西方修辞学论文
西方修辞学研究
真理知识 ， 没有向好方 面的能力 。因此 ， 柏拉 图认 为， 修辞学似乎 完全不是艺术 的追求 ， 而是一种精明 的、 勇敢 的精神 ， 这种精神在 对付人 的时候 自然是聪明的 ，但笔者把它 的主要部分称为谄媚 。 在笔者来说似乎有很多分支 ，其中一支被 当作艺术的调味品 ， 但 在笔者看来 ， 它完 全不是艺术 ， 而是雕虫小技 ， 是套话 。 应 当说 ， 柏拉图对 当时修辞 学的批判 ， 既造 成了对修辞 的破 坏性作用 ，同时也 为后来 修辞学 的改造 和完善提供 了契机和可 能。其 门生亚里士多德在柏拉 图逝世 前就开始传授修辞学 ， 并将 修辞学作为其终身的兴趣 。在 西方修辞学史上 ， 正是亚里士多德 首次把修辞学系统化组成一个统一 的体系。 在其被认为是 西方修 辞 学奠 基之作的《 修辞学》 书中 ， 里士多德运用历史 的观点 ， 一 亚 追溯 了修辞术的发展过程 ，对以往的修辞术研究加 以总结和概 括， 并把柏拉 图对修辞批判的思想 和智者学派所推崇 的演讲修辞 传统结合起来 ， 成为哲学和实用主义的综合体 。 尽管亚里士多德与西塞罗 、 昆提里安在修辞学或者说论辩术 的具体细节方面看法并不完全相同 ， 但他们 的修辞观基本是相同 的。在他们眼中 ， 修辞是一种才能 ， 也是一种工具 ； 修辞是一种在 任何问题上都能找到所能利用的各种说 服方法 的才能 ， 也是演讲 的劝说 效果得 以实现 的方法 。 后人一般把亚里士多德 的修辞理论 体系以及西塞罗和昆提里安的雄辩 术理论合称为古典修辞学 。 其
下， 所做 的演讲 效果有好有 坏 ， 至在一个演讲 中， 同的话 语 甚 不 效果也不同 ）所有越来越多的人开始从各种演讲成分 中选出那 ， 些被认为是具有劝说作用 的成 分 ，并对这些成分进行分 门别 类 地归纳 、 总结 ， 最终形成了一 门专 门研究劝说性 艺术的学科— —
简论中西方修辞观念的差异论文
简论中西方修辞观念的差异论文修辞格是修辞学研究最为重要的部分之一，它是“在特定的语境里，创造性的运用全民语言而形成的具有特殊修辞效果的言语形式”，即为特殊的言语形式。
以下是店铺为大家精心准备的：简论中西方修辞观念的差异相关论文。
内容仅供参考，欢迎阅读!简论中西方修辞观念的差异全文如下：摘要：修辞作为一门古老的技巧，给人们的言语交际与思想沟通带来了巨大的影响。
纵观中国和西方修辞学的历史，两者无论在修辞的理念上，还是在具体的内容上，都存在着不容忽视的差异。
本文就中西方修辞观念的差异进行论述，以期给我国修辞学的发展带来一些思考。
关键词：修辞学中西方差异自古以来，中西方都十分重视修辞艺术。
古希腊时期的亚里士多德就把修辞术当作一种演说的艺术，我国先秦时期的游说者最早凭借精湛的修辞技巧，打动君王来实施政治主张，修辞作为一门古老的技巧，给人们的言语交际与思想沟通带来了巨大的影响。
然而，中西方不同的修辞观念也为修辞学的发展带来了不同的影响。
纵观中国和西方修辞学的历史，两者无论在修辞的理念上，还是在具体的内容上，都存在着不容忽视的差异。
本文就中西方修辞观念的差异进行论述，以期给我国修辞学的发展带来一些思考。
一、修辞研究观念的差异中西方在修辞研究上的重大差别就是西方重理论构建，而中国重辞格分析。
早在古希腊时期，亚里士多德就撰写了《修辞学》一书，构建了完整、统一的修辞体系。
他提出了修辞学的原则，即：构思、谋篇布局、演说技巧、演说风格，为整个西方修辞学奠定了基础。
其后，古罗马的修辞学家西萨罗对希腊的修辞传统作了改造，使之适应罗马社会的现实与文化。
他在《论构思》中，试图把修辞学与哲学统一起来，把修辞学当作一种对所有实践都有用的艺术来对待。
如果说西方古典修辞学的理论性还不是很强的话，近代修辞学则是学派林立，理论体系层出不穷。
如理查兹的修辞哲学、伯克的动机修辞学、佩雷斯的论辩修辞学、格拉斯的新人文主义修辞学、基尔兹的人类修辞学等，都各自提出了自己的修辞理论和体系。
英语修辞与文体 论文
Not marble, nor the gilded monumentsOf princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;But you shall shine more bright in these contentsThan unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time.When wasteful war shall statues overturn,And broils root out the work of masonry,Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burnThe living record of your memory.'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth; your praise shall still find roomEven in the eyes of all posterityThat wear this world out to the ending doom.So, till the judgment that yourself arise,You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes.Sonnet 55 is one of Shakespeare's most famous works and a noticeable deviation from other sonnets in which he appears insecure about his relationships and his own self-worth. Here we canfind an impassioned burst of confidence as the poet claims to have the power to keep his friend's memory alive evermore.We should focus on the translation of this poem at first. Not marble, nor the gold-plated shrines. Of princes shall outlive the power of poetry. You shall shine more bright in these verses than on dust-covered gravestones, ravaged by time.When devastating war shall overturn statues and conflicts destroy the mason's handiwork, the cause of war (Mars) nor the effects of war (fire) shall destroy the living record of your memory (this poem). Against death and destruction, which render people forgotten,shall you push onward; praise of you will always find a place even in the eyes of future generations. That survives until the end of humanity.So, until you arise on Judgment Day,you are immortalized in this poetry, and continue to live in lovers' eyes.Then we will discuss its stylistics.First, we focus on this poem ’s rhyme. Sonnet 55 is a fourteen-line sonnet, metered in iambic pentameter:x / x / x / x / x /No marble, nor the gilded monumentsx / x / x / x / x /Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhymeIt consists of three quartrains followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABABCDCDEFEFGG.Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme But you shall shine more bright in these contents Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time When wasteful war shall statues overturnAnd broils root out the work of masonry Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn The living record of your memoryGainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth, your praise shall still find roomEven in the eye of all posterity That wear this world out to the ending doom So, till the judgment that yourself arise You live in this, and dwell in lover ’s eyesSecond, we focus on this poem ’s metaphor. The poet uses metaphors like marble, monuments, and stone in the first four lines to say that none of them will be as everlasting as this poem. Then he says that war and broil may destroy many tough things like statues and masonry, but not people ’s memory of you ——the hero in this poem. It will survive your death and all the powers which work against you.You shall still move on, people will always honor you even their offsprings will praise you forA B A B C D C D E F E F G Gwhat you have done now. We will always remember you and your behaviors until you are judged reasonably.Third, we focus on this poem’s comparisons. Comparisons are frequently used in this sonnet as a foregrounding to the ideas that the poet wants to convey. At the beginning he compares the marble and monument with the rhyme, and tells us that the rhyme will outlive all these things as time goes by.He uses comparison again in the third and fourth lines to say it again that this rhyme will be everlasting. Again in the fifth and sixth lines he uses comparison to highlight his idea that this poem, this rhyme will survive time, the fire of war.The ninth line begins to say something different from the first eight lines. He begins to talk about some abstract subjects like enmity, judgment, praise, and memory. But in the last couplet he concludes with so to say that you will always be remembered by your offspring till you are fairly judged by history. He uses the Christian concept in the last two lines about the arising of the hero.Fourth, we focus on this poem’s alliteration. He uses alliteration in the first line with not and nor to connect the two objects. Then h e uses “shall shine” for alliteration to make the internal rhyme. Alliteration is also used with “wasteful war shall statues” in the fifth line to make the internal rhyme.Fifth, Repetition is also used with the sentence pattern like you shall or shall you. It makes readers to feel the strong feelings of the must of immortalization.Finally, Inversion is used in several lines. The fifth line should be: when wasteful war shall overturn statues , and the eighth and ninth lineshould be:you shall pace forth against death and all-oblivious enmity.Sonnet 55 is a poem about time and immortalization. The speaker claims that his beloved will wear out this world to the ending doom. The speaker's poem won't last much compared to his beloved, even though his beloved is immortalised in the poem, adhering to a larger theme of giving and possessing that runs through many of Shakespeare's sonnets.This poem, however, emphasizes the concept of time slightly differently. He argues that the sonnet traces the progression of time, from the physicalendeavours built by man (monuments, statues, masonry), as well as theprimeval notion of warfare depicted through the image of "Mars his sword" and "war's quick fire", to the concept of the Last Judgment. The young man will survive all of these things through the verses of the speaker.Although the poet's previous pride in writing verse is missing in this sonnet, he still manages to demonstrate a superbly confident spirit: "Not marble, nor the gilded monuments. Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rime." He clearly abandons, at least for the time being, his earlier depressing opinion of his verse as "barren rime," for next he contrasts his verses' immortality to "unsweptstone, besmeared with sluttish time," meaning that the young man will be remembered longer because of the poet's having written about him than if descriptions of his beauty had been chiseled in stone.The next four lines address the same theme of immortality, but now the poet boasts that not only natural forces but human wars and battles cannot blot out his sonnets, which are a "living record" of the youth. Monuments and statues may be desecrated during war, but not so these rhymes.In the first seventeen sonnets, the poet worried about death's effect on the youth's beauty and questioned the nature of his sonnets' reputation after both he and the young man died. Now, however, in lines 9 through 12, he boldly asserts that death is impotent in the face of his sonnets' immortality: To the youth he says, "Against death and all-oblivious enmity, shall you pace forth." In fact, he asserts that the young man's name will be remembered until the last survivor on earth perishes: "your praise shall still find room. Even in the eyes of all posterity. That wears this world out to the ending doom." Only then, when no one remains alive, will the youth's beauty fade, but through no fault of the youth or the poet.This notion of "the ending doom" is the main point in the concluding couplet. The syntax of line 13"So, till the judgment that yourself arise" is confusing, restated, the line says, "Until the Judgment Day when you arise." The poet assures the youth that his beauty will remain immortal as long as one single person still lives to read these sonnets, which themselves will be immortal.Sonnet 55 symbolizes nothing but the rhyme and the poem will be everlasting as time goes on. The rhyme and the poem which can be a metaphor for justice were conducted by all kinds of heroes. Inthis way he is not only talking about the poem but also writing as an important matter of art and literation. Shakespeare shows that thepower of words and languages is much greater than wars, statues, and monuments which is the toughest thing in nature. It is significant that all Shakespeare’s work remains as masterpieces for us till now after almost five hundred years. He and his work elaborate the power and beauty of words and languages.。
西方修辞学复兴视阈下的韦恩·布斯修辞理论研究
西方修辞学复兴视阈下的韦恩·布斯修辞理论研究纵观西方修辞思想史,修辞学大致经历了四个发展阶段:古典时期、中世纪时期、文艺复兴时期和二十世纪修辞学复兴时期,总体上呈现为螺旋式上升的趋势。
这段曲折而悠长的修辞学发展史,激发着后人产生新的智性感悟。
当代美国人文学者韦恩·布斯是二十世纪修辞学复兴时期的优秀代表人物之一,他致力于将修辞发展成一门能够指导一切交流活动的基础学科,在文学批评和修辞学领域都产生了里程碑式的影响。
国内关于布斯修辞理论的研究多集中在其成名之作《小说修辞学》中的几个概念上,尚无相对系统的相关研究著述。
因此,本文将聚焦于布斯的修辞和伦理批评理论,以其核心著作《小说修辞学》、《反讽修辞学》、《现代教条与同意修辞》、《批判性理解:多元批评的力量和局限》和《修辞的修辞:寻求有效交流》为个案研究样本,兼顾其它论著、论辩论文和相关的小品文,从布斯“一切叙事皆修辞”的修辞视角出发,将其著作置于西方修辞理论史和修辞复兴视域中,不断进行纵向和横向对比分析,抽丝剥茧地对布斯原典进行相对全面系统的探究,以期发现蕴含在其中的理论体系,为国内文学批评及修辞学发展开拓新视野。
笔者通过研究发现,布斯修辞理论的核心为“同意修辞”、“信任/倾听修辞”、“双向理解”,这对反驳修辞复兴时期的现代教条、构建“良愿修辞”理论体系提供了理论依据;布斯的“隐含作者/读者”和“可靠/不可靠叙述者”等概念则为理解阅读过程、阅读策略和修辞本质提供了新视角;其独创术语“共导”则为文学批评开辟了崭新的修辞伦理批评语境。
同时,本文还通过探讨布斯的修辞伦理批评观及其哲学思想的多元基源,进一步发现,从《小说修辞学》的“内在批评”到《小说伦理学》的“外在批评”,布斯对于修辞的关注是一以贯之。
其理论在继承亚里士多德、新亚里士多德学派及伯克理论的基础上,又有所超越,使其理论表征出由内而外的发展轨迹。
从学术史上看,布斯小说修辞理论对小说修辞和文学批评理论做出了突出贡献,在二十世纪修辞复兴的大环境下发挥着承上启下的重要作用。
谈谈英语的修辞格的论文
西方人文主义修辞学研究
西方人文主义修辞学研究，最值得一提的是格拉斯的“新人文主义”修辞学。
格拉斯在肯定意大利人文主义修辞学传统的前提下，对这一优良传统进行了重新诠释。
他认为：修辞学是生成真理、而不仅仅是传达真理的手段；通过修辞，人类适应了他所生活着的世界。
格拉斯坚持认为，修辞学优越于哲学，修辞言语的价值在哲学的理性言语之上；修辞言语与人类生活密切相关，人类通过隐喻等修辞方式去理解和诠释人类的经验。
与其他的人文主义者一样，他认为理性言语、理性知识是不完善的，因为它没有考虑到社会和生活的特殊环境，没有考虑到修辞的特殊语境。
格拉斯从人文主义的视角关注语言、关注修辞，把语言和修辞当作了解世界的方式和途径，这与笛卡尔的理性主义形成直接的鲜明的对照。
格拉斯的人文主义所关注的修辞学，“并不是人们一直所解释的那样，只是一种表达逻辑演绎内容的方式，而是真正的哲学，因为它紧紧抓住人类存在的基本问题，理性演绎只能建立在这个基础之上”(温科学，2006：241)，“它所关注的并不是存在的问题，而是词的问题、隐喻思想问题，是对修辞思想哲学的功能的认识问题”(温科学，2006：61)。
对格拉斯人文主义修辞学来说，如果不同时考虑那些词语的使用、使用词语的人和语境，不考虑隐喻的特殊性，意义便不能被理解。
“因为事物的意义来源于事物与人的具体关系以及人类认真对待这些事物的努力”(温科学，2006：250)，修辞学是真正的哲学而不是逻辑推理，因为它努力克服人类存在的基本问题——以人类了解世界、解释世界和创造世界的基本过程为基础问题。
很显然，格拉斯人文主义修辞学比以往任何人文主义修辞学，对语言都具有更大的解释力。
Western humanism rhetoric studies, most notably glass "new humanism" rhetoric.Glass on the premise of certain Italian humanistic traditions, reinterpretation of the fine tradition.He think: rhetoric is to generate the truth, not just the means of conveying truth;Through the rhetoric, the human adapted to the world he lived.Glass insists that rhetoric is superior to philosophy, the value of the rhetoric words on rational words of philosophy;The rhetoric words is closely related to human life, human through metaphor and other rhetorical means to understand and interpret the human experience.Like other humanists, he thought that rational speech, rational knowledge is not perfect, because it does not take into account the social and the special environment of life, without considering the special context of rhetoric.Glass from the Angle of humanism focuses on language, rhetoric, the language and rhetoric as a way to understand the world and the way, this form directly with cartesian rationalism in sharp contrast.Glass humanism concern rhetoric, "is not always explains, was a way to express logic deductive content, but true philosophy, because it hold the basic problems of the human, rational deduction can only be based on the", "it is not of concern problems, but a word, the metaphor thought, is the understanding of the function of the philosophy of rhetoric problem".For glass humanism rhetoric, if not consider the use of words, the use of words and the context, not to consider the particularity of metaphor, meaning cannot be understood."Because the meaning of things from things and people, and the relationship between human effort" take these things seriously, rhetoric is not the real philosophy logic, because it tried to overcome the basic problems of the human - human understand the world, explaining the world and to the creation of the world based on the basic process of problem.Obviously, glass humanism than any previous humanism rhetoric, rhetoric of language has more explanatory power.当代修辞学更是吸收了欧洲许多世纪以来的哲学、语言学、社会学、心理学、交际理论、话语理论、文学批评乃至人类学的研究成果，形成了一个涉及范围广泛、内容更加丰富的跨学科系统；但是它的人文色彩从没有被削弱，修辞学日渐成为人们认知社会、阐释意义、协调社会关系、探索未知甚至是解决人类生存的困惑的重要的话语模式。
西方修辞视角下的“洪荒之力”
西方修辞视角下的“洪荒之力”文章追溯了“洪荒之力”的起源，阐述了西方的修辞理论，并以这一理论具体分析了“洪荒之力”强势传播的动因，主要是因为修辞者自身的人格魅力和新媒体时代修辞情境的变化：社交媒体成了话语流通的重要平台，以及作为受众的网民规模和低龄化的发展及其从众心理。
标签：“洪荒之力”；修辞情境；社交媒体；受众一、“洪荒之力”的起源“洪荒”二字的起源于南北朝时期，梁武帝为了普及教育，命周兴嗣编撰《千字文》，里面的头一句便是“天地玄黄，宇宙洪荒。
”《辞海》中，将“洪荒”一词解释为混沌、矇昧的状态，也指远古时代。
传说天地初开之时，曾经有过一次大洪水，几乎毁灭了整个世界。
因此，洪荒之力指的是天地初开之时这种足以毁灭世界的力量。
受热播仙侠剧《花千骨》的影响，剧中“洪荒之力”多次出现，被人们熟悉，但并未带动全民使用“洪荒之力”。
而2016年里约奥运会上，当中国游泳小将傅园慧顺利晋级100米仰泳决赛后，接受央视记者采访时说：“我已经用了洪荒之力啦。
”播出后不久，“洪荒之力”便出现在各大网络平台，甚至引发了国外媒体的争相报道，同时也引起了语言学界的热议。
“洪荒之力”为何会取得如此空前的传播效果？文章将从西方修辞学角度解读该词并探讨引起其广泛流传的原因，以期对该流行语的研究提供新的视角。
二、流行语“洪荒之力”与西方修辞不同于中国的“修辞”概念，当代西方修辞学家将修辞定义为“通过象征手段影响人们的思想，感情，态度，行为的一门实践”。
[1]而语言作为一种象征手段则是取得修辞效果的一种重要手段。
里约奥运会上，傅园慧面对记者的采访时，不拘一格的回答，为其赢得了空前的反响。
根据网络上的数据统计显示，仅仅在视频播出两天之内，傅园慧的微博粉丝量从原先的16万达到300多万，涨了将近20倍，并被广大网友们称之为“洪荒少女”。
由此可见，傅园慧这段简短的答记者问在网络媒体上有效地影响了人们对该运动员的看法，感情，态度以及行为，是一种典型的修辞实践，而流行语“洪荒之力”的使用则是她的修辞取效手段。
浅议中西方修辞差异
浅议中西方修辞差异【摘要】本文试图以中西对修辞的对象、修辞目的的角度来探讨中西修辞的不同。
【关键词】中西修辞传统；差异；修辞目的；东西修辞在各自的文化土壤，各有发展特色“同”与“异”并存。
如东西方修辞学都关注人类的语言交流的修辞规律、方法和、手段，以及修辞的影响和功能。
(胡成花&陈汝东，2008:67)但在研究对象、修辞层面及修辞追求却各不相同。
在对受众的反应上，国内的研究传统关注修辞活动，不太重视修辞接受者，而西方恰恰相反。
(温科学，2009:172)。
在研究对象上，中国早期修辞更关注书面语写作的手段、方法、风格以及原则。
西方修辞学从一开始就把关注对象聚焦在演讲、辩论上。
(胡成花&陈汝东，2008:67-68)。
在研究层面上，汉语修辞研究看中语料整理，重视文本的梳理与归纳。
西方修辞学则既关注微观材料，也有社会与哲学方面的思考。
(鞠玉梅,2011:114)。
综上，中国修辞传统为以立言者为中心，而西方修辞是与社会互动为主的论辩修辞。
1.以立言者为中心的语言修辞对比以社会互动为主的论辩修辞以立言者为中心的语言修辞是指修辞为立言者单方面的修辞活动，并视语言为表达工具，主要受到其修辞功用的影响。
如《易经》认为“修辞立其诚”。
庄子认为“言之所尽”，“得意而忘言”(《庄子.夕物》)。
孔子也认同“辞达而已”(《论语卫灵公》)。
现代学者宗廷虎认为修辞就是言要达意。
(宗廷虎，1983:38)，陈望道认为言要传情。
(陈望道，2001:3)由于语言被视为表达言说者真实想法的工具，受众也更喜欢揣摩“言外之意”，当心意被通晓之后，连工具都在人的视野中消失了。
基于这种修辞传统，自然是以立言者为主体的修辞活动而非受众。
西方修辞活动以涉及治理社会、制定社会规则等方式直接参与、构成人们的生存方式，因此人们开始对它进行反思、探索、总结。
于是修辞学逐渐成为一个重要的研究领域，自罗埃德比彻(Lloyd Bitzer)提出“修辞形势”，修辞的目的不仅是为了取得最佳语效，而是在一定的修辞形势之中，修辞者和受众在取得相互认同。
修辞学论文
修辞学论文就希特勒入侵苏联而发表的演说——修辞赏析本文是英国前首相丘吉尔在德国人入侵苏联后发表的广播演讲，号召英国人民摒弃前嫌，团结一切可以团结的力量，共同抗击法西斯。
在演讲中，丘吉尔使用了大量的排比句式，同时还有发文等修辞手段，时演讲富有感染力，号召力。
本文将会从不同的修辞手法出发，对本文进行一个系统的修辞分析，以求尽己所能对文章加以分析研究使大家对本文有更加深刻的认识。
Parallelism：（排比）In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. The application of parallelism in sentence construction improves writing style and readability. Parallelism may also be known as parallel structure or parallel construction. In English, parallelism of the predicate provides for one of the few structural situations in which the subject for each verb does not need restatement.排比是一种修辞手法，利用三个或三个以上意义相关或相近，结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组（主谓/动宾）或句子并排，达到一种加强语势的效果。
它可使文章的节奏感加强，条理性更好，更利于表达强烈的感情。
在本文中，丘吉尔运用了大量的排比句式来支撑他的观点，这些排比句式使内容集中，增强气势；叙事透辟，条分缕析；节奏鲜明，长于抒情。
In t his text, the sentences as follows are all parallelism structure:1.The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.2.I see,...I see...I see…3.the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.4.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, weshall fight him i n the air5.Any man or state... Any man or state...6.Let us... Let us…在这一部分中，丘吉尔使用的排比句式有很大的不同，部分选用句子排比，部分选用词语排比，部分选用了短语上的排比，通过使用这一系列的排比句式，可以说在语言感染力的表达上远胜于了空洞的说教和吟唱！此外，在他的演讲中，这种形式的排比句式屡见不鲜，但是却让人读起来琅琅上口，层次选用较为分明，并不是毫不逻辑的生拉硬套。
西方修辞学视域下的修辞能力构建及其当代意义
西方修辞学视域下的修辞能力构建及其当代意义李 克摘 要：修辞能力是西方修辞学理论体系的重要组成部分。
修辞能力虽耳熟能详，但现有研究中却鲜见对修辞能力核心要素的构建。
修辞能力一般被视作修辞者的一种内在属性，是修辞者为履行修辞任务必须具备的各种具体能力的总和，因而其包含的内涵较丰富。
鉴于此，为提炼修辞能力的内涵，本文将基于西方修辞学发展历程中的两个重要阶段——古典修辞学与新修辞学，尝试从修辞的定义出发厘定修辞能力。
依据修辞的概念范畴可知，修辞者、修辞对象、修辞情境、修辞策略与修辞目的是界定修辞能力的重要因素。
笔者在界定古典修辞学与新修辞学视域下修辞能力概念的基础上，归纳出修辞能力的基本概念，认为把握修辞能力的概念对促进外语能力以及国家修辞能力研究都有着重要的启示意义。
关键词：修辞能力；修辞；西方修辞学；国家修辞能力［中图分类号］H315 DOI：10.12002/j.bisu.238［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］1003-6539（2019）04-0020-14引言修辞能力作为西方修辞学领域的基本概念，伴随西方修辞学的发展已具备一定程度的学理积淀。
早在西方古典修辞学时期，《论言说者》（De Oratore）的作者Cicero与《论言说者的教育》（Institutio Oratoria）的作者Quintilian等古典修辞学家就曾直接或间接论及修辞能力，Aristotle（1954：24）关于“修辞是在每一件事上发现可用的劝说手段的能力”的论述明确将修辞能力与修辞概念紧密关联，为修辞能力研究提供了重要的思路。
目前基于西方修辞学的修辞能力研究主要包括Sproule（1991/1997）、Arthos（2011）、刘亚猛（2004）、鞠玉梅（2008）、鞠玉梅和彭芳（2014）等。
其中，美国传播学会（NCA）前会长Sproule在西方古典修辞学知识谱系下依托亚氏理论对修辞能力的表现形式进行的探索较具开拓性。
英语修辞学期末小论文
英语修辞学期末小论文Where Do We Go From Here (Original Text, Abridged)Martin Luther KingSo, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divi ne dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blo od pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic wa lls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissati sfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of da ily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, an d every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem b ut as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied unti l men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the cont ent of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfi ed. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly , who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a m ighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. And every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God ma de all men to dwellupon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day whe n nobody will shout "White Power!" - When nobody will shout "Black Power!" - But everybody will talk about God's power and human power.Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertain ties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward st ride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clo uds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us r emember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigan tic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is l ong but it bends toward justice.Appreciation of the Rhetorical Devices Using in Where Do We Go From HereAs we all known that the speeches of Martin Luther King are studied by English-learners all over the world, because the using of rhetorical devices makes his speeches vivid, attractive and with the power of encouraging people’s spirit. I choose two typical paragraphs of his famous speech where do we go from here to analysis and appreciate the skillful using of his rhetorical devices and the effect they made.In this speech, the author writes that let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. This sentence is the typical use of metaphor. Metaphor is a linguistic process used to make comparisons between the attributes of one thing and something else, and the more complex form of metaphor, embedded metaphor is used inthis sentence. The tenor is creeds and deeds, while blood pressure and anemia are used to describe the behaviors of white people. The authorities of America are good at making promise to black people, but fail to realize their commitment, and the black people still can’t get the equity and civil power which are guaranteed by the American charter. We can find that the ironical effect is very significant. He uses blood pressure to describe white people’s emotional and enthusiastic in making commitments to black people, which is more attractive and vivid. Blood pressure and anemia are easily understood by ordinary people, which arouse listeners’ sympathy to his idea.The using of transferred epithet is also a bright spot in this speech. The author writes that let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty. Transferred epithet means that an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. We all know that there are two special kinds of transferred epithet, synaesthesia and empathy. Empathy is employed here, because the word tragic is used to describe the suffering that separation brought to black people, but in here it used to describe the wall. Transferred epithet is a charming rhetorical device, for it seems that the adjective is wrongly used, but it actually constitutes a special and active context. For instance, in this sentence, we can feel the strong rage and disappointment of Martin Luther King and mass black people. The gap between the poverty of black people and the comfort of white people is dramatic. Tragic thing is not the wall but the unfair situation toward black people, and the situation can’t be improved in a short time. Transferred epithet can make ourlanguage delicate, which may not common used as metaphor and simile, but it can strengthen the profundity of our passage and we should learn to use it freely.Another special rhetorical device synecdoche is employed by author: let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall…. Synecdoche may not be familiar to many learners. It uses a part of one thing to represent the whole, or uses the whole to represent a part. Here a part for the whole is used. We know that city hall is a building where municipal government lies: it’s the best symbol of municipal government. By using this method the la nguage of this speech is become charming and lively. It’s more close to our everyday life, which is the demand of a high-value speech. Synecdoche is widely used in passages. For example, in the New Testament there is asentence, Silver and gold have I none. Here silver and gold are used to represent fortune, which is very vivid. In speech and oral language this rhetorical device is especially highly valued.Simile may be the most often used rhetorical device in our writings. We can find plenty of similes in King’s speech, which directly enhance the liveliness of his language. Just set this sentence as example; let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another by showing how it is similar to another thing. It explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. In this sentence, the tenor is justice and righteousness; the vehicle is water and stream; the corresponding is like, and the ground tremendous figure of both. The author expresses his hope to let real equity and civil right come to mass black people. This kind of equity is constrainted so long and just let it blast like water and mightystream. The advantage and effect of the using of simile are apparent; for it makes a picture in listeners’ mind and makes them have the interest to concentrate their attention.Allusion is also a rhetorical device appreciated by King, and he used this device in many places in his speech. For example, let us be dissatisfied until that day when lion and the lamb shall lie down together, and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Allusion is references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assure are familiar to their readers. The phrase, lion and lamb lie down together, and vine and fig tree are all come from the Bible. By this way, King describes an ideal world for the struggling black people. Bible is familiar and authoritative to Western people, which increases the convincing of his language at the same time. The stories in allusion usually have some deep meaning or historical origin. It needs college students to understand the related knowledge and then master the use of allusion.In addition, the rhetorical device, antithesis is also easily found in King’s speech. Let us look at this sentence, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. The phrase dark yesterdays and bright tomorrows form the antithesis. By this way the structure is well-organized and the rhythm is formed. Bright and dark, yesterday and tomorrow are totally antonyms, which form a bright picture in listeners’ mind and let them believe that tomorrow is not far away. It also reminds black people they are still in the severe situation and their distance to their dreams. They need to fight bravely for their final ambition. King’s convincing idea is become prominent through antithesis. Antithesis is a comparatively easy device to master by collegestudents, and it’s common used in Chinese language as well.In all the paragraphs above I choose the rhetorical devices metaphor, transferred epithet, synecdoche, simile, allusion and antithesis as example to appreciate and analysis the language using in where do we go from here. In fact, King used a number of rhetorical devices in his speech in addition to these six ones. All these rhetorical devices, along with his delicate language, make his speech attractive and convincing, which has inspired American black people from generation to generation, and worthwhile our English-learners to learn from him.。
英语修辞学论文.doc
Rhetoric in English advertisementNowadays, advertisement is very ubiquitous in our daily life and affects our intention and behaviors in buying goods in different levels. Rhetoric now has been frequently used in English advertisements which add to the taste of art and influence on people. The successful use of rhetoric can dramatically draw listeners’ or audiences’ attention and persuade them to buy the products. There are various rhetorics in English advertisements.Suspense is a good way of advertising and is said to have the effect of generating loyalty. Soap operas have been very popular among women, especially those who do housework at home. Advertisers make the use of the time between two programs of soap opera to advertise their products. Wanting to continue watching soap operas, house women usually choose to stay before their television and watch the advertisements, which make the ads function properly. Suspense can always engineer high loyalty, for in the absence of finality; each subplot stops at cliff-hanging moment.As a good way of persuasion, setting and scenario is also often used in advertisements. Advertisers use a set and some role players to simulate the normal situation of people. In this way, viewers will be more likely to accept the meaning of ads and be affected by ads. They will observe the role players who are in the life set by the advertisers and the viewers will also see the result of using the product. Audiences will automatically place themselves in that position and imitate the players’behavior. This kind of ads demands that role players should have positive image and satisfactory life. If the role players do not have good images or are living very poor and failed life, people will not be convinced at all.Good advertisers often look back to famous ancient rhetors. They try to use logos, pathos and ethos to influence their potential buyers. They are also called rational appeal, emotional appeal and ethical appeal. In advertisements, advertisers try to explain the advantages of their products and use empirical proof to prove that they are right or try to raise audiences’ emotion like sympathy, excitement, fear, happiness or jealousy to persuade them to buy.In a medicine advertisement, it is set in a bus where a passenger called his mother:” My throat itches and I feel sick when brushing teeth in the morning.”His mother told him that it’s the symptom of chronic pharyngitis and one medicine could cure. All passengers around him listened and nodded their heads. In this advertisement, the advertiser successfully used emotional appeals to draw audiences’attention. Viewers who also have this symptom will fear whether they have got pharyngitis and buy some medicine to try. As to those with pharyngitis, they will have the same feeling of the role player in the ad and have sympathy to him and themselves. Another technique it uses is setting and scenario or role play. This ad simulates a situation that a man has pharyngitis and need medicine. He got the answer from hismother and the most important thing is that people around him all agreed with his mother and will try that medicine. The viewers will be persuaded to do the same thing as those passengers in the bus unconsciously as he saw the reaction of other passengers.V arious kinds of rhetoric in sounds are used to give rhyme and rhythm to ads and to impress people. Alliteration and rhyme are often used in ads to make ads more attractive. “Health, humors and happiness----- Gifts we’d like to give!”This is an advertisement of a newspaper. The three “h”at the beginning of the ad makes it relaxing and happy and gives people good impression. “My goddess! My Guinness!”is another perfect example of alliteration. A taxi ad is “Big thrills, small bills!”It not only poses contrast, but also uses rhyme to promote itself.Rhetoric in words is another kind used in ads. Simile, metaphor, pun, personification, parody, hyperbole, etc. are frequently used in ads. “Where there is a way, there is a Toyota.”Is a good example of parody, coming from the famous proverb “Where there is a will, there is a way.”It effectively tells people that Toyota is famous throughout the world which indicates the car’s good quality and acceptance. “F rom sharp minds come sharp products.”is the ad of Sharp. It uses the pun of sharp here to suggest that their products have high tech. Toshiba is a famous Japanese computer firm which has a famous ad:” Take Toshiba, take the world.”It uses hyperbole shows the confidence of Toshiba and the high quality of Toshiba, very impressive. MacDonald uses repetition in his ad:”Every time A good time!”This slogan is frequently called to tell people that MacDonald shop is filled with happiness and relaxing and you will savor every second in the shop. The famous mobile phone producer Nokia uses personification in its ad:” Hold me, touch me and talk to me. It speaks your language!”This ad makes the cold and lifeless mobile phone close to the audiences and audiences will naturally have an image that they are talking happily to their mobile phone evoked by this nice ad.Let us look at some world renowned ads here. Maxwell is famous for its coffee and also its ad:”Good to the last drop. ” This ad apparently shows the confidence of Maxwell in its coffee’s taste and quality. It uses hyperbole to emphasize the confidence and it is short and frequently repeated to draw people’s attention and give them good impression. Emotional appeal or pathos is successfully used with the witty and skillful language to persuade people to try a cup of Maxwell and enjoy every drop of it. This ad makes people form an image in their mind that they are sampling every drop of the coffee. Another is “Obey your thirst.”It is also urging you to buy one bottle of beverage.To sum up, advertisement is a kind of art. Rhetoric makes ad both informative and artistic. A good use of rhetoric in ad makes advertisement impressive and attractive which will easily persuade people to buy their products.。
西方泛修辞观
西方泛修辞观全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：西方泛修辞观是指西方文学中一种运用修辞手法来塑造文学作品的审美风格和语言风格的观念。
修辞学是文学批评学的一个重要分支，它主要研究语言的表达方式和运用的技巧。
在西方文学中，修辞手法被广泛运用，它不仅可以增强文学作品的艺术效果，也可以更好地传达作者的情感和思想。
西方泛修辞观的基本原则包括以下几个方面：修辞手法要符合文学作品的整体氛围和主题。
修辞手法不是为了炫耀作者的才华而存在的，而是为了更好地表达文学作品的内容和情感。
作者在运用修辞手法时要注意选择合适的技巧和方法，以达到最佳的艺术效果。
修辞手法要符合文学作品的风格和语言特点。
每种文学作品都有其独特的风格和语言特点，作者应该根据文学作品的风格和主题来选择相应的修辞手法。
在诗歌中常常运用比喻和象征来表达抽象的情感和思想；在小说中则常常运用对比和排比来描绘人物的性格和情感。
修辞手法要符合读者的审美习惯和文化背景。
不同的文化和时代有着不同的审美观念和修辞传统，作者应该根据读者的背景和喜好来选择合适的修辞手法。
只有符合读者的审美要求，文学作品才能真正打动人心，产生深远的影响。
在西方文学史上，有许多著名的作家运用修辞手法创作出了经典的文学作品。
莎士比亚的戏剧作品中常常运用隐喻和对比来描绘人物的性格和命运；但丁的《神曲》中则运用恍示和象征来描绘人类的罪恶和救赎之路；奥斯卡·王尔德的《道林·格雷的画像》中则运用讽刺和对比来揭示社会的虚伪和堕落。
西方泛修辞观是一种具有悠久历史和丰富传统的文学创作理念，它不仅能够丰富文学作品的语言和艺术表现力，也能够让读者更深入地理解作者的情感和思想。
修辞手法的灵活运用和深刻把握是西方文学作品成功的关键，只有在此基础上，作品才能触动人心，留下深刻的印记。
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第二篇示例：西方泛修辞观（panrhetoric）是一种包容性修辞观，强调修辞的广泛性和普遍性。
它不仅仅限于修辞学领域，而是渗透到日常言语、文学作品、政治演讲等各个领域。
西方泛修辞观
西方泛修辞观全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：西方泛修辞观是一种古希腊修辞学的传统，古代希腊人在竞技场上进行演讲时，为了吸引观众注意，他们利用了各种修辞手法来提升演讲的艺术性和说服力。
泛修辞观强调的是修辞学不仅是一种修辞技巧，更是一种思维方式和表达能力。
在西方文化中，泛修辞观被广泛应用于文学、政治、广告等领域，成为一种艺术形式和传播方式。
西方泛修辞观的核心理念是通过修辞手法提升文字或言辞的说服力、感染力和艺术性。
修辞手法包括比喻、暗喻、排比、反复等，通过这些手法，作家或演讲者可以更好地表达自己的思想和情感，引起读者或听众的共鸣和思考。
在西方文学史上，许多伟大的作家和演说家都是泛修辞观的信仰者，如希腊演说家德摩斯特尼斯、莎士比亚、雨果等。
泛修辞观的典型特征之一是善于运用比喻。
比喻是一种通过类比与对比来表达事物之间关系的修辞手法，它可以使抽象的概念具体化，呈现出深刻的意义和形象。
莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中的“生存还是毁灭，这是个问题”就是一个经典的比喻，通过比喻人生的困境和选择的矛盾。
比喻使作品更具有象征性和寓意性，引发读者的思考和共鸣。
另一个重要的修辞手法是排比。
排比是一种通过对比和平行结构加强修辞效果的手法，它可以使文本更加生动和流畅。
美国总统肯尼迪在《问不是为什么》演讲中说道：“不要问你的国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为你的国家做什么。
”这种排比的句式使演讲更加引人入胜，增强了说服力和感染力。
除了比喻和排比，泛修辞观还包括反复、修辞问句、修辞句等一系列修辞手法。
这些手法可以使文本更加生动、有趣和富有诗意，给人以美感和思考的空间。
在当今社会，泛修辞观已经成为一种重要的文化现象，它不仅影响着文学创作和演讲艺术，也影响着广告传播和商业宣传。
通过修辞手法，人们可以更好地表达自己的观点和情感，拉近与读者或听众的距离，引起共鸣和共鸣。
第二篇示例：西方泛修辞观是一种文学理论和文学批评方法，其核心概念是修辞。
英语修辞鉴赏 论文
简析比喻及其存在的理据一、引言英语修辞是英语表达中必不可缺的一部分，比喻是英语修辞的重要组成部分，比喻这种修辞格为表情达意增添了一分形象生动的意味，使说话者的意思通俗易懂，但又富有新意。
二、定义比喻是用本质不同而又有相似点的事物描绘事物或说明道理的辞格，通俗来说，就是根据联想，抓住不同事物的相似之处，用浅显、具体、生动的事物来代替抽象、难理解的事物，所谓“举他物而以明之也”。
它能使语言精炼、生动、形象，增加其鲜明性，使人更加印象深刻。
我们不仅在汉语文化中常用比喻的修辞手法，在英语表达中更是一种常见的修辞格。
三、分类比喻可分为明喻和暗喻，二者有相似之处，又有不同之处。
《文学词汇词典》( A Dictionary of Literary Terms )对明喻是这样定义的：A figure of speech in which one thing is liken to another , in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image . It is explicit comparison ( as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit ) recognizable by the use of words “like” or “as”.明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体联系起来。
而A Dictionary od Literary Terms 对隐喻的定义是：A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another . The basic figure in poetry . A comparison is usually implicit ; whereas in silmile it is explicit . 隐喻不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当做乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系含在句意中，从而更生动，更深刻的说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
英语修辞学论文
Moving thoughtsLife is a long but not very even way. There are many difficult and choices. we may feel depressed, doubt and donnot know what should be done. So we need face them with mild and optimistic.The book which was named The Most Beautiful English of Giving Love an Open Hand and the article was one of it. It not just tell a story but tell some truth about life. It tells some situations in our life, such as couple, gains and losses, happiness and so on. And it also gives some suggestions, and teaches us to remember the people's virtue which make you unhappy, learn lessons from misfortunes. Learning all of these can make life more beautiful and we will be happier. Of course, the author also impled some rhetorics to make the article easy to understand."It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone, but it takes a lifetime to forget someone."In this sentence, it imply climax which means that the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance. It's about the process of love which from stranger to familiar. During different stage, it needs different time——from short term to long. And the felling is deepen gradually. It describe the love accurately. And also implied antithesis to explain that forgetting is hard. Thus, just the same as what has said that don't expect love in return. We only can require ourselves not others.In the content that followed also used this rhetoric. For example, "When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying."Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balance structural forms. It can add vividness and appeals to the readers' emotion. Here, the author described the state of life correctly and it fit to everyone of us. Our parents and other relative expect our to come the world, so when we are born, they are all very happy. But we are cry for adjusting the new world. But we also can do something to change this. Try our best to do something meaningful, to help others, to enrich our life,to do what we are want to do and to be succussed. Thus, we will neverregret and can be accept dead at ease. At this time, our relatives and friends would cry, because they hate to part with us. Everything is opposite to each other, the key is how we treat it."May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy."In this sentence, parallelism was implied. In this construction, it's necessary to balance word to word, phrases to phrases, clauses to clauses, sentences to sentences. It crates a good visual image and gives emphasis, clarity and coherence of ideas as well as the rhythm of the language. In the article, it listed some important elements in life and discussed by positive way. We can make good better and worse thing be good. The key is how we treat them. Trials can make us depress but also make us strong, no one can always live a happy life, just as no one would in depress forever. When you treat the life with optimistic, you can find advantage from everything. The life that without sorrow is not complete, so we should cherish whatever we have."It's true that we don't know what we've got until we lose it, but it's also true that we don't know what we've been missing until it arrives."In the sentence, it implied antithesis and repetition. We have introduce antithesis, here, we main talk about repetition. Repetition is main used to emphasis the content that the author want to express. The sentence is lexical anaphora. Just as the word" It's true that we don't know......It's true that we don't know......". It express the fault that people have often make. When we have something, we can't find its benefit, but when we loss it, we will find its importance and feel regret. It tells us to cherish everything that we have and treat them seriously.Life is not a simple thing and there may be many things before us. How we do and what we do would always have a result. Will it good or not, just based on you how to treat it.Treat everything in the life with mild and optimistic, you will get a lot!附原文Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one so that when we finally meet the right person, we will know how to be grateful for that gift.When the door of happiness closes, another opens, but often times we look so long at the closed door that we don't see the one which has been opened for us.The best kind of friend is the kind you can sit on a porch and swing with, never say a word, and then walk away feeling like it was the best conversation you've every had.It's true that we don't know what we've got until we lose it, but it's also true that we don't know what we've been missing until it arrives.Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they'll love you back! Don't expect love in return; just wait for it to grow in their heart but if it doesn't, be content it grew in yours. It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone, but it takes a lifetime to forget someone.Don't go for looks; they can deceive. Don't go for wealth; even that fades away. Go for someone who makes you smile because it takes only a smile to make a dark day seem bright. Find the one that makes your heart smile.There are moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real!Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy.Always put yourself in others' shoes. If you feel that it hurts you, it probably hurts the other person, too.The happiest of people don't necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything that comes along their way.Happiness lies for those who cry, those who hurt, those who have searched, andthose who have tried, for only they can appreciate the importance of people who have touched their lives. Love begins with a smile, grows with a kiss and ends with a tear. The brightest future will always be based on a forgotten past, you can't go on well in life until you let go of your past failures and heartaches.When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying.Please send this message to those people who mean something to you, to those who have touched your life in one way or another, to those who make you smile when you really need it, to those that make you see the brighter side of things when you are really down, to those who you want to let them know that you appreciate their friendship. And if you don't, don't worry, nothing bad will happen to you, you will just miss out on the opportunity to brighten someone's day with this message.。
修辞批评的价值和意义的论文
修辞批评的价值和意义的论文本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！摘要：修辞批评作为文学批评最重要的一种形式，它在当代的复兴，对文学批评实践具有重要的理论价值和意义，这可以从两方面看：一是从西方现代修辞批评角度看，对修辞本性的哲学反思，将修辞看成是一种话语实践，看成是对真理的认识和表现，有助于人们重新认识文学和文学性问题；另一方面则可以从修辞批评与中国古代文学理论关系看，认识到中国古代文学理论更靠近修辞批评这一特色，以更好地发掘中国古代文学理论的价值。
关键词：修辞批评、文学性、哲学反思、中国古代文学理论修辞批评，无论是在中国还是在西方，都被视为文学批评的最重要的一种形式。
西方文学批评始祖，无论是柏拉图，还是亚里士多德、贺拉斯，其批评理论的建构，都与其对修辞的理解和阐释密切相关。
修辞批评强有力的影响一直持续到18世纪，在这之前，它一直是西方批评分析的公认形式。
而在中国，从孔子起，就立“德行、言语、政事、文学”四科，主张“修辞立其诚”、“言之无文，行而不远”，以“比、兴”言诗，把文学批评理论的基础牢固地建立在修辞分析上。
但是，这种公认的批评形式，在近代，随着浪漫主义诗学的兴起，却受到贬斥和放逐，修辞批评几乎成为实用批评的代名词。
而在中国，由于受到近代西方文学理论和观念的影响，修辞批评也被视为“雕虫小技，壮夫不为”的东西，在很长时期内受到轻视和忽视。
从20世纪50年代后期开始，西方批评理论在经历了浪漫主义的情感表现诗学和形式主义批评的作品本体崇拜阶段之后，再一次把眼光投向古老的修辞批评，并试图在古老的修辞批评基础上建立一种新的修辞批评形式。
比如，特里·伊格尔顿就认为，现代文学批评理论需要一种新的修辞批评，这种修辞批评正来源于“文学批评”的最早形式，即修辞学。
希利斯·米勒也认为未来文学批评的任务，“将会是调和文学的修辞研究与现在颇吸引力的文学的外部研究之间的矛盾。
西方修辞视角下当代西方话语的运作方式
语言文学研究西方修辞视角下当代西方话语的运作方式洪志英（福建船政交通职业学院通识教育学院，福建福州350007）摘要：西方修辞,是一门致力于语/力量开发的实践和学科，是西方话语生产和社会运行的基石。
从西方修辞视角，剖析西方话语的运作方式，对当代西方话语运作方式进行全面而深入的观察和研究；以奥巴马的开学演讲为例，说明言说者如何通过综合运用各种修辞策略，使话语产生作用于目标受众的力量。
如r,则有助于非西方受众深入了解西方话语力量的生效机制，提高源自西方各和宣传的批判能力。
关键词：西方修辞话语力量运作方式西方修辞是一门致力于语言力量开发的实践和学科！在当代西方，修辞不仅不露声色地支撑着交流、传播、公关、广告及一切形式的宣传，为所有这些以象征手段调节大众看法和态度的行业提供基础观念、总体思路和基本方法，而且在保证国家根本体制的正常运转、构筑主流意识形态、维和所“力”关和衰的要害利益上，起着足的［1I（3）O以西方为一体的在运行西方修语力运的调！，只有西方修调语力量的、方式和机制，上正西方，进一学一、西方传统修辞视角下的语言观西方传修关的是修根的修形，修，构筑修，实修!修为“在手段的力叫为言言、和众这基本要，众是修的所在，为关！为的言 ，修根据的修形，么及怎么说；言当顺众帥呦。
氏提出手，即诉诸修人格，诉诸受众感，诉诸道理。
诉诸修人格被为是“起着支配的”。
因为当言在［听众中］产言的信感时，通过人格实！一般来，不管讨论的是么,公道的人总是更快赢听众的信！所讨的问尚无确切的认知或还有疑的空间，人格高尚的言将更快赢听众的信！这修人格非指修辞者的真正为人,而是修根据特修辞形势和的，通过言构筑起来的修人格！还揭示了修这一言艺术的另一要条件，即只有当修采的修手不被众察觉时，言才具有力。
他指出修既要“精心构筑言”又“不让众意识言说中的修痕迹”。
有这样言才产力，否则不上动众。
为言造明显,受众觉修向他们使计,就会产反感。
为,掩饰修痕迹关系修辞成败［4］（54+59）0等西方经典理论家的关于修的看法塑造了西方修的基础观念。
从西方修辞学视角安利说服力来源论文
从西方修辞学视角分析安利说服力的来源摘要：安利公司在中国取得了巨大的成功，在中国各大城市里都有着一群热衷于安利事业的人们。
本文主要从西方修辞学视角来分析安利公司成功的原因。
关键词：安利；西方修辞；修辞语境；符号融合理论中图分类号：h315 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2012）-01-0-02山呼海啸的人群，震耳欲聋的音乐。
台上的讲师无论讲了什么都会用一个问句“对不对”来结尾，台下的人群都异口同声地大呼“对”！台上的讲师无论讲了再怎么不好笑的笑话，台下的人群亦都夸张地大笑。
以上是安利公司的某“钻石大使”演讲时的场景。
面对如此狂热的场面，人们不免对安利产生浓厚的兴趣。
作为一家采用所谓的多层次直销手段的公司，它究竟是如何吸引了如此众多的人疯狂地参与呢？通过对安利公司的内部刊物，如《远离贫穷》、《拥抱财富》、《积极人生的十种力量》等的研究以及对多名安利公司的工作人员采访发现，安利的强大吸引力与说服力来源于安利公司精心构筑起的修辞语境。
对于该修辞语境的研究有利于对商场中传销事业的理解与分析。
一、安利强大说服力的来源之一：通过对比构建起的修辞语境王慈官所编著的《拥抱财富》是安利公司的重要宣传书籍之一，在此书中的第六章《做自己生命的主宰》里，他详细阐述了在安利世界观里安利事业与传统事业的不同。
王通过自己从事传统事业的经历与台湾第一位安利世界皇冠大使陈婉芬女士的安利事业的比较，呈现出两个截然相反的世界。
王通过自己创业多次起伏最终归零的经历得出传统事业“起伏不定”、“像计程车码表，经常归零”的结论。
而陈婉芬在安利事业中却“像飞机起飞的曲线”，一直处于上升的状态。
同时，王通过许多对比来阐释安利事业相对传统事业的优势：（一）保障上的比较1、安利事业：（1）一次努力，终身有保障；（2）学一次能力，可以用一辈子；（3）能力可以不断转移给别人，同时使自己的事业壮大；（4）事业操纵在自己手中，无人可以夺走；（5）做，有自由；不做，有保障。
基于西方修辞学的课堂教学运作过程研究
基于西方修辞学的课堂教学运作过程研究摘要：基于西方修辞学的视角，运用Kenneth Burke动机修辞学的认同理论和Lloyd Bitzer的情景理论，对师生的品性及他们之间的互动关系进行探索，得出在课堂教学中，教师的人格魅力非常重要，教师应做到“为人师表”。
学生应积极参与教师设计的课堂活动，充分实现师生互动，力求实现课堂教学效率最大化。
关键词：课堂教学；修辞特性；教师；学生一、引言对于“修辞”，人们有不同的理解。
单从字面上来看修辞英文“rhetoric”是由两方面构成，“the，tor”表示修辞者、说话／演讲者，“ic”表示一种学问。
因此，修辞“rhetoric”在英语中的意思是关于演讲的艺术(邓志勇，2007年)。
通读文献，我们可以发现古典修辞学的核心是劝说，演说就是为了一定的目的而劝说。
亚里士多德将演说或者修辞分为三种：法学修辞／演说(forensic rhetoric)、议政修辞／演说(deliberative rhetoric)和宣德修辞／演说(epideictic rhetoric)。
同时，亚里士多德相信，劝说有三种诉诸手段，它们分别是情感诉诸(Pa-thos)、理性诉诸(10gos)和人品诉诸(Ethos)。
因此，古典修辞理论本质上就是演讲劝说的理论。
亚里士多德在其《修辞学》中给修辞下的定义为：在任何给定的情况下运用已有的劝说手段的能力(Rhetoric is the faculty of observing in any givencase the available means of persuasion)。
然而，随着社会的进步和人类的发展，社会学、心理学、语言学、交际学等学科突飞猛进，以古典修辞学为主要代表的传统修辞学越来越不适应时代的需求，不能很好地解释语言的运用问题。
在这种情况下，“新修辞学”在继承传统修辞学的基础上诞生了。
“新修辞学”和传统修辞学比较，一个突出的特点就是研究范围加宽了。
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英语修辞学读书报告
学院：外国语学院
专业：英语专业
班级： 112班
学号： 1105020118 学生姓名：凌方艳
英语修辞学对英语教育的重要性
西方修辞学具有“研究人类的事情、激情、性情和目的以影响它们”之功能[3],所以修辞学在西方国家中的地位举足轻重,它渗透于西方社会、文化和生活等各个方面.从古希腊开始,修辞实践就是西方文化、社会、教育的一个重要组成部分.在当代西方,修辞不仅不露声色地支撑着交流、传播、广告等一切形式的宣传,为调节大众的看法和态度提供了基础观念,总体思想和基本方法,而且在构筑主流意识形态,维护事关社会和民族兴亡盛衰的要害利益上起着重大的作用.美国总统罗斯福在国会发表《要求国会对日宣战》的演讲中运用修辞,语气强烈、音韵铿锵,不但充分有力地揭露和声讨了日本军国主义在一夜间同时对多处地区发动疯狂侵略的滔天罪行,而且强调说明了敌情严重,形势危机,令美国人民,甚至全世界人民震惊,催人惊醒;美国黑人运动领袖马丁·路德·金在“自由进军”黑人集会上发表的脍炙人口的讲演I have a Dream中运用修辞,深化了思想感情,增强了语言的力度,产生了强烈的号召力;第二次世界大战期间英国首相邱吉尔运用修辞于演说中大大地激发了英国人民反法西斯斗争的热情,为反法西斯战争的胜利做出了自己的贡献.
我国对汉语修辞的研究已有2 000多年历史,但其研究的范式基本是以“辞格”为中心,即“语言的艺术化的技巧及其选择”.到20世纪80年代初,汉语修辞学继承陈望道《修辞学发凡》以来的学术传统,不断扬弃“辞格中心论”思想,积极拓展研究领域,立足于提高语言交际效果,探索语言运用的方法和规律,取得了令人瞩目的研究成果[4].与此同时,我国对西方修辞学的研究也取得了较好的成效,相继出版了一批有关修辞的专著.如《英语修辞格词典》(文军编著),《英语修辞及惯用法》(张文庭、熊建国编著),《英语修辞赏析》(范家材编著),《英汉修辞格对比研究》(李国南著),《新编英语修辞》(谢祖军著)和《现代英语修辞学》(胡曙中编著)等.但是,总体来说,我国对西方修辞学的学习和研究还很不够,尤其是在英语教育中.笔者从事英语教育20多年,却难于(“没有”或“很难”更好)看到西方修辞学在我国英语教育中的应有位置.虽然在我国《英语教学大纲》(高等学校英语专业2000.4)英语专业课程设置中把“修辞学”列入为一门选修课,但是在英语专业技能课程,英语专业知识课程和相关专业知识课程的描述中只字未提,对“修辞学”课程也没有提出任何要求.此外一些大专院校的英语专业教学计划中,根本就没有开设“西方修辞”、“英语修辞”或“修辞学”这门课程.有的虽然将“英语修辞”列入了教学计划,却没有得到具体落实,没有给学生讲授.即使有的教师在某些课程当中遇到一些修辞格,也是轻描淡写,一带而过,缺乏深度,没什么效果.在英语教学中他们通常注重的是课文背景知识的介绍、语言点的讲解、长句和难句分
析、文章的篇章结构等.所以说,修辞学教学是我国大学和中学英语教育中的一个弱项.
如上所述,西方修辞已渗透于西方社会、文化、教育和生活等各个方面,在西方国家发挥着举足轻重的作用.笔者认为,我们国家也应当重视对西方修辞学的学习和研究.尤其是在我国的英语教育教学中应更加重视.我们都知道,我国是在当前西方为主导的国际政治格局中崛起的一个东方大国,尤其是在2000年12月加入WTO,我国成为世贸组织的正式成员以后,与西方的交往和接触日趋频繁.要善于和西方打交道,要想真正参与“国际”话语交流,首先就必须懂得如何和西方进行“修辞接触”,就必须熟练掌握西方修辞规范.如果我们认识了西方修辞的原理、原则、规范在西方各个学科和各种理论中的体现,我们就能对这些学科产生出来的“知识”不仅知其然,而且能知其所以然;如果我们能洞察源于西方的各种观点、论述的雄辩本源和生成规律,在中西学术交流中,我们就将更善于发扬批判精神,更注意避免盲目迷信,更迅速地增强自己的创新能力,并且在许多对外的事务中能够多一份主动权.作为中国的英语教育工作者,我们要充分认识到学习和研究西方修辞的重要性和必要性.我们英语教师的责任,不仅仅是要使学生掌握好英语语言基础知识,培养学生的语篇分析能力,更为重要的是要培养学生能用英语进行真正的对外交流时所要求的各种关键的素质和能力,其中包括修辞互动能力.也就是说,我们当前更需要培养的是能用英语进行有效地交谈、有效地应对和说服并按我们自己的意愿尽可能改变对方的看法和态度的人才.这是因为在任何领域,出于任何目的的对外交往(如国际公关、涉外法律纠纷、涉外商业谈判等)要想取得成功,都非得有这种人才不可.胡范铸先生在《从修辞技巧到语言行为》一文中分析“突发危机管理”这一问题时说到:“`突发危机'是当代社会中常见的重大问题.危机管理,亦即对危机的预防、控制与消解,这不仅仅是一个政治问题、经济问题或武力问题,还是一个语言问题.社会危机就其根本,都是因利益而起,但在一个相对的格局中,冲突的直接表现常常不是利益而是面子.面子问题在某种意义上可以说就是语言问题.这意味着,首先,一切冲突的解决都离不开合适的定位,而对冲突的任何定位都离不开语言.其次,在应对冲突的各种行为中,语言行为是费效比最为经济的一种.第三,任何冲突的解决要获得足够的面子,都离不开语言的有效描述.”
[5]而语言的有效描述只有从修辞学中获得.同样,一个能用外国语言进行有效地描述从而说服和改变对方的看法和态度的人材的培养当然也离不开对西方修辞学的学习、了解和掌握.因此,重视西方修辞学的教学,致力于提高学生的修辞能力而不是单纯注重他们的所谓语言能力,加强他们对西方修辞传统和当代实践的研究,实现从语言到话语,表达到对应,交流到说服,解释到辩论的跨越,对培养我国高素质的具有国际竞争能力的人才,从而提升我国国际竞争力具有极大的现实意义和战略意义。
在我国,实现西方修辞学教学是一个系统工程,应整体规划,有步骤地进行.1)首先应提高认识,更新观念.要充分认识到西方修辞学在我国英语教育中的重要性和必要性.2)改革中学和大学英语教材和课程设置,把西方修辞学列入英语教学内容,并将中学和大学的修辞学教学内容有机地结合起来,做到循序渐进,避免内容的重复.3)将人文修辞学(包括美学修辞和交际修辞)有系统地列入为中学和大学一、二年级的教学内容.4)对大学英语专业三、四年级的学生可连续两年开设语体或文体修辞学的选修课.对非英语专业的三、四年级学生可结合其所学专业开设有关语体、文体修辞学的选修课.如给法律系的学生开设法律语体选修课;给理工科的学生开设科技语体选修课;给文秘专业或新闻专业的学生开设公文语体或新闻语体选修课等等.5)修辞学教学可渗透于英语有关课程的教学当中.例如在基础英语、高级英语、英语语法、英语词汇学和英语写作等课程的教学过程中都可结合有关内容进行人文修辞学的教学,以便起到一个强化、巩固和提高的辅助作用.6)加强训练和课外指导,让学生在实践中掌握和内化西方修辞学的内容.
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