2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

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2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition__1__manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__. __4__,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother. Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina trusting__9__:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who inhaledsomethingelse.__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester wouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling, andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__. Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them. Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__ tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired withthe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintainspare8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitableSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1 Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy, withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill befine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots. Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange, entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill inventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and reduceinequality. Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomi ngforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe indispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.cationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis on________.A.creativepotentialB.job-huntingskillsC.individualneedsD.cooperativespirit24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat________.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomationB.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestmentC.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoorD.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith________.A.opposingviewsonitB.possiblesolutionstoitC.itsalarmingimpactsD.itsmajorvariationsText2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe filteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform. MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016 presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe mediagiant. Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnight Foundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24 foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-check sourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythose thatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingo utopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded. Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedia ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement. Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake newsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesor factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews liesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia .Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin counteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna Group.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoiceson whentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast doubtson________.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpracticeB.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatformsC.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformationD.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews27.Thephrase"beerup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople________.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspaceB.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresourcesC.haveastrongsenseofresponsibilityD.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem is________.A.readersoutdatedvaluesB.journalists'biasedreportingC.readers'misinterpretationD.journalists'made-upstories30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineB.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendC.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMediaD.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsText3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading artificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthis workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackground thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS, whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin 2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccount ofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy. DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits ways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheN HS andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahas beencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn .Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost important.Ms.DenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust, sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely “processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalu e. Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedata thatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamage toanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthe waythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualthere gainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountless millionsmore. Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itis notenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivate monopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginning ofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic consequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureof digitalfeudalism.Ms.Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith______.A.emptypromisesB.toughresistanceC.necessaryadjustmentsD.sincereapologies33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that________.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcostsB.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingitC.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegalD.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal is________.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmasB.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylawC.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftwareD.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis______.A.ambiguousB.cautiousC.appreciativeD.contemptuousText4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearits expenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120 billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirement costs.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisina historicsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,and a regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits operationstothenewreality Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakers exertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimate overseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePost alService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisis whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital modernization. Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,th ePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinally agreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthroughthe HousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears, whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures. Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrate increaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstep wouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretiree healthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSand itsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughthe Senate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare, bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80 percentoftheagency'scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionof eliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoy swidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse. Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsare gettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapsea ttheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabout transformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby________.A.itsunbalancedbudgetB.itsrigidmanagementC.thecostfortechnicalupgradingD.thewithdrawalofbanksupport37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto________.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroupsB.theinadequatefundingfromCongressC.theshrinkingdemandforpostalserviceD.theincompetenceofpostalunions38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe addressedby________.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcareB.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehiclesC.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanismD.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith______.A.respectB.toleranceC.discontentD.gratitude40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDaysB.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheeseC.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCureD.ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-AidPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa coherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothe numberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.(10 points)[A]InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselect asiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsf ortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpecteda GreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheother sideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyle designbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.[B]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthe firsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin 1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwit hcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy Departmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewalland ceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeofthe Secretary.[C]TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown, housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimately associatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyin thelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe twentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasan internationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smost significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany historicevents.[D]ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls. TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD. Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bush allhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused 16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24Secretariesof State.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapanese emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe bombingofPearlHarbor.[E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsa uniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritage oftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury, AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowing staffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneof thebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.[F]Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildingin Washington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors. Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircase sofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecapped byfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.[G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswere laid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820 .Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)and overcrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasury BuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding. PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten neatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinary activityandachievementinthedrama.(46)Bythedateofhisbirth Europewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthe creationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyand comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsand performedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningto makethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalor medieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs, andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesire fordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhich gaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland. WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhouse wasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthis publicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschools orcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who, however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)Butthe professionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,and universitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheaters asofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewas twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreecehadmadecomediesthatwereat oncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit; andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommon stage—wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)A nativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublic playhouseestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeen begun. ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-five yearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthis briefperiod,wemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecay ofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtoday atthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundred thousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity, wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthat probablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived. SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions: Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampus,invitingthemto attendthegraduationceremony.Inyouremail,youshouldincludethe time,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET. e"LiMing"instead. (10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyour essay,youshould1)Describethepicturebriefly,2)Interpretthemeaning,and3)GiveyouranswerneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46.参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。

2019考研英语(一)真题(含答案及解析)

2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phone 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can`t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 :Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 ,even in dense forest, you should able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some[B] Most[C] Few[D] All2. [A] put[B] take[C] run[D] come3. [A] Since[B] If[C] Though[D] Until4. [A] formally[B] relatively[C] gradually[D] literally5. [A] back[B] next[C] around[D] away6. [A] onto[B] off[C] across[D] alone7. [A] unattractive[B] uncrowded[C] unchanged[D] unfamiliar8. [A] site[B] point[C] way[D] place9. [A] So[B] Yet[C] Instead[D] Besides10.[A] immediately[B] intentionally[C] unexpectedly[D] eventually11.[A] surprised[B] annoyed[C] frightened[D] confused12.[A] problem[B] option[C] view[D] result13.[A] Above all[B] In contrast[C] On average[D] For example14.[A] bridge[B] avoid[C] spot[D] separate15.[A] form[B] through[C] beyond[D] under16.[A] posts[B] links[C] shades[D] breaks17.[A] artificial[B] mysterious[C] hidden[D] limited18.[A] Finally[B] Consequently[C] incidentally[D] Generally19.[A] memories[B] marks[C] notes[D] belongings20.[A] restrict[B] adopt[C] lead[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpo se of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the[A]. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility[B]. help corporations achieve larger profits[C]. build a new system of financial regulation[D]. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate[A]. the conditions for generating quick profits[B]. governments’ impatience in decision-making[C]. the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]. “short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be[A]. indirect [B]. adverse [C]. minimal [D]. temporary24.The US and France examples and used to illustrate[A]. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.[B]. the significance of long-term thinking.[C]. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.[D]. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]. Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achi eve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public instituti ons, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A]. The change of course catalogs.[B]. Students’ indifference to GPAS.[C]. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.[D]. The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]. To increase universities' income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to[A]. obtain more financial support.[B]. boost their student enrollments.[C]. improve their teaching quality.[D]. meet local governments' needs.29.What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mea n?[A]. To counterbalance each other.[B]. To complement each other. [C].To be identical with each other.[D]. To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by[A]. assessing its feasibility.[B]. analyzing the causes behind it.[C]. comparing different views on it.[D]. listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develo p Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because i t[A]. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.[B]. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.[C]. involves some concerns raised by Al today.[D]. has sparked serious ethical controversies32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of c onsciousness[A]. helps explain artificial intelligence.[B]. can be misleading to robot making.[C]. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.[D].is too limited for us to reproduce it33.T he solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles[A]. can hardly ever be found.[B].is still beyond our capacity.[C]. causes little public concern.[D]. has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of[A]. affirmation[B]. skepticism.[C]. contempt[D]. respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants[B]. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al[C]. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable[D]. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the pre vious decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited state’' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-stat e sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday will[A]. Dette business’ revolutions with states[B]. put most online business in a dilemma[C]. make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D]. force some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decision[A]. have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B]. have cost consumers a lot over the years[C]. were widely criticized by online purchases[D]. were consider unfavorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule has[A]. hindered economic development .[B]. brought prosperity to the country[C]. harmed fair market competition[D]. boosted growth in states’ revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling[A]. Internet enterpreneurs [B]. Big-chair owners[C]. Third-party sellers [D]. Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the a uthor[A]. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B]. describes the long and complicated process of its making [C].presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D]. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B.Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the oppsite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their r eplies.D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why somany people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer p eople for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41. →42.→ F→ 43. → 44.→ C→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and impor tant question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when takenup by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.47)Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publication or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：Suppose you are working for the “Aiding rural Primary School” project of your university write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly2)interpret the meaning and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points )2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1、【答案】C. Few 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

2019考研英语(一)考试大纲

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲I. 考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一) 语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2. 词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二) 语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1) 理解主旨要义;2) 理解文中的具体信息;3) 理解文中的概念性含义;4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8) 区分论点和依据。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019 年版)

2019英语一考试大纲全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019年版)I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)区分论点和依据。

2019年考研英语真题答案及解析

【考点】句内语义+动词短语搭配。
【解析】空格所在句意为：但是手机________电池，而电池耗尽的速度会比我们意识到的更快。“空
格动词+on”需体现“手机”与“电池”的关系，由句首 But（体现上下文语义转折：手机功能固然强
大，但一切最终取决于电池）以及常识“手机是依靠电池提供能量才得以运转”可以判断[C] run 正确，
度副词 well（大大地，远远地）修饰，意为“完全偏离路线/迷路”，故[B] off 符合文意。
7. [A] unattractive 无吸引力的；不好的
[B] uncrowded 不拥挤的
[C] unchanged 未改变过的
[D] unfamiliar 不熟悉的，不了解的
【答案】D
【考点】形容词辨析。
10.[A] immediately 即刻，马上；立即
[B] intentionally 故意地，蓄意地
[C] unexpectedly 出人意料地
[D] eventually 终于，最终
【答案】D
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】句子结构 if...,you should...（如果……，你应该会……；此处 should 用于“表示预期”，指
“应该会、可能”）明确“条件结果”的句内逻辑，即主句中“看到人的迹象”是从句中条件“朝
下坡方向走”达成的结果，选项中符合文意的只有[D] eventually，该词强调“（经过一番困难后）最终”，
符合“一路向下、同时不断追寻水源”的语境。
词汇注释与难句分析
trail 【乡间或森林里的】小路；痕迹；踪迹 downhill 下坡的
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。

2019年考研英语二真题及答案详解

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. Butphones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizonfor 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2020-2021考研英语一真题及答案解析

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don the ANSWER SHEET.(IO points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions:the Sunday roast.l a cold winter's day,few culinary pleasures can l it.Yet as we report now,the food police are determined our health.That this_J should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure4to damage our healthThe Food Standards Authority(FSA)has i a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked high temperatures.This means that people should l crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alam邯t advice?2studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no l Q evidence that it causes cancer in humansScientists say the compound is ll_to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof lLthe precautionary pnnc1ple it could be argued that it is l1_to follow the FSA advice.l4,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a12Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be lLup on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wme But would life be worth living?l1,the FSA says it1s not telling people to cut out roast foods18,but reduce their lifetime intake However its19nsks commg a cross as bemg pushy and overprotective Constant health scares Just2.Q_with no one listeningI[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till2[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence3[A]patience[B]enJoyment[C]surpnse[D]concem4[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed5[A]1ssued[B]rece1ved[C]1gnored[D]cancelled6[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by7[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avmd8[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially9[A]Unless[B]Smce[C]If[D]WhileIO[A]secondary[B]extemal[C]conclusive[D]negative11[A]msuffic1ent[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow12[A]On the basis of[B]At the cost of[C]In addition to[D]In contrast to13[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate14[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]A仆er all15[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattem16[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used17[A]To be fair[B]For mstance[C]To be brief[D]In general18.[A]reluctantly19.[A]promise20.[A]follow up [B]entirely[B]expenence[B]pick up[C]gradually[C]campaign[C]open up[D]carefully[D]competition[D]end upPart ASection II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture"award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in2017and has been awarded to Coventry for2021.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in立20m of investment and an avalanche of arts,ought not to be confined to cities Britain'town,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobsSome might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in1990and Liverpool in2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture,who knows that will follow—village of culture?Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run"year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the con皿unity.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today A"town of culture"could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a"town of culture"award could[A]consolidate the town-city ties in Britain[B]promote cooperation among Britain's towns[C]increase the economic strength of Britain's towns[D]focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events22.According to Paragraph2,the proposal might be regarded by some as[A]a sensible compromise [C]an eye-cotching bonus [B]a self-deceiving attempt [D]an inaccessible target23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it[A]endeavours to maintain its image.[B]meets the aspirations of its people[C]brings its local arts to prommence[D]commits to its long-term growth24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph3to present[A]a contrasting case [C]a background story [B]a supporting example [D]a related topic25.What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A]Skeptical[B]Objective[C]FavourableText2[D]CriticalScientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need journals in which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledgeWith the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than£900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than立10m in2016to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research:both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change themThe most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participantsIn Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms:either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general releaseYet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around£500to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these"article preparation costs"had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power26.Scientific publishing is seen as"a licence to print money"partly because[A]its content acquisition costs nothing [C]its payment for peer review is reduced [B]its marketing strategy has been successful [D]its funding has enjoyed a steady mcrease27.According to Paragraphs2and3,scientific publishers Elsevier have[A]financed researchers generously [C]revived the publishing industry [B]gone through an existential cns1s [D]thrived mainly on university libraries28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A]Relieved[B]Concerned[C]Puzzled[D]Encouraged29.It can be learned from Paragraphs5and6that open access terms[A]free universities from financial burdens [C]reduce the cost of publication substantially [B]render publishing much easier for scientists [D]allow publishers some room to make money30.Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A]Trial subscription is offered [C]The few feed on the many [B]Labour triumphs over status [D]Costs are well controlled Text3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average peopleA pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure"gender parity"on boards and commissions,provide a case in pointHaddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40percent female.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities.they have proposed imposing government quotas.If the bills become law,state boards and con皿issions will be required to set aside50percent of board seats for women by2022The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California,which last year became the first state to reqmre gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure.California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutionalThe US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an"important" policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of"equal protection"But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently ml订or the percentage of women in the general population.but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference According to a study by Catalyst,between20IO and2015the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by54percentRequiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quotaWriting in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt"phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boardsNext time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will[A]help little to reduce gender bias [C]raise women's position in politics [B]pose a threat to the state government [D]greatly broaden career options32.Which of the following is true of the California measure?[A]It has irritated private busmess owners [C]It may go against the Constitution [B]It is welcomed by the Supreme Court [D]It will settle the prior controversies33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate[A]the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B]the importance of constitutional guarantees[C]the pressure on women in global corporations.[D]the needlessness of government interventions34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to[A]the underestimation of elite women's role[B]the objection to female participation on boards[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board[D]the growing tension between labor and management35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A]Women's need in employment should be considered[B]Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking[C]Everyone should try hard to promote social justice[D]Major social issues should be the focus of legislationText4Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data,and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have refe订ed to this as a "GAF A tax,"meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon—in other words,multinational tech companies based in the United States。

2019考研英语一真题及参考答案

2019考研英语一真题及参考答案Introduction:The2019English exam paper for the Graduate Record Examination (GRE)contains a variety of questions that test the candidates1understanding and proficiency in the English language.This article will provide an overview of the exam,as well as a detailed analysis of the questions and suggested answers.Let's explore the exam together.Section1:Reading ComprehensionIn this section,candidates are required to read several passages and answer questions based on the content.The passages cover a wide range of topics,including literature,history,science,and social issues.Here are the summaries of the passages:Passage1:The Influence of Technology on EducationThis passage discusses the impact of technology on the educational system.It highlights the advantages and challenges of incorporating technology into classrooms,such as increasing access to educational resources while facing concerns about distractions and privacy issues.Passage2:The Benefits of BilingualismThe second passage explores the benefits of being bilingual.It emphasizes the positive effects of bilingualism on cognitive ability,as well as the advantages it brings to individuals in the job market and intercultural communication.Passage3:The Importance of SleepThis passage focuses on the significance of sleep.It examines the effects of sleep deprivation on individuals1physical and mental health,as well as the importance of establishing healthy sleep patterns and routines.Section2:Sentence Equivalence and Text CompletionThis section tests candidates1vocabulary and grammar skills.It requires them to complete sentences with appropriate words or select words that are equivalent in meaning to a given word.Here are two examples:Sentence Equivalence:The widespread use of social media has both and negative effects on society.Possible answers:positive,beneficial,detrimentalText Completion:The company's success can be attributed to its strong and innovative products.Possible answers:leadership,teamwork,marketing strategiesSection3:Analytical WritingThe analytical writing section prompts candidates to write an essay expressing their opinion or analyzing a given argument.It requires clear and logical thinking,as well as effective writing skills.Here are the two topics: Essay1:Discuss the pros and cons of online shopping.Suggested structure:introduction,advantages of online shopping, disadvantages of online shopping,conclusion.Essay2:Analyze the argument that public transportation should be free for all citizens.Suggested structure:introduction,argument analysis,supporting examples,counterarguments,conclusion.Conclusion:In conclusion,the2019GRE English exam assesses candidates1 comprehensive understanding of the language through reading comprehension,sentence equivalence,text completion,and analytical writing sections.By understanding the format and content of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves and improve their chances of success.Good luck to all future GRE test-takers!。

2019年考研英语一真题答案及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1、【答案】C.Few【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。

本句有without 与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few(几乎没有人)，符合文意。

2、【答案】C.run【试题考点】词组搭配【解析】此题考查词组搭配。

run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。

其他选项：Put on(穿上;使运转);take on(承担;呈现);come on(快点;开始)，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[C] run。

3、【答案】B.If【试题考点】逻辑关系【解析】此题考查逻辑关系。

空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处为假设的情况，故填入if(如果)符合上下文的表达。

其余选项：Since(因为;自从),though(虽然),until(直到)带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[B]If。

4、【答案】D.literally【试题考点】词义辨析【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。

其余选项：Formally(正式地)，relatively(相对地)，gradually(逐渐地)带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D]literally.5、【答案】A.back【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）真题答案19考研今天已经落下帷幕，不管怎样都先为自己鼓个掌，接下来已经考完的同学也可以安心对答案了，超详细的英一答案无忧考网已备好，一起来看看吧2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题解析Section ⅠUse of English1. C. Few2. C. run3. B. If4. D. literally5. A.back6. B. off7. D. unfamiliar8. C.way9. A. So10. D. eventually11. A. surprised12. B. option13. D. For example14. C. spot15. B. through16. D. breaks17. A. artificial18. D. Finally19. B. marks20. C. leadSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 121 A. enhance banks’sense of responsibility22 D. "short-termism" in economic activities23 B. adverse24 C. the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 B. patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D. The influence of consumer culture.27 A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning28 A. A obtain more financial support29 C. to be identical with each other.30 B.analyzing the causes behind it.Text 331 C. involves some concerns raised by AI today32 D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B. is still beyond our capacity34 A. affirmation35 C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableText 436 C. make more online shopper pay sales tax37 D. were considered unfavorable by states38 D. harmed fair market competition39 B. Big- chain owners40 D. cites some cases related to it and analyses their implicationsPart B 本篇新题型属于排序题。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语一真题及答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishPeopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atf irstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabi litytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywe reworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeone toprison7 hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdep endonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas1 1.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numero usfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGradua teManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononw hethertoaccepthimorher.Dr.Simonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsor morehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075poi nts.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointst hanwouldotherwisehavebeen 20 .1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]external4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpfulText1Inthe2019filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattr activeassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther,Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecol oroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebar gainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverish wouldbedescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastd ecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttot rendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,m orefrequentrelease,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasd isposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeev eryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfas hioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitmini skirtinallits2,300-piusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumes thatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheO mnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableand wasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperper son–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont, whosince2019hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumo ntdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironme nt–includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffe ctedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorin energy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher[A]poorbargainingskill.[B]insensitivitytofashion.[C]obsessionwithhighfashion.[D]lackofimagination.22.AccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumersto[A]combatunnecessarywaste.[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.23.Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto[A]accusation.[B]enthusiasm.[C]indifference.[D]tolerance.24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret.Text2Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.In theinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,cl ickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinfor mation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldthe yhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2019America'sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga"donottrack"(DNT)option tointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft's InternetExplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarythe FTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTr equests.OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wo uldhaveDNTasadefault.Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptrack ing,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.Unabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavio uraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanywa y.AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcom plywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostw hollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thought hefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch, Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreal lybethatsimple?。

2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及参考答案

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2.As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of4the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these9, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to11my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and12any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in14to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly15and dropping weight, this is a16that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.[A]Besides [B]Therefore [C]Otherwise [D]However2.[A]helps [B]cares [C]warns [D]reduces3.[A]initially [B]solely [C]occasionally [D]formally4.[A]recording [B] lowering [C]explaining [D]accepting5.[A]modify [B]set [C]review [D]reach6.[A]definition [B]depiction [C]distribution [D]prediction7.[A]due to [B]regardless of [C]aside from [D]along with8.[A]orderly [B]rigid [C]precise [D]immediate9.[A]claims [B]judgments [C]reasons [D]methods10.[A]instead [B]though [C]again [D]indeed11.[A]track [B]overlook [C] conceal [D]report12.[A]depend on [B]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for13.[A]share [B]adjust [C]confirm [D] prepare14.[A]results [B]features [C]rules [D]tests15.[A]bored [B]anxious [C]hungry [D]sick16.[A]principle [B]secret [C]belief [D]sign17.[A]request [B]necessity [C]decision [D]wish18.[A]disappointing [B]surprising [C]restricting [D]consuming19.[A]if because [B]unless [C]until [D]consuming20. [A]obsessing [B]dominating [C]puzzling [D]triumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say“I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.A)regulate a child's basic emotionsB)improve a child's intellectual abilityC)foster a child’s moral developmentD)intensity a child's positive feelings22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.A)deceptiveB)burdensomeC)addictiveD) deception23. Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.A)emotions are context-independentB)emotions are socially constructiveC)emotional stability can benefit healthD)an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can result from either sympathy or guiltC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _______.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the larder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks”long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fine, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030- financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,”the author implies that _______.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,”we may need to _______.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young treesC. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _______.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.B.To carry it out before the year of 2020.C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D.To obtain enough financial support.30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as _______.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yer, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive corps,such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workersC. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .A. slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Amold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you. It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World EnvironmentDay—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. One their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of“moral licensing”that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably, rather than as“citizens”hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37.The author is concerned that “moral licensing”mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out out identity “citizens”, the author indicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. We have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our government to lead the combat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost-effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA.can be too aggressiveB. can be too inconsistentC. are far from sufficientD. are far from rationalPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little one aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’views weigh heavily on parents’real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,”he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home—but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.”Hampson said.The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,”he said.“HGTV has seriouslychanged how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said. Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,”Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.A.remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.41.Ryan Hooper B.says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.42. Adam Bailey C. advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.43. Tracey Hampson D. thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.44. Aaron Norris E. notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.45.Julie Gurner F. believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.G. assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.”Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to pupular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it,“having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email toSuppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of traffic. Write him an email to1) Suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) Tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.Do not use your one name. Use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points)Part B48. Directions: Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计Use of English1.[答案]【D】However2.[答案]【A】helps3.[答案]【B】solely4.[答案]【B】lowering5.[答案]【D】reach6.[答案]【B】depiction7.[答案]【A】due to8.[答案]【D】immediate9.[答案]【C】reasons10.[答案]【A】instead11.[答案]【A】track12.[答案]【D】account for13.[答案]【B】adjust14.[答案]【A】results15.[答案]【C】hungry16.[答案]【D】sign17.[答案]【C】decision18.[答案]【A】disappointing19.[答案]【A】because20.[答案]【A】obsessingText 121.【答案】[C]foster a child’s moral development22.【答案】[B]burdensome23.【答案】[D]an emotion can play opposing roles24.【答案】[B]can result from either sympahty or guilt25.【答案】[D]wrongdoingsText 226.【答案】[D]forests may become a potential threat27.【答案】[D]lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28.【答案】[B]reduce the density of some of its forests29.【答案】[A]To handle the areas in serious danger first30.【答案】[C]supportiveText 331.【答案】[C]Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers.32.【答案】[D]the aging of immigrant farm workers33【答案】[B]To get native U.S. workers back to farming.34【答案】[A]slow graning procedures.35【答案】[B]Import Food or Labor?Text 436.【答案】B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics37.【答案】B. prevent us from making further efforts38.【答案】D. We should press our governmental to lead the combat.39.【答案】D. a top down process40.【答案】C. are far from sufficientText541. [A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children42. [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decision43. [C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions44. [G] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media45. [F] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.46.我们很容易低估英国作家吉米·哈利。

2019年全国硕士统考英语一真题及答案解析

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land..When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you maybe 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial. [B] mysterious. [C] hidden. [D] limited18. [A] Finally. [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks. [C] notes. [D] belongings20. [A] restrict. [B] adopt.. [C] lead. [D] exposeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant ofclassical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest inlong-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economics activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe__________.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the ap proaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents exp ect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students’ indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments’ needs29.What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly a s sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executi ve of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned bec ause itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themsel ves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results insig nificant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide b ecause they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. TheSmall Busin ess & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business’ relutions with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. forces some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC. Third-party sellers.D. Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: thatfull-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2019考研英语（一）真题答案及解析Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。

2019考研英语一真题及答案解析

2019考研英语一真题及答案解析IntroductionThe 2019 Graduate Entrance Examination in English (GEE) is an important test for students who wish to pursue postgraduate studies in China. This article aims to provide an analysis of the GEE English Paper 1, including the questions and their corresponding answers.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe Listening Comprehension section in the 2019 GEE English Paper 1 consisted of multiple-choice questions based on different audio clips. The topics covered a wide range of subjects such as academic lectures, interviews, and casual conversations. The purpose of this section was to evaluate candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionThe Reading Comprehension section included a total of four passages, each followed by several questions. The passages covered different topics, including social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. The questions required candidates to demonstrate their understanding of the main ideas, supporting details, and logical structures of the passages.Section 3: TranslationThe Translation section aimed to test candidates' ability to accurately translate English sentences into Chinese. It required a good command of both English and Chinese languages, as well as the ability to comprehend and convey the meanings and intentions of the original texts.Section 4: WritingThe Writing section required candidates to compose an essay on a given topic within a limited time frame. In the 2019 GEE English Paper 1, the essay prompt was centered around the impacts of technological advancements on society. Candidates were expected to present a clear argument, provide supporting evidence, and demonstrate their ability to express ideas coherently and concisely.Answer Analysis1. Listening ComprehensionThe listening section contained various audio clips with different speakers and contexts. To excel in this section, candidates needed to practice active listening and familiarize themselves with different English accents and intonations. Additionally, paying attention to keywords and understanding the relationships between different ideas in the audio clips would greatly help in selecting the correct answers.2. Reading ComprehensionThe reading section required candidates to read and comprehend complex passages efficiently. To succeed in this section, using skimming and scanning techniques to identify the main ideas and key details was crucial. Furthermore, understanding the logical structure of the passages and recognizing the writer's tone and attitude helped in answering questions accurately.3. TranslationThe translation section aimed to evaluate candidates' language proficiency in both English and Chinese. To excel in translation, candidates needed to have a solid understanding of grammar, vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances of both languages. Practicing translation exercises and being familiar with common translation pitfalls would also contribute to achieving a high score in this section.4. WritingIn the writing section, candidates were required to develop a well-organized and coherent argumentative essay. To excel in this section, candidates needed to carefully analyze the essay prompt, develop a clear thesis statement, and provide relevant supporting evidence. It was important to structure the essay logically, use appropriate transitions, and proofread the final draft to ensure accuracy and fluency in writing.ConclusionThe 2019 GEE English Paper 1 was a comprehensive test that evaluated candidates' listening comprehension, reading comprehension, translation, and writing skills. Succeeding in each section required different strategies such as active listening, efficient reading, accurate translation, and effective writing techniques. By understanding the examination format and dedicating sufficient time for practice and preparation, candidates could improve their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in the GEE.。

2019考研英语(一)真题参考答案(完整版)

Second, each teacher is required to have office hours for questions from students, four hours a week, from Monday to Friday. I am sure that you would have a good time and make many new friends here. All of the teachers here are caring persons and this experience is expected to be an enjoyable journey and a good memory for you later. Please contact me immediately if there is any question. Best wishes to you. Yours sincerely, Li Ming
The influence of consumer culture To help freshmen adapt to college learning obtain more financial support to be identical with each other analyzing the causes behind it
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A
Text 1 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B Text 2 26. D 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. C enhance banker's sense of responsibility "short-termism" in economic activities adverse the approaches to promoting "long-termism" Patience as a Corporate Virtue

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2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析供稿：万学海文教研中心英语教研室【答案及解析】Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。

Few [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。

本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。

2、[答案]C。

run [试题考点]词组搭配[解析]此题考查词组搭配。

run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。

其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[C] run。

3、[答案]B。

If [试题考点]逻辑关系[解析]此题考查逻辑关系。

空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处为假设的情况，故填入if （如果）符合上下文的表达。

其余选项：Since （因为；自从），though （虽然），until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[B] If。

4、[答案]D。

literally [试题考点]词义辨析[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。

其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D] literally。

5、[答案]A。

back [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

前文讲lost（迷路），此处填入back（回到）文明之地相互呼应，故正确答案为[A] back。

6、[答案][B] off [试题考点]词义辨析和词组搭配[解析]此处考察词义辨析和词组搭配。

空格所在句的句意为：当你____路径，但不是完全______的区域，你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域，哪儿条路是下坡？哪儿里有最近的水源？通过后半句的问题，能够了解到前面是当你偏离轨道，迷失踪迹的时候。

B选项off （远离，离开）符合语义要求；A 选项onto（在。

之上），C选项across（穿过，横穿），D选项alone（独自地，单独地）带入空格后，语义不通顺，均排除。

故正确答案为B选项off。

7、[答案][D] unfamiliar [试题考点] 词义辨析[解析]此处考察词义辨析。

空格所在句的前一句说迷失踪迹，偏离轨道。

空格所在的后半句but开头，所填入的形容词词需要和前面构成转折的逻辑关系，虽然偏离轨道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。

只有D选项unfamiliar（不熟悉的，不常见的）符合要求；A选项unattractive（不吸引人的），B选uncrowded（不拥挤的，宽敞的），C选项unchanged（未改变的，无变化的）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D]unfamiliar。

8、[答案][C] way [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]此处考察词义辨析和上下文语境。

空格所在句的句意：你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域，哪儿个_____是下坡？哪儿里有最近的水源？空格处所需的名词需要符合上下文语境。

C选项way（道路）符合语义要求；A选项site（地点，位置，场所），B选项point（要点），D选项place（地方，地点）带入空格后，语义不通顺，均排除。

故正确答案为C选项way。

9、[答案][A] So [试题考点]逻辑关系[解析]此处考察词逻辑关系。

空格所在句的前一句指出：生活在山谷中的人，基本都靠淡水为生。

后面也就是空格所在句：_______如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的迹象。

很明显空格处所填入的连词和前面构成因果的逻辑关系，只有A选项So（所以，因此）符合要求；B选项Yet（但是，然而），C选Instead（代替，反而），D选项Besides（此外，而且）带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[A]So。

10、[答案][D] eventually [试题考点]词义辨析[解析]此处考察词义辨析。

空格所在句的句意：所以如果你下山，沿着你找到的水一直走，你______会看到人类的迹象。

，空格处所需的副词需要符合本句语境并是句子语义通顺。

D选项eventually （最后，终于）符合语义要求；A选项immediately（立即，立刻），B选项intentionally（故意地，有意地），C选项unexpectedly（意外地，出乎意料地）带入空格后，语义不通顺，均排除。

故正确答案为D选项eventually。

11、[答案]A。

surprised[解析]空格所在句提到：If you’ve explored the area before，keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be surprised how quickly spotting a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings（如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或许会____快速识别出一块特征明显的岩石或树木能帮助你恢复记忆）。

此句明显体现了积极褒义的感情色彩，根据这个线索，可直接确定A选项surprised为正确答案，即：你或许会感到惊讶。

12、[答案]B。

option[解析]本文第一段提到：“如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路了，而且你真的找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你回到文明社会”。

空格所在处提到：另一个___：登到高处寻找有人类住所的标志，因此此处的another__应该与tricks构成总分关系，即，空格处所填的名词应与tricks语义相近。

只有B选项option（选择，办法）符合要求。

13、[答案]D。

For example[解析]根据选项特征得知，本题属于句间逻辑关系题，因此需要根据空格前后两句话之间的语义关系来选择。

空格前提到“另一个办法就是登高来寻找有人类居住的标志”，关键词为：look for signs；空格后提到“在茂密森林里，你应该能够发现由于道路、电缆、火车轨道和人们在树林中开辟的其他道路而造成的树木之间的空隙”，关键词为：spot gaps。

而look for与spot语义相近，signs为抽象名词，gaps为具体名词，因此空格前后表是例证关系或总分关系，故D选项for example（例如）为正确答案。

14、[答案]C。

spot[解析]该题需结合第13题来选择。

本题空格所在句是对前面句子的例证，故主题一致，因此空格处需填入的动词需和look for语义相近，故选择spot（识别，发现）。

15、[答案]B。

through[解析]空格处需填入介词来和前面的动词carve及后面的名词woods构成顺畅的语义搭配。

Carve____woods：在森林中开辟道路，B选项through用法最恰当，故为正确答案。

16、[答案][D] breaks [试题考点]上下文语义衔接+词义辨析[解析]本题空前有一个指示代词these，通过语义，“these 16 ”指代上文的“roads，train tracks，andother paths”，并由定语从句“people carve through the woods”（人们在森林中开辟的……）修饰。

从语义上来看，breaks最合适。

17、[答案][A] artificial [试题考点]上下文语义衔接+词义辨析[解析] 本空所处的句子“scan …for 17 light sources”，与本段开头“look for sign of human habitation ”结构一致，语义相关，空格处所填形容词和human意思相近，选择artificial “人造的”。

除此之外，17题后面“such as fires and streetlights，”所列举的两种光源的共同特点就是artificial。

18、[答案][D] Finally [试题考点]上下文逻辑[解析] 本空位于段首，并由逗号隔开，所以考察上下段落逻辑。

空后为条件状语从句“assuming you ”，与上文的“If you”构成顺接递进关系，选项中，只用finally表顺接。

19、[答案][B] marks [试题考点]上下文语义+词义辨析[解析]空后的定语从句“we leave on the landscape”，由语义得知此处应该填“标记”，所以选marks。

20、[答案][C] lead [试题考点]上下文语义+动词辨析[解析]本空主要考察语义搭配，所填动词需要与主语“tire blazes，tire tracks and other fearures”（轮胎，轮胎痕迹和其他标记），宾语you，以及不定式to civilization （文明）之间构成完整语义，所以此处填lead“引导”最合适。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、[答案]A enhance banks’sense of responsibility[解析]根据题干可知这是一道典型的细节题。

根据题干关键词“paragraph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”回文定位在第一段第三句“The main purpose of this‘clawback’rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions。

”（这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任），对比所给四个选项，只有A项enhance banks’sense of responsibility （增加银行的责任感）与原文表述一致，故为正确答案。

B项“help corporations achieve profits”（帮助公司获得利润）以及C 项“build a new system of financial regulation”（建立新的金融监管体系）在原文中并未提及。