing 人类讯息处理human-machine system design 人机系统设计human resource management 人力资源管理human system diagnosis and improvement 人体系统诊断与改善industrial environment evaluation 工业环境评估industrial organizations and management 工业组织与管理industrial safety 工业安全information technology 信息技术intellectual property laws 智慧财产权法knowledge engineering 知识工程linear algebra 线性代数manufacturing automation 制造自动化manufacturing engineering 制造工程manufacturing management 制造管理manufacturing process 制造程序manufacturing systems and management 制造系统与管理market and marketing 市场与行销material flows automation 物流自动化mathematical programming 数学规划multicriteria decision making 多目标规划multi-criteria decision methods 多准则决策分析network analysis 网络分析numerical analysis 数值分析organization and management 组织与管理product and technology development management 产品与技术开发管理production management 生产管理production planning and control 生产计划与管制quality control 质量管理quality engineering 品质工程quality management techniques and practice 品质管理queueing theory 等候线理论reliability engineering 可靠度工程research，development and innovation management 研究发展管理semiconductor production management 半导体生产管理sequencing and scheduling 排序与排程simulation 模拟分析statistical method 统计方法stochastic processes 随机系统strategic management of technology 技术策略system analysis and design in large scale 大型系统分析与设计system performance evaluation 系统绩效评估技术system quality assurance engineering 系统品质保证工程systems engineering 系统工程systems simulation 系统仿真vision and colors 视觉与色彩work physiology 工作生理学work study 工作研究Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师Export Sales Manager 外销部经理Export Sales Staff 外销部职员Financial Controller 财务主任Financial Reporter 财务报告人F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Fund Manager 财务经理General Auditor 审计长General Manager/ President 总经理General Manager Assistant 总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Hardware Engineer 计算机硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 管理顾问Manager 经理Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst 市场分析员Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff 项目策划人员Promotional Manager 推售部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购进货员Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管Sales Manager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Senior Accountant 高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer 计算机软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Telecommunication Executive电讯（电信）员Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员Aaccess discrimination 进入歧视 action research 动作研究adjourning 解散 adhocracy 特别结构administrative principle 管理原则 artifacts 人工环境artificial intelligence 人工智能工巧匠 avoiding learning 规避性学习ambidextrous approach 双管齐下策略Bbalance sheet 资产负债表 bcg matrix 波士顿咨询集团矩阵bona fide occupation qualifications 善意职业资格审查bounded rationality 有限理性 bureaucracy 官僚机构benchmarking 标杆瞄准 bounded rationality perspective 有限理性方法boundary-spanning roles 跨超边界作用Ccomputer-aided design and computer-automated manufacturing(cad/cam) 计算机辅助设计与计算机自动生产confrontation 对话 consortia 企业联合change agent 变革促进者 chaos theory 混沌理论charismatic leaders 魅力型领导者 charity principle 博爱原则coercive power 强制权 cohesiveness 凝聚力collaborative management 合作型管理 comparable worth 可比较价值competitive benchmarking 竞争性基准 confrontation meeting 碰头会constancy of purpose 永久性目标 contingency approach 权变理论corporate social performance 公司社会表现corporate social responsibility公司社会责任corporate social responsiveness公司社会反应 critical incident 关键事件current assets 流动资产 current liabilities 流动负债culture strength 文化强度 creative department 创造性部门craft technology 技艺性技术 contextual dimension 关联性维度continuous process production 连续加工生产 collectivity stage 集体化阶段clan control 小团体控制 clan culture 小团体文化coalition 联合团体 collaborative 协作网络centrality 集中性 centraliazation 集权化charismatic authority 竭尽忠诚的权力Ddecentralization 分权 democracy management 民主管理departmentalization 部门化 differential rate system 差别报酬系统dialectical inquiry methods 辩证探求法 division of labor 劳动分工downward mobility 降职流动 dynamic engagement 动态融合dynamic network 动态网络 domain 领域direct interlock 直接交叉 divisional form 事业部模式differentiation strategy 差别化战略 decision premise 决策前提dual-core approach 二元核心模式Eelectronic data-processing(edp) 电子数据处理 employee-oriented style 员工导向型风格empowerment 授权 encoding 解码end-user computing 终端用户计算系统 entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity 净资产 equity theory 公平理论espoused value 信仰价值 ethnocentric manager 种族主义的管理者expectancy theory 期望理论 expense budget 支出预算expense center 费用中心 external audit 外部审计external stakeholders 外部利益相关者 extrinsic rewards 外部奖励ethic ombudsperson 伦理巡视官 external adaption 外部适应性elaboration stage 精细阶段 entrepreneurial stage 创业阶段escalating commitment 顽固认同Ffamily group 家庭集团 financial statement 财务报表flat hierarchies 扁平型结构 flexible budget 弹性预算force-field theory 场力理论 formal authority 合法权力formal systematic appraisal 正式的系统评估 franchise 特许经营权formalization stage 规范化阶段 functional grouping 职能组合formal channel of communication 正式沟通渠道Ggame theory 博弈论 general financial condition 一般财务状况geocentric manager 全球化管理者 general manager 总经理globalization 全球化 gossip chain 传言链grapevine 传言网 global strategic partnership 全球战略伙伴关系general environment 一般环境 generalist 全面战略geographic grouping 区域组合 global company 全球公司global geographic structure 全球区域结构Hhawthorne effect 霍桑效应 heuristic principles 启发性原理hierarchy 科层制度 hiring specification 招聘细则horizontal linkage model 横向联系模型 hybrid structure 混合结构high tech 高接触 high-velocity environments 高倍速环境Iimpoverished management 放任式管理 income statement 损益表information transformation 信息转换 infrastructure 基础设施integrative process 整合过程 intelligent enterprises 智力企业internal audit 内部审计 internal stakeholder 内部相关者internship 实习 intrapreneurship 内部企业家精神intrinsic reward 内在报酬 inventory 库存, 存货internal integration 内部整合 interorganization relationship 组织间的关系intergroup conflict 团体间冲突 interlocking directorate 交叉董事会institutional perspective 机构的观点 intuitive decision making 直觉决策idea champion 构思倡导者 incremental change 渐进式变革informal organizational structure 非正式组织结构informal performance appraisal 非正式业绩评价Jjob description 职务描述 job design 职务设计job enlargement 职务扩大化 job enrichment 职务丰富化job rotation 职务轮换 job specialization 职务专业化Kkey performance areas 关键业务区 key result areas 关键绩效区Llabor productivity index 劳动生产力指数 laissez management 自由化管理large batch production 大批量生产 lateral communication 横向沟通leadership style 领导风格 least preferred co-worker(lpc)最不喜欢的同事legitimate power 合法权力 liability 负债liaison 联络者 line authority 直线职权liquidity 流动性 liaison role 联络员角色long-linked technology 纵向关联技术 losses from conflict 冲突带来的损失low-cost leadership 低成本领先Mmanagement by objective 目标管理 Managerial Grid 管理方格matrix bosses 矩阵主管 management champion 管理倡导者materials-requirements planning(MRP) 物料需求计划Mslow,s hierarchy of needs 马斯洛需求层次论marketing argument 管理文化多元化营销观 multiculturalism 文化多元主义multidivisional firm 多部门公司 moral rules 道德准则management by walking around(MBWA) 走动式管理matrix structure 矩阵结构 multinational enterprise(MNE) 跨国公司moral relativism 道德相对主义 mechanistic system 机械式组织middle-of-the-road management 中庸式管理 meso theory 常态理论multidomestic strategy 多国化战略mediating technology 调停技术Nna?ve relativism 朴素相对主义 need-achievement 成就需要norming 规范化 norms 规范nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策 nonsubstitutability 非替代性nonroutine technology 非例行技术 niche 领地Ooff-the-job training 脱产培训 on-the-job training 在职培训operational budget 运营预算 order backlog 订单储备organic system 有机系统 organizational development(OD) 组织发展orientation 定位 outcome interdependence 结果的相互依赖性outplacement services 外延服务 organization ecosystem 组织生态系统Pparadox of authority 权威的矛盾 paradox of creativity 创造力的矛盾paradox of disclosure 开放的矛盾 paradox of identify 身份的矛盾paradox of individuality 个性的矛盾 paradox of regression 回归的矛盾partial productivity 部分生产率 participative management 参与式管理path-goal model 路径目标模型 peer recruiter 同级招聘political action committees(PACs) 政治活动委员会polycentric manager 多中心管理者 portfolio framework 业务组合框架portfolio investment 资产组合投资 positive reinforcement 正强化production flexibility 生产柔性 profitability 收益率programmed decisions 程序化决策 psychoanalytic view 精神分析法paradigm 范式 personal ratios 人员比例pooled dependence 集合性依存 professional bureaucracy 专业官僚机构problem identification 问题识别 problemistic search 问题搜寻population ecology model 种群生态模型Qquality 质量 quality circle 质量圈question mark 问题类市场 quid pro quo 交换物Rrational model of decision making 理性决策模式realistic job preview(RJP) 实际工作预览reciprocal interdependence 相互依存性resource dependence 资源依赖理论routine technology 例行技术 retention 保留rational approach 理性方法 rational model 理性模型rational-legal authority 理性—合法权威Ssemivariable cost 准可变成本 sense of potency 力量感sensitivity training 敏感性训练 sexual harassment 性骚扰short-run capacity changes 短期生产能力变化 single-strand chain 单向传言链situational approach 情境方法 situational force 情境力量situational leadership theory 情境领导理论 sliding-scale budget 移动规模预算small-batch production 小规模生产 sociotechnical approaches 社会科技方法span of management 管理幅度 staff authority 参谋职权standing plan 长设计划 step budget 分步预算stewardship principle 管家原则 stimulus 刺激storming 调整阶段 strategic management 战略管理strategic partnering 战略伙伴关系 strategy formulation 战略制定strategy implementation 战略实施 strategic control 战略控制strategic contingencies 战略权变 satisficing 满意度subsystems 子系统 subunits 子单位synergy 协同 system boundary 系统边界structure dimension 结构性维度 sequential interdependence 序列性依存self-directed team 自我管理型团队 specialist 专门战略strategy and structure changes 战略与结构变革symptoms of structural deficiency 结构无效的特征Ttall hierarchies 高长型科层结构 task force or project team 任务小组或项目团队task independence 任务的内部依赖性 task management 任务型管理task-oriented style 任务导向型管理风格 total productivity 全部生产率Total Quality Management 全面质量管理 training positions 挂职培训training program 培训程序 transactional leaders 交易型领导transformational leaders 变革型领导 treatment discrimination 歧视待遇two-factory theory 双因素理论 two-boss employees 双重主管员工technical or product champion 技术或产品的倡导者Uunfreezing 解冻 unit production 单位产品Vvariation 变种子 variety 变量valence 效价 variable costs 可变成本vertical communication 纵向沟通 vertical integration 纵向一体化vestibule training 仿真培训 volume flexibility 产量的可伸缩性vertical linkage 纵向连接 venture team 风险团队value based leadership 基于价值的领导Wwin-lose situation 输赢情境 win-win situation 双赢情境workforce literacy 员工的读写能力 work in progress 在制品work flow redesign 工作流程再造成 work flow automation 工作流程自动化whistle blowing 揭发Zzero-sum 零---和zone of indifference(area of acceptance) 无差异区域(可接受区域)。
公共管理英语各单元全文翻译
Unit 1Opening Administration to the PublicCitizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunity to be a visitor at municipal(市政的) government meetings, thanks to the government's recent efforts to open its administration-adopting t he Measures for Inviting Citizens to listen to the Administrative Mee ting, which （生效，实施）on December 16, 2001. 安徽省蚌埠市的群众现在有机会出席旁听市政府的召开的会议了，这主要是得益于市政府最近采用并制定的开放式行政管理的措施而邀请市民出席旁听政府的一些行政管理方面的会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on adminis trative affairs行政事务. The number of citizen listeners invited to very important meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies（代表） to the city's people's congress, members of the local committee of t he Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, personages（要人，名流） of democratic parties, members of the Association of Indus try and Commerce and others. They must be at least 18 years of age, a nd willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.邀请出席每一次行政事务会议旁听的市民，受邀旁听市民的人数是根据会议的重要程度而定的。
大学各个专业名称的英文翻译
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学 Philosophy哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law(including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural ResourcesProtection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law(including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement中*史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China (including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science 考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology 地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等） The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine 民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative 中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and WesternIntegrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学） Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival 图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science。
公共管理英语课文翻译
Unit 10The Largest Recipient of Foreign Capital引资第一大国At the China Conference政治协商会上: The Year of Capital, held in Beiji ng on December 4, Shi Guangsheng石广生, Minister of Foreign Trade and Ec onomic Cooperation, said that in 2002, for the first time, China became the lar gest recipient接受者of foreign direct investment (FDI)外商直接投资in the w orld. He predicted that this year's FDI in China would exceed $ 50 billion. 在12月4日于北京举行的“中国会议：资本年”上，外经贸部部长说，2002年中国第一次成为世界上吸收外国直接投资的“第一引资大国”。
据他预计，中国今年利用外国直接投资将超过500亿美元。
Shi noted that this achievement has been accomplished through positive, ra tional理性的and effective measures for utilizing foreign capital利用外资, unde r an overall situation of opening. 石广生表示：这一成就的取得是与全面开放的情况下，积极、理性及有效地利用国外投资分不开的。
China has maintained a strong momentum in utilizing foreign capital中国在利用外资过程中保持一种强劲的动力, while the FDI was declining globally然而，直接利用外资在全球正呈下降趋势. Latest statistics from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC)对外贸易经济合作部的最新统计显示show that by October 2002, the number of newly approved foreig n-funded enterprises外资企业had reached 27,630, an increase of 35 percent ov er the same period of last year; contractual foreign capital hit契约性外资达$ 75 billion, a rise of 36 percent: and actual use of foreign capital came to实际使用外资达$ 44. 7 billion, up 20 percent. 中国在全球外资直接投资不断下降的情况下，中国依然保持着利用外资的强劲势头。
《公共管理英语》部分课文翻译
第一章1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。
他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，广东省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的机密，都要向公众公开。
具体内容如下：经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；重大决策和政策的主动过程；财政预算和执行情况；专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；政府投资的公共福利项目；政府审批的项目及完成情况；政府向公众承事项的完成情况；有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；重大事件的处理；官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；政府机构的职能和官员的职责；工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
了解政府的行政行为是公民基本权力之一，政务公开是政府的应尽的职责。
公开行政信息是已经是政府管理中必不可少的部分。
同时，政务公开也是WTO的一项主要原则，被列在WTO的大部分文件中。
在中国加入WTO后，被要求在这方面做得更好。
中国的政府职能转变落后于它的经济增长。
公共管理专业英语第二单元课文翻译
Lesson 2 The Managerial Approach to Public Administration公共管理涉及一系列复杂的关系和函数。
毫不奇怪，因此，作为一个学科或身体或理论，公共管理缺乏连贯性。
公共管理包含三个比较明显的方法生长出不同的角度对其功能。
有些人认为这是一个管理的努力，类似的做法在私人部门。
其他人，强调“公共性”的公共管理，强调其政治方面。
还有人指出，主权的重要性，宪法，并规定在公共管理，把它视为一个明显的法律问题。
每个这些办法往往强调不同的价值，程序和结构安排的公共行政活动，每一个意见，市民在一个非常不同的方式，和各采用不同的角度对如何发展知识。
进一步复杂的是，管理方法有2个亚群：传统（或传统）公共管理与当代改革故宫*。
记住，这些做法是嵌入在我们的政治文化。
它们反映了宪法权力分立和分配职能的不同分支。
管理方法与行政机构的利益，忠实执行或执行法律。
政治态度与立法决策问题。
法律方法侧重于政府的审判职能，致力于维护宪法权利和法治。
一旦我们已经提出的依据这三个广泛的办法，广泛的管理，我们将完成我们的定义的讨论。
我们可以把一个如何解释每个人提出的各种活动的当代公共管理。
公共行政的管理办法那些定义公共行政管理方面，以高效率的方法它往往以尽量减少之间的公共和私人管理的区别。
在他们看来，公共管理基本上是一样的大企业，应当是按照同样的管理原则和价值观。
这一观点根深蒂固的某些部分的美国社会，是经常发现在选修的政治领袖，往往对政治的影响行使公务员*这是不寻常的总统选举的候选人不强调所谓的能力，“管理”的联邦官僚机构并使其更有效和经济。
州长和市长候选人经常吹嘘他们的管理技能以及*。
今天，那些谁看公共行政管理分为2组。
传统主义者所取代正在改革者呼吁“重塑政府“发展”。
故宫是取代传统的方法在几个联邦机构，国家和地方政府。
它也很强，在其他一些国家，包括英国，澳大利亚，新西兰，和斯堪的纳维亚国家。
公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN
Chapter 2课本第一章An Era of Change改变的年代、时代Introduction引言There has been a transformation（转化、变革）in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries.在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。
This new paradigm poses（形成，造成）a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration.这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。
These seven seeming verities（真理）have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。
Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估）their bureaucracies and demanded changes. 1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。
All these points will be discussed at greater length（长度）later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。
A new paradigm一个新的范例There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for public sector management.有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。
公共事业管理专业英语部分翻译
公共事业管理专业英语部分翻译The New Public Law新公共法The public law of the United Kingdom is defined by the prevailing（adj. 流行的；一般的，最普通的）constitutional order（宪法秩序）,the government and the various institutions （n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构）of the state，he rights of the citizen and membership of the European Union.Local government exists with（与…共存）statutory （adj. 法定的；法令的；可依法惩处的）powers and responsibilities.There are since 1998 devolved powers to the Scottish Parliament，the Welsh Assembly（n. 装配；集会，集合），the Northern Ireland Assembly and since 1999 an elected mayor（n. 市长）for London．The public law of the United Kingdom has lately come of age（臻至成熟）.There are several reasons for this development．Fundamental constitutional reforms have embraced（vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含）changes to the electoral system（选举制度），a more independent Bank of England withthe responsibility of adjusting interests rates（利息，利率）removed from the government of the day，reforms of the House of Lords（英国的上议院），and strategies（n. 策略，战略）to modernize（v 现代化）almost every aspect of government institutions and procedures．There is also a new freedom of Information Act 2000（2000年《信息自由法》）．There are changes to the criminal justice system（刑事司法体系），tribunals（n. 法庭；裁决；法官席）and inquiries （n. 探究；调查；质询），and to the management of the courts system．The most celebrated and acclaimed （vt. 称赞；为…喝采，向…欢呼）innovation（n. 创新，革新；新方法）is the Human Rights Act 1998，which came fully into force in October 2000．The 1998 Act is likely to increase the use of judicial review （司法审查）and thus has the potential to shift（vt. 转移；改变）decision- making in public law matters from elected ministers （n. 部长；大臣）to the courts under the direction of increased judicial controls．academic terms，public law has broadly defined terms of reference including the academic discourse（学术话语）from lawyers，economists，historians and political scientists．There is also a judicial contribution．The development of administrative law is largely a product of judicial creativity（司法创造力）and self regulation（自我调节）．Since the 1960s there is a remarkable judicial self-confidence in defining and articulating（v表达，表述）the role of the courts in public law matters．As Lord Donaldson remarked in 1984：从概念术语的角度来看，公法在它自身的技术规则与程序和分析技巧上有一定的发展。
《公共管理英语》部分课文翻译
《公共管理英语》部分课文翻译Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
公共管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译The New Public Management SituationNo doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticismbelong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phases,and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's age is a great reform, but that time has passed.A traditional patternObviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile flooding caused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the holy Roman, Spain'sadministrative empire, they first by the central through various rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop simultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Although these countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist serious low efficiency. The enormoussuccess of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass theexam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to establish in China, although the system has long passage.The traditional public administrative patternIn the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect. In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, andanalysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the organization provides the best way.3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless paying.6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political leaders.7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is itsoperation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind ofcircumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy know myself.Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the organization andindividual term.The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage. And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political control theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so people demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar - bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization. Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training to routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking, encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivate the progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be the public sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word "bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms.The new public management modeIn the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new management methods of defects. This methodcan alleviate some of the problems of traditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changed significantly. The new management method has many names: management of "individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public administration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration". Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish "helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps arenecessary.Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concernedwith the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and between internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple interests outside change and the response.(7) by request relevant results and comprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility.ConclusionThe government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modernadministrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period.In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term "paradigm" to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned tothe traditional administrative pattern.新公共管理的现状毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。
公共事业管理专业英语部分翻译
The New Public Law新公共法The public law of the United Kingdom is defined by the prevailing（adj. 流行的；一般的，最普通的）constitutional order（宪法秩序）,the government and the various institutions （n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构）of the state，he rights of the citizen and membership of the European Union.Local government exists with（与…共存）statutory （adj. 法定的；法令的；可依法惩处的）powers and responsibilities.There are since 1998 devolved powers to the Scottish Parliament，the Welsh Assembly（n. 装配；集会，集合），the Northern Ireland Assembly and since 1999 an elected mayor（n. 市长）for London．The public law of the United Kingdom has lately come of age（臻至成熟）.There are several reasons for this development．Fundamental constitutional reforms have embraced（vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含）changes to the electoral system（选举制度），a more independent Bank of England with the responsibility of adjusting interests rates（利息，利率）removed from the government of the day，reforms of the House of Lords（英国的上议院），and strategies（n. 策略，战略）to modernize（v 现代化）almost every aspect of government institutions and procedures．There is also a new freedom of Information Act 2000（2000年《信息自由法》）．There are changes to the criminal justice system（刑事司法体系），tribunals（n. 法庭；裁决；法官席）and inquiries （n. 探究；调查；质询），and to the management of the courts system．The most celebrated and acclaimed （vt. 称赞；为…喝采，向…欢呼）innovation（n. 创新，革新；新方法）is the Human Rights Act 1998，which came fully into force in October 2000．The 1998 Act is likely to increase the use of judicial review （司法审查）and thus has the potential to shift（vt. 转移；改变）decision- making in public law matters from elected ministers （n. 部长；大臣）to the courts under the direction of increased judicial controls．英国的公法是由盛行的宪法秩序来界定的，源于政府和州的不同公共机构，公民的权利和加入欧盟成为其成员国。
公共管理学专业英语词汇整理
公共管理学专业英语词汇目标mission/ objective 内部环境internal environment 外部环境external environment 集体目标group objective 计划planning 组织organizing 人事staffing 领导leading 控制controlling步骤process 原理principle 方法technique经理manager 总经理general manager 行政人员administrator主管人员supervisor 企业enterprise 商业business产业industry 公司company 效果effectiveness效率efficiency 企业家entrepreneur 权利power职权authority 职责responsibility 科学管理scientific management现代经营管理modern operational management 行为科学behavior science生产率productivity 激励motivate 动机motive法律law 法规regulation 经济体系economic system管理职能managerial function 产品product 服务service利润profit 满意satisfaction 归属affiliation尊敬esteem 自我实现self-actualization 人力投入human input盈余surplus 收入income 成本cost 资本货物capital goods机器machinery 设备equipment 建筑building 存货inventory经验法the empirical approach 人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach 集体行为法the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法the cooperative social systems approach社会技术系统法the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法the decision theory approach数学法the mathematical approach 系统法the systems approach随机制宜法the contingency approach 管理任务法the managerial roles approach 经营法the operational approach 人际关系human relation心理学psychology 态度attitude 压力pressure 冲突conflict招聘recruit 鉴定appraisal 选拔select 培训train报酬compensation 授权delegation of authority 协调coordinate 业绩performance考绩制度merit system 表现behavior 下级subordinate 偏差deviation检验记录inspection record 误工记录record of labor-hours lost 销售量sales volume 产品质量quality of products 先进技术advanced technology 顾客服务customer service 策略strategy 结构structure 领先性primacy 普遍性pervasiveness 忧虑fear 忿恨resentment 士气morale 解雇layoff批发wholesale 零售retail 程序procedure 规则rule规划program 预算budget 共同作用synergy 大型联合企业conglomerate 资源resource 购买acquisition 增长目标growth goal 专利产品proprietary product 竞争对手rival 晋升promotion 管理决策managerial decision 商业道德business ethics 有竞争力的价格competitive price 供货商supplier 小贩vendor 利益冲突conflict of interests 派生政策derivative policy 开支帐户expense account 批准程序approval procedure病假sick leave 休假vacation 工时labor-hour 机时machine-hour 资本支出capital outlay 现金流量cash flow 工资率wage rate 税收率tax rate 股息dividend 现金状况cash position 资金短缺capital shortage总预算overall budget 资产负债表balance sheet 可行性feasibility投入原则the commitment principle 投资回报return on investment 生产能力capacity to produce 实际工作者practitioner 最终结果end result 业绩performance 个人利益personal interest 福利welfare 市场占有率market share 创新innovation 生产率productivity 利润率profitability社会责任public responsibility 董事会board of director 组织规模size of the organization 组织文化organizational culture 目标管理management by objectives 评价工具appraisal tool 激励方法motivational techniques 控制手段control device 个人价值personal worth 优势strength 弱点weakness 机会opportunity 威胁threat 个人责任personal responsibility 顾问counselor 定量目标quantitative objective 定性目标qualitative objective 可考核目标verifiable objective 优先priority 工资表payroll 策略strategy 政策policy 灵活性discretion 多种经营diversification 评估assessment 一致性consistency应变策略consistency strategy 公共关系public relation 价值value 抱负aspiration 偏见prejudice 审查review 批准approval 主要决定major decision 分公司总经理division general manager 资产组合距阵portfolio matrix 明星star 问号question mark 现金牛cash cow 赖狗dog 采购procurement 人口因素demographic factor 地理因素geographic factor 公司形象company image产品系列product line 合资企业joint venture 破产政策liquidation strategy紧缩政策retrenchment strategy 战术tactics 追随followership个性individuality 性格personality 安全safety 自主权latitude 悲观的pessimistic 静止的static 乐观的optimistic 动态的dynamic 灵活的flexible 抵制resistance 敌对antagonism 折中eclectic 激励motivation 潜意识subconscious 地位status 情感affection 欲望desire 压力pressure满足satisfaction自我实现的需要needs for self-actualization 尊敬的需要esteem needs 归属的需要affiliation needs 安全的需要security needs 生理的需要physiological needs 维持maintenance 保健hygiene 激励因素motivator 概率probability 强化理论reinforcement theory 反馈feedback 奖金bonus 股票期权stock option 劳资纠纷labor dispute 缺勤率absenteeism 人员流动turnover 奖励reward 特许经营franchise 热诚zeal 信心confidence 鼓舞inspire 要素ingredient忠诚loyalty 奉献devotion 作风style 品质trait适应性adaptability 进取性aggressiveness 热情enthusiasm毅力persistence 人际交往能力interpersonal skills行政管理能力administrative ability智力intelligence 专制式领导autocratic leader 民主式领导democratic leader 自由放任式领导free-rein leader 管理方格图the managerial grid 工作效率work efficiency 服从obedience 领导行为leader behavior支持型领导supportive leadership 参与型领导participative leadership指导型领导instrumental leadership成就取向型领导achievement-oriented leadershipAutomated inspection 自动化检验automatic assembly system 自动化装配系统applied biomechanics 应用生物力学CAD/CAM 计算机辅助设计与制造computer integrated manufacturing system 计算机整合制造系统data structure 数据结构data base management system 数据库管理系统decision analysis 决策分析engineering economy 工程经济engineering statistics 工程统计facilities planning 设施规划factory diagnoisis and improvement method 工厂诊断与改善方法financial and cost analysis 财务与成本分析fuzzy theory and application 模糊理论与应用human-computer interaction (HCI)人因工程与计算机系统human factors engineering 人因工程human information processing 人类讯息处理human-machine system design 人机系统设计human resource management 人力资源管理human system diagnosis and improvement 人体系统诊断与改善industrial environment evaluation 工业环境评估industrial organizations and management 工业组织与管理industrial safety 工业安全information technology 信息技术intellectual property laws 智慧财产权法knowledge engineering 知识工程linear algebra 线性代数manufacturing automation 制造自动化manufacturing engineering 制造工程manufacturing management 制造管理manufacturing process 制造程序manufacturing systems and management 制造系统与管理market and marketing 市场与行销material flows automation 物流自动化mathematical programming 数学规划multicriteria decision making 多目标规划multi-criteria decision methods 多准则决策分析network analysis 网络分析numerical analysis 数值分析organization and management 组织与管理product and technology development management 产品与技术开发管理production management 生产管理production planning and control 生产计划与管制quality control 质量管理quality engineering 品质工程quality management techniques and practice 品质管理queueing theory 等候线理论reliability engineering 可靠度工程research，development and innovation management 研究发展管理semiconductor production management 半导体生产管理sequencing and scheduling 排序与排程simulation 模拟分析statistical method 统计方法stochastic processes 随机系统strategic management of technology 技术策略system analysis and design in large scale 大型系统分析与设计system performance evaluation 系统绩效评估技术system quality assurance engineering 系统品质保证工程systems engineering 系统工程systems simulation 系统仿真vision and colors 视觉与色彩work physiology 工作生理学work study 工作研究Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师Export Sales Manager 外销部经理Export Sales Staff 外销部职员Financial Controller 财务主任Financial Reporter 财务报告人F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Fund Manager 财务经理General Auditor 审计长General Manager/ President 总经理General Manager Assistant 总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Hardware Engineer 计算机硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 管理顾问Manager 经理Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst 市场分析员Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff 项目策划人员Promotional Manager 推售部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购进货员Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管Sales Manager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Senior Accountant 高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer 计算机软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Telecommunication Executive电讯（电信）员Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员Aaccess discrimination 进入歧视action research 动作研究adjourning 解散adhocracy 特别结构administrative principle 管理原则artifacts 人工环境artificial intelligence 人工智能工巧匠avoiding learning 规避性学习ambidextrous approach 双管齐下策略Bbalance sheet 资产负债表bcg matrix 波士顿咨询集团矩阵bona fide occupation qualifications 善意职业资格审查bounded rationality 有限理性bureaucracy 官僚机构benchmarking 标杆瞄准bounded rationality perspective 有限理性方法boundary-spanning roles 跨超边界作用Ccomputer-aided design and computer-automated manufacturing(cad/cam)计算机辅助设计与计算机自动生产confrontation 对话consortia 企业联合change agent 变革促进者chaos theory 混沌理论charismatic leaders 魅力型领导者charity principle 博爱原则coercive power 强制权cohesiveness 凝聚力collaborative management 合作型管理comparable worth 可比较价值competitive benchmarking 竞争性基准confrontation meeting 碰头会constancy of purpose 永久性目标contingency approach 权变理论corporate social performance 公司社会表现corporate social responsibility公司社会责任corporate social responsiveness公司社会反应critical incident 关键事件current assets 流动资产current liabilities 流动负债culture strength 文化强度creative department 创造性部门craft technology 技艺性技术contextual dimension 关联性维度continuous process production 连续加工生产collectivity stage 集体化阶段clan control 小团体控制clan culture 小团体文化coalition 联合团体collaborative 协作网络centrality 集中性centraliazation 集权化charismatic authority 竭尽忠诚的权力Ddecentralization 分权democracy management 民主管理departmentalization 部门化differential rate system 差别报酬系统dialectical inquiry methods 辩证探求法division of labor 劳动分工downward mobility 降职流动dynamic engagement 动态融合dynamic network 动态网络domain 领域direct interlock 直接交叉divisional form 事业部模式differentiation strategy 差别化战略decision premise 决策前提dual-core approach 二元核心模式Eelectronic data-processing(edp) 电子数据处理employee-oriented style 员工导向型风格empowerment 授权encoding 解码end-user computing 终端用户计算系统entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity 净资产equity theory 公平理论espoused value 信仰价值ethnocentric manager 种族主义的管理者expectancy theory 期望理论expense budget 支出预算expense center 费用中心external audit 外部审计external stakeholders 外部利益相关者extrinsic rewards 外部奖励ethic ombudsperson 伦理巡视官external adaption 外部适应性elaboration stage 精细阶段entrepreneurial stage 创业阶段escalating commitment 顽固认同Ffamily group 家庭集团financial statement 财务报表flat hierarchies 扁平型结构flexible budget 弹性预算force-field theory 场力理论formal authority 合法权力formal systematic appraisal 正式的系统评估franchise 特许经营权formalization stage 规范化阶段functional grouping 职能组合formal channel of communication 正式沟通渠道Ggame theory 博弈论general financial condition 一般财务状况geocentric manager 全球化管理者general manager 总经理globalization 全球化gossip chain 传言链grapevine 传言网global strategic partnership 全球战略伙伴关系general environment 一般环境generalist 全面战略geographic grouping 区域组合global company 全球公司global geographic structure 全球区域结构Hhawthorne effect 霍桑效应heuristic principles 启发性原理hierarchy 科层制度hiring specification 招聘细则horizontal linkage model 横向联系模型hybrid structure 混合结构high tech 高接触high-velocity environments 高倍速环境Iimpoverished management 放任式管理income statement 损益表information transformation 信息转换infrastructure 基础设施integrative process 整合过程intelligent enterprises 智力企业internal audit 内部审计internal stakeholder 内部相关者internship 实习intrapreneurship 内部企业家精神intrinsic reward 内在报酬inventory 库存, 存货internal integration 内部整合interorganization relationship 组织间的关系intergroup conflict 团体间冲突interlocking directorate 交叉董事会institutional perspective 机构的观点intuitive decision making 直觉决策idea champion 构思倡导者incremental change 渐进式变革informal organizational structure 非正式组织结构informal performance appraisal 非正式业绩评价Jjob description 职务描述job design 职务设计job enlargement 职务扩大化job enrichment 职务丰富化job rotation 职务轮换job specialization 职务专业化Kkey performance areas 关键业务区key result areas 关键绩效区Llabor productivity index 劳动生产力指数laissez management 自由化管理large batch production 大批量生产lateral communication 横向沟通leadership style 领导风格least preferred co-worker(lpc)最不喜欢的同事legitimate power 合法权力liability 负债liaison 联络者line authority 直线职权liquidity 流动性liaison role 联络员角色long-linked technology 纵向关联技术losses from conflict 冲突带来的损失low-cost leadership 低成本领先Mmanagement by objective 目标管理Managerial Grid 管理方格matrix bosses 矩阵主管management champion 管理倡导者materials-requirements planning(MRP) 物料需求计划Mslow,s hierarchy of needs 马斯洛需求层次论marketing argument 管理文化多元化营销观multiculturalism 文化多元主义multidivisional firm 多部门公司moral rules 道德准则management by walking around(MBWA) 走动式管理matrix structure 矩阵结构multinational enterprise(MNE) 跨国公司moral relativism 道德相对主义mechanistic system 机械式组织middle-of-the-road management 中庸式管理meso theory 常态理论multidomestic strategy 多国化战略mediating technology 调停技术Nna?ve relativism 朴素相对主义need-achievement 成就需要norming 规范化norms 规范nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策nonsubstitutability 非替代性nonroutine technology 非例行技术niche 领地Ooff-the-job training 脱产培训on-the-job training 在职培训operational budget 运营预算order backlog 订单储备organic system 有机系统organizational development(OD) 组织发展orientation 定位outcome interdependence 结果的相互依赖性outplacement services 外延服务organization ecosystem 组织生态系统Pparadox of authority 权威的矛盾paradox of creativity 创造力的矛盾paradox of disclosure 开放的矛盾paradox of identify 身份的矛盾paradox of individuality 个性的矛盾paradox of regression 回归的矛盾partial productivity 部分生产率participative management 参与式管理path-goal model 路径目标模型peer recruiter 同级招聘political action committees(PACs) 政治活动委员会polycentric manager 多中心管理者portfolio framework 业务组合框架portfolio investment 资产组合投资positive reinforcement 正强化production flexibility 生产柔性profitability 收益率programmed decisions 程序化决策psychoanalytic view 精神分析法paradigm 范式personal ratios 人员比例pooled dependence 集合性依存professional bureaucracy 专业官僚机构problem identification 问题识别problemistic search 问题搜寻population ecology model 种群生态模型Qquality 质量quality circle 质量圈question mark 问题类市场quid pro quo 交换物Rrational model of decision making 理性决策模式realistic job preview(RJP) 实际工作预览reciprocal interdependence 相互依存性resource dependence 资源依赖理论routine technology 例行技术retention 保留rational approach 理性方法rational model 理性模型rational-legal authority 理性—合法权威Ssemivariable cost 准可变成本sense of potency 力量感sensitivity training 敏感性训练sexual harassment 性骚扰short-run capacity changes 短期生产能力变化single-strand chain 单向传言链situational approach 情境方法situational force 情境力量situational leadership theory 情境领导理论sliding-scale budget 移动规模预算small-batch production 小规模生产sociotechnical approaches 社会科技方法span of management 管理幅度staff authority 参谋职权standing plan 长设计划step budget 分步预算stewardship principle 管家原则stimulus 刺激storming 调整阶段strategic management 战略管理strategic partnering 战略伙伴关系strategy formulation 战略制定strategy implementation 战略实施strategic control 战略控制strategic contingencies 战略权变satisficing 满意度subsystems 子系统subunits 子单位synergy 协同system boundary 系统边界structure dimension 结构性维度sequential interdependence 序列性依存self-directed team 自我管理型团队specialist 专门战略strategy and structure changes 战略与结构变革symptoms of structural deficiency 结构无效的特征Ttall hierarchies 高长型科层结构task force or project team 任务小组或项目团队task independence 任务的内部依赖性task management 任务型管理task-oriented style 任务导向型管理风格total productivity 全部生产率Total Quality Management 全面质量管理training positions 挂职培训training program 培训程序transactional leaders 交易型领导transformational leaders 变革型领导treatment discrimination 歧视待遇two-factory theory 双因素理论two-boss employees 双重主管员工technical or product champion 技术或产品的倡导者Uunfreezing 解冻unit production 单位产品Vvariation 变种子variety 变量valence 效价variable costs 可变成本vertical communication 纵向沟通vertical integration 纵向一体化vestibule training 仿真培训volume flexibility 产量的可伸缩性vertical linkage 纵向连接venture team 风险团队value based leadership 基于价值的领导Wwin-lose situation 输赢情境win-win situation 双赢情境workforce literacy 员工的读写能力work in progress 在制品work flow redesign 工作流程再造成work flow automation 工作流程自动化whistle blowing 揭发Zzero-sum 零---和zone of indifference(area of acceptance) 无差异区域(可接受区域)面对强大的对手，明知不敌，也要毅然亮剑，即使倒下，也要化成一座山。
公共管理学(英文)
第一章1、There has been a transformation in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries. 发达国家公共部门的管理经历了一场转变。
2、This new paradigm poses a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration.这种新的典范对曾被认为是公共行政的一些基本的、几乎是永恒的原理提出了直接的挑战。
3、All these points will be discussed at greater length later,but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.虽然上述一切都值得深入探讨，这里强调的主要一点是，在100年来很少发生变化的公共部门职业领域，如今已经发生了全面的变革。
4、There is some debate over whether or not public management,particularly the new public management,is a new paradigm for public sector management.这里有一些争论，关于是否公共管理,特别是新公共管理是公共部门管理的新典范。
5、Some argue that paradigm is large hurdle to jump,requiring agreement among all a discipline's practitioners -- a more or less permanent way of looking at the world.一些人认为典范是巨大的障碍,需要协议在所有学科的实践者——或多或少永久看待世界的方式。
《公共管理学》课程中英文简介
城市学院《公共管理学》课程中英文简介Public Management课程代码：010012A/010012B Course Code：010012A/010012B课程名称：公共管理学Course Name：Public Management学时：32 Periods：32学分：2 Credits：2考核方式：考试/考查Assessment：Examination/Inspection先修课程：管理学原理Preparatory Courses：Management Science 行政管理Public Administration《公共管理学》是为引导学生了解公共管理的基本理论和基础知识而开设的课程，是其它公共管理类专业课程的基础。
通过本门课程的教学，使学生全面掌握公共管理的基础理论和基本知识；了解公共部门的机构设置、管理运作的原则、特点和方式；探索公共管理变革和创新的新方式。
教学过程中，注重养成学生公共管理的思维，培养学生提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力，为学生进一步学习相关专业课程和将来从事实际工作打下坚实的理论基础。
本课程是一门理论与实际操作相结合的课程，它阐述了当代公共管理发展的基本状况和主要特点，全面分析了公共管理的过程和行为，在学习和借鉴国外先进的公共管理经验基础上，指出了公共管理变革和发展的方向。
"Public Management" is a foundational course of public administration major. It guides students to learn and understand the basic theories and basic knowledge of public management. Through the course, students should grasp the basic theories and basic knowledge of public management; understand the arrangement of public sectors and institutions; understand the principles, characteristics and methods of public sectors management; explore public sector reform and innovation. In the process of teaching, we attempt to develop the abilities of students to ask questions, analyze problems and solve problems; develop the thinking ways of public management.This course is a combination of theoretical and practical subject which spells out the basic theoretical development of contemporary public management and its main features as well as comprehensive analysis of processes and behaviors of public management. It learns and borrows the advanced experiences of public management of industrialized countries and forecasts the change and development of the public management in the future.中英文课程简介《城市管理学》课程中英文简介Urban Management课程代码：010022A/010022B/010023A Course Code：010022A/010022B/010023A课程名称：城市管理学Course Name：Urban Management学时：32/32/48 Periods：32/32/48学分：2/2/3 Credits：2/2/3考核方式：考试/考查/考试Assessment：Examination/Inspection/Examination 先修课程：管理学Preparatory Courses：Management城市管理学是城市管理专业的一门专业课，同时也是其他相关专业的学科基础课或者专业选修课。
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2课本第一章改变的年代、时代引言a （转化、变革）.在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。
（形成，造成）a .这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。
（真理） .这几个真理被挑战。
1980s （重新评估）.1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。
（长度）, a a .这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。
A 一个新的范例, , a .有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。
a a （障碍）, a ’s(学科，纪律)一些争论认为一个范例是一个要跨越的大障碍，需要所有学科的实践者的同意，或多或少是看待世界的暂时方法。
’s(1989) : . 基本的公共管理部门的范例是这些遵循奥斯特罗姆的争论，即组织有两种对立的类型：官僚组织和市场组织。
a ; , ‘ a “（学科、纪律）”, （完整的）” , , ”, ’ (,2001.231).对本来说，传统行政模型适合被看做一种范式。
他继续说，当然，那些支持公共传统行政的人会争论说他们有纪律，带有完整的理论、法律和普遍原理，专注于他们的研究。
（潜在、含蓄、隐晦的）. 公共管理里范式有着很不同的潜在的理论基础，即经济理论和私营部门理论。
, ; . 然而，这不是说这个学科的所有学者都认为传统公共行政范例已经被取代，范例是逐渐改变的这样一个事实。
a 一种新方法的出现1990 .在1990s初期，在大多数发达国家和很多发展中国家一个新的公共部门管理模型出现了。
1980 .在英国撒切尔执政时期，出现了改革，比如公共企业的民营化、精简公共部门。
（出版）1992 （彻底改造）(1992).在美国一个关键事件是所写的《彻底改造政府》的出版。
() a （程度、范围）() () a .国际组织特别是法国为基础的，较小范围的世界银行和开始对提高自己的成员国和客户国家公共管理感兴趣：在内的在公共管理改革过程中起了领导作用。
a （合理的）（管理的） 3 （构想，规划）（公共，共性，平民）.a ( 14) .尽管许多国家的改革有很多惊人的相似，但这里争论的是理论转型而非实践转型。
行政和管理a a .这里争论的是行政是比管理更狭义更限制的功能，因此，公共行政向公共管理的转变是理论和功能的主要改变。
.: ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ （监督、管理）（执行、实行）’ : ‘ ’s ’.哈佛字典这样定义行政：一种管理行为，管理事务或者直接的或者监督执行，使用或者管理。
而管理则是:执行，通过一个人的行为控制事物的过程，负责。
（指示，命令）从这些多种多样的定义可以看出，行政包括服从命令和服务，而管理包括：第一是结果的实现，第二是管理人对于获得结果的个人责任‘’ ‘’.类似地，管理和管理者这两个词越来越多地应用在公共部门中。
公共行政和公共管理a .分析得出以行政概念为基础的公共服务和以管理为基础的公共服务是不同的，二者之间有着悬而未决的紧张关系。
‘ ’ a .公用行政这个词经常用来指公共部门的研究，另外还是一项活动和一个职位。
(1986) ‘ , （处理）（立法的，有立法权的）（行政的，经理的）（公正的）（授权、命令）（规定，条款）（管理的，控制的） a ’.指出：公共行政是对管理的、政治的、合法的理论的应用，, ‘ ’ .总的来说，公共行政这里指的是公共部门的经济研究。
‘’ .这里提到的行政和管理有着概念上的不同，在他们前面加上‘公共’这个词可以反映这些不同。
变革的紧迫问题a （相关的，互相联系的）（命令的，祈使句）; （全球化）.公共部门的改变作为几个相关的祈使句的回应发生了：第一，对公共部门的冲击，第二，经济理论的改变；第三，私人部门改变的影响，特别是作为经济力量的全球化；第四，科技的改变。
对公共部门的抨击1980s .在1980s早起，在公共部门的规模和能力上有大范围的冲击. 对政府的冲击主要有三个方面。
（思想的，意识形态的）（热情）1990s.对政府角色的冲击的思想热情以及减少规模的努力在1990S晚期冷淡下来。
（逐渐消失。
）经济理论1970（保守的）. 1970S，保守的经济学家认为政府限制了经济增长和自由。
（深刻地）经济思考的改变深刻地影响了公共官僚制。
公共选择理论, .应用于官僚制特别是早期关于管理主义的争论的最重要的经济理论是公共选择理论。
a .对公共选择的主要假设是合理性的综合观点A （动机系统）.一个理性的人必须被他在里面起作用的动机系统所引导（胡萝卜）..做一个关于行为的经济假设确实有他的用处。
a . 这些观点建立了政府的回应。
公共选择理论和把它应用于政府设置的努力在三十年后有了复杂的结果。
.规则和机构的理论也被应用于公共部门，特别是它的责任。
（动机）（体制）.规则/机构理论试图发现机构在规则的兴趣下的行动的动机体制。
3 第二章传统的公共行政模式a .这里被称为公共行政的传统模型的是曾经的一次主要的改革运动。
.: , a , , , , , .传统模型可以被定义为：政治领导正式控制下的行政，以官僚制的严格等级制模型为基础，聘用永久的、中立的、匿名的员工，只为公共利益所驱动，平等地为任何政党服务，不为政治做贡献，也不管理政治家决定的政策。
.公共行政的传统模型是在公共部门保持最久的突出和最成功的管理理论。
但是现在被逐渐替代。
早期的行政a , .对比政府的概念公共行政有一个很长的历史。
. 行政系统存在于古埃及用来管理来自一年一次的尼罗河大水的灌溉，建造金字塔, – , , , – , , , .在欧洲各种各样的帝国—希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等，首先都是行政帝国，通过规则和程序受中心控制。
. 早期的行政系统分享一个重要的特点。
, , , ‘ ’.在美国19世纪的大多数时期，存在被称为政党分赃的行政系统，源自于这个说法：战利品属于胜利者。
, , . 换句话说，没有特殊的企业涉及公共行政，也没有任何理由表明政府行政在他的政局发生改变时应该保持不变。
平等主义的: ‘I .’.杰克逊认为在使行政更平等和民主里有优势：, .最终早期行政模式的固有问题导致了19世纪后期的变革和与传统的行政模型有关的改革19世纪的改革.传统模式的开始最常见于19世纪中期的英国。
.英国的19世纪中叶的改革影响了美国的观点, ,.美国的这一模型受到了威尔逊的很大影响，威尔逊是美国的改革运动中的一个关键的积极分子，马克思韦伯是欧洲的积极分子。
, , , . 威尔逊、泰勒和韦伯，这几个同龄人是公共行政的传统模型的主要影响力。
’s 韦伯的官僚制理论’s .传统的行政模型的最重要的理论原则是韦伯的官僚制。
a , : –; – a ; .作为它的理论基础，韦伯认为有三种权威类型：魅力型权威—对领导者的绝对赞同，传统权威—例如部落首领的权威，法理型权威, .韦伯阐述了现代官僚体制的六点原则’s , .韦伯的第一条原则是权威来自法律和根据法律制定的规则。
. 韦伯理论系统的主要不同和进步通过与早期行政模型的比较被更好的理解。
a .这是很重要的一点. 其他的不同也是如此官员的位置a ’s . 个体的官员在韦伯的理论中占据了关键位置.这些点从逻辑上看符合韦伯官僚制的六点原则–– .这两个原则:官僚制的模型和官员的位置，有着特殊的意图’s .韦伯的官僚制是最有效率的组织形式这一理念应用于所有的大型企业中威尔逊和政治控制, , .在传统的公共行政模型中，与官僚制的政治领导相关的规则是清晰地，至少在理论上是清晰地。
威尔逊认为分赃主义的邪恶源自于跟政治相关的行政的问题。
. 提高的，严肃的区别，差异–二分法.传统公共行政提高了它的指导规则的行政的关系和政治的关系之间的区别，即政治/行政的二分法。
, ‘ a , ’.另外，这个二分法允许行政作为自我意识领域的研究出现，智力上和制度上和政治是不同的。
a .国会制国家的传统行政系统也类似地以把政策从行政中分离为目标。
方面, . 在著名的威斯敏斯特系统中，在传统的行政模型中政治控制有三个主要的方面。
, .在传统的行政模型中，政治家和公共官员的世界是分开的。
泰勒和管理成型1920s . 传统的行政模型到1920s完全成型，并且至少五十年没有发生显著的变化。
科学管理.泰勒通常被认为系统地阐述了科学管理。
.科学管理在世纪早期成了新教会的力量1第三章p64 私人管理的基础。
(引出，来历) （管理主义） a a .管理主义来自于一个私人商业模型是批评的根源。
（目标宗旨）.在公共部门很难决定目标和测量结果，这大概是公共和私人部门之间的主要不同。
.实际上，源自私人部门的管理技术是批评的原因。
A a （苏醒，复兴）提出一个特别的理论批评指出管理主义代表着泰勒早先讨论过的科学管理理想的一种复兴（下降的、祖传的）’s , , , （学派）.在这个评论里，把管理主义看做泰勒的科学管理理论的直接遗传，这在他的观点里是和人类关系学派的智慧相反的。
（管理学家）（建议，打算）（模仿） a （死板的）（社会心理）.管理学家确实建议测量绩效并且也许在使用一种更加的死板的方法对组织行为的社会心理上模仿了私人部门, , . .就像先前讨论的一样，泰勒相信挑选人们来适应特殊的工作，根据绩效和测量他们所做的奖励他们。
’s (协调的，合拍的) a （形式化的，正式的）.泰勒的系统和正式的官僚制完美地协调，这也是在世纪早期它被公共服务狂热引用的原因。
‘（使具有政治性，参与政治）’ ; . 公共服务的改变被认为是涉及参与政治，直接涉及政党政治, （政治化）1880s . 另一方面，政治化会导致伍德罗式的问题，1880年的改革运动试图修补这个问题。
减少的责任（管理理念）（程序）. 关于新的管理理念和程序是否适合责任系统有一些担心。
退出合同，承包的困难（优秀的）（私有化的）, （实施）.尽管容易有争论认为私有化的政府活动会导致私人市场更优越和有效，实施不是简单的。
（思想的，意识形态的）（秘方，万能药）. 简单的思想形态的万能药应该被对成本和利润的小心考虑所代替。
（伦理的，道德的）伦理道德问题, ‘ a ’ ‘ （处方、秘诀）（装置）（成立的）（中立）( , , , , )’胡德所说，新的公共管理假定公共服务诚信的文化是被赋予的，a ?在一种管理方法获得利润的同时有办法提高或者保持伦理水平吗（贪污）（地方性的）.贪污可能是地方性的，对政治系统有严重的结果。
实施和道德问题（鼓动，煽动）, （不足的，不充足的）. 管理的改变是从顶层被煽动的，同时对实施没有足够的注意。
a .也许改革过程以这样的节奏被实施，系统内的人们不知道他们在什么位置。
.（批评，评论文章）, （有效的，正当的，有根据的）, .在最后的解释中，对管理主义模型的批评有一些有效的但是不能令人信服、无法证明的根据。