CMOS数字集成电路 chapter1

Moore’s Law
Electronics, April 19, 1965.
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
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Evolution in Complexity
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Frequency
10000 Frequency (Mhz) 1000 100 486 10 1 0.1 1970 8085 8086 286 386
Doubles every 2 years
P6 Pentium ® proc
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ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)
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The Transistor Revolution
First transistor Bell Labs, 1948
Power density too high to keep junctions at low temp
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Not Only Microprocessors
Cell Phone
Small Signal RF Power RF
Digital Cellular Market (Phones Shipped)
Power Management
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Units
48M 86M 162M 260M 435M
Analog Baseband
Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU)
(data from Texas Instruments)
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Challenges in Digital Design
DSM
“Microscopic Problems”
• Ultra-high speed design • Interconnect • Noise, Crosstalk • Reliability, Manufacturability • Power Dissipation • Clock distribution. Everything Looks a Little Different
Power Dissipation
100 P6 Pentium ® proc 10 8086 286 1 8085 8080 486 386 Power (Watts)
8008 4004
0.1 1971 1974 1978 Year 1985 1992 2000
Lead Microprocessors power continues to increase
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LOG2 OF THE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTION
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
286 486 8086 10 386 8085 8080 8008 1 4004 0.1 1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008 Year
Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive
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Transistor Counts
K 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10
8086
Source: Intel
1 Billion Transistors
Pentium® III Pentium® II Pentium® Pro Pentium®
Introduction
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What is this book all about?

Introduction to digital integrated circuits.
CMOS devices and manufacturing technology. CMOS inverters and gates. Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation. Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories. Programmable logic arrays. Design methodologies.
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Power will be a major problem
100000 10000 Power (Watts)
1000
100
18KW 5KW 1.5KW 500W
Pentium® proc

What will you learn?
Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, and reliability
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Power density
10000 Power Density (W/cm2) 1000
Rocket Nozzle
100
Nuclear Reactor
8086 10 4004 Hot Plate P6 8008 8085 Pentium® proc 386 286 486 8080 1 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year
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The First Computer
The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: ? 7,470
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1000 Transistors (MT) 100 10 1 0.1 8086 8080 8008 4004 1980 386 286 486
2X growth in 1.96 years!
P6 Pentium® proc
8085 Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years 0.01 0.001 1970
386
P6 Pentium ® proc 486
~7% growth per year ~2X growth in 10 years
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1980
1990 Year
2000
2010
Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law
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1/DSM
“Macroscopic Issues”
• Time-to-Market • Millions of Gates • High-Level Abstractions • Reuse & IP: Portability • Predictability • etc. …and There’s a Lot of Them!
7
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The First Integrated Circuits
Bipolar logic 1960’s
ECL 3-input Gate Motorola 1966
8
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1990 Year
2000
2010
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Die Size Growth
100 Die size (mm)
10 8080 8008 4004 1 1970 8086 8085 286
Digital Integrated Circuits
A Design Perspective
Jan M. Rabaey Anantha Chandrakasan Borivoje Nikolic
Introduction
July 30, 2002
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Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation
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Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor
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Digital Integrated Circuits
Introduction: Issues in digital design The CMOS inverter Combinational logic structures Sequential logic gates Design methodologies Interconnect: R, L and C Timing Arithmetic building blocks Memories and array structures
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Moore’s Law
In
1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months

3
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Why
is designing digital ICs different today than it was before? Will it change in future?
8080 8008 4004 1980 1990 Year 2000 2010
Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years
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i486 i386 80286
1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Projected
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Moore’s law in Microprocessors