第二讲 英语翻译 谓语的确定
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
我常去北京。 I often go to Beijing. 他常去上海。 He often goes to Shanghai. 他昨天去了常州。 He went to Changzhou yesterday. 从这三个例子看出，汉语的谓语无形态变化， 而英语的谓语有变化。
英译时谓语的确定
1 谓语确定应充分、贴切传达愿意； 中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
4、名词优势造成介词优势
He is at his books. 他在读书。 The machine is in operation. 机器正在运转。
英汉语言宏观对比
5、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义 You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。
He is out. 他出去了。
英汉语言宏观对比
汉语的动态倾向表现在：
1、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子) 他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) We asked her to sing. 2、动词(词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语) They enjoy traveling by train.
句子的英译 主语和谓语的确定 翻译理论方法
例9．目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远 的社会和经济改革。 • At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.
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• 不是所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的 情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如：
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1） 把汉语原文的宾语确定为英 语译文的主语
• 宾语是动作所及的对象，常常是人或者物。 • 在翻译中，我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语
来充当英语译文的主语。 • 但是，在这种情况下，一般需要用英语的
被动句式来翻译。
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例7． 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观 念的理解都需要智慧。
• Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
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例6：推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维 护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民 在新世纪的三大历史任务。
• To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard the world peace and promote the common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.
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例4：如今我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家 常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐 食品。
句子翻译(二)谓语确定、主被动转换
两个难点
1. 汉语连动式翻译 2. 汉语兼语式翻译
1 连动式翻译方法
1.1 译为并列句，或复合/复杂句 (连动动词 保留原来谓语的位置） 1.2 一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为分词结 构 1.3一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为不定式 1.4一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为介词短 语 1.5一个译为核心谓语，另一个转为其它词 类（略）
亦见于古汉语中 用“见”表被动 “……徒见欺”（……白白地被欺骗） 用“于”表被动 “受制于人”（被人控制） “不能容于远近。”（不能被邻里所容）
B．无被动指示词
中华人民共和国已宣告成立。 The founding of PRC was proclaimed. 马路两旁是整齐的梧桐树。 The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced plane trees. 他也佩服小李的见解。 He was struck with admiration at Xiao Li’s suggestions.
2.3 转为名词性短语
老师表扬他学习努力让很多学生很不满。 The teacher’s praise for his hard working displeased many students. 他反对我们进行调查说明他卷入了这起丑 闻当中。 His objection to our investigation indicates that he has been involved in this scandal.
1.4 另一个转为介词短语
他已于昨晚乘飞机去了上海。 He has left for Shanghai by plane last night.
汉英翻译中谓语的确定
谓语的选择一、英汉谓语的比较? 英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。
? 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系。
? 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个，多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。
二、单个谓语的翻译? 如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。
? 1、这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。
? - This incident showed that he was dishonest.? 根据主语，这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。
? 2、农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。
? Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots.? 从逻辑上分析，原文主语实际上是创造对象，创造的主体是“人”，因此译文变更了谓语动词，使主语和谓语构成符合逻辑的搭配，并增补people 一词。
当然，此句也能译成被动句：? Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.? 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
? －China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*)? -The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.? 分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。
后种译法以“时间”为主语，以“find”为谓语，是比较典型的“无灵主语句”。
二、根据动宾搭配确定谓语? 动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们就需要重新选择谓语。
汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定
Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
句子翻译之谓语确定
英汉谓语之比较
英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当； She was smiling. He likes translation. They have become health-conscious. John is at home. We gave him advice. We consider that plan wonderful. He has put the salt on the table. The children might have been playing in the garden. I agree with you on that point. In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.
学校教育不仅要抓智育，更要重视德育。 Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.
2 汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来
大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。 Already, the university’s role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized. 我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。 Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful. 他在会上说的话非常正确，非常有说服力。 What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive. 他们ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。 They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定
2. 这一证书课程分三年学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.
2 重新确定主语
由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯 存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对 应地转换英语中。在许多情况下，我们需 要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文 流畅，语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨 (sycophancy or obsequiousness )。 --Lu Xun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness. (没有表达比喻的实际意义) --Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
谓语动词选择
一． 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一 致
1.
在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。 Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.
翻译 谓语的确定PPT课件
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4. 书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered．
谓语的多主动式VS多被动式
1. The problem has been solved. 2. It is generally considered not
advisable to act that way. 3. Measures have to be taken to
control the water pollution. 4. There will be a Teaching Symposium
主语为 “人们”、“大家”等，或者句中含有 “据传”、“据悉”等字眼，译文的谓语常用以 “it” 为形式主语的被动句式； 5. 谓语要符合英语表达习惯和语体特征。 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当
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主谓一致+时态+语气
1. 他过去的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论什么 时候你都不会忘记。
at 2：00 p. m. tomorrow．All the faculty is expected to attend．
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确定谓语的原则
1. 谓语要和主语保持人称、数的一致； 2. 谓语要明示汉语隐含的时态、情态和语气； 3. 原文若为有/无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动
式作谓语； 4. 若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的
第二讲：汉译英的特点与翻译
他妻子拿着一个盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟她 说。 He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate.
看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。 译文1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon. 译文2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by panic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic. 译文3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic.
6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuracies The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, readable. 4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuracies half, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadable 2-1 Poor translation less than half Almost all sentences contain errors of… For the most part, unreadable
第二讲 英语翻译 谓语的确定
Ex2. 现在，连我们也欠啊！ a. Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears. b. Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time. Ex3.（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化,） 他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。 a. Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride. b. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
Ex3. 河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是 该是 村女种的罢。 村女种的 The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls. Ex4. 关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府 给予了充分重视。 a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
Ex2. （颐和园）1900 年遭八国联军破坏，（至 1903年才得以修复）。 a. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. b. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. Ex3. 她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐镇定下来，有 了自信。 a. They gradually calmed down, restored selfconfidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.
汉译英之谓语的选择
a cold kang. • 103例患者中，(包括)急性排斥反应32例，慢性排斥反应25
例，肾炎复发30例，其他9例。 • The 103 cases of renal allograft biopsy include 32 cases of acute
on energetically in our country.
精品资料
• 脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是源自明朝的故事。 • The White Snake, one of the most popular traditional Peking
operas, is bfrom the Ming Dynasty. • 意大利著名旅游家马可·波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：
动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的 动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我 们就需要重新选择谓语。
秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国。 QinShihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC.
精品资料
一.应该在人称(rénchēng)和数上与 主语一致
1. 乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。 The prosperity of township enterprises is the inevitable
outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
我常去北京。 I often go to Beijing. 他常去上海。 He often goes to Shanghai. 他昨天去了常州。 He went to Changzhou yesterday. 从这三个例子看出，汉语的谓语无形态变化， 而英语的谓语有变化。
英译时谓语的确定
1 谓语确定应充分、贴切传达愿意； 中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
英汉语言宏观对比
3、汉语动词常常重复或重叠 要吃有吃，要穿有穿。 You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
汉语的谓语也是句子中的重要成分，但汉语 的谓语除了用动词充当，还可以用形容词、 名词或其他词语充当。 他买了一本书。 他是江苏人。 小王今年29岁。 南京的秋天很美。 我的老师今天不在学校。
在英语句子中，作谓语的动词对句子其他成 分的形式和句子结构有很大影响。谓语受 主语支配，在人称和数上必须和主语一致。 He has put the salt( them) on the table. 汉语句子中主语和谓语只要求在语义上一致， 而无须在形式上对应。汉语句子中谓语不 受主语支配，没有人称、数和时态变化。
(完整版)句子翻译之谓语的确定
（关照译文表达）
瞻前顾后
词语本身表意是否准确、贴切
中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The Central Government has refrained from
intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The Central Government has never
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. （英语表达习 惯---敏感度）
（一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进道路上经历 了三次 历史性的巨大变化……）第一次是辛 亥革命，……第 二次是中华人民共和国的成 立，……第三次是改革开放……
The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911 … The second change was marked by the founding of the People’s Republic of China … The third change was featured by the reform, opening up …
7）原文由连动词组或兼语词组充当谓语，译文则选一个主 要动词作谓语，其他动词用非谓语动词形式或介词短语等。
基于表意的需要
词语本身表意是否准确、贴切 （关照原文）
谓语与主语的语义逻辑关联以及主谓词语的搭 配 (collocation with subject)
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
女主人端着几杯葡萄酒走了进来。 The hostess came in with several glasses of wine.
南宁市政府招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来南宁 洽谈项目。 The delegation of inviting investment of Nanning City has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Nanning to hold talks on different projects. 上海采取了一系列优惠政策吸引外资。 A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.
英汉语言宏观对比
静态与动态（ Static vs. Dynamic ）
英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态 汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态
英汉语言宏观对比
英语的静态倾向表现在：
1、名词化 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.
Every boy and every girl in this room is/are entitled to a copy. Many a man and woman in this community finds/find himself and herself in need. My sisters or brother is/are likely to be at home. Either my father or my brothers are/is coming. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were/was confident of victory.
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
英汉语言宏观对比
3、汉语动词常常重复或重叠 要吃有吃，要穿有穿。 You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
英汉语言宏观对比
静态与动态（ Static vs. Dynamic ）
英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态 汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态
英汉语言宏观对比
英语的静态倾向表现在：
1、名词化 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.
5 如果在一个句子中有几个动词，就确定一 个动词作谓语，其他动词可译作非谓语动 词或介词短语。 中国观察问题不是看社会制度。 China does not regard social system as criterion in its approach to problems. 他告诉我在各种情况下都要保持冷静。 He told me to keep calm under all circumstances.
句子翻译主语与谓语的确定
句子翻译: 主语与谓语的确定汉语为语意型语言, 注重意会性.因此汉语的语法特征是: 主语可以有诸多不同类别的词语充当,主语隐含不显或无主句的情况时常可见;谓语的成分非常复杂,且不受主语支配, 没有人称,数,时态的变化; 句子见多无逻辑关联词. 所以句子看似松散,如流水般无定法可依.(SUBJECT-PROMINENT LANGUAGE)英语为语法型语言,注重形式的严谨, 其句法特征是: 主语突出,易于识别,只能由名词或名词性短语担任;谓语绝对受主语支配, 在人称和数上保持一致,有时态语态和语气变化;句子间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连.所以英语依法构句,形式完整而严密.(SUBJECY-PREDICATE PIVOT)1.主语的确定方法一: 以原句主语为译文主语1)然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了.(鲁迅全集第二卷, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Miserable wrinkles bagan to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.2)如果说,词汇是语言的”建筑材料”,那么句子便是文章的”基本部件”. (朱伯石<<写作与语言>>, 李定坤译)If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.3)中国有两点是靠的住的,一是讲原则,二是说话算数.(邓小平)China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.4)人有失错,马有漏蹄As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.5)欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛,从街道上汹涌而过.The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.方法二:重新确定主语1)鲁迅的骨头是最硬的, 他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨,这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格.Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.2)幸亏这些青年妇女,白洋淀长大的,她们摇的小船飞快.小船活象开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼(孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译)it was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river: their boat went like the wind. It shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.3)他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸, 嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色.(吴强<<红日>>, A.C.BARNS译)He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.4)1946年10月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹, 使世界大为震惊.a.China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.(better version)b.In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.5)胎又瘪了.We’ve got another flat tyre.6)树缝里也陋着一两点路灯光,没精打采的,是渴睡人的眼.(朱自清<<河塘夜色>>,杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eye of one who is dozing.7)人不可貌相,海水不可斗量.a.it is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.b.We cant judge people from their appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints.方法三:增补主语1)沉默啊,沉默啊!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡.(鲁迅<<纪念刘和珍君, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.2)那肥大的荷叶下面,有一个人的脸,下半截身子长在水里,那不是水生吗?又往左右看去,不久,各人就找到了各人丈夫的脸.啊,原来是他们.( 孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译文)Not far away under a broad lotus leaf they saw a man’s head –the rest of him was submerged. It was Shuisheng. Looking right and left, each soon discovered her husband – so this was where they were!3)用劳动实现自己的理想,用理想指导自己的劳动.(陈毅<<赠郭沫若同志>>)You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.4)不懂就是不懂,不要装懂.不要摆官架子.钻进去,几个月,一年两年,三年五年,总可以学会的.(毛泽东)We muse not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or tow, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.2.谓语的确定与主谓一致汉语句子的谓语五花八门,非常复杂,而英语句子的谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语承担. 因此汉译英时,有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语,但多数情况下,我们既不能照搬原文主语,也不能照搬原文谓语,须做调整,或另找谓语.从思维步骤来看,主谓的选择互为因果,译者可根据行文需要,在确定译文主语的时候,也在考虑谓语动词的选择,或者反过来,先相好谓语动词,再来选择主语, 两者确定的顺序很难分清.简单的说,谓语的选择要兼顾表意和构句的双重需要一.基于表意需要1.首先考虑它能否准确传达原意1)中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务.a.The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.b. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.(better)2)这事到了现在,还是时时记起.a.Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.(better)b.Even now, I still often think about this.2.还需考虑其与主语的语意关联及主谓搭配.1)世纪至交,中国外交空前活跃.a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.(better)b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.2)(听说你明天开张,)也许用的着,特意给你送来了.a.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took themalong.b.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)Thought these might come in handy, so I brought themalong.(better)3)现在,连我们也欠饷啊!a.Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears.b.Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time.(better)4)在同新闻界谈话的时候,上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词.c.When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of thesuperlative degree.d.You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree whenthey talk to the press.(better).3.也须考虑其与宾语的搭配,包括系表搭配等.1)(颐和园)1900年糟八国联军破坏,(至1903年才得以修复)a.The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.b.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.(bothare fine)2)模特们逐渐地镇定了下来,有了自信.a.They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence…b.They gradually calmed down, regained self-confidence…(better)二.基于构句需要指译文必须遵守英语语法规范,遵守主谓一致原则,时态语态正确,句式连贯顺畅,表达地道自然.1.一年年,燕子来了去了一年年,阶前草绿了黄了(陈敬容<<只要是广阔的世界>>,庞秉均译)Year after year the swallows come and go;Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green,yellows.2.九斤老太早已过了八十大寿,仍然不平而健康. 六斤的双丫角,已经成为一支大辫子了.(鲁迅<<风波>>,杨,戴译)Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time age and is as full complaints, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.3.他给我的印象是,态度非常的呆板僵硬,仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棍似的.He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.4.河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红,该是村女种的吧. (鲁迅<<野草. 好的故事>> 杨,戴译)The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.5.液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化,因为液体没有固定的形状.换言之,无论你把它放在什么样的容器中,它的形状总是和容器的形状完全一致.Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.。
第二讲：句子谓语的确定 2
1) 改革和开放也使民族精神获得了新的解放。 Reforms and the open policy have also further emancipated the minds of the people. 2) 他过去的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论 什么时候你都不会忘记。 He had a face that once you saw is never forgotten. （三中全会的政策）谁想变也变不了。（《邓 选》） No one could change this even if he wanted to. 3) 她的独子让车给轧了。 Her only son was run over by a car.
Determining the Subject and Predicate of a Sentence (II)
主语的选择和谓语的确定 （II）
1. 1
汉英主谓结构的差别
1.
1. 1 汉语的分析型(analytic)语言 VS. 英语的综合型(synthetic)语言 table(桌子)／tables(几张桌子); run (跑)／ran (跑，过去时)／run ( 跑的过去分词); the boy„s(„s表示所属关系); “She sings(-s表示现在时单数第 三人称) beautifully(-ly表副词)”。
6）书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered． 请您为大家表演一个节目。 You are requested to give a performance.
[7] 当
所选择的谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得
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I-2. 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须关照它 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须关照它 表意需要时 与主语的语义关联以及主谓之间的搭配 以及主谓之间的搭配。 与主语的语义关联以及主谓之间的搭配。 比较以下例句 例句： 请比较以下例句：
Ex1. （听说你明天开张，）也许用得着，特意 给你送来了。 a. (I hear that you’re opening tomorrow.) You may have some use for these things, so I took them along. b. (I hear that you’re opening tomorrow.) Though these might come in handily, I brought them along.
Ex2. （颐和园）1900 年遭八国联军破坏，（至 1903年才得以修复）。 a. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. b. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. Ex3. 她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐镇定下来，有 了自信。 a. They gradually calmed down, restored selfconfidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.
确定谓ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ的依据 确定谓语的依据
I. 基于表意需要 基于表意 表意需要 II. 基于构句需要 基于构句需要 构句
I. 基于表意需要 基于表意 表意需要
所谓“表意需要 表意需要”，是指选择谓语 表意需要 时，除考虑该词本身能否准确传达原 准确传达原 文的意义之外，还要关照它与主语的 文的意义 与主语的 语义关联（亦即逻辑关联）以及它与 语义关联 与 宾语（或表语）之间的搭配 的搭配。 宾语（或表语）之间的搭配。
3. 中国观察问题不是看社会制度。 a. China studies these questions not in the light of social systems. b. China does not regard social systems as a criterion in its approach to problems. 4. 互相尊重的精神是我们今天文化合作的基础。 a. The framework of mutual respect sustains our cultural cooperation today. b. The spirit of mutual respect is the basis of our cultural cooperation.
Ex3. 河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是 该是 村女种的罢。 村女种的 The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls. Ex4. 关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府 给予了充分重视。 a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
讨论（ 讨论（一）
比较下列译文的优劣：
1. 在零售和烹调行业方面，家办企业的买卖完全 超过了国家办的。 a. In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have completely outmarketed the state. b. In the retail and catering sectors, the business of household operations has surpassed that of the state.
Ex2. 中国经济将融入 融入世界经济的大潮。 融入 a. The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. b. The economy of China will converge with that of the world . Ex3. 这事到了现在，还是时时记起 记起。 记起 a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. b. Even now, I still often think about this.
II. 基于构句需要 基于构句 构句需要
所谓“构句需要”，是指谓语的确定 句法的需要，必须遵循主 必须符合英语句法 句法 谓一致的原则、符合英语语法规范。
Ex1. 九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且 健康，六斤的双丫角，已经变成一支大辫子了。 Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid. Ex2. 他给我的印象是，态度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛 肚子里吞下了一根拨火棒似的。 He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.
I-1考虑谓语表意需要时，首先看它能否 考虑谓语表意需要时， 考虑谓语表意需要时 准确、贴切地传达原意。 比较以下译文： 准确、贴切地传达原意。请比较以下译文：
Ex1. 中央政府不干预 不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 不干预 a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
I-3. 考虑谓语 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须考虑它 需要时， 必须考虑它 需要时 与宾语的搭配（包括系动词与表语之间 之间的 与宾语的搭配（包括系动词与表语之间的 搭配）及搭配后的修辞效果。 比较以下 搭配）及搭配后的修辞效果。请比较以下 例句： 例句：
Ex1. 我又闲了一个多月啦！ a. I’ve been idle for another month now. b. Another month now, and I’ve had no work.
2. 在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起作 用，就必须接受必要的教育。 a. In our times, substantial education is indispensable for anyone who wants to play his role in society. b. In our times, anyone who wants to play his role in society must receive substantial education.
第二讲
谓语的确定
“汉语口语里特多流水句 流水句，一个小句接一个 流水句 小句，很多地方可断可连。试比较一种旧小说的 几种不同的标点本，常常有这个本子用句号，那 个本子用逗号，或者这个本子用逗号，那个本子 用句号的情形。”
吕叔湘（1904-1998）出生于江苏省丹阳市。1926 吕叔湘 年毕业于国立东南大学外国语文系。1936年赴英国留 学，先后在牛津大学人类学系、伦敦大学图书馆学科 学习。1938年回国后任云南大学文史系副教授，后又 任华西协和大学中国文化研究所研究员、金陵大学中 国文化研究所研究员兼中央大学中文系教授以及开明 书店编辑等职。解放后，1952年起任中国科学院语言 研究所研究员、中国科学院哲学社会科学学部委员、 语言研究所副所长、所长、名誉所长。1978年至1985 年任《中国语文》杂志主编，1980年至1985年任中国 语言学会会长。1980年起为美国语言学会荣誉会员。 1987年获香港中文大学荣誉文学博士学位。1994年被 聘为俄罗斯科学院外籍院士。吕叔湘先生是我国语言 学界的一代宗师，70多年以来一直孜孜不倦地从事语 言教学和语言研究，涉及一般语言学、汉语研究、文 字改革、语文教学、写作和文风、词典编纂、古籍整 理等广泛的领域。
Ex2. 现在，连我们也欠啊！ a. Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears. b. Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time. Ex3.（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化,） 他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。 a. Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride. b. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
Ex5. 液体的形态总是随着容器的变化而变化， 因为液体没有自己的固定形态。换言之， 无 论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总 是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。 Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.