医学英语复习

《Antibiotic Resistance》the past we have managed to develop new antibiotics to replace those that had become ineffective，but that has changed now that some bacteria have become resistant to all available drug treatments.过去，我们一直努力开发新的抗生素，来取代那些已经无效的抗生素。

然而，现在这种情况变了，这是因为有些细菌已对现有的抗菌素治疗都产生了抗药性。

are safe while these bacteria remain sensitive to erythromycin or tetracycline but，given the experience with their hospital-based cousins，it will only be a matter of time before these become ineffective too.当这些细菌还对红霉素或四环素敏感时，我们是安全的，但鉴于我们对它们那些在医院的同类的经验得知，这些抗菌素变得无效也只是时间问题了。

the US，outbreaks of multi-resistant strains have occurred in both health settings and prisons，causing the deaths of many who came into contact with the original infected person.在美国，广泛耐药性的菌属已出现在医疗保健场所和监狱，导致许多与感染者接触的人员死亡。

have made a huge difference to this condition，but we are now getting to the stage where we no longer have effective andproven therapy that works against some of these higher level resistance strains.抗生素使这种状况大为改变，但是我们现在正在回到这种状态，即再也没有有效治疗对付那些高耐药性的细菌感染了。

need the equivalent of the discovery of penicillin by Fleming and its development by Florey to be repeated every 10-20 years if we want to keep ahead of bacterial infections.如果我们想走在细菌传染的前面，那么每10-20年，我们就需要有像Fleming发现青霉素，Florey发展青霉素那样的发现发展新药的过程。

addition to the developmental costs，there has been general complacency on the part of the community，medical profession and pharmaceutical industry during the 1980s.除了开发方面的高投入费用，还有就是我们社会方面、医疗行业及制药企业方面自上世纪80年代以来普遍的自我满足。

research and development has been winding back，the pace of bacterial adaptability has been accelerating.抗菌素研发方面的进展一直在放慢，而细菌的抗药性的速度却一直在加快。

development of new chasses of antibiotics is obviously vitally important but it is not the only means we should use to manage antibiotic resistance.新一代抗菌素开发固然十分重要，但这并不是我们用来对付抗生素耐药性的唯一方法。

are frequently using antibiotics when they are unlikely to give any benefit，such as the treatment of viral respiratory tract infections.我们经常使用抗生素治疗，而好多这些治疗并不能给我们带来益处，如：对病毒性呼吸道感染的治疗。

there are commercial and economic benefits to this，the cost in the form of antibiotic resistance is very high.虽然这样做会在商业和经济上带来好处，但由此带来的抗生素耐药性的代价却是巨大的。

《Hello Dolly!》that there does not appear to be any scientific reason why cloning techniques can not be applied in the human context, this raises the possibility of producing human clones not only from the DNA of living human beings, but also from dead ones.由于似乎没有科技原因阻碍克隆技术用于人类，所以就有可能不仅从活的人体中提取DNA，也有可能从死的人体中提取DNA克隆。

welfare issues，as well as the possible benefits to humans of employing cloning techniques in various non-human contexts，have taken a back seat to outpourings of fear and howls ofprotest.使用克隆技术对动物的好处，以及各种非人体克隆技术可能对人类带来的好处，都被人们的极度恐惧和愤怒所淹没。

then, bioethicists and scientists have largely dropped the topic because cloning of mammals did not seem technically feasible, and was therefore thought to be a matter better suited for science fiction than for earnest scientific or philosophical discussion.自那时起，生物伦理学家和科学家也基本上不关注这类话题，因为克隆哺乳动物在技术上似乎还不可行。

由此认为，克隆人与其说是认真严肃的科学或哲学话题，不如说更适合于科幻小说。

what is this “right”and can it sit comfortably with the fact that some of our fellow humans are already “clones” and do not, in that sense, have a unique genetic identity?但是，什么是这个所谓的正确身份呢？这种说法难道对我们人类中一些已经遭到“克隆”并（按这种说法）失去了唯一遗传身份现象却能不闻不问吗？expectations about the “resurrection” of a beloved dead child might well deprive the new child of the opportunity to unfold in his or her own distinctive way, and prevent it from experiencing love, affection and acceptance as a unique individual and person.对于复活死去的心爱孩子，错误期待会剥夺这个新生孩子展示他或她各自不同的人生道路的体会，以及会妨碍她作为一个独一无二个体经历亲情、爱情和被他人接受的体验。

repugnant scenario? Perhaps. But is it a more repugnant scenario than the destruction of countless foetuese in abortions for reasons often more trivial than the saving of peoples’ lives?一个令人作呕的景象？也许是，但这比起做人流时无数胎儿被摧残的景象难道会更令人作呕吗？而做人流的最大理由也同样不过是为了挽救人的生命。

这是一个令人作呕的景象吗？也许是。

但是那些为了相比救人生命而言微乎其微的理由而常常毁灭无数发育完全的胚胎danger with regard to the regulation of cloning is that the easiest political reponse to the recent outpourings of fears and fantasies is a total ban of the practice in the human context.有关控制克隆的危险是针对最近人们对此极度恐惧和不正确的想象而作出的最简单的政治反应——那就是全面禁止人类背景下的克隆研究实践。

《Stress》1.It was vital once-an innate response to danger，inheriteddirectly from the primeval veld down to our own lifetimes，where it causes nothing but trouble.人类从远古草原/时期直接遗传下来的应急机制曾经（对生存）至关重要，而如今却只能带来麻烦。

2.Research has revealed that men’s and women’s bodiesprocess stress differently,and provided disturbing evidence about how stress affects child development from the earliest weeks of life.研究依据显示，男女机体对压力的反应不同，并令人揪心地向我们展示了压力是怎样从孩子出生的头几周就开始影响孩子的发育发展。