英国文学选读期末考名词解释部分
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要第一篇：英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements(此处可能会有填空,选择等小题2.Romance(名词解释3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story4.Ballad(名词解释5.Character of Robin Hood6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet7.Heroic couplet(名词解释8.Renaissance(名词解释9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10.Sonnet(名词解释 11.Blank verse(名词解释12.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读14.William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet 这是肯定的。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)[2]
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名词解释1.Epic（史诗）(appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style， offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition。
A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad＆Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes。
英国文学选读名词解释
英国文学选读名词解释1. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄(1)The Byronic hero is an idealized （理想化的）but flawed (有缺陷的)character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his e x-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byr onic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe H arold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).(2)It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superio rity in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the bu rden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly ag ainst any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral princip les with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.1812-1818 George Gordon Byron “Manfred”Manfred2. ConceitConceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Don ne’s poetry.metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century write rs who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphy sical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan of the Neoclas sical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from actual life.(2)It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.17世纪，英国，John Donne “The Flea”3. Renaissance 文艺复兴The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings, which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries, persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.14-17世纪英国，起源于意大利，William Shakespeare Hamlet4. English RomanticismIn the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europ e and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticismgave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. Romantic literature is c haracteristic by such qualities as a deep love of nature, an indulgence in the self and th e individual, and a overwhelming interest in the supernatural, the mysterious and the g othic. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Romanticism prevailed in En gland from 1798 to 1837.1798-1837 William Blake “The Lamb”5. Dramatic monologue戏剧独白Dramatic monologue is a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue. But to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetr y. Robert Browning “My Last Duchess”6. Stream of Consciousness 意识流In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.It is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.1922-21st century James Joyce Finnegans Wake7. Epiphany 顿悟A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work. It was taken over by James Joyce to denote secular revelation in the everyday world, in an early version of his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) later published as Stephen Hero (1944).8. Critical RealismIt means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.It is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities。
英美文学史及选读期末考试常用名词解释
1.Alliteration：Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearbywords. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. In old English alliteration is the principle organizing device of the verse line.2.Romance：Romance is a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose,describing the life and adventure of a noble hero. Romance was characteristic of the early feudal age, as it reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance was usually about love, chivalry, and religion.3.Soliloquy is a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while underthe impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. It is also known as interior monologue.4.sonnet: A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became apoem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes.5.Conceit--- a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startling differentthings. A conceit may strike the readers weird at first glance, but proves appropriate in the end.6.The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europeduring the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson etc..7.Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It makes atransition from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. The term Renaissance means rebirth or revival. The Renaissance period was marked by a reawakening of interest in learning, in the individual and in the world of nature. The revival of learning led scholars back to the culture of Greece and Rome. The rebirth of interest in the individual gave rise to a new appreciation of beauty, to a desire for self-expression in varied activities and to the creation of art. The renewal of curiosity about the nature word ultimately drew men to discover new lands and new scientific truths.。
英国文学期末复习-名词解释部分
Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism2.Victorian period3.Autobiography4.Regional novel5.Dramatic monologue6.Dramatization7.Disinterestedness8.Idyll9.Psychological novel10.The Pre-Raphaelites11.Künstlerroman12.Aestheticism13.Naturalism14.Aestheticism15.Beowulf16.Blank verse17.Ballad18.Byronic Heroes19.Classicism20.Conceitic epic in prose22.Enlightenment23.Graveyard School / Poets24.Gothic novel25.Heroic couplet26.Humanism27.Individualismke Poets29.Metaphysical Poetry30.Neoclassicism31.Romance32.Romanticism33.Renaissance34.Rationalism35.Relativism36.Sonnet37.Spenserian Stanza38.Sentimentalism39.Stream-of-consciousness40.University witsⅡ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism: English critical realism o f the 19th century flourished in the forties and in theearly fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictures bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William Makepeace Thackeray, was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray‟s novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society. Other adherents to the method of critical realism were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel as represented by Dickens and Thackeray entered a stage of decline. It found its reflection in the works of George Eliot. Though she described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, the power of exposure became weaker in her works. She seemed to be more morally than socially minded. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.2.Victorian period: The era of Queen Victoria‟s reign (1837~1901). The period is sometimes dated from1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), a period of intense and prolific activity in literature, especially by novelists and poets, philosophers and essayists. Dramatists of any note are few. Much of the writing was concerned with contemporary social problems: for instance, the effects of the industrial revolution, the influence of the theory of evolution, and movements of political and social reform. The following are among the most not able British writers of the period: Thomas Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, W. M. Thackeray, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Charles Dickens, Anthory Trollope, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, George Meredith, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Samuel Butler, Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Arthur Jones, Oscar Wilde.3.Autobiography: An account of a person‟s life by him or herself. The term appears to have been first usedby Southey in 1809. In Dr. Johnson‟s opinion no man was better qualified to write his life than himself, but this is debatable. Memory may be unreliable. Few can recall clear details of their early life and most are therefore dependent on other people‟s impressions, of necessity equally unreliable. Moreover, everyone tends to remember what he or she wants to remember. Disagreeable facts are sometimes glossed over or repressed, truth may be distorted for the sake of convenience or harmony and the occlusions of time may obscure as much as they reveal.4.Regional novel: A regional writer is one who concentrates much attention on a particular area and uses itand the people who inhabit it as the basis for his or her stories. Such a locale is likely to be rural and or provincial. Once established, the regional novel began to interest a number of writers, and soon the regions described became smaller and more specifically defined. For example, the novels of Mrs. Gaskell (1810~1865) and George Eliot (1819~1880) centered on the Midlands, and those of the Bronte sisters were set in Yorkshire. There were also “urban” or “industrial” novels, set in a particular town or city, some of which had considerable fame in the 19th century. Notable instances are Mrs. Gaskell‟s Mary Barton (1848), Charles Dickens‟s Hard Times (1854) and George Eliot‟s Middlemarch (1871~1872).5.Dramatic monologue:Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historicalcharacter other than the poet speaks to a sile nt “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet‟s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character,whose personality is revealed unwittingly; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson‟s “Ulysses” (1842), Browning‟s “Fra Lippo Lippi” (1855), and T. S. Eliot‟s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917).Some plays in which only one character speaks, in the form of a monologue or soliloquy, have also been called dramatic monologues; but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.6.Dramatization: The act of making a play out of a story in another genre, from a chronicle, novel, shortstory and so forth. In medieval drama the Bible was dramatized into the Mystery Plays. In the Tudor period dramatists “lifted” plots, stories, and ideas from historians like Plutarch and Holinshed, and novelists like Lodge and Nashe. But it was not until the 18th century that dramatization really began to flourish. Then novels provided the material. For example, Richardson‟s Pamela, dramatized by James Dance, was extremely popular. There followed dramatization of novels by Mrs. Radcliffe, Alpole, Godwin, “Monk”Lewisand Clara Reeve. In the 19thcentury.DickensandScottweretheauthorsmostused; so were Lord Lytton, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Reade, Wilkie Collins, and many more. The arrival of a group of original dramatists towards the end of the century saved the theatre from this deadening activity. But it is a practice by no means extinct, as television and recent theatrical history amply demonstrate.7.Disinterestedness: (In criticism) “Disinterestedness” is an important term in Matthew Arnold‟s essay TheFunction of Criticism at the Present Time, first delivered as a lecture in1864 and later published in Essays in Criticism(1865). Arnold spoke of the need, in the study of all branches of knowledge, to see the object “as in itself it really is”.This depended on the attitude of the critic, which, in his view, ought to be objective and open-minded, a kind of involved detachment.8.Idyll:Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence andcontentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson‟s Idylls of the King (1842~1885), a sequence of Arthurian romances, bears little relation to the usual meaning. Browning in Dramatic Idylls(1879~1880) uses the term in another sense, as a short self-contained poem.9.Psychological novel: A vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concernedwith the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action. Many novelists during the last two hundred years have written psychological novels.10.The Pre-Raphaelites:Pre-Raphaelites is a group of English artists and writers of the Victorian period,associated directly or indirectly with the self-styled Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood of young artists founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and William Holman Hunt.The PRB (as it is usually abbreviated) rebelled against the conventional academic styles of painting modeled upon Raphael (1483～1520), seeking a freshness and simplicity found in earlier artists, along witha closer fidelity to Nature. The organized Brotherhood itself lasted only a few years, but Pre-Raphaelitismas a broader current survived in the paintings of Edward Burne-Jones, the designs of William Morris, and the art criticism of John Ruskin, as well as in the poetry of Christina Rossetti, D. G. Rossetti, Morris, and A.C. Swinburne—the last three being dubbed “The Fleshly School of Poetry” in a hostile review by RobertBuchanan (Contemporary Review, 1871). Pre-Raphaelite poetry is often characterized by dreamy medievalism, mixing religiosity and sensuousness, notably in D. G. Rossetti‟s“The Blessed Damozel”(1850), Morris‟s The Defence of Guenevere (1858), and Swinburne‟s Poems and Ballads (1866).11.Künstlerroman: A novel which has an artist (in any creative art) as the central character and which showsthe development of the artist from childhood to maturity and later. In English literature the most famous example of a Künstlerroman is James Joyce‟s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.12.Aestheticism:The term aesthetic has come to signify something which pertains to the criticism of thebeautif ul or to the theory of taste. An aesthete is one who pursues and is devoted to the “beautiful” in art, music and literature. And aestheticism is the term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility (a way of looking at and feeling about things) in the 19th century. Fundamentally, it entailed the point of view that art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. In other words, art is an end in itself and need not be (or should not be) didactic, politically committed, propagandist, moral or anything else but itself; and it should not be judged by any non-aesthetic criteria (e.g. whether or notit is useful).13.Naturalism:Naturalism is a post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the”laws”of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalist went beyond the realist‟s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O‟Neill in America; Zola in France; and Hardy and Gissing in England. Crane‟s“The Blue Hotel” (1898) is perhaps the best example in this text of a naturalistic short story.14.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement. It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.15.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements.16.Blank verse（名词解释）:This term，which was first brought into England by Surrey，is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter 1ine in poetry．17.Ballad民谣（名词解释）(Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed.)A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. It can be about the story, folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, with graphic simplicity and force and is suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.18.Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.19.Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.20.ConceitConceit is a far-fetched metaphor or simile originally a "concept" or "idea", conceit came to mean a striking parallel between two highly dissimilar things, The metaphysical conceit is more far-fetched and less trivially ornamental, and generally more original.ic epic in prose（散文体喜剧史诗）It …s similar to the epic.its large,comprehensive,and contains many incidents and characters.Unlike the serious epic,which treats great persons,the comic epic treats persons pf inferior rank and manner(the generic subject matter of comedy)instead of kings and nobles and it portrays the ridiculous.22.Enlightenment (1650-1800)（名词解释）The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy23.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom.24.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)25.Heroic couplet (名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)26.Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval asceticism．It states that man is godly，that man is able to find truth，goodness and beauty，and that man is in contro1 of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly，humanism puts man at the center of their be1iefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man．27.Individualismemphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rightske Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.29.Metaphysical Poetry"The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne .With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal love, The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.30.NeoclassicismIt is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). These movements were dominant at various times between the 18th and 20th centuries. This article addresses what these "neoclassicisms" have in common.31.Romance （名词解释）(1)The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval ro mance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2)A long com position describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3)One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.32.RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)，it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。
英国文学名词解释
1.Blank Verse(无韵诗): Verse composed of unrhymed iambic pentameter.2.Sonnetlyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines （亚历山大诗行，含6个抑扬格音步）in French, hendeca-syllables (11音节) in Italian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.(1) The Italian Sonnet （Petrarchan sonnet）comprises of an 8-line octave of 2 quatrains, rhymed abba abba, followed by a 6-line sestet usually rhymed cde cde or cdc dcd.(2)The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises 3 quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. An important variant of this is Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spencer), which links the 3 quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabacdcdee. In either form, the “turn” comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram（警句）.十四行诗，又译“商籁体”，为意大利文sonetto，英文、法文sonnet的音译。
第二学期期末考试英国文学专有名词解释部分
1. Imagery (比喻)Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in readers… mind.A rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or “concrete” objects, scenes, actions, or state as distinct from the language of abstract argument or expositon.2> the imagery of a literar y work thus comprises the set of images that it uses, these need not be mental”pictures” but may a ppeal to senses other than sight.2. Realism (现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life(especially when they a re gloomy). Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.3. Symbolism (象征主义)Symbolism works under the surface to tie the story‟s external action to the theme. It was often pro duced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one corresp ondence.The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character…s thoughts, feelings refl ections, and mental images as the character experiences them.4. Simile (明喻)(a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as than, or resembles. The comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.5. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法)A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly, usually in two or three words.6. Metaphor (暗喻)A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlik e simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the c omparison.8. Romanticism (浪漫主义)A.In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then t o $2.B.it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.C.In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a lit erary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and e xperience.D. the English romantic period is an age of poetry. This prevailed in $2 from 1798 to 1837. The m ajor romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley.An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphas is on the individual…s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and for ms of classicism.9. Modernism (现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th centur y and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical c ase.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and a rchitecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in Ameri ca from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a brea king away from established rules, traditions and conventions. Fresh ways of looking at man‟s posit ion and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concern ed with language and how to use it and with writing itself.10. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual‟s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character‟s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduc tion in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of co nsciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterize d by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character‟s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character…s thoughts, feelings refl ections, and mental images as the character experiences them.。
英美文学选读期末名词解释.doc
英国文学复习整理名词解释1. Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speaker who is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironical effect.2. Aestheticism美学主义(唯美主义)Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.3. The Pygmalion Effect皮格马利翁效应The Pygmalion Effect is that people tend to behave as you expect they will. If you expect a person to take responsibility, they probably will.If you expect them not to even try, they probably won ' t.4. Colonialism 殖民主义one country's domination of another country or people一usually achieved through aggressive, often military actions , and the territory acquired in this manner.5. Post-colonial theory后殖民主义理论is a multicultural theory which mainly studies relations of cultural discourse power between the colonist and the colonized as well as racism （种族主义）,cultural imperialism （文化帝国主义），nationalculture and culture power identity after colonial period Representatives后殖民理论的"圣三位一体"Edward Said（萨义德）Gayatri C. Spivak（斯皮瓦克）Homi K. Bhabha（霍米巴巴），6.lmagism意象主义The body of theories of a group of anti-Romantic and anti-Georgian British and American poets （1912-18）who aimed at simplicity and detachment in poetic expression by the clear presentation of visual images.,/.Imagery 意象Words or phrases that create picture, or images, in the reader mind.Images are primarily visual.Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.8.Symbolism印象主义Epiphany 顿悟An experience of sudden and striking realization 顿.悟Epiphany is an appearance or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something, to describe the sudden revelation of whatness of a thing, the moment in which the soul of the commonest object seems tous radiant.9.Stream of Consciousness 意识流It is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual's point of v iewby giving the written equivalent of the character's thought proc esses, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by le aps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to f ollow, tracing a character's fragmentary thoughts and sensory feeli ngs. The narrative method of capturing and representing the inner working of a character's mind.lO.Feminist Criticism 女性主义Feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, social rights and opportunities for women11 .Transcendentalists 超验主义Transcendentalists emphasize the importance of the individual. They believe that the individual is the most important part of society, and that social innovation can only be achieved through personal cultivation and improvement. Therefore, the primary responsibility of people is to improve themselves, rather than deliberately pursue wealth and wealth. An ideal person is one who depends on himself Transcendentalists look at nature in a new way, believing that nature is the symbol of super spiritor god. In their view, nature is more than matter. It has life, the spirit of god fills it, it is the cloak of the super spiritmbic pentameter（五音步诗）lambic pentameter is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable. It is a meter in poetry, consisting of an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet （hence pentameter）.13. Alliteration（头韵）Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group. It is a very old traditional stylistic device in English literature and verse. The consonants and stressed syllables are repeated in one line or in one stanza14. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄The Byronic hero presents an idealized, but flawed character whose attributes include: great talent; gr eat passion; distaste for society and social institutions; a lac k of respect for rank and privilege; being thwarted in love by social c onstr aint or death; rebellion; exile; an unpleasant secret past; arrogance; overconf idence or lac k of foresight; and, ultimately, a self-destructive manner.15.Sonnet十四行诗A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary butare usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespeareanor English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. ke Poets湖畔诗人The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement1/.Metaphysical玄学派诗歌的Metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use ofconceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.18.Shakespearean Comedy 莎士比亚式喜剧A Shakespearean comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeare's other plays. Shakespeare an comedies tend to also include: 'A struggle of young lovers to overcome difficulty, often presented by elder.。
(完整word版)英国文学 名词解释
1.(1) Modernism （现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fic tion represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism。
It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity。
Realism现实主义： An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings。
（1） First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful， accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world。
英国文学选读名词解释
Byronic hero： a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin，which is s a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. Example: Don Juan by George Gordon ByronPost colonialism is a specifically postmodern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to, and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. Post colonialism is defined in anthropology as the relations between nations and areas they colonized and once ruled. Example: Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Symbolism is the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character. A symbol is an object, action, or idea that represents something other than itself, often of a more abstract nature. Example:The Waste Land by T.S.EliotMysticism: refers to conceal or hidden in ancient times ,it can also be thought of as a constellation of distinctive practices, discourses, texts, institutions, traditions, and experiences aimed at human transformation, variously defined in different traditions. Example: A Vision by William Butler Y eatsOde: it is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Example: Ode on a Grecian Urn by John KeatsDramatic monologue: A literary, usually verse composition in which a speaker reveals his or her character, often in relation to a critical situation or event, in a monologue addressed to the reader or to a presumed listener.Dramatic monologue:a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue.Naturalism:it first appeared in France, there naturalists including Zola turned especially to “slum life”, in England flourished in the 2nd half of 19th century; naturalists argued that literature reflect life, be “true to life”, writer must reproduce in his writings life exactly as it is, (including all details without any selection), theory of “a slice of life”; However, a fallacy, for impossible to include all the details in real life; only give the appearance of life but not its essence. In England, two outstanding writers in the last decades: George Gissing, George Moore.Naturalism: a movement in theatre, film, and literature that seeks to repeat/copy a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism in whichsubjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalistic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. They believed that one's heredity and social environment decide one's character. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser and Norris in America; Hardy and Gissing in England. Art for art’s sake: It is the usual English version of a French slogan, from the early 19th century, and expresses a philosophy that the intrinsic value of art, and the only” true” art, is divorced from any didactic, moral or utilitarian fu nction. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde, with his “picture of Dorian Gray”.Modernism:Around the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It was a movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in English literature.They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Y eats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.Modernism: Modernism describes a group of cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The term covers a series of reforming movements in art, architecture, music, literature and the applied arts which emerged during this period. At its most basic level, Modernism could be described as the experimentation and fragmentation of the human experience, characterized by deviations from the norms of society. James Joyce, T.S Eliot, Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner are the representative writers.Stream of consciousness: is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a character's fragmentary tho ughts and sensory feelings. James Joyce’s “Ulysses” is a representative of this kind of novel.。
英国文学选读名词解释
1.epic 史诗An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.protagonist 主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.7.antagonist 反角In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.8.romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containingadventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.9.bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the “wheel”, longe r lines with three stresses and internal thyme.10.poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments ofsome famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.11.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive lines o f rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’smasterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century, notably in the couplets of Pope, before declining in importance in the early 19th century.12.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13.refrain 叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the endof a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization , which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of universal love, respect to human beings and approval of man’s power, ability and knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affirmed. In short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom and capacity into full play.15.Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourishedin Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.17.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.18.meter 格律the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s so nnets are written in iambic.19.foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllablevariation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 20.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21.quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaicforms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such arepresentation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23.poetic license 诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns –“Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24.verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.26.Globe Theatre 环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.27.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelingsand flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.ke poets 湖畔诗人are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn o f the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The thr ee main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordswo rth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.30.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his countryor era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.31. Humanism(人文主义)Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.32. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser. 33. Romanticism(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,theRomantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.34. Aestheticism( 美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.35. Stream of Consciousness(意识流)(psychol organized by William James) individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal character and comment on life.（由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学）个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。
英国文学期末考试会出现的名词解释(自己整理——超实用的!)
1.epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodyingheroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. Other examples of epic poems are Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, John Milton's Paradise Lost, William Wordsworth's The Prelude, Elizabeth Barret Browning's Aurora Leigh, and T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land."2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.romanceoriginally refers to the vernacular (native) language, as opposed to Latin, and later it means a popular literary form in the medieval period which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance.7.allegoryIt is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.It has a primary meaning and a secondary meaning . In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity, or truth, are personified as characters in the story.8.rhythmbriefly speaking, rhythm is a regular repeated pattern of movement or sound.In poetry, two main factors contribute to the formation of rhythm are the recurrence of stresses and pauses. That is the regular repeated appearance of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables and pauses.9.foot 音步is the unit of rhythm in verse composed of accented and unaccented syllables.Different patterns of arrangements of stressed and unstressed syllables are given different names. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18”contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.10.meter 格律is the rhythm established by the use of the specific foot, in another word, the specific arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. The number of feet in a line forms another means of describing the meter: monometer (one foot), dimeter (two), trimeter (three), tetrameter (four), pentameter (five) hexameter (six).heptameter(7).octameter(8).11.rhyme 韵律the sameness or similarity of the sounds at the end of the poetry lines.12.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.13.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales14.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs with the rhyme scheme :aabbcc. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet and it was best represented by Alexander Pope.15.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love balla d.16.ballad民谣It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood.17.Renaissancemarks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.18.Dramais a genre of literature, in which the words are mainly dialogue. People talking is the basic dramatic action. The essential quality of drama is interaction since it used words to create action through the dialogue of characters talking to one another rather than to the reader.19.Spenserian stanza:is a group of eight lines of iambic pentameter followed by a six-stress iambic line, with a rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. further utilized by Milton, Gray, Keats, Shelley, Byron and Tennyson.20.University Wits :in 16th century a number of university students began to write plays after the model of Roman dramatist and they were the predecessors to Shakespeare:Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe.21.Elizabethan literatureliterature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603).22.sonnet 十四行诗A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italianform as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental with a change of theme in the poem. The meter is iambic pentameter.23.blank verse 无韵诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. It was first made the principal instrument of English drama by Christopher Marlowe and it was the chief verse form used by Shakespeare.John Milton’s Paradise Lost was also written in this form.24.The Metaphysical poetsA term that is now applied to a group of 17th-century poets who, whether or notdirectly influenced by John Donne, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry and in religious poetry.25.The Metaphysical poetry26.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.27.Lyric:A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather thannarrative or dramatic movement.。
(完整word版)英国文学选读名词解释2
一名词解释1. Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.2. Gothic novelsGothic literature invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and settings such as castles, dungeons, and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader.3. narrative poemA narrative poem tells a story in verse. Three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, such as Robin Hood; epics, such as Beowulf; and metrical romances, such as sir Gawain and the Green Knight.4. lyric poemA lyric poem expresses the observation and feelings of a single speaker. Unlike a narrative poem, it presents an experience or a single effect, but it does not tell a full story. Types of lyrics include the elegy, the ode, and the sonnet.5. critical realismIn Victorian period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. Charles Dickens, the Bronte Sisters, Thomas Hardy.6. romanticismIt is a literary moment and current. It put more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man and focuses more on individual rather than society. It advocates freedom for expressing personal feelings and reject convention and tyranny, emphasizing the rights and dignity of common humans.7. Shakespearean sonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. Octave + sestet3 quatrains + a couplet8. OdeThe Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.9. NaturalismA post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the “laws” of scientific determinism to fictionThe naturalist went beyond t he realist’s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity.Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O’Neill in America; Zola in France; Hardy and Gissing in England.二给出一部分节选（小说或诗），指出出处和作者，理解。
英国文学名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition; in verse or in prose; describing the life and adventures of a noble hero; especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song; usually in four-line stanzas; with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter; and written in an elevated style. 4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem; usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works; logic; order; restrained emotion and accuracy. 8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends inEnglish literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions; and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking; passion over reason.10．Romanticism: imagination; emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century. 12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character enthusiasm; persistence; pursuing freedom; named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature; fine art; music and other arts.14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet; with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; that is; with each foot an iamb.17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning; usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.杰弗里乔叟：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales 埃特伯雷故事集24stories2.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies; Of Truth philosophical and literary works4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen仙后to Queen Elizabeth I四大悲剧：1奥瑟罗叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言;被嫉妒所压倒;掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜;随后自己也悔恨自杀..奥瑟罗是个襟怀坦白、英勇豪爽的战士;苔丝德蒙娜天真痴情;毅然爱上了他;不顾家庭的反对和社会的歧视;同他结了婚..但是;他们的爱情虽然战胜了种族歧视;却没有逃脱伊阿古的阴谋陷害..伊阿古假装忠诚;心地奸诈;由于升不上副将;就对奥瑟罗怀恨在心;千方百计害死奥瑟罗夫妇;最后自己也得不到好下场..通过这个形象;莎士比亚对原始积累时期新兴资产阶级中的极端利已主义进行了深刻的揭露和批判..2李尔王描写一个专制独裁的昏君;由于刚愎自用;遭受到一场悲惨的结局..悲剧的目的同样在于揭露原始积累时期的利已主义;批判对于权势、财富的贪欲..悲剧还反映了当时广大农民流离失所的英国现实..在第三幕第四场里;李尔被两个女儿驱逐出门以后;跑到暴风雨的荒野;诅咒女儿忘恩负义..在雷电交加中;李尔对穷苦的人们喊道：“衣不蔽体的不幸的人们;无论你们在什么地方;都得忍受着这样无情的暴风雨的袭击;你们的头上没有片瓦遮身;你们的腹中饥肠雷动;你们的衣服千疮百孔;怎么抵挡得了这样的气候呢”这里;莎士比亚通过李尔的口表达了他对无家可归的农民的同情;同时也是对当代现实的揭露..但是;紧接着上面那段话之后;李尔说道：“安享荣华的人们呵;睁开你们的眼睛来;到外面来体味一下穷人所忍受的苦;分一些你们享用不了的福泽给他们;让上天知道你们不是全无心肝的人吧这种求助于剥削阶级发善心以解决社会矛盾的想法;正是一种调和阶级矛盾的人道主义思想..3麦克白野心家麦克白将军从战场上立功凯旋;由于野心的驱使和妻子的怂恿;利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会;弑君而自立;最后;这个血腥的篡位者被邓肯的儿子和贵族麦克德夫所战败而死去..他的妻子也因精神分裂而死..这出悲剧深刻地揭示出个人野心对人所起的腐蚀作用;是莎士比亚心理描写的杰作..4哈姆莱特1601是莎士比亚戏剧创作的最高成就;写的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特为父复仇的故事..悲剧的情节是这样的：丹麦王子哈姆莱特;在德国威登堡大学接受人文主义教育..因为父王突然死去;怀着沉痛的心情回到祖国；不久;母后又同新王——他的叔父结婚;使他更加难堪..新王声言老王是在花园里被毒蛇咬死的;王子正在疑惑时;老王的鬼魂向他显现;告诉他“毒蛇”就是新王;并嘱咐他为父复仇..哈姆莱特认为他这复仇不只是他个人的问题;而是整个社会、国家的问题..他说自己有重整乾坤;挽狂澜于既倒的责任..他考虑问题的各个方面;又怕泄漏心事;又怕鬼魂是假</PGN0315.TXT/PGN>的;怕落入坏人的圈套;心烦意乱;忧郁不欢;只好装疯卖傻..同时;他叔父也怀疑他得知隐秘;派人到处侦察他的行动和心事..甚至利用他的两个老同学和他的情人去侦察他..他趁戏班子进宫演出的机会;改编一出阴谋杀兄的旧戏文贡札古之死叫戏班子演出;来试探叔父..戏未演完;叔父做贼心虚;坐立不住;仓皇退席..这样;更证明叔父的罪行属实..叔父觉得事情不妙;隐私可能已被发觉..宫内大臣波洛涅斯献计;让母后叫儿子到私房谈话;自己躲在帷幕后边偷听；王子发现幕后有人;以为是叔父;便一剑把他刺死..从此;奸王使用借刀杀人法;派他去英国;并让监视他去的两个同学带去密信一封;要英王在王子上岸时就杀掉他；但被哈姆莱特察觉半路上掉换了密信;反而叫英王杀掉了两个密使；他自己却跳上海盗船;脱险回来..回来后知道情人奥菲莉娅因父死、爱人远离而发疯落水溺死..奸王利用波洛涅斯的儿子雷欧提斯为父复仇的机会;密谋在比剑中用毒剑、毒酒来置哈姆莱特于死地..结果;哈、雷二人都中了毒剑;王后饮了毒酒;奸王也被刺死..王子临死遗嘱好友霍拉旭传播他的心愿.. C:鉴赏与品评:莎士比亚的悲剧主要是理想与现实的矛盾和理想的破灭..如哈剧中安排三条复仇线索;以王子复仇为主线;另两条线索穿插糅合其间..李剧中也有两条平行交错的线索..其次;人物形象鲜明;作者善于深入刻画人物的内心世界;使其性格更丰满深刻..如哈姆雷特的着名独白;富有哲理性..麦克白杀人后精神崩溃的过程更是刻画得细腻真切..此外;作者还善于渲染气氛;营造悲剧性的氛围;烘托人物的心理活动..如麦剧中夜与血的形象贯穿始终;阴森恐怖..李剧中暴雨荒原一场;激烈哀愤喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶5. Paradise Lost失乐园a revolt against God's authority; Paradise Regained复乐园how Christ overcame Santa ——stories were taken from Bible6.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress天路历程imagination; shadowing; realistic religious allegory7.George Gordon Byron: vigorous; strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记spenserian stanza; fights for liberty; Don Juan唐璜a broad critical picture of European life; When We Two Parted昔日依依别；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中；The Isles of Greece哀希腊8.: Ode to the West Wind西风颂-赞颂西风;希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression9.Jane Austen: wit; dry humour; subtle irony;realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Elizabeth and Darcy；Sense and Sensibility理智与情感；Emma爱玛10.: critical realist writer; humour; wit; happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities双城记London & Paris; where there is oppression; there is revolution; David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔；Oliver Twist雾都孤儿；Hard Time艰难时世；Great Expectations远大前程； Dombey and Son董贝父子；Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传11.我已故的公爵夫人 7.The Bronte Sisters: ：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性;她生活在社会底层;受尽磨难..但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神..小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写;引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历;歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见..扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情;具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量..其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗;敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象.. Emily: Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后;因受辱和恋爱不遂;外出致富;回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事..。
英国文学期末复习资料
英国文学期末复习一、选择1、浪漫主义时期开始的标志：the publication of the Lyrical Ballads(1798) Wordsworth.结束：the death of Sir Walter Scott.18322、湖畔派诗人（Lake Poets)：Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.3、Charles Lamb(查尔斯兰姆）：He is important in English literature for his contribution to the Familiar Essay(随笔/小品文）4、Walter Scott(沃尔特司各特）：the founder and great master of the historical novels(历史小说之父）。
5、Browning(布朗宁）：the contribution to the English literature is dramatic monologue(戏剧独白）。
6、Emily Bronte(艾米丽勃朗特）的小说特点：Gothic noveleg.Wuthering Heights7、George Bernard Shaw(肖伯纳）：Shaw’s main contribution to English literature is his drama.8、Thomas Stearns Eliot(艾略特）：代表作The Waste Land(荒原）9、Steam of consciousness(意识流）的2位代表作家：James Joyce,Virginia Woolf10、Angry Young Man（愤怒的青年）出自John Osborne’s play Look Back in Angry(愤怒的回顾）。
11、只有1部代表作的作家及作品：William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷）：Vanity Fair(名利场）Emily Bronte(艾米丽勃朗特）：Wuthering Heights(呼啸山庄）Joseph Conrad:Heart of Darkness(黑暗心脏）George Bernard Shaw:Major Barbara(芭芭拉少女）12、Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of feelings”(一切好诗都是强烈情感的自然流露）。
英国文学 名词解释 简答题 期末复习
Literary Terms1.Epic: a long narrative celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes,in a grand ceremonious style./ a long verse narrative dealing with important historical or legendary figures or events.2.Alliteration: the repetition of the same sounds-usually initial consonants of wordsor of stressed syllables-in any sequence of neighboring of words./ the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a line of a poem.3.Middle English：The English language in the transitional stage from old Englishto modern English through some four centuries (12-15) of development and change has been known as Middle English.4.Blank verse: the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter.5.Renaissance: the ―rebirth‖of literature, art, and learning that progressivelytransformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature, and accelerated by the development of printing. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern Western world.6.Humanism: a 19th century term for the values and ideal of the EuropeanRenaissance, which placed a new emphasis on the expansion of human capacities.Reviving the study of Greek and Roman history, arts, and philosophy, the Renaissance humanists developed an image of ―Man‖ more positive and hopeful than that of medieval ascetic Christianity: rather than a miserable sinner awaiting redemption from a pit of fleshly corruption.7.Anglo-Norman Romance: a fictional story in verse or prose that relatesimprobable adventures of idealized characters in some remote or enchanted setting;or, more generally, a tendency in fiction opposite to that of realism. / ―Romance‖in this period refers to some verse narrative that sings of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds and usually emphasizes the chivalric love of the Middle Ages in England.8.Allegory：a story in which the characters and events are used as symbols toexpress some religious, political or moral idea.9.Heroic Couplets: a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter lines. / lines of iambicpentameter in rhyming couplets.10.Ballads: are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oraltransmission. They are most characteristic of primitive societies of the English –Scottish border region in the later Middle Ages. The story is told simply, briefly, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogue.11.Ballad Meter: ballad meter contains 4- line stanzas, with the alternation of 4-and3- feet verse to the odd and even numbered lines (sometimes all four lines are in octosyllabics), and rhyming on the second and fourth lines12.Neoclassicism: as a rule, often employed against Romanticism, the term has alsobeen used to describe the characteristic world-view of the Age of Reason, denoting a preference fro rationality, clarity, restraint, order, and decorum, and forgeneral truths rather than particular insights.13.Spenserian Stanza: an English poetic stanza of nine iambic lines, the first eightbeing pentameters while the ninth is a longer line. The rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. The stanza is named after Edmund Spenser. / a nine-line stanza with the rhyme scheme of ababbcbcc with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in hexameter.14.One- man tragedy: begins with the rise of the hero from his humble origin to thezenith of his success and ends with his downfall or death.15.Metaphysical Poets: the name given to a diverse group of 17th century Englishpoets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes, and far-fetched imagery. The leading poet is John Donne.edy of Manners: a kind of comedy representing the complex andsophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its plot usually revolves around intrigues of lust and greed, the self-interested cynicism of the characters being masked by decorous pretence.17.Gothic Novel: a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle ormonastery.18.Sonnet: a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length, iambicpentameters in English.19.University Wits:a group of English poets and playwrights who establishedthemselves in London in the 1580s and 1590s after attending at either Oxford or Cambridge. The most important member of the group was Christopher Marlowe. A1．Please make some comments upon the great significances and the progressive views on man in Geoffrey Chaucer’s ―The Canterbury Tales‖.2. Please summarize ―Paradise Lost‖briefly and illustrate the importance of John Milton in the English literary history.B3. Please give a brief introduction of William Shakespeare and his Hamlet. It must contain a general comment on Shakespeare, a summary of the drama, the theme of the drama, and Shakespeare’s literary innovation in Hamlet.4. Please summarize briefly the main literary characteristics in the age of Enlightenment.A1.Chaucer’s masterpiece, ―The Canterbury Tales’ is one of the most famous works in all literature. (2) It is characterized by the principle of realism and humanism.(3) In it, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country, and irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. (5) As a representative of a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices.(2) His work is permeated with free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus becomes.(2) He believes in the right ofman to earthly happiness.(2) He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate.(2) He is always keen to praise man’s energy, skills, intellect, quick wit and the love for life. (2)2．The poem opens with the description of a meeting among the angels. The freedom-loving Satan and his followers are banished from heavenly domains and sequestered into the nether world. Satan and his adherents are not discouraged, and also strive for victory. Satan chooses the Garden of Eden as the battle-field, where there live in innocent bliss the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. Satan desired to tear them away from the influence of God and to make them instrumental in his struggle against God’s authority. (5) God learns of his intention, however, and sends the Archangel Raphael to warn Adam and Eve of Satan’s vile project. No sooner is he gone than Satan assumes the shape of a serpent and appears before Eve. By cunning and crafty speeches he persuades her to break God’s interdiction. (5) Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and plucks another one for Adam. God sees their misdemeanor and administrators his unwavering justice; they are deprived of immortality, exiled from Paradises and doomed to an earthly life full of privations and sufferings. The poem ends in Adam’s and Eve’s banishment from Paradise. (5)John Milton's literary career cast a formidable shadow over English poetry in the 18th and 19th centuries; he was often judged equal or superior to all other English poets, including Shakespeare. The influence of Milton's poetry and personality on the literature of the Romantic era was profound. Aside from his importance to literary history, Milton's career has influenced the modern world in other ways. (5)B:3. The greatest of all English authors, William Shakespeare belongs to those rare geniuses of mankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture. Meanwhile, he was one of the first founders of realism, a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations. (5)Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601. The play, set in Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet’s father, the King, and then taken the throne and married Hamlet’s mother.(5) The play vividly charts the course of real and feigned madness—from overwhelming grief to seething rage—and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. (5) Under Shakespeare’s pen, Hamlet as a medieval story assumed new meaning and significance. Danish names could not hide from the spectators and readers the fact that it was English which the great writer described in his play. The whole tragedy is permeated with the spirit of Shakespeare’s own time. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. (5)4. It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions: the reign of so-called classicism, the revival of romantic poetry, and the beginning of the modern novel. As a whole, it is an age of prose rather than of poetry, and in this respect it differs from all preceding ages of English literature. (5)The main representative of the classicism poetry is Alexander Pope (1688-1744), who was a man of extraordinary wit and extensive learning, and his contemporaries considered him as the highest authority in matters of literary arts. Among his other contributions, he elaborated certain regulations for the style of poetical works and made popular the heroic couplets in which he wrote the greater part of his poems. (5)The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18thcentury was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel Robinson Crusoe. It was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe. (5)Another conspicuous trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18th century was the pre-romanticism. It originated among the conservative groups of men of letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the ―Gothic novel‖. William Blake (1757-1821) and Robert Burns (1759-1796) serve as two forerunners of the Romanticism. (5)。
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Dramatic monologue （戏剧独白）
A monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment.
Stream of consciousness（意识流）
It is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a character's fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. The narrative method of capturing and representing the inner working of a character’s mind.
Iambic pentameter（五音步诗）
Iambic pentameter is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable. It is a meter in poetry, consisting of an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet (hence pentameter).
Alliteration（头韵）
Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group. It is a very old traditional stylistic device in English literature and verse. The consonants and stressed syllables are repeated in one line or in one stanza.。