弱电系统外文翻译文献
弱电工程外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：电气工程系专业：建筑电气与智能化班级：姓名：学号： 2007318230外文出处：《Electricity》附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
weak electricity engineeringSystem functionThe in common use building weak electricity system mainly has a few kinds as follows: (1)The telephone corresponds by letter systemCarry out telephone(include three types of facsimile machines, can see a telephone...etc.) correspondence function The star type To rushes toward structure; Use 3 types(or above) don't shield a double to wring line, deliver the frequency of signal within the scope of audio frequency.(2)Area net system in calculator bureauIs a realization to transact to automate and various data delivers of network foundation The star type to rushes toward structure Use 5 types(or above) don't shield a double to wring line, deliver number signal, the baud rate can reach to a 100 mbs the s is above.(3)Music| broadcast systemThe loudspeaker passed to install on the spot(is like places, such as market, restaurant, guest room and hallway...etc.) broadcasts music, and can pass to transmit sound machine to carry on a broadcasting to the spot Many road total line structure Deliver is certainly pressed a 120 Vs by the power enlarger output's| the audio frequency signal of 120 Ωs with drive the spot loudspeaker phonation, deliver the line use copper Xin to insulate to lead line.(4)The cabled T.V. signal assigns systemEvenly assign the cabled T.V. signal to each customer inside the building to order ;Adopt branch and assign a machine to carry on a signal allotment, for letting up signal to lose to really reduce and make each customer order the request that the signal quality attains norm rules with , its cloth line is tree type structure, and order to distribute with the form of building and the customer of dissimilarity but dissimilarity Use 75 Ω radio frequency coaxial cable, deliver many road radio frequencies signal.(5)The public security supervises and controls systemThe camera passed to install on the spot, guard against theft equipment like carry on surveillance and excrescent circumstance to report to the police to each exit and entrance and some important places of building etc. ;The video frequency signal delivers to adopt star type structure, use video frequency coaxial cable ;Control delivering of signal to adopt total line structure, the use copper insulates a cable.(6)The fire fight reports to the police systemThe system is reported to the police by a fire and the fire fight is allied the broadcasting system, fire alarm moving system, fire fight to constitute towards speaking 3 parts like telephone system.A fire reports to the police and the fire fight is allied and move system to pass constitution in the building everywhere of a fire locator, hand move to report to the police device etc. to the spot the circumstance carry on a monitor, be have already reported to the police signal, according to receiving of signal, according to in advance setting of procedure, unite the homologous equipments spreads by control fire, its signal delivers to adopt total line structure of many roads, but for important fire fight equipments(if fire fight pump, spray to sprinkle a pump, is pressing breeze machine and line up smoke breeze machine etc.) of allied move to control delivering of signal, sometimes adopt star type structure, the delivering of signal uses copper to insulate a cable.(the product having asks use double to wring line)The fire fight broadcasting system is used for to direct the spot while taking place a fire a personnel safety evacuation, adopt total line structure of many roads, the signal delivers to use copper to insulate to lead line.(the system can and music broadcasting system suitable for use) The fire alarm is two kinds of structure towards speaking that the telephone system is used for in command of spot fire fighter to carry on extinguishing fire a work, adopt star type and total line type, the signal delivers uses to shield line.(7)The exit and entrance controls systemUse calculator, intelligence Carmen equipment, such as lock and card reader...etc., carry on constitution, surveillance, control and record etc. to each exit and entrance status, carry out unify a management to each exit and entrance of building, promise mansion safety, its Tuo rushes toward structure and delivers to lie quality because of product but difference.(8)The parking lot charge manages systemPass to install under the exit and entrance ground of respond coil, respond the discrepancy of vehicle, pass artificial half auto the full-automatic charge management system, carry out a charge and control the Qi of dynamoelectric railing to shut... The system cloth's line is only limited by the exit and entrance of car field in the mansion, each exit and entrance from one set controller control, the controller can independently work as well as manage a calculator allied net with place of honor, its cloth line structure and deliver to lie quality because of product but difference.(9)Building Yu from control systemThe various examination and performance spare part passed to connect with each other with the spot controller, to mansion inside outside of the work status of various equipments(is like air condition, to the catchment, lighting, is provided to go together with equipment, such as electricity and elevator...etc.) inside various environment parameter and building carry on examination, surveillance and control, and link through a calculator network each the spot controller, carry on reasonable allotment and management to the resources and the equipments in the building, attain a comfortable, convenient, economical and dependable purpose .So far, building Yu from control system didn't yet international standard, the correspondence adopted by the product of different factory house negotiates each not same, it the spot total line and control the of total line to rush toward structure and deliver to lie quality also dissimilarity The underneath will make simple introduction towards being wide spread accepted by the international society currently and Works technique and technique for adopting.Also have the television meeting the system, expand a system and cruise more in addition system and building Yu to speak system, three forms(water, electricity, annoy form) automatically and copy form system The weak electricity system that the building of different function needs to be established is each not same.3 systems are integratedIn the middle of physically working, the design should integrate 3 aspects: etc. to consider an integrated problem between the systems of each weak electricity from the network integration, function integration and software interface.3.1 networks are integratedThe network integrates mainly on-line come to consider from the cloth of each system, make the weak electricity system of different function able to work the platform is at an unified cloth line up, so, on the other hand easy to also make on the other hand each weak electricity system to the management of clothes line systems on the spot the decoration of equipments up have larger vivid.At in common use building weak electricity system in, the telephone corresponds by letter system and the function of area net in the calculator bureau system and the hardware equipments of the use each not same, but it the network rush toward the decoration principle that the structure, information orders homology, and can use homology of delivering and lying quality and connect a plug-in, so can synthesize two cloth lines of systems as a cloth linesystem Thus, two systems can be an exploitation, the information orders of the function can change with each other and make two systems all have larger vivid, this is also we say of synthesize cloth line system(PDS).Remaining as to it's is a few systems, in the comprehensive consideration technique and economic possibility, current product because of being rushed toward by system Tuo the structure, signal deliver to lie quality and double wring line to synthesize PDS towards delivering power signal of limiting etc., its cloth line system temporarily canning not returning But, along with the continuously developing of the number signal processing theory and application technique and calculator technique, and correspondence technique...etc., future PDS will definitely develop to become the cloth line that includes more different function weak electricity systems platform.3.2 functions are integratedThe function integration includes a following both side contents:(1) the function merge Main consideration will some on the function and hardware equipments up repeated of the system merge and make to merge the system of the empress before having merger all functions of each system, with decrease equipments redundancy, avoid repeated investment In the above-mentioned system, music broadcasting system and fire fight report to the police and allied move the fire fight within system broadcasting system and then can be a system to design, but the system has to satisfy the rules of 《the fire fight automatically reports to the police a system design norm (GBJ 50116-98)》.(2) the function repair with each other See from the function, each sub- systems in the building Yu automation all have its particular function and rule over scope and respectively and independently work at ordinary times, but while taking place some and special affairs, usually needing an of each system can be in conjunction with a work, the whole system carries out overall control and management the exaltation to the processing ability that bursts affairs, exaltation building of the intelligence turn degree Is concrete of allied move to respond to include a few systems as follows:The fire fight reports to the police system →music broadcasting system When occurrence fire fight reported to the police, correspond the public broadcasting system of floor will drive strong line of cut over into an urgent broadcasting of fire fight;The fire fight reports to the police system →the public security supervise and control system When occurrence fire fight reported to the police, the public security supervised and control system to automatically be like the shooting of camera of fire alarm close by district theappearance sliced to hold to lord surveillance in the public security center and laid equal stress on some to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents with provide whether the confirmation has fire alarm occurrence to analyze with the after the event trouble reason etc.; The fire fight reports to the police system →the exit and entrance control system While confirming to take place fire fight to report to the police exit and entrance's control the each control door(the control door of important core part can establish alone) having something to do with fire alarm part in the system should automatically be placed in to open status, for the purpose of internal personnel evacuate to withdraw to get into with fire fighter;The fire fight reports to the police system →the gara ge manage system The garage management system should control garage while confirming fire fight to report to the police occurrence at the first floor or the underground layer the gateway place in open status, so that the vehicle inside the garage quickly withdraw a fire field;(at this time garage relevant of the camera should be placed in a work and record image status)The fire fight reports to the police system →the speech correspond by letter system After the fire fight reports to the police the system auto confirmation fire fight to report to the police occurrence, immediately pass the speech in the mansion correspondence system reports to the police to the fire fight bureau and deliver concerning the information, report to the police to supervisor's section in the mansion at the same time;Building Yu from control system →the public security supervise and control system When building Yu from control system to have difference to report to the police or trouble, the public security supervision system can automatically will report to the police the shooting of camera of close by district to be like appearance to slice to hold to lord surveillance in the public security center and lay equal stress on some to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents to provide after the event analysis the reason etc.;The public security supervises and controls system →building Yu from control system When the public security system reports to the police, can unite elevator control system, the elevator doesn't stop to depend to report to the police a layer, or stop to depend a public security member appointed layer;The exit and entrance controls system →the public security supervise and control system When control door at not work when someone hold card into or take place illegal incursion the public security supervises and controls a system auto will get into of control door or report to the police a shooting of the camera of ordering the close by district to be like appearance toslice toward the public security center lord surveillance hold, lay equal stress on some to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents to check when it's necessary by providing; The garage manages system →the public security supervise and control system When the garage has vehicle discrepancy, the public security supervises and controls a system auto to be like the shooting of camera of garage door appearance to slice to hold to lord surveillance in the public security center and lay equal stress on some to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents to check when it's necessary by providing.In fact, the function between each system is integrated and allied to move to respond to have no one mode of unified or fix, can establish according to the effective demand.The function integrates a purpose just, in fact existing two kinds of modes, 1 kind is at each statures system on build up higher and first-degree management and control network, another is with building Yu from control system for center of integrated mode No matter choose which integrated mode, key techniques' all wanting to work out a correspondence problem between each system , while making sure a solution, must adopt theory forerunner and technique maturity and wide spread accept for industry and the correspondence adopting negotiate.The building Yu been widespread accepted by the international society currently from control correspondence agreement of realm, is provided heat by the United States and make cold regulate the association establishment of engineer with air, and become standard ANSI of of ASCII|ASHRAE Standard 135-1995), it matches ISO(international standardizing organization) OSI(open system with each other connect)7 F model, forgiving 5 kinds already mature network correspondence agreement, including correspondences such as ether net and Long Talk etc. agreement Among them, the ether net correspondence agreement is an OA system to widespread use of a kind of correspondence agreement, majority of network operate systems all support this correspondence agreement But the Works technique is the new generation that the United States' Echelon company develops the spot total line technique, its outstanding advantage is to support arbitrarily to rush toward structure and support variety's delivering to lie quality(include a double to wring line, electric power line, wireless electric wave, infrared ray, coaxial cable and fiber optic), and variety lie quality can mix to use in the same network, as a result consumedly simplified engineering construction and system to be finished after of change to set up, extension and maintenance work Therefore, building Yu according to standard from control system, can a little bit easily carry out at the its control total line class and the integration of OA system, again because it forgives of the correspondence negotiatesupport double to wring line and star type to rush toward structure, as a result can use PDS as its signal to deliver path.弱电工程弱电系统功能常用的建筑弱电系统主要有以下几种：(1) 电话通信系统实现电话(包括三类传真机、可视电话等)通信功能；星型拓扑结构；使用三类(或以上)非屏蔽双绞线，传输信号的频率在音频范围内。
消防系统弱电系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
消防系统弱电系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照消防报警及控制系统设计说明【Design Despcrition of Fire-safety Alarming and Control System】一、设计依据：【Basis of Design】《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》GB50116-98【Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System GB50116-98】《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95 （2005版）【Code for fire protection design of tall building GB50045-95 （2005 Version）】二、系统保护对象分级：【Classification of the target protected by the system】根据火灾自动报警系统设计规范第3.1.1条，系统保护对象为一级。
【according to Item 3.1.1, Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System, the object protected is Grade I】三、自动报警系统形式：【Form of automatic alarming】采用集中报警系统。
【centralized alarming system is adopted】四、备用照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of backup lighting】在消防控制室、疏散楼梯、走道、电梯厅、门厅、排烟机房、变配电室、电梯机房、消防泵房等场所设置备用照明。
【Backup lighting shall be installed in fire-safety control room, evacuation stairs, elevator hall, smoke evacuation plant room, transformer and switch room, and stair plant room and fire-safety pump room.】五、疏散照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of evacuation lighting】在疏散楼梯间出入口、疏散走道、安全出口处、走道、门厅等场所设置疏散【Evacuation lighting shall 照明，疏散照明自带蓄电池连续供电时间不小于40分钟。
电气英文文献+翻译
POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMABSTRACTThe basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, allcostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic,between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off.KEYWARDS：power supply and distribution,power distribution reliability，reactive compensation,load distributionTEXTThe revolution of electric power system has brought a new big round construction,which is pushing the greater revolution of electric power technique along with the application of new technique and advanced equipment. Especially, the combination of the information technique and electric power technique, to great ex- tent, has improved reliability on electric quality and electric supply. The technical development decreases the cost on electric construction and drives innovation of electric network. On the basis of national and internatio- nal advanced electric knowledge, the dissertation introduces the research hotspot for present electric power sy- etem as following.Firstly, This dissertation introduces the building condition of distribution automation(DA), and brings forward two typical construction modes on DA construction, integrative mode and fission mode .It emphasize the DA structure under the condition of the fission mode and presents the system configuration, the main station scheme, the feeder scheme, the optimized communication scheme etc., which is for DA research reference.Secondly, as for the (DA) trouble measurement, position, isolation and resume, This dissertation analyzes the changes of pressure and current for line problem, gets math equation by educing phase short circuit and problem position under the condition of single-phase and works out equation and several parameter s U& , s I& and e I& table on problem . It brings out optimized isolation and resume plan, realizes auto isolation and network reconstruction, reduces the power off range and time and improves the reliability of electric power supply through problem self- diagnoses and self-analysis. It also introduces software flow and use for problem judgement and sets a model on network reconstruction and computer flow.Thirdly, electricity system state is estimated to be one of the key techniques in DA realization. The dissertation recommends the resolvent of bad measurement data and structure mistake on the ground of describing state estimate way. It also advances a practical test and judging way on topology mistake in state estimate about bad data test and abnormity in state estimate as well as the problem and effect on bad data from state measure to state estimate .As for real time monitor and control problem, the dissertation introduces a new way to solve them by electricity break and exceptional analysis, and the way has been tested in Weifang DA.Fourthly, about the difficulty for building the model of load forecasting, big parameter scatter limit and something concerned, the dissertation introduces some parameters, eg.weather factor, date type and social environment effect based on analysis of routine load forecasting and means. It presents the way for electricity load forecasting founded on neural network(ANN),which has been tested it’s validity by example and made to be good practical effect.Fifthly, concerning the lack of concordant wave on preve nting concordant wave and non-power compensation and non-continuity on compensation, there is a topology structure of PWM main circuit and nonpower theory on active filter the waves technique and builds flat proof on the ground of Saber Designer and proves to be practical. Meanwhile, it analyzes and designs the way of non-power need of electric network tre- nds and decreasing line loss combined with DA, which have been tested its objective economic benefit throu- gh counting example.Sixthly, not only do the dissertation design a way founded on the magrginal electric price fitted to our present national electric power market with regards to future trends of electric power market in China and fair trade under the government surveillance, that is group competitio n in short-term trade under the way of grouped price and quantity harmony, but also puts forward combination arithmetic, math model of trading plan and safty economical restriction. It can solve the original contradiction between medium and long term contract price and short term competitive price with improvement on competitive percentage and cut down the unfair income difference of electric factory, at the same time, it can optimize the electric limit for all electric factories and reduce the total purchase charge of electric power from burthen curve of whole electric market network.The distribution network is an important link among the power system. Its neutral grounding mode and operation connects security and stability of the power system directly. At the same time, the problem about neutral grounding is associated with national conditions, natural environment, device fabrication and operation. For example, the activity situation of the thunder and lightning, insulating structure and the peripheral interference will influence the choice of neutral grounding mode Conversely, neutral grounding mode affects design, operation, debugs and developing. Generally in the system higher in grade in the voltage, the insulating expenses account for more sizable proportion at the total price of the equipment. It is very remarkable to bring the economic benefits by reducing the insulating level. Usually such system adopt the neutral directly grounding and adopt the autoreclosing to guarantee power supply reliability. On the contrary, the system which is lower in the voltage adopts neutral none grounding to raise power supply reliability. So it is an important subject to make use of new- type earth device to apply tothe distribution network under considering the situation in such factors of various fields as power supply reliability, safety factor, over-voltage factor, the choice of relay protection, investment cost, etc.The main work of this paper is to research and choice the neutral grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. The neutral grounding mode of the l0kV network mainly adopts none grounding, grounding by arc suppressing coil, grounding by reactance grounding and directly grounding. The best grounding mode is confirmed through the technology comparison. It can help the network run in safety and limit the earth electric arc by using auto-tracking compensate device and using the line protection with the detection of the sensitive small ground current. The paper introduces and analyzes the characteristic of all kind of grounding modes about l0kV network at first. With the comparison with technological and economy, the conclusion is drawn that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode shows a very big development potential.Then, this paper researches and introduces some operation characteristics of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. And then the paper put emphasis on how to extinguish the earth electric arc effectively by utilizing the resonance principle. This paper combines the development of domestic and international technology and innovative achievement, and introduces the computer earth protection and autotracking compensate device. It proves that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode have better operation characteristics in power supply reliability, personal security, security of equipment and interference of communication. The application of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode is also researched in this paper.Finally, the paper summarizes this topic research. As a result of the domination of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode, it should be more popularized and applied in the distribution network in the future.The way of thinking, project and conclusions in this thesis have effect on the research to choose the neutral grounding mode not only in I0kV distribution network but also in other power system..The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, all costumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable. To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network con- struction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the networkconstruction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic, between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off. The thesis analyses on the economic and the reliable of the various line modes, according to the characteristics various line modes existed in the electric distribution net in foshan..First, the thesis introduces as the different line modes in the l0kV electric distribution net and in some foreign countries. Making it clear tow to conduct analyzing on the line mode of the electric distribution net, and telling us how important and necessary that analyses are.Second, it turns to the necessity of calculating the number of optimization subsection, elaborating how it influences on the economy and reliability. Then by building up the calculation mode of the number of optimization subsection it introduces different power supply projects on the different line modes in brief. Third, it carries on the calculation and analyses towards the reliability and economy of the different line modes of electric distribution net, describing drafts according by the calculation. Then it makes analysis and discussion on the number of optimization subsection.At last, the article make conclusion on the economy and reliability of different line modes, as well as, its application situation. Accordion to the actual circumstance, the thesis puts forward the beneficial suggestion on the programming and construction of the l0kV electric distribution net in all areas in foshan. Providing the basic theories and beneficial guideline for the programming design of the lOkV electric distribution net and building up a solid net, reasonable layout, qualified safe and efficiently-worked electric distribution net.References[1] Wencheng Su. Factories power supply [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House. 1999.9[2] Jiecai Liu. Factories power supply design guidance [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House.1999.12[3] Power supply and distribution system design specifications[S].China plans Press. 1996[4] Low-voltage distribution design specifications [S].China plans Press. 1996.6供配电系统摘要电力系统的基本功能是向用户输送电能。
关于弱电的英文作文
关于弱电的英文作文Weak current refers to the use of low voltage and low current in electrical equipment and systems. It includes communication systems, computer networks, security systems, and other low-voltage applications. Weak current plays a crucial role in modern buildings and infrastructure, providing essential support for various functions and operations.In today's digital age, weak current systems have become indispensable in our daily lives. From the internet and telecommunication networks to security and surveillance systems, weak current technology has greatly improved our connectivity, safety, and efficiency.One of the key advantages of weak current systems is their ability to transmit data and signals over long distances with minimal loss of quality. This makes it possible for us to communicate, access information, and monitor activities across different locations, enhancingour ability to stay connected and informed.Weak current systems also contribute to energy conservation and environmental sustainability. By using low voltage and current, these systems consume less power and produce less heat, reducing energy consumption and minimizing environmental impact.In the field of construction and infrastructure, weak current systems are essential for ensuring the safety and security of buildings and facilities. From fire alarm systems to access control and surveillance cameras, these technologies help protect people and property from various risks and threats.In conclusion, weak current systems have revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and live. With their low voltage, high efficiency, and diverse applications, weak current technologies continue to play a vital role in shaping our modern society and advancing our capabilitiesin various fields.。
变电站中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
变电站概述中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。
电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译方面
1、 外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerT h e sin gle -ch ip mi c ro co m p u t e r is t h e cu lm in at io n of b ot h t h e d e ve lo p me nt of t h e d ig ita l co m p u t e r a n d t h e i nte g rated c ircu it a rgu ab l y t h e to w mo st s ign if i cant i nve nt i o n s of t h e 20t h c e nt u ry [1].T h ese to w t yp e s of arch ite ct u re are fo u n d in s in gle -ch ip m i cro co m p u te r. S o m e e mp l oy t h e sp l it p ro gra m /d at a m e m o r y of t h e H a r va rd arch ite ct u re , s h o wn in -5A , ot h e rs fo l lo w t h e p h i lo so p hy, wid e l y ad a p ted fo r ge n e ral -p u rp o se co m p u te rs an d m i cro p ro ce ss o rs , of m a kin g n o l o g i ca l d i st in ct i o n b et we e n p ro gra m an d d ata m e m o r y as in t h e P rin c eto n a rch ite ct u re , sh o wn in -5A.In ge n e ra l te r m s a s in g le -ch ip m ic ro co m p u t e r is ch a ra cte r ized b y t h e in co r p o rat io n of all t h e u n its of a co mp u te r into a s in gle d e vi ce , as s h o w n in F i g3-5A-3.-5A-1A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerProgrammemory Datamemory CPU Input& Output unitmemoryCPU Input& Output unitResetInterruptsPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).RO M is u su a l l y fo r t h e p e r m an e nt , n o n -vo lat i le sto rage of an ap p l i cat io n s p ro g ram .M a ny m i c ro co m p u te rs a n d m i cro co nt ro l le rs are inte n d ed fo r h i gh -vo lu m e ap p l i cat io n s a n d h e n ce t h e e co n o m i cal man u fa c t u re of t h e d e vi ces re q u ires t h at t h e co nt e nts of t h e p ro gra m me mo r y b e co mm i ed p e r m a n e nt l y d u r in g t h e m a n u fa ct u re of c h ip s . C lea rl y, t h i s imp l ies a r i go ro u s ap p ro a ch to ROM co d e d e ve lo p m e nt s in ce ch an ges can n o t b e mad e af te r m an u fa ct u re .T h i s d e ve l o p m e nt p ro ces s m ay i nvo l ve e mu l at i o n u sin g a so p h ist icated d e ve lo p m e nt syste m wit h a h ard wa re e mu l at i o n capab i l it y as we ll as t h e u s e of p o we rf u l sof t war e to o l s.So m e m an u fa ct u re rs p ro vi d e ad d it i o n a l ROM o p t io n s b y in clu d in g in t h e i r ran ge d e v ic es w it h (o r inte n d ed fo r u s e wit h ) u se r p ro g ram m a b le m e mo r y. T h e s im p lest of t h e se i s u su a l l y d e v i ce wh i ch can o p e rat e in a m i cro p ro ce s so r mo d e b y u s in g s o m e of t h e in p u t /o u t p u t l in es as an ad d res s a n d d ata b u s fo r a cc es sin g exte rn a l m e m o r y. T h is t yp e o f d e vi ce can b e h ave f u n ct i o n al l y as t h e s in gle ch ip m i cro co m p u t e r f ro m wh i ch it i s d e ri ved a lb e it wit h re st r icted I/O an d a m o d if ied exte rn a l c ircu it. T h e u s e of t h e se RO M le ss d e vi ces i s co mmo n e ve n in p ro d u ct io n circu i ts wh e re t h e vo lu m e d o e s n ot ju st if y t h e d e ve lo p m e nt co sts of cu sto m o n -ch ip ROM [2];t h e re ca n st i ll b e a si gn if i cant sav in g in I/O an d o t h e r ch ip s co m pared to a External Timing components System clock Timer/ Counter Serial I/O Prarallel I/O RAM ROMCPUco nve nt io n al m i c ro p ro ces so r b ased circ u it. M o re exa ct re p l a ce m e nt fo rRO M d e v ice s can b e o b tain ed in t h e fo rm of va ria nts w it h 'p i g g y-b a c k'E P ROM(E rasab le p ro gramm ab le ROM )s o cket s o r d e v ice s w it h E P ROMin stead of ROM 。
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)文献一：Electric power consumption prediction model based on grey theory optimized by genetic algorithms本文介绍了一种基于混合灰色理论与遗传算法优化的电力消耗预测模型。
该模型使用时间序列数据来建立模型，并使用灰色理论来解决数据的不确定性问题。
通过遗传算法的优化，模型能够更好地预测电力消耗，并取得了优异的预测结果。
此模型可以在大规模电力网络中使用，并具有较高的可行性和可靠性。
文献二：Intelligent control for energy-efficient operation of electric motors本文研究了一种智能控制方法，用于电动机的节能运行。
该方法提供了一种更高效的控制策略，使电动机能够在不同负载条件下以较低的功率运行。
该智能控制使用模糊逻辑方法来确定最佳的控制参数，并使用遗传算法来优化参数。
实验结果表明，该智能控制方法可以显著降低电动机的能耗，节省电能。
文献三：Fault diagnosis system for power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis本文介绍了一种基于溶解气体分析的电力变压器故障诊断系统。
通过对变压器油中的气体样品进行分析，可以检测和诊断变压器内部存在的故障类型。
该系统使用人工神经网络模型来对气体分析数据进行处理和分类。
实验结果表明，该系统可以准确地检测和诊断变压器的故障，并有助于实现有效的维护和管理。
文献四：Power quality improvement using series active filter based on iterative learning control technique本文研究了一种基于迭代研究控制技术的串联有源滤波器用于电能质量改善的方法。
工厂供电系统外文翻译
附录四英文文献及译文Analysis of the reasons for the low power factor of the factory power supply system, and to improve power factor and to take effective idle work compensation measure is discussed. To saved the electrical energy, raised enterpriseps economic efficiency has important effect。
Large and medium-sized enterprises PeiDianJian with responsibility for the whole enterprise management and distribution of electricity. At present, most of the enterprise management mode PeiDianJian obsolete, low automatization, difficult to adapt to the requirements of the development of enterprises. In view of this situation, we have developed PeiDianJian monitoring and management system. This system in the computer as the core, real-time monitoring of electric parameters, PeiDianJian all the data processing, dynamic display of statements and output. This system can be used in the PeiDianJian enterprise technical renewal and the transformation of enterprise to do well planned, save electricity, improve economic benefit has important significance.We use the mains by huge power supply system is provided, all the network supply circuit is only for each of the power supply system, network, a tiny branches output. Metal wires connected by good conductors of power supply circuit, each of its source power substation, and then from that power to client to substation and its level in scale, thousands of kilometers and hundreds of kilometers of kilometers. Bare wire in the air in the vertical distribution of atmospheric mountain while high and low, in accordance with the Qing, from dozens of rice to thousands of meters and hundreds of meters above all common. 2 km In such a large scope, the vertical distribution and wide for substation online, due to weather, no matter where or by direct discharge, clouds cloud in discharging, in the air and good conductors of bare wire easily inductive or direct lightning introduction to. This is the power system and power equipment to be struck by lightning external environment.Power supply system and electric defense methods of lightningAnalysis of the power supply system and electric easily be struck by lightning, can draw on electrical equipment, defense lightning damage, should be perfected in the power supply system, and avoid thunder lightning protection measures, the core problem is how to maximize effectively or truncate the high voltage and the thunder and lightning, strong flow under the frequency of more than 10 KHz seitching invasion.transformer segregation lawsTo effectively cut from the high voltage power and strong currents, currently use transformer isolation method. So-called isolation method, is based on transformer transformer equation:EM = 4144fNBMSType of EM for transformer original (vice), unit V; potential edge F for power source) frequency, unit (speed, N the original (vice) side of coil, The intensity of magnetic core materials BM, unit Wb/M2, S for the core area, unit M2.This equation, powerful lightning invade the transformer, due to transformer voltage electric ray than the normal supply of high pressure many times, make incentive magnetic induction than the maximum allowed by magnetic core transformer core strength BM, thus the magnetic saturation, transformer -- electricity failure, GaoLei voltage transform temporarily cannot transfer to the transformer, a deputy side of transformer protection lightning channel, the deputy of electrical equipment load. While there are usually installed transformer power valve can be powerful lightning and the lightning flow into the earth, and in the safe, high voltage, current, powerFlow, fuses will fuse off. Stop So, always packed transformer electrical equipment configuration of transformer, than by lightning bad probability is greatly reduced.Why in the fall after the power supply, sluice stop there will still be struck by lightning disasters. This happened because lightning, invading transformer connected by vice and load of electrical equipment based on low, still can exist, these induction lightning induction lightning electronics products will cause of lightning. This problem is often neglected, many lightning disasters, the event is not solved theproblem. The successful development of lightning power, for we solve this problem.Lightning arrester powerFor truncated or stop high-pressure seitching in metal wires to load caused by lightning, electric 1890 invented the clearance of the way after the lightning series fuse, 1922 made us Westinghouse carbonized silicon arresters. To use the 1972 Japan dielectric properties research into fell seconds with no gaps (ZnO) service. Current power supply system is widely used in such power lightning.Zno arrester by zinc oxide thermistors, each thermistors according to need to have it made in certain switching voltage (psa). When in the lower voltage arresters ends switching voltage (psa), high resistance thermistors present state, arrester doesn't work. When lightning arrester ends when, in the voltages above switching voltage (psa), thermistors, low resistance by breakdown, even close circuit state, in a very short time (50ns ´ s, 10-9) arrester is high, the work of a lightning through introducing the earth grounding safety. When, after the lightning arrester stabilised, voltage on both ends of the lower voltage switching voltage (psa), thermistors and present state of high value, lightning arrester stop working, electric conduction normal power.FenLiuXing avoid thunderFenLiuXing avoid thunder, is the core of wire cable in transmission series on two capacitor, input shunt capacitor in an inductance coil. So, when the capacitance and inductance coil capactance C L reasonable choice of inductance, make through two more than 10 frequency capacitor, much like KHz TV signal frequency speed to sign for dozens of hundreds of megabytes speed signals through the capacitance, and lightning frequency circuit reactance small majority in 100 KHz, when lightning through the capacitance, will produce larger pressure drop. And through the situation, high capacitance signals through the inductance greater pressure drop when L, much lower frequency of lightning, through the low impedance, large discharge by lightning, XieRu grounding. Television antenna lightning current share this line shunt principle and method.Production of equipment, such as mechanical processing machine, with various kinds of crane, with induction motor, etc, these large and electric power load isperceptual load, make the power factor of power supply system, the influence of distribution transformer lines and economic operation of power sector, reach the power factor, thus must adopt the reactive power compensation measures to improve the power factor, and can save energy and reduce consumption.The power factor of system of power supply is an important technical and economic indexes, the power factor of electric equipment is reflected the active power and the ratio of power nai. Relevant procedure: high voltage power supply power plant, the maximum load of power factor may not be less than 0.9, Other factories, power factor may not be less than 0.85.The main factors that affect the power factorThe power factor of ac electric equipment, mainly because in its working process, in addition to generate power loss, also produce reactive power loss. Therefore improving power factor the essence of the problem is to reduce the electric equipment of reactive power consumption. Asynchronous motor and power transformer is reactive power loss of the main equipment and power lines of reactive power loss, it is current through the lines. Circuit reactance.Parallel compensation in power capacitors supply system of factory installed position, have high concentrated compensation, low-pressure concentrated compensation and separate compensation on-spot three modes, etc.Theoretically speaking, the reactive power compensation is the best way of reactive power, where is produced, the whole system where compensation will not reactive current flow, but in actual power supply system in this is impossible. We currently have a 10 kv power supply system, and has three switch power transformer substation, three workshops 800kV A respectively, 560kV A capacity, 630kV A. Dynamic load hundreds of machine tools and machining, electric welding machine, etc. Combined with practical, electricity load during load fluctuation change is big, the characteristics of small load after midnight, in order to avoid over compensation, and meet after midnight on all load cases are adopted to improve the low voltage offset, automatic reactive compensation devices.分析了工厂供电系统功率因数偏低的原因,探讨了提高功率因数的方法及采取的有效无功补偿措施,对节约电能,提高企业的经济效益有重要意义。
(完整版)电力系统外文英语文献资料
Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part,It includes substation, power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power, with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed .Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system, substructure, transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation, power can be roughly divided into two parts, the transmission system and substation. The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load. Secondary transmission usually refers to the transmission and distribution system is that part of the middle. If a plant is located in or near the load, it might have no power. It will be direct access to secondary transmission and distribution system. Secondary transmission system voltage grade transmission and distribution system between voltage level. Some systems only single second transmission voltage, but usually more than one. Distribution system is part of the power system and its retail service to users, commercial users and residents of some small industrial users. It is to maintain and in the correct voltage power to users responsible. In most of the system, Distribution system accounts for 35% of the total investment system President to 45%, and total loss of system of the half .More than 220kv voltage are usually referred to as Ultra high pressure, over 800kv called high pressure, ultra high voltage and high pressure have important advantages, For example, each route high capacity, reduce the power needed for the number of transmission. In as high voltage to transmission in order to save a conductor material seem desirable, however, must be aware that high voltage transmission can lead to transformer, switch equipment and other instruments of spending increases, so, for the voltage transmission to have certain restriction, allows it to specific circumstances in economic use. Although at present, power transmission most is through the exchange of HVDC transmission, and the growing interest in, mercury arc rectifier and brake flow pipe into the ac power generation and distribution that change for the high voltage dc transmission possible.Compared with the high-voltage dc high-voltage ac transmission has the following some advantages: (1) the communication with high energy; (2) substation of simple maintenance and communication cost is low; (3) ac voltage can easily and effectively raise or lower, it makes the power transmission and high pressure With safety voltage distributionHVDC transmission and high-voltage ac transmission has the following advantages: (1) it only need two phase conductors and ac transmission to three-phase conductors; (2) in the dc transmission impedance, no RongKang, phase shift and impact overvoltage; (3) due to the same load impedance, no dc voltage, and transfer of the transmission line voltage drop less communication lines, and for this reason dc transmission line voltage regulator has better properties; (4) in dc system without skin effect. Therefore, the entire section of route conductors are using; (5) for the same work, dc voltage potential stress than insulation. Therefore dc Wire need less insulation; (6) dc transmission line loss, corona to little interference lines of communication; (7) HVDC transmission without loss of dielectric, especially in cable transmission; (8) in dc system without stability and synchronization of trouble.A transmission and the second transmission lines terminated in substation or distribution substations, the substation and distribution substations, the equipment including power and instrument transformer and lightning arrester, with circuit breaker, isolating switch, capacitor set, bus and a substation control equipment, with relays for the control room of the equipment. Some of the equipment may include more transformer substations and some less, depending on their role in the operation. Some of the substation is manual and other is automatic. Power distribution system through the distribution substations. Some of them by many large capacity transformer feeders, large area to other minor power transformer capacity, only a near load control, sometimes only a doubly-fed wire feeders (single single variable substation)Now for economic concerns, three-phase three-wire type communication network is widely used, however, the power distribution, four lines using three-phase ac networks.Coal-fired power means of main power generating drive generators, if coal energy is used to produce is pushing the impeller, then generate steam force is called the fire. Use coal produces steam to promote the rotating impeller machine plant called coal-fired power plants. In the combustion process, the energy stored in the coal to heat released,then the energy can be transformed into the form within vapor. Steam into the impeller machine work transformed into electrical energy.Coal-fired power plants could fuel coal, oil and natural gas is. In coal-fired power plant, coal and coal into small pieces first through the break fast, and then put out. The coal conveyer from coal unloader point to crush, then break from coal, coal room to pile and thence to power. In most installations, according to the needs of coal is, Smash the coal storage place, no coal is through the adjustable coal to supply coal, the broken pieces of coal is according to the load changes to control needs. Through the broken into the chamber, the coal dust was in the second wind need enough air to ensure coal burning.In function, impeller machine is used to high temperature and high pressure steam energy into kinetic energy through the rotation, spin and convert electricity generator. Steam through and through a series of impeller machine parts, each of which consists of a set of stable blade, called the pipe mouth parts, even in the rotor blades of mobile Li called. In the mouth parts (channel by tube nozzle, the steam is accelerating formation) to high speed, and the fight in Li kinetic energy is transformed into the shaft. In fact, most of the steam generator is used for air is, there is spread into depression, steam turbine of low-pressure steam from the coagulation turbine, steam into the condenses into water, and finally the condensate water is to implement and circulation.In order to continuous cycle, these must be uninterrupted supply: (1) fuel; (2) the air (oxygen) to the fuel gas burning in the configuration is a must; (3) and condenser, condensed from the condensed water supply, sea and river to lake. Common cooling tower; (4) since water vapour in some places in circulation, will damage process of plenty Clean the supply.The steam power plant auxiliary system is running. For a thermal power plant, the main auxiliary system including water system, burning gas and exhaust systems, condensation system and fuel system. The main auxiliary system running in the water pump, condensation and booster pump, coal-fired power plants in the mill equipment. Other power plant auxiliary equipment including air compressors, water and cooling water system, lighting and heating systems, coal processing system. Auxiliary equipment operation is driven by motor, use some big output by mechanical drive pump and some of the impeller blades, machine drive out from the main use of water vaporimpeller machine. In coal-fired power plant auxiliary equipment, water supply pump and induced draft fan is the biggest need horsepower.Most of the auxiliary power generating unit volume increased significantly in recent years, the reason is required to reduce environment pollution equipment. Air quality control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitator, dust collection of flue gas desulfurization, often used in dust in the new coal-fired power plants, and in many already built in power plant, the natural drive or mechanical drive, fountain, cooling tower in a lake or cooling canal has been applied in coal-fired power plants and plants, where the heat release need to assist cooling system.In coal-fired power stations, some device is used to increase the thermal energy, they are (1) economizer and air preheater, they can reduce the heat loss; (2) water heater, he can increase the temperature of water into boiling water heaters; (3) they can increase and filter the thermal impeller.Coal-fired power plants usually requires a lot of coal and coal reservoirs, however the fuel system in power plant fuel handling equipment is very simple, and almost no fuel oil plants.The gas turbine power plants use gas turbine, where work is burning gas fluid. Although the gas turbine must burn more expensive oil or gas, but their low cost and time is short, and can quickly start, they are very applicable load power plant. The gas turbine burn gas can achieve 538 degrees Celsius in the condensing turbine, however, the temperature is lower, if gas turbine and condenser machine, can produce high thermal efficiency. In gas turbine turbine a combined cycle power plant. The gas through a gas turbine, steam generator heat recovery in there were used to generate vapor heat consumption. Water vapor and then through a heated turbine. Usually a steam turbine, and one to four gas turbine power plant, it must be rated output power.。
（完整版）电力系统外文英语文献资料
（完整版）电力系统外文英语文献资料Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part,It includes substation, power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power, with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed .Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system, substructure, transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation, power can be roughly divided into two parts, the transmission system and substation. The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load. Secondary transmission usually refers to the transmission and distribution system is that part of the middle. If a plant is located in or near the load, it might have no power. It will be direct access to secondary transmission and distribution system. Secondary transmission system voltage grade transmission and distribution system between voltage level. Some systems only single second transmission voltage, but usually more than one. Distribution system is part of the power system and its retail service to users, commercial users and residents of some small industrial users. It is to maintain and in the correct voltage power to users responsible. In most of the system, Distribution system accounts for 35% of the total investment system President to 45%, andtotal loss of system of the half .More than 220kv voltage are usually referred to as Ultra high pressure, over 800kv called high pressure, ultra high voltage and high pressure have important advantages, For example, each route high capacity, reduce the power needed for the number of transmission. In as high voltage to transmission in order to save a conductor material seem desirable, however, must be aware that high voltage transmission can lead to transformer, switch equipment and other instruments of spending increases, so, for the voltage transmission to have certain restriction, allows it to specific circumstances in economic use. Although at present, power transmission most is through the exchange of HVDC transmission, and the growing interest in, mercury arc rectifier and brake flow pipe into the ac power generation and distribution that change for the high voltage dc transmission possible.Compared with the high-voltage dc high-voltage ac transmission has the following some advantages: (1) the communication with high energy; (2) substation of simple maintenance and communication cost is low; (3) ac voltage can easily and effectively raise or lower, it makes the power transmission and high pressure With safety voltage distribution HVDC transmission and high-voltage ac transmission has the following advantages: (1) it only need two phase conductors and ac transmission to three-phase conductors; (2) in the dc transmission impedance, no RongKang, phase shift and impact overvoltage; (3) due to the same load impedance, no dc voltage, and transfer of the transmission line voltage drop less communication lines, and for this reason dc transmission line voltage regulator has better properties; (4) in dc system withoutskin effect. Therefore, the entire section of route conductors are using; (5) for the same work, dc voltage potential stress than insulation. Therefore dc Wire need less insulation; (6) dc transmission line loss, corona to little interference lines of communication; (7) HVDC transmission without loss of dielectric, especially in cable transmission; (8) in dc system without stability and synchronization of trouble.A transmission and the second transmission lines terminated in substation or distribution substations, the substation and distribution substations, the equipment including power and instrument transformer and lightning arrester, with circuit breaker, isolating switch, capacitor set, bus and a substation control equipment, with relays for the control room of the equipment. Some of the equipment may include more transformer substations and some less, depending on their role in the operation. Some of the substation is manual and other is automatic. Power distribution system through the distribution substations. Some of them by many large capacity transformer feeders, large area to other minor power transformer capacity, only a near load control, sometimes only a doubly-fed wire feeders (single single variable substation)Now for economic concerns, three-phase three-wire type communication network is widely used, however, the power distribution, four lines using three-phase ac networks.Coal-fired power means of main power generating drive generators, if coal energy is used to produce is pushing the impeller, then generate steam force is called the fire. Use coal produces steam to promote the rotating impeller machine plant called coal-fired power plants. In the combustion process, the energy stored in the coal to heat released,then the energy can be transformed into the form within vapor. Steam into the impeller machine work transformed into electrical energy.Coal-fired power plants could fuel coal, oil and natural gas is. In coal-fired power plant, coal and coal into small pieces first through the break fast, and then put out. The coal conveyer from coal unloader point to crush, then break from coal, coal room to pile and thence to power. In most installations, according to the needs of coal is, Smash the coal storage place, no coal is through the adjustable coal to supply coal, the broken pieces of coal is according to the load changes to control needs. Through the broken into the chamber, the coal dust was in the second wind need enough air to ensure coal burning.In function, impeller machine is used to high temperature and high pressure steam energy into kinetic energy through the rotation, spin and convert electricity generator. Steam through and through a series of impeller machine parts, each of which consists of a set of stable blade, called the pipe mouth parts, even in the rotor blades of mobile Li called. In the mouth parts (channel by tube nozzle, the steam is accelerating formation) to high speed, and the fight in Li kinetic energy is transformed into the shaft. In fact, most of the steam generator is used for air is, there is spread into depression, steam turbine of low-pressure steam from the coagulation turbine, steam into the condenses into water, and finally the condensate water is to implement and circulation.In order to continuous cycle, these must be uninterrupted supply: (1) fuel; (2) the air (oxygen) to the fuel gas burning in the configuration is a must; (3) and condenser, condensed from the condensed water supply, sea and river to lake. Common coolingtower; (4) since water vapour in some places in circulation, will damage process of plenty Clean the supply.The steam power plant auxiliary system is running. For a thermal power plant, the main auxiliary system including water system, burning gas and exhaust systems, condensation system and fuel system. The main auxiliary system running in the water pump, condensation and booster pump, coal-fired power plants in the mill equipment. Other power plant auxiliary equipment including air compressors, water and cooling water system, lighting and heating systems, coal processing system. Auxiliary equipment operation is driven by motor, use some big output by mechanical drive pump and some of the impeller blades, machine drive out from the main use of water vaporimpeller machine. In coal-fired power plant auxiliary equipment, water supply pump and induced draft fan is the biggest need horsepower.Most of the auxiliary power generating unit volume increased significantly in recent years, the reason is required to reduce environment pollution equipment. Air quality control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitator, dust collection of flue gas desulfurization, often used in dust in the new coal-fired power plants, and in many already built in power plant, the natural drive or mechanical drive, fountain, cooling tower in a lake or cooling canal has been applied in coal-fired power plants and plants, where the heat release need to assist cooling system.In coal-fired power stations, some device is used to increase the thermal energy, they are (1) economizer and air preheater, they can reduce the heat loss; (2) water heater, he can increase the temperature of water into boiling water heaters; (3) they can increase and filter the thermal impeller.Coal-fired power plants usually requires a lot of coal and coal reservoirs, however the fuel system in power plant fuel handling equipment is very simple, and almost no fuel oil plants.The gas turbine power plants use gas turbine, where work is burning gas fluid. Although the gas turbine must burn more expensive oil or gas, but their low cost and time is short, and can quickly start, they are very applicable load power plant. The gas turbine burn gas can achieve 538 degrees Celsius in the condensing turbine, however, the temperature is lower, if gas turbine and condenser machine, can produce high thermal efficiency. In gas turbine turbine a combined cycle power plant. The gas through a gas turbine, steam generator heat recovery in there were used to generate vapor heat consumption. Water vapor and then through a heated turbine. Usually a steam turbine, and one to four gas turbine power plant, it must be rated output power.。
电力专业英语 英文文献翻译报告
Page 1.The Production of Electrical Energy(电能生产)1 English textFrom reference 1Should the generation be not adequate to balance the load demand, it is imperative that one of following alternatives be considered for keeping the system in operating condition:1. Staring fast peaking units,2. Load shedding for unimportant loads,3. generation rescheduling.It is apparent from the above that since the voltage specifications are not stringent, load frequency control is by far the most important in power system control.In order to understand the frequency control, consider a small step-increase in load. The initial distribution of the load increment is determined by the system simpedance; and the sistantaneous relative generator rotor positions. The energy required to supply the load increment is drawn from the kinetic energy of rotating machines. As a result, the system frequency drops. The distribution of load during this period among the various machines is determined by the inertias of the rotors of the generators partaking in process. This problem is stability analysis of the system.After the speed or frequency fall due to reduction in stored energy in the rotors has taken place, the drop is sensed by the governors and they divide the load increment between the machines as determined by the droops of the respective governor characterstics. Subsequently, secondary control restores the system frequency to its normal value by readjusting the governor characteristics. Keywords：load frequency controlFrom reference 2Modern power systems are so large that it is impossible to design a single central control system that would handle the overall control job. It is extremely useful take into account the weak links in the system and then apply control throughdecomposition. The demarcation of load frequency control and Mavar voltage control characteristics is one such decomposition. Geographical and functional decomposition are successfully applied to power systems and this leads to the concept of area control.A modern power system can be divided into several areas for load frequency control. Each control area fulfils the following:1.The area is a geographically contious portion of a large interconnected area, which adjusts its own generation to accommodate load changes within its precincts.2.Under normal conditions of operation, it changes bulk power with neighboring areas.3.Under abnormal conditions of operation, it may deviate from predetermined schedules and provide assistance to any neighboring control area in the system.4.It is expected, in addition, to partake with the other areas in the system in a suitable manner in the system frequency regulation.The rotors of all generators in a control area swing together for load change. Thus, a coherent group of generators within a geographical region may constitute a control area which is connected to other similar areas by weak tie lines.Keywords：areas load frequency controlFrom reference 3For plant loading schedules in thermal systems, load prediction up to two hours in advance is necessary while for unit commitment schedules prediction up to 24 hours is sufficient. Also, at all sations and control centers, short-time prediction is needed for storage and display of advance information. Based on this information, predictive security assessment of the system is made. This also helps to contain the rates of change of generator outputs within their permissible limits.For the implementation of economic scheduling of generation using digital computers, detailed estimates of the future load demands are essential in order to allow sufficient time for the calculation and implementation of the generator schedules. Whatever method is envisaged for the calculation of such economic schedules consistent with the security and spare requirements of the system, the schedules should be calculatedevery 15 or 30 minutes and each economic schedule should be a predictive one ,for at least about 30 minutes ahead of event. It is then obvious that the predictions are to be revised frequently in the light of any fresh information so as to minimize the estimation errors.Peak load demand forecasts are useful in determining the investment required for additional generating and transmission capacities required. Forecasts for planning require data extending over several previous years. Meaningful forecasts can be obtained with lead time of 3 to 5 years.Keywords：load predictionFrom reference 4In this method, the load is separated into two main components. The first component is a base load which is of fixed value and the second a variable component which is a function of the weather conditions.Estimates can be made 24 hours ahead, using the weather forecast. The temperature base for weighting the effect of the predicated temperature on the load is the normal, mean temperature of the month. The normal, mean temperature of the month has zero weight. Similarly the change in consumers demand due to cloudy weather may be assumed to vary in direct proportion to the degree of cloudiness. This in turn may be expressed by an illumination index with fair, clear sky corresponding to zero weight.The base load is determined from past records. Proper weighting of the elements of the weather will be attained only after several trials. The method of prediction stabilizes after this trial period. It may be noted that the base loads for week days and weekend will generally be different for any hour.Using these base loads, a load estimate based on the best available weather forecast can be made using proper weighting of meteorological factors like temperature, cloudiness, wind velocity, etc.Keywords：proper weighting of the elements of the weather2 中文翻译及分析出自文献1：万一发电量不足以平衡负荷需求，要使电力系统处于运行状态，必须考虑采取以下选择方法中的一种：1、启动快速峰荷机组2、对不重要的用户实行拉闸断电3、重新制定发电计划从上述情况来看，电压技术的要求并不严格，目前为止负荷频率控制是电力系统控制中最重要的手段。
弱电系统英文对照
弱电工程学 light current engineering; weak current engineering
弱电控制系统 light-current system
弱电流 feeble current; weak current; light current
OAS(办公自动化系统)
事务型办公系统 Business office system
管理型办公系统 Administrative office system
决策型办公系统 Decision making office system
防盗报警系统 Intrusion Alarm System
闭路监视系统 CCTV System
扶梯 Escalators
工作区子系统 The working area system
水平子系统 Horizontal system
垂直子系统 Vertical system
设备间子系统 The equipment room system
管理子系统 Management system
建筑群子系统 Construction ensemble system
考勤系统 (Time Attendance)
影像识别系统 (Video Identification System)
电梯控制 (Lift Access Control)
家电智能控制 Intelligent home appliances control system
家居远程控制 Home remote control
家居防盗报警 Home anti-theft alarm
智能电网供配电系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译外文资料翻译Power supply system of high-rise building designAbstract: with the continuous development of city size, more and more high-rise buildings, therefore high-rise building electrical design to the designers had to face. In this paper, an engineering example, describes the electrical design of high-rise buildings and some of the more typical issues of universal significance, combined with the actual practice of an engineering solution to the problem described.Key words: high-rise building; electrical design; distribution; load calculation1 Project OverviewThe commercial complex project,with a total construction area of 405570m2,on the ground floor area of 272330m2, underground construction area of 133240m2, the main height of 99m. Project components are: two office buildings, construction area is 70800m2, 28 layers, the standard story is 3.2m.2 Load Calculation1) Load characteristics: electric load, much larger than the "national civil engineering technical measures" Large 120W/m2 indicators, especially in the electricity load more food, and different types of food and beverage catering different cultural backgrounds also high.2) the uncertainty of a large load, because the commercial real estate rents are often based on market demand, and constantly adjust the nature of the shops, making the load in the dynamic changes.3) There is no specification and technical measures in the different types of commercial projects refer to the detailed parameters of the shops, engineering design load calculation in the lack of data, in most cases to rely on staff with previous experience in engineering design calculations.Load the selection of parameters: for the above problems, the load calculation, the first developer of sales and good communication, to determine the form of layers of the forms and nature of floor area, which is calculated on the basis of electrical load basis; followed to determine parameter index within the unit area of shops is also very important and complex because there is no clear indicator of the specification can refer to; and different levels of economic development between cities is not balanced, power indices are also different; will be in the same city, different regions have different consumer groups .3) the need to factor in the choice: parameters determined, the need for load calculation. Need to factor commonly used method, the calculation will not repeat them. Need to explore is the need for coefficient selection, which in the current specifications, manuals and the "unified technical measures" is also not clear requirements, based on years of design experience that most end shops in the distribution or level within the household distribution box with case Kx generally take a while, in the calculation of the loop route to take 0.7 to 0.8, the distribution transformers in the substation calculations take 0.4 to 0.6.3 substations setLoad calculation based on the results of this project the total installed capacity of transformer 43400Kv.A, after repeated consultations with the power company, respectively, in the project in northern, central and southern three sections set the three buildings into three power substations, 1 # set 6 sets 2500Kv.A transformer substation, take the northern section of power supply; 2 # 4 1600Kv.A transformer substations located, plus 6 sets 2000Kv.A transformers, take the middle of the power supply, in addition to 5 Taiwan 10Kv.A high-pressure water chillers (total 4000Kv.A); 3 # substation located 2 units plus 2 units 1000Kv.A 2000Kv.A transformers, take the southern section of A, B twooffice supply. 10Kv power configuration of this project into two points, each at the two 10Kv lines, the power company under the provisions of 10Kv power capacity: maximum load per channel is about to 11000Kv.A, two is the 22000Kv.A, design # 1 , 3 # combination of a substation 10Kv, power line, with a total capacity of 21000Kv.A; 2 # substation transformers and 10Kv, 10Kv chillers sharing a power line, with a total capacity of 22400Kv.A. The design of the substation layout, in addition to meeting regulatory requirements, it also need to consider the high-pressure cabinets, transformers and low voltage power supply cabinet by order of arrangement, especially in low voltage distribution cabinet to feed the cable smooth and easy inspection duty problems are not seriously consider the construction of the cable crossing will cause more long detour, a waste of floor space, and convenient inspections and other issues【8】.4 small fire load power supplyIn the design of large commercial projects often encounter small fire load of electrical equipment and more dispersed distribution, if fed by a substation, a substation will be fed a lot of low-voltage low-current counter circuit breaking capacity circuit breaker and conductor of the dynamic and thermal stability in a certain extent. According to GB50045-1995 "fire protection design of tall buildings," rule "should be used in Fire Equipment dedicated power supply circuit, the power distribution equipment shall be provided with clear signs." Interpretation of the provisions of the power supply circuit means "from the low-voltage main distribution room (including the distribution of electrical room) to last a distribution box, and the general distribution lines should be strictly separated." In this design, the use of methods to increase the level of distribution, that is different from the substation bus segments, respectively, a fire fed a special circuit, set in place two distribution cabinets, distribution cabinets and then the resulting radial allocated to the end of the dual power to vote each box, so that not only meets the specification requirements for dedicated power supply circuit, but also to avoid feeding the substation level of many small current loop.5, the choice of circuit breaker and conductorCommercial real estate projects use the room as the uncertainty in the choice of circuit breakers and conductors must be considered in a certain margin to meet the needs caused by adjustment of the load changes. According to this characteristic, increased use in the design of the plug bus-powered, not only meet the requirements of large carrying capacity, and also allows the flexibility to increase supply and distribution, are reserved in each shaft in the plug-box backup in order to change, according to changes in upper and lower load, to adjust. For example: a bus is responsible for a shaft 1 to 3 layers of power, when a layer due to the change in capacity increases, while the 3-layer capacity is reduced, you can use a spare plug box layer off the 3-layer 1 layer capacity rationing . This level distribution in the substation, select the circuit breaker to choose the setting value when the circuit breaker to adjust to changes at the end to adjust the load setting value; in the bus and the transformer circuit breaker according to the choice of the general framework of values to select . For example: Route certain equipment capacity 530Kv, Kx take 0.7 to calculate current of 704A, select the frame circuit breaker is 1000A, tuning is 800A; current transformer for the 1000/50; bus carrying capacity for the 1000A, this road can meet the maximum 1000A current load requirements, even if there is adjustment, power distribution switches and circuit can not make big changes.6 layer distribution box setAccording to the division of layers of fire protection district, respectively numbered as A ~ K layers within the set level shaft for the retail lighting power distribution box, with one on one power supply shops in radial power. Should be noted that the forms of the complex layers of layers of fire partition, does not correspond to the lower, making some of shaft power in charge of the fire district at the same time, also responsible for the power supply adjacent to the fire district. At design time, using the principle of proximity, while also taking into account the burden of the whole trunk load conditions, so that each shaft as far as possible a more balanced load. PrerequisitesThe loop that you want to auto-tune must be in automatic mode. The loopoutput must be controlled by the execution of the PID instruction. Auto-tune will fail if the loop is in manual mode.Before initiating an auto-tune operation your process must be brought to a stable state which means that the PV has reached setpoint (or for a P type loop, a constant difference between PV and setpoint) and the output is not changing erratically.Ideally, the loop output value needs to be near the center of the control range when auto-tuning is started. The auto-tune procedure sets up an oscillation in the process by making small step changes in the loop output. If the loop output is close to either extreme of its control range, the step changes introduced in the auto-tune procedure may cause the output value to attempt to exceed the minimum or the maximum range limit.If this were to happen, it may result in the generation of an auto-tune error condition, and it will certainly result in the determination of less than near optimal suggested values.Auto-Hysteresis and Auto-DeviationThe hysteresis parameter specifies the excursion (plus or minus) from setpoint that the PV (process variable) is allowed to make without causing the relay controller to change the output. This value is used to minimize the effect of noise in the PV signal to more accurately determine the natural oscillation frequency of the process.If you select to automatically determine the hysteresis value, the PID Auto-Tuner will enter a hysteresis determination sequence. This sequence involves sampling the process variable for a period of time and then performing a standard deviation calculation on the sample results.In order to have a statistically meaningful sample, a set of at least 100 samples must be acquired. For a loop with a sample time of 200 msec, acquiring 100 samples takes 20 seconds. For loops with a longer sample time it will take longer. Even though 100 samples can be acquired in less than 20 seconds for loops with sample times less than 200 msec, the hysteresis determinationsequence always acquires samples for at least 20 seconds.Once all the samples have been acquired, the standard deviation for the sample set is calculated. The hysteresis value is defined to be two times the standard deviation. The calculated hysteresis value is written into the actual hysteresis field (AHYS) of the loop table.TipWhile the auto-hysteresis sequence is in progress, the normal PID calculation is not performed. Therefore, it is imperative that the process be in a stable state prior to initiating an auto-tune sequence. This will yield a better result for the hysteresis value and it will ensure that the process does not go out of control during the auto-hysteresis determination sequence.The deviation parameter specifies the desired peak-to-peak swing of the PV around the set point. If you select to automatically determine this value, the desired deviation of the PV is computed by multiplying the hysteresis value by 4.5. The output will be driven proportionally to induce this magnitude of oscillation in the process during auto-tuning.Auto-Tune SequenceThe auto-tuning sequence begins after the hysteresis and deviation values have been determined. The tuning process begins when the initial output step is applied to the loop output.This change in output value should cause a corresponding change in the value of the process variable. When the output change drives the PV away from setpoint far enough to exceed the hysteresis boundary a zero-crossing event is detected by the auto-tuner. Upon each zero crossing event the auto-tuner drives the output in the opposite direction.The tuner continues to sample the PV and waits for the next zero crossing event.A total of twelve zero-crossings are required to complete the sequence. The magnitude of the observed peak-to-peak PV values (peak error) and the rate at which zero-crossings occur are directly related to the dynamics of the process. Early in the auto-tuning process, the output step value is proportionally adjustedonce to induce subsequent peak-to-peak swings of the PV to more closely match the desired deviation amount. Once the adjustment is made, the new output step amount is written into the Actual Step Size field (ASTEP) of the loop table.The auto-tuning sequence will be terminated with an error, if the time between zero crossings exceeds the zero crossing watchdog interval time. The default value for the zero crossing watchdog interval time is two hours.Figure 1 shows the output and process variable behaviors during an auto-tuning sequence on a direct acting loop. The PID Tuning Control Panel was used to initiate and monitor the tuning sequence.Notice how the auto-tuner switches the output to cause the process (as evidenced by the PV value) to undergo small oscillations. The frequency and the amplitude of the PV oscillations are indicative of the process gain and natural frequency.7 public area distribution box setTaking into account the future needs of the business re-decoration of public areas must be reserved for power. Here the design needs to consider the following points:①question of how much reserve power, lighting and electricity, which according to GB50034-2004 "Architectural Lighting Design Standards" table of Article 6.1.3 and 6.1.8, commercial building lighting power density value, high-end supermarkets, business offices as 20W/m2, under the "decorative lighting included 50% of the total lighting power density calculation" requirements, using the reserved standard 40W/m2.②In order to facilitate the decoration in each partition set fire lighting in public areas and emergency lighting distribution box distribution box, in order to identify the electrical power distribution decoration cut-off point.③the staircase, storage rooms and other parts of the decoration does not need to do, set the power distribution circuit or a separate distribution box, try not to be reserved from the public area of electricity distribution board fed hardcover out.④control of lighting in public areas, the majority in two ways, namely,C-BUS control system or the BA system, the use of C-BUS has the advantage of more flexible control, each road can be fed out of control, adjustable light control; shortcomings is a higher cost. BA system control advantages of using low cost, simple control; disadvantage is that the exchanges and contacts for the three-phase, three-way control may be related both to open, or both, in the decoration of the contacts required to feed the power supply circuit diverge to avoid failure blackouts.Design of distribution box 8In the commercial real estate design, shop design is often only a meter box, and outlet route back to the needs of the user according to their second design, but the shops are difficult to resolve within the power supply fan coil units, air-conditioning system as a whole can not debug. The project approach is to add a circuit breaker in the meter box for the coil power supply, another way for users to use the second design, as shown below.User distribution box design9 distribution cabinet / box number and distribution circuitsLarge-scale projects are often low voltage distribution cabinet / box number, low-voltage circuits to feed the more often there will be cabinet / box number and line number duplication, resulting in the design and the future looks difficult maintenance and overhaul. The project has three 10Kv substations, 20 transformer, hundreds of low-voltage fed out of the closet, fed the circuit more. Accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Chinese national standard requirements:①All the distribution number to be simple and clear, not too box and line numbers are not repeated.②number to simple and clear, not too long.③distinction between nature and type of load.④law was easy to find, make viewer at a glance. Based on the above requirements and on the ground, fire district and the underground construction industry form the different conditions, using two slightly different ways.Essential for the underground garage, uses a single comparison, also relatively fire district neat, according to fire district number, such as AL-BL-1 / 1, AP and APE, the meaning of the letters and numbers: AL on behalf of lighting distribution (AP on behalf of Power distribution box, APE on behalf of the emergency power distribution box); BI on behalf of the basement; 1 / 1 for partition 1, I fire box. Above ground is more complex, more fire district, and on the fire district does not correspond to the lower, according to shaft number is better, such as AL-1-A1, AP, and APE, letters and numbers mean: 1 represents a layer; A1 on behalf of A, No. 1 shaft fed a distribution box. Fed a low-voltage circuits, such as the number of uses: W3-6-AL-1-A1, W3-6) indicates that the route back to power supply transformer 3, 6, feed the power distribution cabinet, AL-1-A1, said the then the first loop of the distribution box for the AL-1-A1 and so on, and so on.10 ConclusionWith more and more complex commercial design projects, designers need to continually improve the design level, designed to make fine. These are only bits of the design in the business lessons learned, and the majority of designers want to communicate译文：浅谈高层建筑供配电系统设计摘要：随着城市规模的不断发展，高层建筑越来越多，因此，高层建筑电气设计就成为设计者不得不面对的问题。
弱电系统中英文对照word版本
弱电系统中英文对照弱电系统中英文对照 1. 综合布线系统（Premises Distribution System/ Structured Cabling System）工作区子系统 The working area system 水平子系统Horizontal system 垂直子系统 Vertical system 设备间子系统 The equipment room system 管理子系统 Management system 建筑群子系统 Construction ensemble system 2. 社区安防系统 Security prevention system 可视对讲系统 A visible walky-talky system 防盗报警 Security alarm 闭路监视 CCTV 巡更 Night patrol 周界防范 Perimeter Precaution 门禁控制 Access control 3. 公共设施监控系统 Public facility monitor system 变配电 Electric transformer and distribution 给排水 Water supply and drainage 电梯 Elevator 公共照明 Public lighting 背景音乐及紧急广播 Background music and emergency broadcast 4. 宽带多媒体服务系统 Broadband multimedia service system 卫星接收及有线电视 Satellite reception and cable-TV broadband 宽带接入 Broadband access 社区网络服务 Community network service 5. 智能家居系统 Intelligent home system 多表远抄 Remote CC for meters 家电智能控制 Intelligent home appliances control system 家居远程控制 Home remote control 家居防盗报警 Home anti-theft alarm 6. BAS（楼宇自动化系统）楼宇设备监控系统Building automation control system 安全防范子系统 Security system 火灾自动报警子系统 Fire alarm system 7. CAS(通信网络系统) 卫星接收及有线电视系统 Satellite reception and cable television system 公用通讯网络系统Communication system of nets for public use 卫星及微波通讯系统 Satellite and microwave communication system 视频会议系统 Video conference system 无线对讲系统 Wireless walky-talky system 背景音乐及紧急广播系统Background music and emergency broadcasting 8. OAS(办公自动化系统)undefined事务型办公系统 Business office system 管理型办公系统 Administrative office system 决策型办公系统 Decision making office system 9. 安全防范子系统 Security System 防盗报警系统 Intrusion Alarm System 闭路监视系统CCTV System 门禁系统 Access Control System 巡更系统 Patrol System停车场管理系统 Parking Administrative System 10. 环境系统 Environment System 冷水系统 Cold water system 热交换系统 Heat exchange system 通排风系统 Ventilation system 空调系统 Air-conditioning system 新风系统 Make-up air system 风机盘管加新风 Renewal of the blower fan coil VAV变风量系统VAV system 11. 供配电系统 Power Supply and Distribution 高低压配电Distribution of high and low-voltage electricity 变电 Electricity transformation不间断电源 Continuous current 应急发电 Emergency power 12. 照明系统Lighting System 紧急照明 Emergency lighting 工作照明 Lighting for work 艺术照明 Artistic lighting 特殊照明（障碍灯）Special lighting(obstacle lights) 13. 给排水系统 Water Supply and Drainage System 给排水与饮用水Water supply, drainage and drinking water 卫生设备 Sanitary equipment 污水及水处理 Sewage and intermediary water division 14. 交通运输系统Transportation System 电梯 Elevators 扶梯 Escalators 考勤系统 (Time Attendance) 影像识别系统 (Video Identification System) 电梯控制 (Lift Access Control) 15. IBMS (Intelligent Building Management System) 智能建筑管理系统 BMS (Building Management System) 建筑物（建筑设备）（集成）管理系统 BAS (Building Automation System) 建筑物（建筑设备）自动化系统 SCS (Security System) 安防系统 CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) 闭路电视监控系统 ACS (Access Control System) 出口入口管理系统PMS (Parking Management System) 停车场管理系统 PAS (Public Address System) 公共广播系统 PS (Patrol System) 巡更管理系统 FAS (Fire Alarm System) 火灾报警系统 OAS (Office Automation System) 办公自动化系统GCS (Generic Cabling System) 结构化布线 PDS (Premises Distributed System) 建筑与建筑群综合布线系统 CAS (Communication Automation System) 通讯自动化系统 CNS (Communication Network System) 计算机网络系统 PABX 程控交换机 Centrex 虚拟网业务即集中式用户交换机 SATV (Satellite Television) 卫星电视 CATV (Cable Television) 有线电视 (Community Antenna) 公共天线 (Wireless Communication System) 无线通讯系统 (Inside Communication System) 内部通讯系统 PMS (Property Management System) 酒店管理系统。
工厂供电系统外文翻译
附录四英文文献及译文Analysis of the reasons for the low power factor of the factory power supply system, and to improve power factor and to take effective idle work compensation measure is discussed. To saved the electrical energy, raised enterpriseps economic efficiency has important effect。
Large and medium-sized enterprises PeiDianJian with responsibility for the whole enterprise management and distribution of electricity. At present, most of the enterprise management mode PeiDianJian obsolete, low automatization, difficult to adapt to the requirements of the development of enterprises. In view of this situation, we have developed PeiDianJian monitoring and management system. This system in the computer as the core, real-time monitoring of electric parameters, PeiDianJian all the data processing, dynamic display of statements and output. This system can be used in the PeiDianJian enterprise technical renewal and the transformation of enterprise to do well planned, save electricity, improve economic benefit has important significance.We use the mains by huge power supply system is provided, all the network supply circuit is only for each of the power supply system, network, a tiny branches output. Metal wires connected by good conductors of power supply circuit, each of its source power substation, and then from that power to client to substation and its level in scale, thousands of kilometers and hundreds of kilometers of kilometers. Bare wire in the air in the vertical distribution of atmospheric mountain while high and low, in accordance with the Qing, from dozens of rice to thousands of meters and hundreds of meters above all common. 2 km In such a large scope, the vertical distribution and wide for substation online, due to weather, no matter where or by direct discharge, clouds cloud in discharging, in the air and good conductors of bare wire easily inductive or direct lightning introduction to. This is the power system and power equipment to be struck by lightning external environment.Power supply system and electric defense methods of lightningAnalysis of the power supply system and electric easily be struck by lightning, can draw on electrical equipment, defense lightning damage, should be perfected in the power supply system, and avoid thunder lightning protection measures, the core problem is how to maximize effectively or truncate the high voltage and the thunder and lightning, strong flow under the frequency of more than 10 KHz seitching invasion.transformer segregation lawsTo effectively cut from the high voltage power and strong currents, currently use transformer isolation method. So-called isolation method, is based on transformer transformer equation:EM = 4144fNBMSType of EM for transformer original (vice), unit V; potential edge F for power source) frequency, unit (speed, N the original (vice) side of coil, The intensity of magnetic core materials BM, unit Wb/M2, S for the core area, unit M2.This equation, powerful lightning invade the transformer, due to transformer voltage electric ray than the normal supply of high pressure many times, make incentive magnetic induction than the maximum allowed by magnetic core transformer core strength BM, thus the magnetic saturation, transformer -- electricity failure, GaoLei voltage transform temporarily cannot transfer to the transformer, a deputy side of transformer protection lightning channel, the deputy of electrical equipment load. While there are usually installed transformer power valve can be powerful lightning and the lightning flow into the earth, and in the safe, high voltage, current, powerFlow, fuses will fuse off. Stop So, always packed transformer electrical equipment configuration of transformer, than by lightning bad probability is greatly reduced.Why in the fall after the power supply, sluice stop there will still be struck by lightning disasters. This happened because lightning, invading transformer connected by vice and load of electrical equipment based on low, still can exist, these induction lightning induction lightning electronics products will cause of lightning. This problem is often neglected, many lightning disasters, the event is not solved theproblem. The successful development of lightning power, for we solve this problem.Lightning arrester powerFor truncated or stop high-pressure seitching in metal wires to load caused by lightning, electric 1890 invented the clearance of the way after the lightning series fuse, 1922 made us Westinghouse carbonized silicon arresters. To use the 1972 Japan dielectric properties research into fell seconds with no gaps (ZnO) service. Current power supply system is widely used in such power lightning.Zno arrester by zinc oxide thermistors, each thermistors according to need to have it made in certain switching voltage (psa). When in the lower voltage arresters ends switching voltage (psa), high resistance thermistors present state, arrester doesn't work. When lightning arrester ends when, in the voltages above switching voltage (psa), thermistors, low resistance by breakdown, even close circuit state, in a very short time (50ns ´ s, 10-9) arrester is high, the work of a lightning through introducing the earth grounding safety. When, after the lightning arrester stabilised, voltage on both ends of the lower voltage switching voltage (psa), thermistors and present state of high value, lightning arrester stop working, electric conduction normal power.FenLiuXing avoid thunderFenLiuXing avoid thunder, is the core of wire cable in transmission series on two capacitor, input shunt capacitor in an inductance coil. So, when the capacitance and inductance coil capactance C L reasonable choice of inductance, make through two more than 10 frequency capacitor, much like KHz TV signal frequency speed to sign for dozens of hundreds of megabytes speed signals through the capacitance, and lightning frequency circuit reactance small majority in 100 KHz, when lightning through the capacitance, will produce larger pressure drop. And through the situation, high capacitance signals through the inductance greater pressure drop when L, much lower frequency of lightning, through the low impedance, large discharge by lightning, XieRu grounding. Television antenna lightning current share this line shunt principle and method.Production of equipment, such as mechanical processing machine, with various kinds of crane, with induction motor, etc, these large and electric power load isperceptual load, make the power factor of power supply system, the influence of distribution transformer lines and economic operation of power sector, reach the power factor, thus must adopt the reactive power compensation measures to improve the power factor, and can save energy and reduce consumption.The power factor of system of power supply is an important technical and economic indexes, the power factor of electric equipment is reflected the active power and the ratio of power nai. Relevant procedure: high voltage power supply power plant, the maximum load of power factor may not be less than 0.9, Other factories, power factor may not be less than 0.85.The main factors that affect the power factorThe power factor of ac electric equipment, mainly because in its working process, in addition to generate power loss, also produce reactive power loss. Therefore improving power factor the essence of the problem is to reduce the electric equipment of reactive power consumption. Asynchronous motor and power transformer is reactive power loss of the main equipment and power lines of reactive power loss, it is current through the lines. Circuit reactance.Parallel compensation in power capacitors supply system of factory installed position, have high concentrated compensation, low-pressure concentrated compensation and separate compensation on-spot three modes, etc.Theoretically speaking, the reactive power compensation is the best way of reactive power, where is produced, the whole system where compensation will not reactive current flow, but in actual power supply system in this is impossible. We currently have a 10 kv power supply system, and has three switch power transformer substation, three workshops 800kV A respectively, 560kV A capacity, 630kV A. Dynamic load hundreds of machine tools and machining, electric welding machine, etc. Combined with practical, electricity load during load fluctuation change is big, the characteristics of small load after midnight, in order to avoid over compensation, and meet after midnight on all load cases are adopted to improve the low voltage offset, automatic reactive compensation devices.分析了工厂供电系统功率因数偏低的原因,探讨了提高功率因数的方法及采取的有效无功补偿措施,对节约电能,提高企业的经济效益有重要意义。
供配电系统设计英文文献
供配电系统设计英文文献以下是一些供配电系统设计的英文文献:1. "Power System Design" by James A. Reedy, published in 2012 by John Wiley & Sons.2. "Power System Stabilization" by R. W. Knapp and H. W. Zacharias, published in 1963 by John Wiley & Sons.3. "Power System Protection" by E. H. Elser, published in 1968 by John Wiley & Sons.4. "Transmission System Design" by William A. Crothers, published in 1973 by John Wiley & Sons.5. "Power System Control" by T. W. Anderson and R. B. Francis, published in 1968 by John Wiley & Sons.6. "Power System Engineering" by W. J. Lathrop, published in 1976 by John Wiley & Sons.7. "Power Distribution System Design" by R. C. Davis, published in 1970 by John Wiley & Sons.8. "Electric Power Systems Analysis and Design" by R. C. Davis and H. A. Thomas, published in 1975 by John Wiley & Sons.9. "Power System Stability and Control" by P. M. S. Black, published in 1962 by John Wiley & Sons.10. "Electric Power System Security" by G. A. Czarnecki and T. J. Mclaughlin, published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons.这些文献涵盖了供配电系统设计的各个方面，包括电力系统设计、电力系统稳定控制、电力系统保护和控制、输电系统设计、配电系统设计等。
弱电工程 百度百科 纯英文版
In the intelligence building of weak the electricity mainly has 2 types, a type of the low electric voltage electric powers, such as safe electric voltage grade and control electric voltage...etc. that is rules in the nation, separate the exchanges and the direct current, communicate the 36 V is following, the direct current 24 V is following, such as 24 V direct current control the power, or meet an emergency floodlight back up the power.Another is the information source that carries to have informations, such as speech, picture and data...etc., like the information of telephone, television and calculator.People are accustomed to calling the technique of weak electricity that it is weak electricity technique.It is thus clear that the intelligence constructs basic connotation of weak electricity technique still and is the weak electricity technique on the meaning originally.Only along with modern weak electricity Gao Xin is technical of quick development, the weak electricity technique in the intelligence building applies more and more and extensively.Under the general circumstance, the weak electricity system engineering points the second application.Mainly include:1, television signal engineering, supervise and control system such as the television, cabled T.V..2, correspond by letter engineering, like telephone.3, intelligence fire fight engineering.4, expand voice and stereo set engineering, broadcast such as medium background music of the small area, background music in the building. 5, synthesize cloth line engineering, mainly used for a calculator network.Soon develop along with the flying of calculator technique, soft hardware function of quickly strong, various weak electricity system engineering and calculator technique of perfect combine, make formely various classification no longer be like so clear before.The mutual fusion of each kind of engineering is a system integration.The familiar weak electricity system work electric voltage includes:24 vacs, 16.5 vacs and 12 VDCs, the sometime 220 vacs also calculates weak electricity system, the work electric voltage of camera for examplehaving is a 220 vacs, and we can not return them into strong electricity system.The weak electricity system mainly aims at of is a building, including mansion, small area, airport, wharf, railroad, and superhighway...etc.. The familiar weak electricity system includes:The television networks supervises and controls system and guard against theft to report to the police system, control at gate system and electronics to cruise more system, parking lot management system, can see to speak system and home the intelligence turns system and Anne to keep system, background music system and LED from showing that the ion, such as, system, and etc. puts together to connect to hold system and DLP to greatly hold system, three forms to copy to send system and building Yu from control system, defend thunder and connect a ground of system and look for to shout to speak and profession to speak system and weak electricity piping without a break power system, engine room system of system and UPS, comprehensive the cloth line system, area net system in calculator bureau and thing industry manage system, multi-function board room system, cabled T.V. system and satellite television system, satellite communication system and fire fight system, telephone communication system and hotel management the system, video frequency point sow system, human resource management system etc. Constructing weak electricity system generally can is divided into to correspond by letter an automation(CA-Communication Automation System) and transact 3 major types, such as automation(OA-Office Automation System) and building Yu automation(BA-Building Automation System)...etc. and know together as 3 A system.But manage to up have much special rules because of a fireautomation(FA-Fire Automation System) and public security automation's(SA-Security Automation System) experienced industry, so sometimes FA and SA system the independence come out, is divided into 5 major types, such as CA, OA, BA, FA and SA...etc. of building weak electricity systems and know together as 5 A system from the BA system.In fact, no matter how the whole system divide the line, speak of engineering design and integration problem, still want concrete arriveeach statures system.System functionThe in common use building weak electricity system mainly has a few kinds as follows:(1)The telephone corresponds by letter systemCarry out telephone(include three types of facsimile machines, can see a telephone...etc.) correspondence function;The star type Tuo rushes toward structure;Use 3 types(or above) don't shield a double to wring line, deliver the frequency of signal within the scope of audio frequency.(2)Area net system in calculator bureauIs a realization to transact to automate and various data delivers of network foundation;The star type Tuo rushes toward structure;Use 5 types(or above) don't shield a double to wring line, deliver number signal, the baud rate can reach to a 100 Mbs|the s is above.(3)Music|broadcast systemThe loudspeaker passed to install on the spot(is like places, such as market, restaurant, guest room and hallway...etc.) broadcasts music, and can pass to transmit sound machine to carry on a broadcasting to the spot;Many road total line structure;Deliver is certainly pressed a 120 Vs by the power enlarger output's|the audio frequency signal of 120 Ωs with drive the spot loudspeaker phonation, deliver the line use copper Xin to insulate to lead line.(4)The cabled T.V. signal assigns systemEvenly assign the cabled T.V. signal to each customer inside the building to order;Adopt branch and assign a machine to carry on a signal allotment, for letting up signal to lose to really reduce and make each customer order the request that the signal quality attains norm rules with Shuai, its cloth line is tree type structure, and order to distribute with the form of building and the customer of dissimilarity but dissimilarity;Use 75 Ω radio frequency coaxial cable, deliver many road radio frequencies signal.(5)The public security supervises and controls systemThe camera passed to install on the spot, guard against theft equipmentses like locator,etc, carry on surveillance and excrescentcircumstance to report to the police to each exit and entrance and some important places of building etc.;The video frequency signal delivers to adopt star type structure, use video frequency coaxial cable;Control delivering of signal to adopt total line structure, the use copper Xin insulates a cable.(6)The fire fight reports to the police systemThe system is reported to the police by a fire and the fire fight is allied the broadcasting system, fire alarm moving system, fire fight to constitute towards speaking 3 parts like telephone system,etcs.A fire reports to the police and the fire fight is allied and move system to pass constitution in the building everywhere of a fire locator, hand move to report to the police device etc. to the spot the circumstance carry on a monitor, be have already reported to the police signal, according to receiving of signal, according to in advance setting of procedure, unite the homologous equipments spreads by controling fire, its signal delivers to adopt total line structure of many roads, but for important fire fight equipments(if fire fight pump, spray to sprinkle a pump, is pressing breeze machine and line up smoke breeze machine etc.) of allied move to control delivering of signal, sometimes adopt star type structure, the delivering of signal uses copper Xin to insulate a cable.(the product having asks use double to wring line)The fire fight broadcasting system is used for to direct the spot while taking place a fire a personnel safety evacuation, adopt total line structure of many roads, the signal delivers to use copper Xin to insulate to lead line.(the system can and music|broadcasting system suitable for use)The fire alarm is two kinds of structure towards speaking that the telephone system is used for in command of spot fire fighter to carry on extinguishing fire a work, adopt star type and total line type, the signal delivers uses to shield line.(7)The exit and entrance controls systemUse calculator, intelligence Carmen equipmentses, such as lock and card reader...etc., carry on constitution, surveillance, control and record etc. to each exit and entrance status, carry out unify a management to eachexit and entrance of building, promise mansion safety, its Tuo rushes toward structure and delivers to lie quality because of product but difference.(8)The parking lot charge manages systemPass to install under the exit and entrance ground of respond coil, respond the discrepancy of vehicle, pass artificial|half auto|thefull-automatic charge management system, carry out a charge and control the Qi of dynamoelectric railing to shut...etc..The system cloth's line is only limited by the exit and entrance of car field in the mansion, each exit and entrance from one set controller control, the controller can independently work as well as manage a calculator allied net with place of honor, its cloth line structure and deliver to lie quality because of product but difference.(9)Building Yu from control systemThe various examination and performance spare part passed to connect with each other with the spot controller, to mansion inside outside of the work status of various equipments(is like air condition, to the catchment, lighting, is provided to go together with equipmentses, such as electricity and elevator...etc.) inside various environment parameter and building carry on examination, surveillance and control, and link through a calculator network each the spot controller, carry on reasonable allotment and management to the resources and the equipments in the building, attain a comfortable, convenient, economical and dependable purpose.So far, building Yu from controling system didn't°yet international standard, the correspondence adopted by the product of different factory house negotiates each not same, it the spot total line and control the Tuo of total line to rush toward structure and deliver to lie quality also dissimilarity.The underneath will make simple introduction towards being widespreadly accepted by the international society currently and LonWorks technique and BACnet technique for adopting. Also have the television meeting the system, expand a system and cruise more in addition system and building Yu to speak system, threeforms(water, electricity, annoy form) automatically and copy form system etc..The weak electricity system that the building of differentfunction needs to be established is each not same.3 systems are integratedIn the middle of physically working, the design should integrate 3 aspects: etc. to consider an integrated problem between the systems of each weak electricity from the network integration, function integration and software interface.3.1 networks are integratedThe network integrates mainly on-line come to consider from the cloth of each system, make the weak electricity system of different function able to work the platform is at an unified cloth line up, so, on the other hand easy to also make on the other hand each weak electricity system to the management of clothes line systems on the spot the decoration of equipments up have larger vivid.At in common use building weak electricity system in, the telephone corresponds by letter system and the function of area net in the calculator bureau system and the hardware equipments of the use each not same, but it the network Tuo rush toward the decoration principle that the structure, information orders homology, and can use homology of delivering and lying quality and connect a plug-in, so can synthesize two cloth lines of systems as a cloth line system.Thus, two systems can be an exploitation, the information orders of the function can change with each other and make two systems all have larger vivid, this is also we say of synthesize cloth line system(PDS).Remaining as to it's is a few systems, in the comprehensive consideration technique and economic possibility, current product because of being rushed toward by system Tuo the structure, signal deliver to lie quality and double wring line to synthesize PDS towards delivering power signal of limiting etc., its cloth line system temporarily canning not returning.But, along with the continuously developing of the number signal processing theory and application technique and calculator technique, and correspondence technique...etc., future PDS will definitely develop to become the cloth line that includes more different function weak electricity systems platform.3.2 functions are integratedThe function integration includes a following both side contents:(1) the function merge.Main consideration will some on the function and hardware equipments up repeated of the system merge and make to merge the system of the empress before having merger all functions of each system, with decrease equipments redundancy, avoid repeated investment.In the above-mentioned system, music|broadcasting system and fire fight report to the police and allied move the fire fight within system broadcasting system and then can be a system to design, but the system has to satisfy the rules of 《the fire fight automatically reports to the police a system design norm (GBJ 50116-98)》 .(2) the function repair with each other.See from the function, each sub- systems in the building Yu automation all have its particular function and rule over scope and respectively and independently work at ordinary times, but while taking place some and special affairs, usually needing an of each system can be in conjunction with a work, the whole system carries out overall control and management the exaltation to the processing ability that bursts affairs, exaltation building of the intelligence turn degree.Is concrete of allied move to respond to include a few systems as follows:The fire fight reports to the police system →music|broadcastingsystem:When occurrence fire fight reported to the police, correspond the public broadcasting system of floor will drive strong line of cut over into an urgent broadcasting of fire fight;The fire fight reports to the police system →the public security supervise and control system:When occurrence fire fight reported to the police, the public security supervised and controled system to automatically be like the shooting of camera of fire alarm close by district the appearance sliced to hold to lord surveillance in the public security center and laid equal stress on some Jian to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents with provide whether the confirmation has fire alarm occurrence to analyze with the after the event trouble reason etc.;The fire fight reports to the police system →the exit and entrance control system:While confirming to take place fire fight to report to the police exit and entrance's controling the each control door(the control door ofimportant core part can establish alone) having something to do with fire alarm part in the system should automatically be placed in to open status, for the purpose of internal personnel evacuate to withdraw to get into with fire fighter;The fire fight reports to the police system →the garage manage system:The garage management system should control garage while confirming fire fight to report to the police occurrence at the first floor or the underground layer the gateway place in open status, so that the vehicle inside the garage quickly withdraw a fire field;(at this time garage relevant of the camera should be placed in a work and record image status)The fire fight reports to the police system →the speech correspond by letter system:After the fire fight reports to the police the system auto confirmation fire fight to report to the police occurrence, immediately pass the speech in the mansion correspondence system reports to the police to the fire fight bureau and deliver concerning the information, report to the police to supervisor's section in the mansion at the same time;Building Yu from control system →the public security supervise and control system:When building Yu from control system to have difference to report to the police or trouble, the public security supervision system can automatically will report to the police the shooting of camera of close by district to be like appearance to slice to hold to lord surveillance in the public security center and lay equal stress on some Jian to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents to provide after the event analysis the reason etc.;The public security supervises and controls system →building Yu from control system:When the public security system reports to the police, can unite elevator control system, the elevator doesn't stop to depend to report to the police a layer, or stop to depend a public security member appointed layer;The exit and entrance controls system →the public security supervise and control system:When control door at not work when someone hold card into or take place illegal incursion the public security supervises andcontrols a system auto will get into of control door or report to the police a shooting of the camera of ordering the close by district to be like appearance to slice toward the public security center lord surveillance hold, lay equal stress on some Jian to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents to check when it's necessary by providing;The garage manages system →the public security supervise and control system:When the garage has vehicle discrepancy, the public security supervises and controls a system auto to be like the shooting of camera of garage door appearance to slice to hold to lord surveillance in the public security center and lay equal stress on some Jian to record these shooting of cameras to be like contents to check when it's necessary by providing.In fact, the function between each system is integrated and allied to move to respond to have no one mode of unified or fix, can establish according to the effective demand.The function integrates a purpose just, in fact existing two kinds of modes, 1 kind is at each statures system on build up higher andfirst-degree management and control network, another is with building Yu from control system for center of integrated mode.No matter choose which integrated mode, key techniques' all wanting to work out a correspondence problem between each system , while making sure a solution, must adopt theory forerunner and technique maturity and widespreadly accept for industry and the correspondence adopting negotiate.The building Yu been widespreadly accepted by the international society currently from control correspondence agreement of realm, is provided heat by the United States and make cold regulate the association establishment of engineer with air, and become standard ANSI of BACnet of ASCII|ASHRAE Standard 135-1995), it matches ISO(international standardizing organization) OSI(open system with each other connect)7 F model, forgiving 5 kinds already mature network correspondence agreement, including correspondences such as ether net and LonTalk etc. agreement.Among them, the ether net correspondence agreement is an OA system to widespreadly use of a kind of correspondence agreement,majority of network operate systems all support this correspondence agreement;But the LonWorks technique is the new generation that the United States' Echelon company develops the spot total line technique, its outstanding advantage is to support arbitrarily Tuo to rush toward structure and support variety's delivering to lie quality(include a double to wring line, electric power line, wireless electric wave, infrared ray, coaxial cable and fiber optic), and variety lie quality can mix to use in the same network, as a result consumedly simplified engineering construction and system to be finished after of change to set up, extension and maintenance work.Therefore, building Yu according to BACnet standard from control system, can a little bit easily carry out at the its control total line class and the integration of OA system, again because it forgives of the correspondence negotiate support double to wring line and star type Tuo to rush toward structure, as a result can use PDS as its signal to deliver path.Actual applicationWhile carrying out the function integration of each system, chose integrated mode, made sure network correspondence agreement, there was homologous hardware equipments to chase each system physically conjunction together, and installed the network operate system that can operate with each other, the work of end is to want to develop to be homologous of applied software, provide an unified person for the whole integrated system each system logic ground conjunction together machine operation interface, this is the software interface integration. In fine, system the integration is a system engineering with stronger technique, integration truely work well a building weak electricity system, not only request the function of weak engineer Dian to each weak electricity system product, technique parameter and construction, install and adjust to try etc. contain deeper control, also want to construct of to the catchment system, is provided to go together with electricity system, well ventilated air condition system and illuminate system, and elevator system...etc. to contain more overall understand, at the same time, in order to constructing, the weak electricity system involves correspondence, calculator, control and show several technique contentsof etc.s Gao, renew to develop a very quick modern high new technique, so integrate in the system of concrete implementation process in, also need the support and cooperation of the professional technical personnel of everyone's noodles at a lot of techniques than solution of stronger detail problem.Weak electricity engineering the intelligence construct an electricity technique to still include a strong electricity with weak give or get an electric shock 2 types.Building and buildings are used an electricity to generally point a 220 V50 Hzs and above strong electricity.Is main to provide electric power energy to people, for example the electric power drag along electrical engineering to use an electricity and illuminate to use to give or get an electric shock an etc..In the intelligence building of weak the electricity mainly has 2 types, a type of the low electric voltage electric powers, such as safe electric voltage grade and control electric voltage...etc. that is rules in the nation, separate the exchanges and the direct current, such as 24 V direct current control the power, or meet an emergency floodlight back up the power.Another is the information source that carries to have informations, such as speech, picture and data...etc., like the information of telephone, television and calculator. People are accustomed to calling the technique of weak electricity that it is weak electricity technique.It is thus clear that the intelligence constructs basic connotation of weak electricity technique still and is the weak electricity technique on the meaning originally.Only along with modern weak electricity Gao Xin is technical of quick development, the weak electricity technique in the intelligence building applies more and more and extensively.Weak electricity technique of applied the degree come to a decision the intelligence of intelligence building to turn degree. The 36 v calls safe electric voltage as follows, is a weak electricity.。
关于弱电的英文作文高中
关于弱电的英文作文高中英文：When it comes to weak electricity, it refers to low voltage electricity that is used to power electronic devices, such as computers, televisions, and mobile phones. As a student majoring in electrical engineering, I have learned a lot about weak electricity.One of the most important things to understand about weak electricity is that it is very different from strong electricity, which is the high voltage electricity used to power homes and businesses. Weak electricity is much safer to work with, as it is less likely to cause injury or damage to equipment.In addition, weak electricity is used in a wide variety of applications, from powering small electronic devices to controlling complex industrial machinery. For example, a computer motherboard requires weak electricity to functionproperly, while a factory may use weak electricity to control the speed of a conveyor belt.Another important aspect of weak electricity is its ability to be transmitted over long distances without significant loss of power. This is because weak electricity is typically transmitted as a low voltage signal, which can be easily amplified and transmitted over long distances.Overall, weak electricity is a fascinating and important field of study, and I am excited to continue learning more about it in my future studies and career.中文：说到弱电，它指的是用于给电子设备供电的低电压电力，例如计算机、电视和手机。
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弱电系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：关于弱电系统的设计电力应用按照电力输送功率的强弱可以分为强电与弱电两类。
建筑及建筑群用电一般指交流220V50Hz及以上的强电。
主要向人们提供电力能源，将电能转换为其他能源，例如空调用电，照明用电，动力用电等等。
智能建筑中的弱电主要有两类，一类是国家规定的安全电压等级及控制电压等低电压电能，有交流与直流之分，交流36V以下，直流24V以下，如24V直流控制电源，或应急照明灯备用电源。
另一类是载有语音、图像、数据等信息的信息源，如电话、电视、计算机的信息。
一般情况下，弱电系统工程指第二类应用。
主要包括：1、电视信号工程，如电视监控系统，有线电视。
2、通信工程，如电话。
3、智能消防工程。
4、扩声与音响工程，如小区中背景音乐广播，建筑物中的背景音乐。
5、综合布线工程，主要用于计算机网络。
随着计算机技术的飞速发展，软硬件功能的迅速强大，各种弱电系统工程和计算机技术的完美结合，使以往的各种分类不再像以前那么清晰。
各类工程的相互融合，就是系统集成。
第一章有线电视系统的设计1.1 一般规定及设计原则1.1.1 一般规定根据《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ 16-2008，有线电视和卫星电视接收系统应符合下列规定：(1) 有线电视系统的设计应符合质量优良、技术先进、经济合理、安全适用的原则，并应与城镇建设规划和本地有线电视网的发展相适应。
(2) 系统设计的接收信号场强，宜取自实测数据。
当获取实测数据确有困难时，可采用理论计算的方法计算场强值。
(3) 在新建和扩建小区的组网设计中，宜以自设前端或子分前端、光纤同轴电缆混合网(HFC)方式组网，或光纤直接入(FTTH)。
网络宜具备宽带、双向、高速及三网融合功能。
(4) 系统设计除应符合本规范外，尚应符合现行国家标准《有线电视系统工程技术规范))GB 50200、《声音和电视信号的电缆分配系统》GB／T 6510及行业标准《有线广播电视系统技术规范》GY／T106的规定。
1.1.2 设计原则根据《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ 16-2008，有线电视系统应符合下列设计原则：(1) 有线电视系统规模宜按用户终端数量分为下列四类：A类：10000户以上；B类：2001—10000户；C类：301—2000户；D类：300户以下。
(2) 建筑物与建筑群光纤同轴电缆混合网(HFC)，宜由自设分前端或子分前端、二级光纤链路网、同轴电缆分配网及用户终端四部分组成，典型的网络拓扑结构宜符合图1．1的规定。
图1.1 HFC典型网络拓扑结构(3) 系统设计时应明确下列主要条件和技术要求：1）系统规模、用户分布及功能需求；2）接入的有线电视网或自设前端的各类信号源和自办节目的数量、类别；3）城镇的有线电视系统，应采用双向传输及三网融合技术方案；4）接收天线设置点的实测场强值或理论计算的信号场强值及有线电视网络信号接口参数；5）接收天线设置点建筑物周围的地形、地貌以及干扰源、气象和大气污染状况等。
1.2 线路敷设根据《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ 16-2008，有线电视系统线路敷设应符合下列规定：(1) 有线电视系统的信号传输线缆，应采用特性阻抗为75Ω的同轴电缆。
当选择光纤作为传输介质时，应符合广播电视短程光缆传输的相关规定。
重要线路应考虑备用路由。
(2) 室内线路的敷设应符合下列规定：1）新建或有内装饰的改建工程，采用暗导管敷设方式，在已建建筑物内，可采用明敷方式；2）在强场强区，应穿钢导管并宜沿背对电视发射台方向的墙面敷设。
本设计传输线路采用SYWV75-5同轴电缆，穿PC20的管沿墙或顶棚敷设。
第二章可视对讲系统的设计2.1 概述为了方便访客和居民的沟通必须设立可视对讲系统。
本系统是整个小区安全系统的一个重要子系统，将小区入口、中心、梯口、住家四者紧密联系在了一起，有效地防范外来人员自主进入小区及楼梯内，降低小区盗窃案件的发生，同时方便小区住户的出入。
可视对讲系统由楼宇电控防盗门附设电控门锁、闭门器、门口机和电源，室内机和管理机构成。
门口机是为来访者提供呼叫主人并与其通话的设备；室内机用于住户接收呼叫，主人可通过与来访者交谈或者同时看见来访者的形态相貌而确认来访者的身份，然后决定是否开门；而管理人员则通过管理及监控，管理全楼或者整个辖区的安全。
它可以为来访者与住户和管理者之间，提供联络的有效手段，配合出入口控制系统，大大提高了小区住宅的安全性。
2.2 系统结构和功能2.2.1 小区可视对讲系统设计的描述(1) 人员进入口分类：当外来人员进入小区时，需要在单元处的对讲主机门口机上呼叫住户，只有得到住户的同意之后并且由住户遥控开锁之后，方可进入；当是住户进入小区时，可以用钥匙打开单元门，直接进入楼梯，也可以通过密码或者门禁卡开锁；(2) 网络式结构：通过总线将住户室内分机连入在梯口的门口主机；各楼梯的门口主机引出电缆，接入设在小区入口的中心管理机，构成整个网络系统。
(3) 总体管理：中心管理机将管理所有的门口机，由门口机直接接到住户分机，中心管理机可以呼叫分机，分机也可直接呼叫管理中心机。
(4) 小区人口处：当保安人员发现有外来人员时可以通过管理中心呼叫住户，待其确认来访人员之后，方可允许外来人员进入小区内。
2.2.2 本对讲系统功能简介(1) 分机可对主机和报警管理中心呼叫；双向编解码；管理中心显示所呼叫号码（楼号及房号）；管理中心呼叫小区任意用户，采用总线制主机位码管理系统。
通过一条信号线就可从管理中心把小区多达64个主机串进网络之内。
(2) 用户分机需一根二芯信号线，无极性与模块连接，特别适合把分机直接交新楼住户自行安装，分机线路或分机故障将不影响系统使用。
(3) 分机号码无需在分机本身或模块上拨码式剪线，只需在主机上按已定程序从面板设定输入。
(4) 每个住户可使用单独的开锁密码，住户自动在键盘上更改开锁码，主机可多达256个开锁密码。
(5) 楼门口主机呼叫管理中心，管理中心可为所呼叫主机开锁。
(6) 用户可加接二次确认的门前机，主管理机可接四部副管理机。
(7) 查询打印所有存贮报警时间，地址(8) 查询、打印用户入口资讯并及时输入住人员变动情况。
(9) 报警呼叫时显示下传的用户方位及相关信息，电子地图显示用户建筑平面图及具体报警点、警情。
(10) 物业管理、建筑资料库信息查询。
(11) 管理主机应具有抢线功能。
(12) 住户分机应具有免挂机功能，分机没挂好不影响呼叫。
2.2.3 可视对讲系统方案及型材的选择(1) 根据设计要求选择对讲型或可视对讲型。
但传输系统一般均应按可视对讲型设计。
(2) 独立的单元式公寓或高层住宅楼的访客对讲系统，宜选择不联网系统。
智能化住宅小区应选用联网式访客对讲系统。
(3) 可视对讲型一般宜选黑白摄像系统，门口机应具有夜视功能，即具有红外线补光器，保证在夜间摄像清晰。
(4) 在要求较高的项目中，可视对讲宜选用彩色摄像系统。
(5) 对于每一户需要多个门口机和多台可视对讲分机的联网系统，应选择满足系统要求的相应设备。
(6) 对于单元式公寓宜选择带门禁管理功能的门口机，住户采用感应式IC 卡。
(7) 布线：1）室内布线：电源线与信号线应分开敷设，信号线应选择屏蔽线，导线截面宜为0.4mm2的线缆，但系统的传输距离大于300m时，线径要相应增大。
2）系统应具有线路故障报警功能和蓄电池低压检测报警功能。
本工程可视对讲系统在一层单元入口处至住宅入口处设单元对讲主机,住宅内每户户内设一可视对讲分机,来访者可通过可视对讲主机直接与户内通话,住宅内可通过室内分机控制对讲门的开启.本设计室外主机采用 GST-DJ6106,由 GST-18V2AY 提供一路18V电源，并且主机与电锁（DTIC控制器）相连接，室外主机通过层间分配器与室内分机GST-DJ6217 相连接，都与小区管理中心监视机联网，详见可视对讲系统图。
2.2.4 设备的安装电线电缆由室外埋地方式引入楼内并穿镀锌钢管保护，埋地深度为0.8m，主机和分机墙上暗装，距地1.4m，电磁锁装于门上，设备用电由公共用电提供。
各层接线盒采用86系列铁制接线盒，墙上暗装，距地1.8m，可视对讲分机接线盒采用86系列铁制接线盒，墙上暗装，距地1.4m。
各层电缆选用PC20管顶棚暗敷方式或墙内暗装。
第三章综合布线及电话系统设计3.1 概述综合布线系统运用先进的布线技术，提供结构化的布线，其开放性、灵活性、可靠性和安全性保证了建筑物在使用期间无需重新布线就可以满足现在乃至将来网络和通信技术的发展要求。
通常的综合布线系统主要针对语音和数据。
综合布线系统的设计必须全面考虑业主的需求以及未来技术发展的需要。
根据需求按照国家设计规范选用不同的电缆、电缆组合、信息插座、适配器及布线路由，对每一个子系统进行综合的考虑及独立的设计，既不能产生瓶颈，又不能有过多的冗余。
整个系统设计既需要考虑性能价格比，又要充分考虑未来的需求，综合布线不同于目前的电话通讯线路与计算机线路的简单相加，它是将整个小区的通讯线路融为一体，以便用户能更方便地利用通讯线路享受到现在与未来的多种服务。
根据《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ 16-2008，综合布线系统应符合下列一般规定：(1) 综合布线系统应根据各建筑物的性质、功能、环境条件和用户近期的实际使用及中远期发展的需求，确定系统的链路等级和进行系统配置。
(2) 综合布线系统应采用开放式星形拓扑结构，设计应满足建筑群或建筑物内语音、数据、图文和视频等信号传输的要求。
(3) 综合布线系统链路中选用的缆线、连接器件、跳线等性能和类别必须全部满足该链路等级传输性能的要求。
(4) 综合布线系统与公用通信网的连接，应满足电信业务经营者为用户提供业务的需求，并预留安装接入设备的位置。
(5) 综合布线系统设计除符合本规范规定外，尚应符合现行国家标准《综合布线系统工程设计规范》GB 50311的规定。
3.2 网络综合布线的设计一个好的综合布线系统需要考虑的，最重要的部分就是传输介质，介质直接影响带宽、传输速度和质量。
目前通常使用四种传输介质： STP、UTP、FTP、光缆。
(1) STP：一种全屏蔽电缆，具有较高的容量和较好的抗电磁干扰特性，过去曾广泛地用于数据传输。
但是它的成本高且施工难度大。
(2) UTP：UTP定义成非屏蔽双绞线，它对电磁干扰的唯一防护就是双绞线的平衡特性。
(3) FTP：一种新的布线系统标准，这就是FTP屏蔽双绞线。
它在四对双绞线外面包着一层铝的屏蔽层，通过屏蔽层和双绞线的平衡特性共同抵抗电磁干扰。
FTP结合了STP的技术优点和UTP易于安装的特性，是性能价格比最好的一种传输介质。
(4) 光缆：容量大，抗干扰性强，在宽带通信中得到广泛的应用。