宁波大学2611医学分子生物学考博真题试题2019年
2019年宁波大学考博试题2611医学分子生物学(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1.分子生物学2.细胞周期检查点3.单倍型不足4.功能克隆5.基因工程6.Structural gene7.Autophagy8.Molecular chaperon9.Ubiquitination10.Gene therapy二、选择题（每题1分，共30分）1.基因的基本概念不包含以下内容A.是核酸分子中贮存遗传信息的基本单位B.是RNA和蛋白质相关遗传信息的基本存在形式C.是指编码RNA和蛋白质多肽链序列信息D.是表达这些信息所必需的全部核苷酸序列E.是蛋白质和核酸的复合体2.真核生物基因的调控序列不包括A.增强子B.OCT-1C.GC盒D.外显子E.TATA盒3.以下哪个不是人类基因组计划的内容A.代谢图B.遗传图C.物理图D.转录图E.序列图4.反式作用因子的活性调节不包括以下方式A.表达式调节B.反馈调节C.配体结合D.蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用E.共价修饰(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学5.细胞周期调控涉及四个检查点，但不包括以下哪一个A.G0期检查点B.S期检查点C.G2期检查点D.G1-S期检查点E.M期检查点6.有关细胞周期蛋白说法，不正确的是A.CDK可以磷酸化cyclinB.cyclin D可与CDK4/6结合，促使RB磷酸化C.cyclin E可与CDK2/3结合，促使细胞通过G1-S检查点D.cyclin A浓度在细胞周期是固定不变的E.cyclin B是M期重要的调节蛋白7.细胞凋亡具有重要作用，以下描述哪点不正确A.凋亡能够清除衰老和损伤的细胞B.胞质蛋白交联使凋亡小体稳定C.凋亡的发生不需要ATP的参与D.核DNA的降解是非随机性的E.免疫细胞可引起凋亡8.视网膜母细胞瘤与以下哪个肿瘤抑制基因突变有关A.BRCAB.TP53C.RCCD.RB1E.APC9.下列有关不同基因组DNA复制的共同机制，说法错误的是A.基因组DNA都有固定的复制起始点B.以复制子为基本单位进行复制C.半保留复制D.半不连续复制E.通过复制中间体完成复制10.端粒酶主要组分包括A.DNAB.蛋白质C.DNA和蛋白质D.RNA和蛋白质E.RNA(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学11.真核生物基因组DNA复制的特点，以下说法错误的是A.需要解开和重新组装核小体B.有多个复制起始点C.全部DNA复制完成后方可启动下一轮复制D.线粒体DNA通过滚环模式复制E.采用特殊的机制来复制端粒12.以下物质不会引起DNA损伤的有A.紫外线B.甲硫氨酸C.硫酸二乙酯D.5-FUE.亚硝酸盐13.不适合选作基因工程药物表达体系的是A.大肠杆菌B.酵母C.线虫D.昆虫杆状病毒E.中国仓鼠卵巢细胞14.能引起应激反应的因素是A.夏天高温B.机械撞击C.紫外线D.蛋白质E.以上全部15.属于细胞水平应激反应的是A.氧化应激B.表达热激蛋白C.急性期应激反应D.凝血蛋白的增加E.血浆白蛋白聚集16.可能引起基因治疗风险的基因导入方法是A.脂质体法B.直接注射C.慢病毒D.受体介导基因转移E.以上全部17.下列哪个是普遍存在于真核基因中的RNA剪接的识别信号A.GC-AT法则B.AG-GT法则C.GT-AG法则D.GT-AC法则E.GG-AA法则18.导致蛋白质合成提前终止的是下列哪种突变A.同义突变B.错义突变C.无义突变D.反义突变E.移码突变19.基因诊断和其它诊断比较，最主要的特点是A.费用低B.周期短C.取材方便D.针对致病基因E.无需设备20.PCR的特异性主要取决于A.循环次数B.模板量C.DNA聚合酶活性D.引物特异性E.扩增温度(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学21.可用于检测单链DNA的分子杂交技术是指A.Eastern印迹B.Northern印迹C.Southern印迹D.Western印迹E.Dot印迹22.RNA的二级结构是指：A.双螺旋结构B.发夹结构C.三维结构D.倒L型结构E.超螺旋23.核酸分子的一级结构是指：A.核苷酸的数目B.核苷酸的排列顺序C.氢键的数目D.磷酸二酯键的位置E.核苷酸的种类24.在原核生物转录起始阶段中，有下列哪类酶发挥作用：A.RNA聚合酶全酶B.RNA聚合酶核心酶C.同工酶D.双功能酶E.异构酶25.在原核细胞操纵子结构中，没有表达产物的DNA序列是：A.调节序列B.结构基因C.操纵序列D.外显子E.以上都对26.在翻译过程中，tRNA把以下哪个（些）分子联系起来：A.氨基酸B.mRNAC.rRNAD.A和BE.A和C27.在转录延长过程中，RNA聚合酶与DNA模板的结合是：A.全酶与模板结合B.核心酶与模板特定位点结合C.结合状态相对牢固稳定D.结合松弛有利于RNA聚合酶向前移动E.通过氢键结合28.电子显微镜下观察到原核生物转录过程的羽毛状图形，说明：A.可见复制叉B.转录产物RNA与模板DNA形成很长的杂化双链C.多聚核糖体生成必须在转录完成后才出现D.转录没终止即开始翻译E.说明有内含子(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学29.关于遗传密码，以下哪点不正确：A.方向性B.简并性C.通用性D.AUU是终止密码子E.无标点符号30.原核生物蛋白质合成的起始阶段与mRNA结合的核糖体小亚基是：A.30SB.40SC.60SD.70SE.80S三、论述题（每题10分，共30分）1.试述真核生物基因组的特点。
2020年宁波大学生物化学与分子生物学考博真题以及答案解析
宁波大学2020年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码: 2607 总分值: 100 科目名称: 生物化学与分子生物学一、名词解释(任选10题，多答不给分，每题4分，共40分)1. Aerobic oxidation of glucose葡萄糖有氧氧化（Aerobic oxidation of glucose）：是指葡萄糖在有氧条件下彻底氧化成二氧化碳和水，并生成大量ATP的过程，是糖氧化的主要方式。
2. Protein renaturation蛋白质复性（protein renaturation）：在一定条件下变性的蛋白质恢复成原来的构象、性质和生物学功能的过程，称为复性。
3. Isoenzyme同工酶（Isozyme）：是指能催化相同的化学反应，其蛋白分子结构、理化性质和免疫性能等方面都存在着明显差异的一组酶，他们不仅存在于同一个体的不同组织中，甚至可以存在于同种组织同一细胞的不同亚细胞结构中。
4. 0xidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化（Oxidative phosphorylation）：是指在代谢物脱氢氧化，经呼吸链传递给氧，生成水的过程中消耗了氧，消耗了无机磷酸，使ADP磷酸化生成ATP的过程称为电子传递水平磷酸化，通常称之为氧化磷酸化，常发生在线粒体内膜上。
5. Amino acid metabolic pool氨基酸代谢池（Amino acid metabolic pool）：是指食物蛋白经消化而被吸收的氨基酸，与体内组织蛋白降解产生的氨基酸混在一起，分布于体内，参与代谢，称之为氨基酸代谢池。
6. DNA replicationDNA复制（DNA replication）：是指在亲代DNA双链儿的每一条链上，按碱基配对而准确的形成一条新的互补链，结果生成两个与亲代相同的DNA双链，在病毒中，RNA的复制则是由单链RNA先产生互补链（负链），然后由负链儿复制成病毒的RNA正链。
2019年宁波大学考博试题2613理论力学(A卷)
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宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 2613 总分值： 100 科目名称：
理论力学
三、 计算题：（每小题 14 分，共 56 分）
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（B） J z2 J z1 m a2 b2 （C） J z2 J z1 m b2 a2
z1
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b
C
（D） J z2 J z1 m a2 b2
5. 平面运动刚体的动能，等于它以（ ）速度作平动时的动能加上绕（
的动能。
（A） 初始，质心
（B） 质心，重心
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
（C） 相对转动，相对移动
（D） 转动，平动
），而不限制两物体
2. 点的速度合成定理 va=ve+vr 的适应条件是（
）。
（A） 牵连运动只能是平移
（B） 各种牵连运动都适用
（C） 牵连运动只能是转动
（D） 牵连运动为零
3. 已知平面图形上任意两点 A、B 的速度分别为 vA、vB，C 为 AB 的中点，则 C 点相对于 A 点
1. 悬臂吊杆机构如下图所示，均质横梁 AB 长 l=2.5m，重量 P=1kN；绳索 BC 与 AB 倾角 30°， 质量不计。重物 Q=8kN（如图），挂于图示位置 b=2m，求绳索的拉力和铰链 A 的约束反力。 (14 分)
C
b
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Q
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2. 如下图所示直角曲杆 OBC 绕轴 O 转动，使套在其上的小环 M 沿固定直杆 OA 滑动。已知： OB=0.1m，OB 与 BC 垂直，曲杆的角速度ω=0.5rad/s，角加速度α=0，试求φ=60º当时，小环 M 的速度和加速度。(14 分)
宁波大学分子生物学考研真题试题2009年—2019年(缺13、14、15)含部分标准答案
宁波大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A 卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:分子生物学科目代码：941适用专业:海洋生物学、生物化学与分子生物学第1页共1页一、名词解释（40分，每个4分）NCBI 、mutiple cloning site 、nested-PCR 、genetic central dogma 、RNA splicing 、intron 、gene family 、trans-acting factor 、Klenow fragment 、microsatellite DNA二、问答题（50分）1、简述原核生物DNA 复制过程中需要哪些酶和蛋白的参与，各具有何作用？（10分）2、原核生物基因转录的终止子的种类及作用机制。
（10分）3、真核生物mRNA 与原核生物mRNA 的区别。
（10分）4、试比较原核生物和真核生物启动子结构的差别。
（10分）5、简述乳糖操纵子调节机制。
（10分）三、分析题（60分）1.简述RNA 提取方法，并描述如何确定提取RNA 的质量？（15分）2.简述SDS-PAGE 电泳和Western blot 检测流程？（15分）3.引物设计题：已知下列序列，请根据此序列下划线标示区设计上下游引物。
（10分）GAGGTTGTTCGAAGGATTGGAACCGGTATAAGGGCGTTAGACGGCG……TTCTACGACGTCGTCGT CTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCGTCTGAACAATAGTGGACGAACCACG4.现要求在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )BL21中表达A 基因。
（20分）1）选择pET28a 为原核表达载体，假定某基因A 的ORF 序列中包含下列限制性内切酶位点Bam H I 、Hind III 、Sac I 。
pET28a 的多克隆位点如下：请为基因A 原核表达选择合适的限制性内切酶位点。
2）请写出实现A 基因在大肠杆菌中表达的实验流程。
2019年宁波大学考博试题3824生物信息学(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3824总分值：100科目名称：生物信息学一、名词解释（每题6分，共42分）1.E值2.模体(Motif)3.基因本体(Gene Ontology)4.隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）5.蛋白质组(Proteome)6.KEGG7.基因组二、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.GenBank是()。
A.在线人类孟德尔遗传数据B.国际核酸数据库C.人类基因组计划D.水稻基因组计划2.DDBJ的含义是()。
A.美国国家生物信息中心B.欧洲分子生物学实验室C.日本DNA数据库D.中国基因组研究中心3.NCBI中人类无冗余基因数据库是()。
A.UniGeneB.UniProC.UniRefD.URF4.差异表达主要采用的统计方法是()。
A.卡方检验B.超几何分布检验C.T检验D.正态性分布检验5.ChIP-seq不能用于以下哪种情况的检测()。
A.转录因子DNA结合位点B.基因突变C.H3K4me3组蛋白修饰D.H3K27me3组蛋白修饰6.下列哪种测序方式可以用于DNA甲基化检测？()A.RNA-seqB.BS-seqC.CLIP-seqD.ChIP-seq7.contig的含义是()。
A.基序B.跨叠克隆群C.碱基对D.结构域8.BLAST程序中，哪个方法是不存在的？()A.BLASTPB.BLASTNC.BLASTXD.BLASTQ(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3824总分值：100科目名称：生物信息学9.TCGA的含义是()。
A.基因组研究中心B.核苷酸序列数据库C.疾病基因组数据库D.肿瘤基因组图谱10.Read的含义是()。
A.测序的片段B.测序片段的读长C.碱基D.模体三、简答题(每题8分，共24分)1.简述生物信息学的发展阶段。
2.序列的相似性与同源性有什么区别与联系？3.人类基因组计划的结果显示，蛋白编码基因占整个基因组的不到5%，剩下的都是非编码区域，请您说出常见的非编码RNA类型，并列举几个常用的非编码RNA数据库及其主要内容。
宁波大学2019年博士研究生招生考试 (医学院)3826内科学初试试卷(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学一、名词解释（20分；共10题，每题2分）1.肺性脑病2.Kussmaul征3.中毒性巨结肠4.肾小管酸中毒5.希恩综合征6.Somogyi现象7.中间综合征8.狼疮危象9.Graham-Steell杂音10.皮革胃二、单项选择题（30分；共30题，每题1分）1.COPD患者导致肺动脉高压的主要原因是：A.肺气肿时，肺血管床严重减少B.肺泡内压力增高C.缺氧和高碳酸血症D.血容量明显增加E.继发性红细胞增加2.心绞痛发作时可出现：A.房性或室性心动过速B.血沉增快C.心肌酶增高D.乳头肌断裂E.体温升高(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学3.关于肝性脑病，下列哪种说法不正确：A.上消化道出血，肠道产氨增加B.感染可增加氨的产生C.低血糖时大脑去氨活动增加D.低血容量和缺氧可使血氨增高E.高蛋白饮食时，肠道产氨增加4.诊断再障最准确的检查方法是：A.外周血常规B.骨髓活检C.骨髓细胞学检查D.骨髓细胞化学染色检查E.网织红细胞计数5.下列哪项不是Fanconi综合征的常见临床表现：A.肾性糖尿B.蛋白尿C.磷酸盐尿D.血尿E.全氨基酸尿6.肾移植的绝对禁忌证是：A.感染B.顽固性心力衰竭C.慢性呼吸衰竭D.明显的转移性癌症、凝血紊乱和精神病患者E.血管病变7.促使红细胞生成因子分泌增多的主要因素是：A.缺氧B.缺铁C.低蛋白血症D.缺乏维生素CE.以上都不是(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学8.下面哪一种激素不是由腺腺垂体分泌的激素：A.促肾上腺皮质激素B.抗利尿激素C.促甲状腺激素D.泌乳素E.卵泡刺激素9.常导致低血钾、高血压的疾病是：A.抗利尿激素分泌过多B.生长激素分泌过多C.醛固酮分泌过多D.皮质醇分泌过多E.甲状腺激素分泌过多10.特发性血小板减少性紫癜可有：A.骨髓巨核细胞消失B.凝血时间延长C.血小板寿命缩短D.网织红细胞绝对值降低E.Coombs试验(+)11.关于消化性溃疡的临床表现，不正确的是：A.胃溃疡急性穿孔多发生于大弯侧B.十二指肠溃疡多为午夜痛C.球后溃疡易并发出血D.十二指肠急性穿孔多发生于前壁E.胃溃疡多为餐后痛12.扩张型心肌病、心功能Ⅲ级患者，服用ACEI后咳嗽，宜采用下列哪种措施：A.加用镇咳药物B.加强利尿C.停用ACEID.换用ARBE.换用钙拮抗剂(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学13.关于吸入性肺脓肿，下列哪项不正确：A.多属厌氧菌为主的感染，一般细菌培养不易生长B.好发于右上叶后段和左或右下叶的背段C.X线胸片上可见空洞，其内壁凹凸不平，为偏心空洞D.病后10天左右，可咳出大量恶臭脓痰E.有效抗生素治疗不应少于8周14.判断心功能失代偿的主要依据是：A.心率加快B.心肌肥厚与心脏扩大C.心肌收缩力增强D.心排出量明显降低E.心室舒张末期容量增加15.下列哪项检查不用于强直性脊柱炎诊断：A.“4”字试验B.骨盆侧压试验C.Schober试验D.Schirmer试验E.胸廓活动度16.患者，女，24岁，颜面及双下肢水肿1个月。
2018年宁波大学考博试题2611医学分子生物学(A卷)
二、选择题（每题 1 分，共 20 分）
1. 最早提出基因(gene)名词的学者是 A. Mendel B. Johannsen C. Morgen D. Sanger E. Watson
2. 人类基因组的特点不包括 A. 含有许多高度重复性序列 D. 较为复杂 3. 以下哪个不是顺式作用元件 A. 启动子 B. 增强子 C. 操纵子 D. 沉默子 E. 绝缘子 B. 具有断裂性 E. 有核外基因 C. 高度不稳定性
12. 可能引起基因治疗风险的基因导入的方法是 A. 脂质体法 B. 直接注射 C. 慢病毒 D. 受体介导基因转移 E. 以上全部
13. 以下有关基因组复制的说法，不正确的是： A. 真核 DNA 复制酶常见的有 5 种，分别是 Polα，Polβ，Polγ，Polδ，Polε B. Pol α 和引发酶复合物合成 RNA-DNA 引物 C. Pol δ 负责 DNA 随从链的复制和 DNA 损伤修复 D. 真核生物 DNA 链延伸不需要 Pol α E．Pol α、Pol β、Pol γ、Pol δ 和 Pol ε 等较为常见 14．真核 DNA 复制调节相关的因子不包括： A. Cyclin B. CDK C. tRNA D. 端粒 E. rRNA
20. 著名美籍华裔科学家简悦威在 1978 年首次应用 DNA 重组技术对实现了对哪种遗传性疾病的 产前基因诊断 A.镰刀形细胞贫血 B.苯丙酮尿症 C.血友病 D. Fanconi 贫血 E.白血病
三、论述题（每题 10 分，共 30 分）
1．试述 PCR 的基本原理及用途。 2. 什么是细胞凋亡？ 细胞凋亡有哪些基本特征？简述线粒体在介导细胞凋亡中的作用。 3. 什么是基因诊断？与其它诊断方法相比，基因诊断的特点有哪些？
宁波大学医学分子生物学2017--2020年考博初试真题
宁波大学2020年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学
一、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）
1.蛋白质磷酸化
2.分子伴侣
3.DNA甲基化
4.半保留复制
5.非编码RNA
6.细胞衰老
7.抑癌基因
8.基因诊断
9.计算基因组学
10.基因编辑
二、选择题（每小题1分，共15分）
1.以下有关基因组复制的说法，不正确的是：
A.真核细胞DNA复制酶常见的有5种，分别是Polα，Polβ，Polγ，Polδ，Polε
B.Polα和引发酶复合物合成RNA-DNA引物
C.Polδ负责DNA随从链的复制和DNA损伤修复
D.真核生物DNA链延伸不需要Polα
2.真核DNA复制调节相关的因子不包括：
A.Cyclin
B.CDK
C.tRNA
D.端粒
3.DNA损伤不包括：
A.碱基丢失
B.碱基突变
C.DNA连接
D.DNA链断裂
4.DNA损伤修复途径不包括：
A.互补配对
B.重组修复
C.错配修复
D.切除修复
5.以下有关蛋白质折叠说法错误是：
A.蛋白质折叠形成其天然构象才具备生物学功能
B.蛋白质既可以自发折叠也可以伴侣蛋白参与折叠
C.新合成的蛋白不需要分子伴侣，而变性蛋白需要分子伴侣协助
D.原核生物蛋白和真核生物蛋白折叠所需的伴侣蛋白类型不同
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2019年宁波大学考博试题3817遗传学(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3817总分值：100科目名称：遗传学一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1、具有DNA的细胞器为（）。
A高尔基复合体B内质网C溶酶体D线粒体2、人类体细胞染色体数为46条，如果不发生交换，能产生正常生殖细胞的类型有（）A246B223C462D2323、如果染色体数目在二倍体的基础上减少一条则形成（）A单倍体B单体C缺体D三体4、人类基因组的DNA约有（）碱基对。
A 3.0×1012B 3.0×1011C 3.0×1010D 3.0×1095、一对有PTC尝味能力的夫妇，生育了一个味盲儿子，他们再生育具有尝味能力的子女的概率是（）。
A25%B50%C75%D100%6、某人是一个常染色体基因的杂合子Bb，而他带有一个隐性的X连锁基因d。
在他的精子中有多大比例带有b d基因？（）A0B1/2C1/16D1/47、假定等位基因A与a为共显性，Aa自交后代的表现型比例为（）A1：1B3：1C1：2：1D2：18、Western印迹法是用于研究（）转移和鉴定的一种常规技术A DNAB RNA C蛋白质D脂类9、同义突变常发生在密码子的（）碱基。
A任意B第一C第二D第三10、一个群体初始杂合子频率为0．92，自交2代后，群体中纯合子的频率为()A46%B23%C77%D54%(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3817总分值：100科目名称：遗传学二、名词解释（每个3分，共30分）1.测交2.修饰基因3.母性影响4.突变5.染色体组6.转座因子7.基因家族8.转导9.群体10.数量性状三、计算题和问答题（共60分）1、枯草杆菌和大肠杆菌DNA 双链分子的碱基组成以及在体外合成试验中产生RNA 的碱基组成如下表：从表中，你是否能够确认大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌的RNA 是从一条链上转录的呢，还是从两条链上转录的？所产生的RNA 是单链还是双链的？为什么？（8分）2、某医院妇产科同一晚生了4个孩子，血型分别为A 型、B 型、AB 型和O 型。
宁波大学生物化学2016年考博真题
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宁波大学 2016 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(B 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业:
生物化学 生物医学信息处理
科目代码： 2611
5. 对丙酮酸激酶缺乏症患者来说，测定其生理生化指标之前，你预示会发生下列那种现象？（ ） A：血红蛋白对氧亲和力升高 B：血红蛋白对氧亲和力降低 C：2，3-二磷酸甘油酸水平下降 D：2，3-二磷酸甘油酸水平不变 6. 下列哪种酶在糖酵解和糖异生两条途径中都能起作用？（ ） A：丙酮酸激酶 B：丙酮酸羟化酶 C：3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 D：1，6-二磷酸果糖酶 7. 胞质中合成脂肪酸的限速酶是（ ） A：β-酮脂酰合成酶 B：水化酶 C：乙酰 CoA 羟化酶 D：脂酰转移酶 8. 内源性甘油三酯主要由于下列哪一种血浆脂蛋白运输？（ ） A：CM B：LDL C：VLDL D：HDL 9. 下列哪一种氨基酸是生酮氨基酸？（ ） A：丙氨酸 B：异亮氨酸 C：亮氨酸 D：络氨酸 10. 在 DNA 损伤修复中，哪一种修复可能导致高的异变率？（ ） A：光修复 B：切除修复 C：重组修复 D：诱导修复
（二）选择题（18 题，每题 1 分，共 18 分）
1. 一条含有 105 个氨基酸残基的多肽链，若只存在 α-螺旋，则其长度为：（ ） A：15.75nm B：37.80nm C：25.75nm D：30.50nm 2. 唾液淀粉酶经透析后，水解淀粉的能力显著降低，是因为（ ） A：酶蛋白变性 B：失去了激活剂离子 C：失去了辅酶 D：酶量减少 3. --会受到二硝基苯酚的抑制（ ） A：柠檬酸循环 B：苹果酸穿梭 C：糖酵解 D：氧化磷酸化 4. 线粒体的标志酶是下列哪一种？（ ） A：葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶 B：琥珀酸脱氢酶 C：腺苷酸环化酶 D：乳酸脱氢酶
2019年宁波大学考博试题2607生物化学与分子生物学(A卷)
二、 问答题（共 40 分）
1. 什么是核酸的熔解温度 Tm，其影响因素有哪些？（6 分） 2. 什么是蛋白质的二级结构？至少说出两种二级结构类型和特点（8 分） 3. 什么是酶活力和比活力？测定酶活性时候要注意哪些问题？（8 分） 4. 简述 PCR 和 qPCR 的相同点和不同点。（8 分） 5. 什么是蛋白组？蛋白组分析的主要技术和原理是什么？（10 分）
宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 2607 总分值： 100 科目名称：
生物化学与分子生物学
一、 名词解释 （选答 10 个，多答不给分，每个 4 分，共 40 分）
1. Isoelectric point 2. Semi-conservative replication 3. Expressed sequence tag 4. Zymogen activation 5. cipitation 6. Promoter 7. Transcription factor 8. β-oxidation of fatty acids 9. Western blotting 10. Transfection 11. Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination 12. Affinity chromatography
三、论述题（20 分）
RNA 的加工和修饰影响细胞的多种功能，随着高通量测序和其他生物技术的发展， 新的加 工和修饰类型被发现，请说出真核生物 mRNA 转录后加工修饰的类型及其意义（至少四种）。
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医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may scar achild’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and ec onomic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is bloomingtwo to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and the y’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksep p discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams82. Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A. Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83. Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive________.A. originates in the limbic systemB. involves parts of the forebrainC. controls how we respond to stimulusD. exists in many, other animals。
2019年宁波大学考博试题3816细胞生物学(B卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3816总分值：100科目名称：细胞生物学一、名词解释（每题3分，共30分）1.核仁2.细胞通讯3.脂质体4.细胞培养5.细胞自噬6.信号肽7.端粒8.凋亡小体9.Hayflick界限10.分子开关二、问答题（共55分）1.Na+-K+泵工作原理及生理学意义（8分）2.列举可用于细胞形态结构观察5种显微镜类型及其特定功能。
（7分）3.模式生物的特点是什么？请列举说明模式生物的使用在细胞生物学研究中的作用（7分）4.请简述肌肉收缩原理。
（8分）5.请简述依赖于甘露糖-6-磷酸（M6P）分选途径的溶酶体酶的合成、加工和分选过程。
（10分）6.请简述细胞细胞骨架的类型、功能。
（6分）7.请简述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别是什么?有什么常用方法鉴定细胞凋亡？（9分）三、论述题（共15分）1．简述受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶介导的RTKs-Ras信号通路组成及其功能。
20世纪90年代末，克林顿实验室的一名研究生发现了一种特殊形式的HER2蛋白。
该蛋白与HER2胞外域的一小部分类似，但没有位于细胞和细胞膜内的部分。
因其抗癌作用原理，将之命名为戴默赛特(Dimercept)。
请根据前面所述原理以及下图说明戴默塞特这个抗肿瘤药物作用原理。
（7分）(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3816总分值：100科目名称：细胞生物学2、将鸡红细胞放入数种等渗溶液（0.17mol/L氯化钠、0.17mol/L氯化铵、0.17mol/L硝酸钠、0.12mol/L硫酸钠、0.17mol/L醋酸胺、0.12mol/L草酸铵、0.32mol/L葡萄糖、0.32mol/L乙醇）中，请根据溶血情况，将等渗溶液分组并说明理由。
（8分）。
宁波大学2019年博士研究生招生考试 (医学院)3827外科学初试试卷(B卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3827总分值：100科目名称：外科学一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1.休克死亡三联征2.Abdominal compartment syndrome:3.ERAS理念4.MELD评分5.O’Donoghue三联征6.Brown-Sequard sydrome7.castrate-resistant prostate cancer8.压力性尿失禁9.法洛氏四联症10.Diffuse axonal injury二、单项选择题（每题1分，共30分）1.肝储备功能评估不包括：（）A.血生化B.肝体积测量C.血尿淀粉酶D.Child评分E.吲哚菁（ICG）排泄试验2.下列有关肝门胆管癌的描述哪一项是错误的：（）A.根据肝门胆管癌的Bismuth-Corette分型可判断预后B.肝门胆管癌亦称Klatskin瘤C.肝门胆管癌指发生于肝总管至左右二级肝管起始部之间的胆管癌D.手术切除是目前肝门胆管癌能获得长期存活的主要治疗手段E.肝门胆管癌易发生肝门区域淋巴结转移(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3827总分值：100科目名称：外科学3.女，54岁。
腹痛、腹胀、乏力3个月。
腹部隐痛阵发性发作。
查体：贫血貌，浅表淋巴结无肿大，巩膜无黄染，腹软，未见肠型，右下腹可触及一活动性包块。
实验室检查：Hb90g/L,WBC9.5X10 9/L，肝功能正常，CEA20ug/L.粪隐血试验阳性。
最可能的诊断是：（）A.回盲部套叠B.回盲部结核C.溃疡性结肠炎D.克罗恩病E.回盲部肿瘤4.有关主要组织相容性抗原（MHA）描述错误的是：（）A.在人类称为白细胞抗原（HLA）B.MHA与器官移植的排斥反应有关C.编码MHA的基因群称为主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）D.包括肝移植在内的器官移植均需进行MH测定和配C型E.HLA可分为HLA-I分子和HLA-II分子5.有关精准医学的描述，下列哪一项是错误的：（）A.是21世纪医学发展的方向B.精准医学是以个体化医疗为基础的C.当前对各种肿瘤的诊治均能实施精准医学D.精准医学的实施有赖于基因测序技术和对疾病本质的深入了解E.靶向治疗是精准医学的重要内容之一6.标准体重正常人胃肠道液体的分泌量24小时可达：（）A.3000~5000mlB.4000~6000mlC.5000~7000mlD.8000~9000mlE.大于10000ml(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3827总分值：100科目名称：外科学7.患者45岁，女性，反复腹痛、发热1年，近3天上述症状加重，寒战高热、伴眼白发黄。
2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目
2019年宁波大学博士研究生招生考试初试科目考试大纲科目代码、名称: 2612病理生理学一、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷满分值及考试时间本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
试卷由试题和答题纸组成；答案必须写在答题纸（由考点提供）相应的位置上。
（三）试卷内容结构考试内容主要包括疾病概论，水、电解质代谢紊乱，酸碱平衡紊乱，缺氧，发热，应激，缺血－再灌注损伤，休克，凝血和抗凝血平衡紊乱，心功能不全，肺功能不全，肝功能不全肾功能不全，脑功能不全。
（四）试卷题型结构1.名词解释2.选择题3.论述题4.分析题二、考查目标课程考试的目的在于测试考生系统地掌握疾病发生的原因和条件，疾病发生、发展的规律和趋势，为疾病的防治提供理论依据。
三、考查范围或考试内容概要病生绪论,疾病概论掌握：细胞和分子在各种病因作用下所发生的代谢、功能、形态变化特征及对机体的影响，同时掌握一般的处理原则。
了解：病理生理学的研究内容、任务和在医学中的地位；病理生理学的主要研究方法及发展简史。
水、电解质紊乱掌握：水、钠代谢障碍及其分类，水、钠代谢异常的引起原因、对机体的影响及处理原则；钾代谢及钾代谢障碍对机体的影响.酸碱平衡紊乱掌握：机体对酸碱平衡的调节机制、反映酸碱平衡状况的常用指标及其意义、各种酸硷平衡紊乱及对机体的影响和处理原则。
分析判断酸碱平衡紊乱的方法及其病理生理基础。
缺氧掌握：缺氧的类型、原因和发病机制，掌握缺氧时机体的功能代谢变化；了解：机体对缺氧耐受性的因素；发热掌握: 发热的原因及机制，发热机体的主要功能代谢变化。
了解: 发热时的热代谢特点，发热的生物学意义。
应激掌握：应激时的神经内分泌反应，应激时机体的功能代谢变化，应激蛋白，应激与疾病。
缺血—再灌注损伤掌握：缺血—再灌注损伤的发生机制。
了解：缺血—再灌注损伤的原因，条件及功能代谢变化。
休克掌握：休克的发生机制，休克的细胞代谢改变及器官功能障碍；各型休克的特点；凝血和抗凝血平衡紊乱掌握: 弥散性血管内凝血的原因和机制，弥散性血管内凝血的发展弥散性血管内凝血过程、功能代谢变化及临床表现。
2016年宁波大学考研博真题3824分子生物学
入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:分子生物学科目代码：3824适用专业:生物医学信息处理一、名词术语6题，每题4分，共24分1.报告基因：2.穿梭质粒载体：3.扣除杂交：4.严紧反应：5.DNA酶Ⅰ超敏位点：6.整合感染：二、选择题15题，每题1分，共15分1:tRNA的反密码子与mRNA的密码子之间的摇摆配对主要由下面哪类碱基配对引起的：（）A：C·AB：C·UC：G·AD：G·U2：核糖体的E位点是；（）A：真核mRNA加工位点B：tRNA离开原核生物核糖体的位点C：核糖体中受EcoRⅠ限制的位点D：真核mRNA起始结合位点3：下列哪个核糖体RNA分子是原核生物特有的：（）A：5.8S RNAB：23S RNAC：18S RNAD：28S RNA4.测定蛋白质在DNA上的结合部位的常见方法是（）A：Western印记B：PCRC：限制性图谱分析D：DNaseⅠ保护足印分析入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:分子生物学科目代码：3824适用专业:生物医学信息处理5.在乳糖操纵子的安慰诱导物是（）A：乳糖B：半乳糖C：异构乳糖D：异丙基硫代半乳糖苷6.下列哪个操纵子中没有衰减子序列（）A：trp操纵子B：lac操纵子C：his操纵子D：thr操纵子7.以下的蛋白质结构域中，哪一类不是直接与DNA分子相结合的（）A：锌指结构B：亮氨酸拉链C：同源异构域D：螺旋-转角-螺旋8.某一家族的与G蛋白偶联的腺苷酸环化酶的基因有缺陷，试问下面哪一种激素（）的功能将会受到影响A：甲状腺素B：皮质醇C：胰岛素D：肾上腺素9.当前基因治疗研究中，研究者倾向于使用的载体是：（）A：质粒B：腺病毒C：噬菌体D：YAC10.EST序列本质上是：（）A：基因组DNAB：cDNA序列C：mRNA序列D：多肽序列入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:分子生物学科目代码：3824适用专业:生物医学信息处理11.从酵母中克隆到一段DNA序列具有类似原核生物DNA复制起始点的功能，即：（）A：USRB：LTRC：ARSD：ORF12.原核蛋白合成中起转移位酶作用的是？（）A:EF-TsB:EF-TuC:EF-GD:以上都不对13.在DNA的错配修复中，修复系统是根据（）来判断子链和母链的（）A:甲基化B:乙酰化C:磷酸化D:糖基化14.研究promoter DNA与蛋白质RNA聚合酶分子间相互作用不适合的方法是（）A:gel mobility assayB:run off transcriptionC:DNA footprintingD:DNA fingerprinting15.蛋白激酶C催化蛋白质上氨基酸残基的磷酸化，它是（）A:ThrB:AspC:TycD:His三、多选题5题，每题2分，共10分1.DNA多聚体的形成要求有模板和一个自由3’-OH端的存在。