英美报刊选读笔记
自考《英美文学选读》笔记3（简单版）
Percy Bysshe Shelley （1792-1822） 1792 Shelley was born in an aristocratic family. He was educated at Eton. 1810 18y， he went to Oxford Uni. He attacked war and glorified heroes and heroines of the French revolution. 1811 While in Oxford， he published The Necessity of Atheism in which he doubted the existence of God. As a result，he was expulsed by the university and his conservative father deprived him the heir of Barony and fortune. He went to London where he met Harriet Westbrook who was much younger than him and also came from an aristocratic family. They eloped to Scotland. Poverty finally separated the couple. 1814 He fell in love with Mary Wollstonecraft （daughter of Godwin） and eloped with her to Italy. In Italy， he met Byron with whom he kept a solid friendship. 1816 Harriet committed suicide. Shelley's political enemy attacked him an immoral man. 1818 He exiled himself to Italy and spent the rest of his life there. 1819 Peterloo Massacre happened in Manchester. The event marked a turning point in Shelley's view. Before that， he thought that workers should take up weapons and fights. After the event， he thought they should. Working class's resistance and anti-oppression became a constant theme of him. 1822 At the age of 30， he drowned in a small boat along the coast of Italy. Shelley's Major Works 1813 Queen Mob shows Shelley's social philosophy. 1. He criticizes the rising capitalism and the feudal society. 2. He defends the rights of the labor against their exploiters and oppressors. 3. The story is a fairy tale dream. It's an optimistic poem. Through Queen Mob's words， Shelley shows his philosophy. It's a revolutionary poem in which Shelley declares war on the injustice and violence of the world. （Shelley is a revolutionary poet.） 1819 Prometheus Unbound Prometheus is a god in Greek myth， who steals fire from heaven to help human. Zeus punishes him by hanging him on a cliff and sending eagles to bite his flesh. Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound described how Prometheus steals the fire and his sufferings. At the end， Prometheus reconciled with Zeus. Prometheus Unbound. In Shelley's work Prometheus doesn't comprise with authority （Zeus）。
英美文学选读自学笔记
English literature前言: 配合该笔记，看看选读的文章，有个大概的印象就行了。
学会对文章进行分析是考查的最终目标。
本人判断力不错，但记忆力不好,考前看了两遍，考了68分。
如果能记下要点，应该会考得更好。
这次考试的40小题选择题我做对了32题。
最后,希望我整理的笔记能提高大家的学习效率,I Old English Literature ----(450—1066)two groups: religious –-on biblical themes ----<The Dream of the Rood > Secular ---- heroic age ---- <Beowulf >--- a protector of people ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period ---(1066---14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest ---- three changes—feudalism system established ( politically )--- Catholic Church ( Religiously )--- French, Latin, English(co-existed language )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straightforward ‘The epic reflects a heroic age ,the romance reflects a chivalric one’ 骑士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from<The Canterbury Tales>),2 verse : <The Canterbury Tales> first use 'heroic couplet' , realistic picture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主义, advocate humanism, replace alliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英语的押头韵变成中世纪的押尾韵)<The Legend of Good Women> first use rhymed 'heroic couplet'<The Romaunt of the Rose > octosyllabic 八音节诗3.novel: <Troilus and Criseyde> the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th—17th)Fame : ① move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie.② recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church .England :the reign of Henry VIII -----England‘s Go lden Age in literature---- Bibles in English instead of Latin readable forcommon people-------- literary giants : Shakespeare, Spenser ,Jonson Sidney, Marlowe ,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos ---- change monasteries修道院 into schools anduniversities ------ the English Renaissanceflourishing-------first introduced printing into England andtranslated books in English(by William Caxton) Traits of humanistic poetry: meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England) Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (brought in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse )Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon(the first important English essayist, the founder of modern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poet’s poet(他的诗节被称为“斯宾塞诗节”，他被称为“诗人中之诗人”)选读<The Faerie Queene> (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthur—the heros of heros---plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is ‘Fierce Wares and faithful loves’.The knight here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion.Qualities of Spensor’s poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealismII. Christopher MarloweFame: be regarded as ‘University Wits’. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women ‘s characters are rather pale)Plays: <Tamburlaine> (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. Bydepicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. )选读<Dr. Faustus> (Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness)<The Jew of Malta>affection for his love.)<Edward II>Poetry:<the Passionate Shepherd to His Love>(It deprives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pure <Hero and Leander>III. William Shakespeare (1564—1616)Background:from merchant’s family .父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。
英美文学选读 笔记
英美文学选读笔记+考题Lecture 1 William Shakespeare1. Introduction of the course(1) This course is called Selected Readings in English and American Literature, a compulsory course for you. It will be finished in 12 weeks. And in each week we'll meet each other two times.(2) In this course, you will have to read some original works taken from English and American classics. It may be a little bit difficult for you. However, it's also a chance for you to know some great treasury in world literature and I'll help you understand them.(3)Comparing with the literary history courses, this course mainly focuses on original productions. The course book is a nice one with classical works and detailed notes.(4) For the final test, 10% will be decided by your attendance, 20% by your homework and 70% by the test paper. About the homework, after we finish each writer, I'll give you a name list of recommended works written by the writer. In the whole semester, you should choose at least one piece of English writer's works and one piece of American writer's works recommended by me. And then you should write a small paper on the piece of works you chose. That means you should turn in two papers in the whole semester.(5) A very important suggestion: preview the productions before the class; otherwise it'll be very difficult for you to catch me in the class.2. William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)(1) Historical BackgroundA. Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalismB. Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another is the humanism, which means the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement.C. Shakespeare lived in such a period and also such a period made him the most famous and most important English writer.(2) Life(Read paragraph 1 and 2 on page 1 after class. These two paragraphs are the introduction of the great writer's life.)A. His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets.B. He is mainly famous for his great plays, especially the outstanding "Four Great Tragedies". ("Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello" and "Macbeth") He is also the author of some other famous plays, such as "Romeo and Juliet", but today we'll learn the excerpt from one of his great comedies - "The Merchant of Venice", which we'll talk about a little bit later.C. Shakespeare's sonnets are also very good. We'll first introduce Sonnet 18, the most famous sonnet written by Shakespeare.(3) Sonnet 18A. A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. It was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. (It is a very popular poem form and used widely in English literature. In the Elizabeth era, Edmund Spenser was also famous for his sonnets. And later, John Milton, Byron and Keats all contributed excellent sonnets.)B. Though the sonnet is a fixed form, but the rhyme scheme of the sonnet is not fixed. (few minutes for students to find out this poem's rhyme scheme.)Answer: abab cdcd efef gg. This is a typical rhyme scheme used by Shakespeare in all his sonnets.C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.temperate: moderate or mild; rough winds: strong winds; darling: lovely; lease: 租约;complexion: appearance; dim: darken with cloud; brag: boast;D.(discuss) Theme: expressing the deep love to his friend(4) The Merchant of VeniceA. Famous comedy written by Shakespeare in his youthB. Setting: Venice, the Middle AgeC. Characters: Bassanio, Antonio, Shylock, Portia (let students discuss the characters)Portia: Shakespeare's ideal woman, beautiful, intelligent, cultured, gracious, independent, a daughter of RenaissanceShylock: most successful character, a Jew, a greedy and merciless usurer and also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution (sympathy)D. Plot: Read the introduction from P3 to P4.E. (Discuss)Theme: Mercy wins over malice.F. The selection is the most famous scene of the whole play and also the climax of the play. (Ask students to read it thoroughly after the class.) In the class, we'll learn a short part taken from the scene. (P10 to P11, the famous statement about mercy made by Portia)G. (the last but not least) form of the play: verse drama written in blank verse mostlyblank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter. Soon after blank verse was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil's works, it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic dramas and some poets, such as John Milton, also employed this form to write their long poems.(5) Recommended ReadingSonnet 29; Sonnet 73; Sonnet 116; Four great tragedies; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream3. Homework1. Preview the next chapter about John Milton.2. Find out the form and rhyme scheme of the poem "To Cyriack Skinner" on P23.Lecture 2 John Milton (1608 0 1674)(Comparing with William Shakespeare, few people read his great productions today. However, he is also a classical writer in English Literature.)1. Historical Background(Discussion: Any important event happened during Milton's life time in Britain )English Bourgeois RevolutionThe conflicts between King (James I and then Charles I) and the ParliamentProfound conflicts: the Old Feudalism and New CapitalismIn religion: The Anglican Church and the PuritanThe consequence of those contradictions: the Civil War (1642 - 1649)The King was executed in 1649 and monarchy was abolished.Oliver Cromwell's dictatorship (1649 - 1660)The Restoration: Charles II and then James IIGlorious Revolution (1688)2. Lifeborn in a rich and cultured family - handsome and hardworking - graduated from Cambridge University and got master degree - six years' private study and the most knowledgeable poet in Britain - writing pamphlets for the Commonwealth - blind in 1652 - arrested and fined after restoration - produced three great poems in plain lifeMost important works - three great poems: Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama)Besides three great poems in his late years, he also wrote some excellent sonnets including the one we'll learn today.3. To Cyriack Skinner(Ask the questions of homework) (Answer: Sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd)(1) Form: Sonnet(2) Rhyme scheme: abba abba cdcdcd (different with William Shakespeare's sonnets)(3) Explain the poem sentence by sentence(4) (Discussion) Theme: the author's positive attitude towards his blindness (another sonnet on blindness seems more discouraged.)4. Paradise Lost (《失乐园》)(1) Milton's masterpiece; greatest epic written in the English language*epic(史诗): it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Notice the differences between traditional epics and literary epics. Paradise Lost is a literary epic.(2) It's a long epic including 12 books. The plot is taken from the Old Testament of Holy Bible.*Holy Bible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典,分为《旧约》(The Old Testament)和《新约》(The New Testament)两部分,这两部分写于不同的时期,而且使用的文字不同,《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成,《新约》则用希腊文写成.圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文,然后是拉丁文,在欧洲各国通行.《圣经》英译始自8世纪,但各种版本都不算通行,直到Martin Luther宗教改革之后,1611年出现的Authorized Version至今通行,对英国的语言和文学影响极大.推荐阅读英文版《圣经》节选或房龙《圣经的故事》中文版.Plot: (paragraph two on P24) revolt of Satan and some other angels 0 their defeat and throwing into the Hell 0 temptation of Adam and Eve 0 expulsion of Adam and Eve(3) Theme: "to justify the ways of God to man" (submission to the Almighty) (Discussion: Is this the real theme of the poem )Real theme: praising the rebellious spirits against the despot(4) CharacterizationGod: the despot, selfish, cruel and unjust (King of Britain)Satan: real hero, dare to revolt against the despot, persevering but not discouraged after the failure (Republicans including Milton)(Milton is a pious Christian. This epic is the production of the conflicts between his religious belief and political belief. )(5) (P26 Learn a short excerpt from Paradise Lost) Form: blank verse(6) Explain the excerpt sentence by sentence.(7) (Do you think John Milton's works difficult ) Miltonic style: to express the sublimity of thought, sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur style(Latin words and Latin sentence structure, inversion, archaism, long sentence and mostly formal words, thus the style formed and his English rather difficult)5. Recommended ReadingJohn Milton's two sonnets: On his blindness; On his deceased wife6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter including the life of Daniel Defoe, the introduction of Robinson Crusoe and the excerpt Chapter VIII from P33 to P37.Lecture 3 Daniel Defoe (1660 0 1731)(He is a very famous novelist around the world because of his popular novel Robinson Crusoe.) 1. Historical Background(1) Comparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.(2) The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688. After the Glorious Revolution, the monarch was deprived of ruling power and in his place Parliament became the actual leader of the country. The Tory and the Whig, as two major parties in England, competed with each other in politics. (Discussion: What do you know about the Whig and the Tory )* 辉格党(Whig)和托利党(Tory)是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党.1679年,当议会讨论詹姆士公爵(即后来的詹姆士二世)是否有权继承英国王位时,议员们展开了激烈争论.赞成的人被对方称为"托利",反对的人则被对方称为"辉格".渐渐地,双方各自都以此自称.后来,双方的观点都发生了变化,辉格党对君主不再持完全的否定态度,因为"光荣革命"后英国君主的权力已经受到种种限制;托利党也逐渐改变了坚决拥护专制君主制的立场,因为他们几次恢复旧王朝的企图都因遭到了大多数人的反对而失败.久而久之,国王发现,无论是辉格党还是托利党,当其中一个在议会中占多数时,就最好任命这个党的成员为内阁大臣,内阁就不会同议会闹矛盾.18世纪上半期,辉格党在政治上占优势,是议会多数党,故此,辉格党执政近半个世纪.18世纪后半期,托利党才得以执政.工业革命以后,两党的主张发生一些变化.大约在19世纪30年代,托利党改称保守党(Conservative),辉格党改称自由党(Liberal).不过在现在的英国自由党的势力已经衰落了,现在英国的两个主要党派是保守党和工党,英国现任首相布莱尔即是来自工党(Labor Party)的.(3) England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century. In a series of wars, England proved her power of naval force.(4) (Discussion)With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes:A. Political writing: depending on patrons to working for either party in order to help them win more votes;B. Newspapers and journals: for parties and also for the rising middle classC. Due to the development of science and philosophy, (Issac Newton) reason rather than emotion played a more important role in the age. Thus the age was called the Age of Reason. Church's influence was greatly weakened.(5) The rise of the English novel①The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes' "Don Quixote". (西班牙,塞万提斯,《唐吉诃德》)②The rise and growth of the realistic(现实主义作家,以描写现实生活为主要目的) novel is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature. And from Defoe, the pioneer novelist in English literary history, we will meet several great novelists in the following chapters. (Forerunner of English realistic novels)2. Life (P29 Paragraph 1 and 2)(1) born in a butcher's family; father was a dissenter(2) graduated from a dissenting academy but did not want to be a clergyman(3) once a prosperous merchant; bankrupt and got into a heavy debt(4) writing all kinds of books including political pamphlets and trade books for a living(5) questionable political character because served both parties(6) versatile person contributing a lot to journalism ("The Review"; father of modern journalism) and trade(7) When he was 60 years old, he published Robinson Crusoe and then a series of novels which made him a major novelist in English literary history.3. Major works: Robinson Crusoe; Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders etc. (P30)most important: Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders (1722)Moll Flanders: Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature. And it anticipates many later novels that take women as the center of attention in order to expose how the social system victimized them. The heroine is a woman living by stealing and cheating. It is also a tradition in English novel but the author's purpose is not showing her tricks. His purpose is satirizing the social system.4. Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(1) Background: a real incident; 1704, Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, was thrown onto a desolate island by the mutinous crew of his ship. He lived there alone for 5 years. Defoe read about his adventures in a newspaper and went to interview him to get first-hand information.The first translation wad done by Lin Shu in 1905 and became quite popular in China.(2) Plot: run away from home →become a sailor →a planter in Brazil →to an uninhabited island because of shipwreck →made a living there all by himself →save a negro named Friday who became his servant →back to England →visit the remote island again and Friday was killedOriginal name of the novel: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoea picaresque novel with a little change (main character is different)(3) (Discussion) Robinson Crusoe's characterization: typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical, diligent, a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challenges; shrewd, care about money and good at managing; courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles(4) (Discussion) Theme: praising labor and man's courage and effort to conquer nature, but at the same time he beautifies colonialism and slavery (Friday)(5) (Ask some questions about the excerpt)What is the first thing mentioned in the excerpt done by Robinson (The first paragraph) (keeping his calendar)How Robinson made a home for himself step by step on the remote island(Finding some useful thing from the wrecked ship - making a little pale around his tent - making a hut with the roof - enlarging his cave and making it like a storehouse - making a chair and a table - making large shelves - keep everything in order(6) (Discussion) Style: journalistic truth with many vivid details, simple and plain sentence structure and language, first person point of view, natural order in narration, making the story intimate to the readers and become popular among lower classes5. Recommended Reading: Robinson Crusoe (the complete novel)6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter, especially the Chapter VIII from P50 to P56. Try to answer question 4 and 5 on P59 after your preview.Lecture 4 Jonathan Swift (1667 0 1745)(He is a master satirist famous for his Gulliver's Travels.)1. Life(He lived in the same age with Daniel Defoe, so we needn't introduce the historical background again.)①He was born in a poor family in Dublin, Ireland. His father died before his birth.②He graduated from Trinity College in Dublin but he was a rebellious student there. He didn't want to join the church.③He worked in a nobleman's house (Sir Temple, his distant relative) and it was a bitter experience for him because he was treated as a servant.④He first supported Whig and then Tory and then left the political circle. He was good at political writing and once a very popular character. (Review the introduction of Whig and Tory.)⑤After he left political circle he returned to Ireland and became a dean. He wrote a lot of pamphlets to protest the unjust policies of English government to Ireland.⑥Because of a brain disease, Swift became insane and died miserably.2. Works(Read the first paragraph on P43)①"A Modest Proposal"?Climax of his pamphlets on Ireland?It was a bitter satire and in this small book Swift suggested the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children as food for the rich. (Irony)?这本小册子除了是对英国政府对爱尔兰的剥削政策的讽刺之外,也是对一些projectors的讽刺,Swift在写这本小册子时就以一个projector(献策者)自居.本文流传很广,是Swift最有名的政论文章,也是历来英国散文选必选之文章.(《英国文学名篇选注》)*Irony(反讽):This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term "irony", there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects. ②"Gulliver's Travels"(《格列佛游记》)?Background: famous as a book for children but actually an important satirical book; took the form of a travel book because this form was popular at that time?Central character: Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon on a merchant ship?Four voyages: Lilliput to Brobdingnag to Laputa to the country of Houyhnms (Read the introduction on P43)?(Discussion) Do you think Swift designed these strange stories only for fun(Answer: no, the purpose is making a bitter satire on English politics and other vices in the society at that time.)?(Turn to P50 and see the excerpt) This is a chapter taken from the last part of the book. It is mainly about the country of Houyhnms. In Gulliver's Travels, before each chapter begins, you can find several sentences telling you the main ideas of the chapter.(Answer the question 4 and 5 on P59.)(Discussion) What are the implied ideas the author tried to convey by this chapter(The author believed Reason was very important for human being. If human's desires aren'tcontrolled by reason, human will become disgusting like yahoos one day in the future. Notice the special historical background of the book - Age of Reason.)?(Discussion) Style of Swift's prose: His prose style is simple, clear and vigorous. His famous saying "Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style" influenced a lot later writers.3. Recommended ReadingGulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal4. HomeworkPreview chapter 6 (P70 A Red, Red Rose) and chapter 7 (P75 London).Lecture 5 Robert Burns and William Blake(Today we will meet two interesting poets. They lived in the later part of the 18th century and each has some special characteristics which make them have a peculiar position in the English literary history.)1. Robert Burns (1759 0 1796) (罗伯特彭斯) (He was called the national poet of Scotland. But he mainly lived a hard life and died when he was only 37 years old.)(*Scotland: 1707 为英格兰吞并,1745发生过大规模反英起义,曾经是一个独立的国家,有自己独特的民族传统,著名电影Brave Heart)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 on P69)A. He was born in a poor peasant family and only received two and a half years of regular schooling.B. He has been a poor peasant for nearly half of his life.C. He had an intimate knowledge of Scottish folk songs and ballads.D. He decided to go to Jamaica to make a living. He published his poem collection for passage money. The collection called Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect became popular soon so Burns cancelled his plan.E. He has been a lower rank official in the rest of his life. And he collected and published lots of Scottish folk songs and ballads but refused any payment.F. He died when he was 37. All his life he lived in poverty and illness.(2) Poems(His poems can be divided into several groups according to their themes.)A. On love and friendship"A Red, Red Rose", "Auld Lang Syne"(友谊地久天长)etc.B. On patriotism"Scots Wha Hae" etc.(3) Sample: "A Red, Red Rose"A. Background: wrote in 1794 and published in 1796, based on a Scottish folk song, a famous English love poemB. (Discussion) Q1: Rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Who is speaking in the poemQ3: To whom is the poem addressedQ4: What is the theme of the poemC. (Answers) Q1: "ballad meter": in each stanza the odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic trimesters and the rhyme scheme is abcbQ2: first-person "I", a person in love with a girlQ3: the lover, girlfriend of the poetQ4: showing the deep love to the loverD. Explain several difficult points of the poemA Red Red RoseO, my luve is like a red, red rose, (luve即标准英文中的love,这里是苏格兰方言)That's newly sprung in June,(sprung是spring的过去式,发芽的意思)O, my luve is like the melodie,(melodie: sweet music)That's sweetly play'd in tune.(in tune: harmoniously)As fair art thou, my bonie lass,(fair美丽;art thou: are you;bonie lass: pretty girl)So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still, my dear,(still: always, forever)Till a'the seas gang dry. (until all seas become dry; a': all; gang: go)Till a'the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o'life shall run. (as long as I live; sand指古代计算时间用的沙漏)And fare thee weel, my only luve, (fare you weel也就是farewell or good-bye to you)And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my luve,Tho' it were ten thousand mile! (tho': though)一朵红红的玫瑰(王佐良译)啊!我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰,六月里迎风初开;啊!我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子,奏的合拍又和谐.我的好姑娘,多么美丽的人儿!请看我,多么深挚的爱情!亲爱的,我永远爱你,纵使大海干涸水流尽.纵使大海干涸水流尽,太阳将岩石烧作灰尘,亲爱的,我永远爱你,只要我一息犹存.珍重吧,我惟一的爱人,珍重吧,让我们暂时离别,但我定要回来!哪怕千里万里!E. (Discussion) Features: using of Scottish dialect; form of folk song and ballad (rhyme scheme and repetition); musical quality; plain but passionate language(4) Recommended Reading"Auld Lang Syne"; "John Anderson, my jo" or some other poems written by Burns2. William Blake (1757 - 1827)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 and 2 on P73)A. born in a poor family in London; received a little formal education on drawingB. first an apprentice of an engraver and later an engraver himself nearly all his lifeC. a pious Christian and died in obscurity and poverty(2) WorksA. Songs of Innocence (1789): pictures of merry nature and innocent children; everything in harmony; only some minor vicesB. Songs of Experience (1794): contrast; pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the poor; showing the change of the author's world view and also showing the change of the social background(3) Sample: London (P75)A. (Discussion) Q1: Do you think this poem is taken from Song of Innocence or Song of ExperienceQ2: Did the author love the London described in the poemQ3: What is the rhyme scheme of the poemQ4: What is the theme of the poemB. (Answer) Q1: Song of ExperienceQ2: No. (He once loved London very much and wrote such lines "golden London and her silver Thames" but London gradually degenerated in the poet's heart)Q3: abab; iambic tetrameterQ4: criticizing the dark sides of English society and showing the sufferings of common people (The poem has been called "mightiest brief poem" because it employs only several images to describe some deep-rooted social vices vividly.)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.* Chinese version伦敦(王佐良译)我走过每条独占的街道,徘徊在独占的泰晤士河边,我看见每个过往的行人有一张衰弱,痛苦的脸每个人的每声呼喊每个婴孩害怕的号叫每句话,每条禁令都响着心灵铸成的镣铐多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫震惊了每座熏黑的教堂不幸士兵的长叹像鲜血留下了宫墙最怕是深夜的街头又听年轻妓女的诅咒它骇住了初生儿的眼泪又带来瘟疫,使婚车变成灵柩D. Features: vivid images to make the poem picturesque; short, clear and concise; simple and fresh words; mysterious atmosphere and difficult symbolism in some poemsE. Conclusion: a precursor of Romanticism (pay more attention on inspiration and emotion rather than reason and neat form of the poem)(4) Recommended ReadingThe Chimney Sweeper; The Tyger; Holy Thursday etc.3. HomeworkPreview Chapter 8 (Composed upon Westminster Bridge) and Chapter 12 (On the Grasshopper and Cricket).Lecture 6 William Wordsworth and John Keats1. Age of Romanticism(1) Time: 1798 (publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge) to 1832 (death of Sir Walter Scott)(2) Essence: shift from reason to emotion(3) Historical BackgroundFrench Revolution (1789 Bastille) and American Independence War (1776 win): revolution enthusiasm swept nearly all European countries.Industrial Revolution (end of the 18th century)": great wealth to the rich and worsen the working and living condition of the poor(4) FeaturesA. Subjectivism ("Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"): poetry expresses poets' minds.B. Spontaneity: opposing rules and regulations, free choice of formC. Enlarging the subject matter: countryside life; supernatural; natural beauty etc.D. Simplicity of languageE. For English literature, it was an Age of Poetry. (lots of famous poets)2. William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)(1) Life (P79 Paragraph 1 - 4)A. born in a lawyer's family but lost both of his parents when he was youngB. was educated in a school in the beautiful lake district thus developed an interest in natureC. graduated from Cambridge and a supporter of French RevolutionD. gradually grew conservative and became Poet Laureate*lake poets: three poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey; they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. They were friends and traversed the same path in politics and in poetry.(2) PoemsA. Collection: Lyrical Ballads (1798) (cooperated with Coleridge) (in the Preface proposed some different views on poetry) (mark the beginning of romanticism)B. Two categories according to themeHe is mainly famous for his poems on nature, such as "I wandered lonely as a cloud".He also wrote lots of poems on common people's life, such as "The solitary reaper", "She dwelt among the untrodden way", "We are seven" etc.(3) Sample: Composed upon Westminster Bridge (P82)A. (Discussion) Q1: form and rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Tell the name of the city and the river described in the poemQ3: What is the theme of the poemQ4: Did the beautiful scenery of the city influence the authorB. (Answer) Q1: sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd (note 1 on P83)Q2: London; ThamesQ3: praising the beauty of the scenery of London in morningQ4: It made the author felt a deep calm. (This can be found from the poem)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.*西敏寺桥上人间没有比这更美好的景象,它是那样庄严,又那样辉煌谁能经过它身边而无动于衷这城市此刻批着美丽的晨光像穿着睡衣;坦露而又安详,那些船舶,楼阁,剧院,教堂,直伸向田野,又深入高空一切在明朗的空中熠熠闪光璀璨的朝阳从未这样美丽地照耀过大地上的峡谷和山冈我从未看到或感到这般沉静河水正在欢快的自由流淌亲爱的主啊!万物似在安睡那伟大的心灵也停止了跳荡D. (Discussion) Question 2 on P83(Answer) different social position of the poet; different aspect to observe London(4) Recommended Reading"I wandered lonely as a cloud", "The solitary reaper" or other poems written by Wordsworth.3. John Keats (1795 - 1821)(He was a genius in poem creation but lived a short and tragic life.)(1) LifeA. He was born in a poor family. And when he was very young, both his parents died.B. He had been an apprentice to a surgeon and then assistant in hospital.C. He loved to read poems. After two collections of poems' publication, Keats gave up his career in hospital.D. Because of Keats' friendship with those radical writers such as Hazlitt, Hunt and Shelley, his works were severely attacked by conservative critics.E. All his life time, Keats lived in poverty. And because he took care of his brother who got consumption, he himself was stricken by same kind of disease, which cannot be cured at that time. And because of the disease, Keats cannot marry the girl he loved deeply. All the misery made a shadow in Keats' poetry.F. In 1821, when Keats died in Rome because of consumption, he was only 26 years old.(2) Poems(Keats wrote some nice long poems, but he was mainly famous for his short poems.)①SonnetsKeats' famous sonnets include "When I have fear", "Bright Star", "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" and "On the Grasshopper and Cricket" and so on.②Odes* Odes: A lyric poem of some length, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanza structure. 颂诗His famous odes include "Ode to Autumn", "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and so on.。
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
《英美报刊选读》重点词汇整理
一，who we are now1.But the president was openly ambivalent, too.2.Because who we are now-a country in which traditional barriers of race, age and gender are crumbling-flows in many ways from what LBJ did then.3.Why exhume the long-dead Johnson on the occasion of one of the most engaging inaugural since George Washington took the oath at Federal Hall…4.His conflicting language underscores the nation’s occasionally wary view of the changes wrought by immigration.5.There is something quintessentially American about a lumbering white man from Texas…6.In the understandable thrill of the inaugural season, all eyes are turned to this single man, all ears attuned to his voice.7.Whatever your politics, the election of the 44th president represents a kind of redemption from the long and tragic history of blacks…8.If you count a generation as roughly 21 years, he was off the mark, since the rapidly inspired backlash shaped politics for more than 40 years9.In 1909,…proposed a literary test to restrict the influx of the “Italians, Russians,Poles,Hungarians”…10.Then,in1952,Congress passed the…Act,which essentially made naturalization colorblind.(平等的对待不同肤色的人)11.The tension between assimilation and separation is eternal, but there is no doubt that this flood of immigration and the breaking down of barriers between previously estranged (疏远的，隔离的)groups within the country has created a much more fluid culture than…12.The key cohort is the 75 million-strong generation known as the millennials(1980-2000)13.perennial:lasting for a long time or forever14.The disparity between older and younger voters was greater in 2008 than at any other time…15.The younger cohort is more diverse than the general population, more female, more secular, less socially conservative and more willing to describe themselves as liberals.16.In the wake of a possible terrorist attack, fear could easily lead to tension, resent and discord.17.witch hunts: an attempt to find and punish people with different opinions18.allude to: mention sth. in an indirect way19.momentous:very important20.mythic:very famousndslide竞选中压倒多数性的选票二，The lost generation1.The most enduring harm is being done to young people who cannot grab onto the first rung of the career ladder.2.Affected are a range of young people,from high school dropouts,to college grades,to newly minted lawyers and…3.Studies suggest that an extended period of young joblessness can significantly depress lifetime income as people get sunk (unable to move)in jobs that are beneath their capabilities, or come to be seen by employers as damaged goods.研究表明，青年人长期失业会大大压低其一生的薪金水平，因为这些人难以摆脱无法发挥自己能力的工作，被雇主视为有缺陷的员工。
【英美文学选读】名词解释笔记总结
01. Humanism（人文主义）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance（文艺复兴）The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”，it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌）Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit，the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods，and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism（古典主义）Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art，literature，or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal，and places value on reason，clarity，balance，and order. Classicism，with its concern for reason and universal themes，is traditionally opposed to Romanticism，which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality，equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope, Jonathan Swift, etc.06.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）In the field of literature，the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrained emotion and accuracy，and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School（墓地派诗歌）The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present，with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism（浪漫主义）1>In the mid-18th century， a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism，which emphasized reason，order and elegant wit. Instead，romanticism gave primary concern to passion，emotion，and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth，Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero（拜伦式英雄）Byronic hero refers to a proud，mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers，this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corruptsociety. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government，in religion，or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron‘s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism（批判现实主义）Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement——“art for art‘s sake” was set forth by a French poet，Theophile Gautier，the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life，and holds that life should imitate art，not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes，all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art‘s sake，can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues，such as politics and morality，and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era，as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality‘s sake，or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔。
自考《英美文学选读》笔记1（简单版）
Feature of Romanticism [P161-163] 1. Expressiveness. a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantics believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society. b. Wordsworth’s theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary people. c. The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. d. The Romantics believed that object should be the expression of the writer’s emotion， impression and beliefs. 2. Imagination. It is in solitude， in communication with the natural universe， that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties， the imagination. 3. Worship of Nature. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery， but also provides the dominant subject matter. 4. To escape from a world that had become excessively rational， as well as excessively materialistic and ugly， the Romantics would turn to other times and places， where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Lake poet or passive Romantic poet： Wordsworth， Coleridge， Southey - old and conservative. Active Romantic poet： Byron，Shelly， Keats - young and revolutionary. 5. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic， defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules. 6. Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute， the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language， versification and design， and constructed a variety of forms on original principles of organization and style. Political Writing [P164] 1. Leading figures： Coleridge， Hazlitt， Lamb， and De Quincey 2. William Hazlitt （1778-1830） is a great critic on Shakespeare， Elizabethan drama， and English poetry. He is alsoa master of the familiar essays. He has developed an eloquent， courageous and arbitrary prose style. 3. Charles Lam （1775-1844） is a lovable essayist. His essay is a medium for a delightful literary treatment of life’s small pleasures and reassurance. The essential characteristic of his essays is a strong clear intelligence， commanding in its centrality， its courage， and its vital irony. 4. Thomas De Quincey （1785-1859） is one of the keenest intellects of the age. The great literary merit of his Confessions of an English Opium Eater lies in his subtle revelation of the potentiality of human dreams. His concern with the psychological effects of literature achieves. His style， sometimes stately， sometimes headlong， now gorgeous， now musical， shows a harmony between the idea and the expression.hunder which overwhelmed him left heart still unvanquished.der which overwhelmed him left heart still unvanquished. Novelists of the period 1. Jane Austen （1775-1817） She honors the Augustan virtues of moderation， dignity， disciplined emotion and common sense. The major theme of her novels is love and marriage. 2. Walter Scott （1771-1832） is the most popular novelist of his day. His major novels： Waverley， Old Mortality，The Heart of Midlothian， Rob Roy and Ivanhoe. The last 3 are most famous. Importance of Walter Scott： a. In his depiction of Scotland， England， and the Continent from medieval times to the 18th century， he showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. b. He is the first major historical novelist， exerting a powerful literary influence both in British and on the Continent throughout the 19th century. Gothic Novel It’s a phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence， horror and the supernatural. Gothic Novel： 1. Content： magic， supernatural elements， ghosts， monsters. 2. Setting： old castle， graveyard， dark forest. 3. Atmosphere： horrible. Lake Poet： 1. Wordsworth， Coleridge， Southey. They live in the district of Great Lake， northwestern England. 2. They have radical inclinations in their youth， but later turned conservative and received favors from the Government. 3. They criticize the industrial capitalist society. William Blake （1757-1827） 1757 He was born in an Irish family. His father was a small hosiery businessman. As a child， he was talented in drawing. 1767 At the age of 10， he was sent to a drawing school. 1771 Age of 14， he began his 7-year apprenticeship for an engraver. 1779 He began to earn a living as an engraver. 1780 He married Catherine Boucher. His marriage is a life long happiness. Blake often misunderstood by other people as a gifted but mad man. He wasn’t rich as he spent most of his time on writing and painting. In his time， he wasn’t known as a poet， because his poems were published posthumously. William Blake’s 3 major works 1809 The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems， presenting a happy and innocent world， though not without its evils and sufferings. Writing style of the poem： He broke completely with the traditions of the 18th century. He experienced in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries. 1794 The Songs of Experience paints a different world， a world of misery， poverty， disease， war and repression with a melancholy tone. The two books hold the similar subject matter， but the tone emphasis and conclusion differ. e.g. "The Chimney Sweeper" in the two books Difference The Songs of Innocence The Songs of Experience Writing tone Happy and hopeful Bitter and ironical Sweeper Sees duty a hope， if they do their duty， they will live happily in the heaven. Sees duty an exploitation. Religion Identify himself with religion or Christianity. He believes he will gain happiness if he does his duty. Sees the religion or Christianity as the source of misery. The suffering of the child reveals the false ideal of Christianity. Selected reading from William Blake [P171-172] "The Chimney Sweeper" from The Songs of Innocence and The Songs of Experience.。
《英美文学选读》笔记
P3Middle English literature strongly reflects the principles (原则) of the medieval Christina doctrine (中世纪基督教学说) , which were primarily (主要) concerned with the issue of personal salvation (拯救)P4Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of this period.Chaucer characteristically( 表示特性地) regard life in term of aristocratic ideals (贵族理想) ,but he never lost the ability of regarding life as a purely(纯粹地) practical matter , the art of being at once involved in and detached from a given situation is peculiarly (特有地) Chaucer’sChaucer bore （带有）marks of humanism and anticipated ( 预期的)a new era (时代) to comeIn short, Chaucer develops his characterization (描述) to a higher artistic (艺术的,有美感的) level by presenting characters (引出人物) with both typical and individual dispositions (部署)Chaucer’s reputation (名誉) has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanityChapter 1Renaissances: The Renaissances which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated ( 刺激) by a series of historical events, In essence( 本质上) , is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers (人道主义思想家) and scholars (学者) made attempt( 努力/尝试) to get rid of ( 摆脱) those old feudalist ideas ( 封建主义) in medieval Europe , to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (新兴的资产阶级) and to recover the purity (纯度) of the earlychurch from the corruption( 腐败,堕落) of the Roman Catholic Church/P7 P8Humanism is the essence ( 本质) of the RenaissanceThomas More , Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare and the best representatives of the English humanistWhen Henry VIII declared himself through the approval of the Parliament( 国会) as the supreme (极大的,最高的) Head of the Church of England in 1534 , the Reformation in England was in its full swing ( 高潮)P10The religious reformation was actually as reflection of the class strugglewaged ( 工资 )by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology ( 意识形态)The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation andassimilation ( 模仿与同化)In the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben JonsonThe Elizabethan drama , in its totally, is the real mainstream( 主流) of the English RenaissanceThe most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben JonsonP12Edmund Spenserhe was born in London and received good education & left Cambridge in 1576.in 1580, he was made secretary of Lord Grey of wilton. Spenser’s masterpiece(代表作)is the “ Faerie Queene ” is great poem of its age。
英美文学选读第四章笔记Victorianperiod
英美文学选读第四章笔记Victorianperiod第四章I.Multiple Choice1.Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1836~1901從時間上講，維多利亞文學時期恰好與維多利亞女王1836至1901年執政期相吻合，這一時間是英國歷史上最光輝燦爛的時期2.Although wrting from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people3.The author of the work“Dombey and Son” is Charles Dickens董貝父子是查爾斯。
逖更斯的作品---小保羅4.In the following figures, who is Dickens?s first child hem?Olive Twist 霧都孤兒中非人道的工廠廠房與黑暗的充滿犯罪的下層生活5.The death-bed scences of little Nell(the old curiosiry shop) and littlepaul(Dombey and Son) are the vivid description by Charles Dickens查爾斯是一位悲情大師，沒有人會忘懷老古玩店中，在病床上奉奉一息的小奈爾和董貝父子中的小保羅6.Which of the following comments on Charles Dickens is wrong?A.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the ModernperiodB.His serious intention is to expose and criticize all thepoverty ,injustice,hypocrisy(偽善) and corruptness he sees allaround him狄更斯是偉大的批判現實主義作家，他以揭露抨擊社會的不公，虛偽,腐敗與貧究為已任,一方面他憎恨國家機器，尤其是議會，可另一方面作為城市資產階級作家，他又找不到解決問題的鑰匙，他所能做的隻是保持一咱充滿希望的樂觀主義，正如他前期的小說，或表達一種無助的憤概與反抗，正如他後期的小說C.The later works show the development of Dickens towards a highlyconscious artist of the modern type狄更斯後期的作品都表現出他正在向一個有著高度自覺意識的現代作家發展,塑造的人物都反映了一咱普遍壓抑的社會心理D. A Tale of Two Cities is one of his later works 雙城記7.Do you think, because I am poor,obscure,plain ,and little, I am soul less and heartless?...and If God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you” the above quoted passage is most probably taken from Jane Eyre難道你認為，因為我窮，默默無聞，不漂亮，個子瘦小，我尌沒有靈魂了嗎？你想錯了！要是上帝賜給我一點美貌和許多財富，我會讓你難以離開我，尌象現在我難以離開你一樣8.The Sentences “And now he stared at her so earnestly thatI thought the very intensity of his gaze would bring tears into his eyes,but they hurned with anguish, they dod not melt ” are found inWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte 艾米麗。
英语报纸读书笔记
英语报纸读书笔记【篇一：英语报纸读后感】oct. 28th page1city hopes for greener rooftopsrecently i read several newspapers. today, i appeal to an essay about a new proposal. it’s a very long report, so i spent lots of time reading it. after reading it, i got many new ideas and thought more about it.to beautify our environment and make us live a better life, the greener rooftops begin to come to our life. it’s a big project and needs the support of law enforcement departments, approval from the municipal people’s congress and public opinions, so the plan is currently under discussion. although it’s not universal in everybody’s life, it would also encourage residents to grow plants, grass and vegetables on their rooftops. it’s good for our environment.when it comes to environment, the word pollution appears in my mind. because the human-bein gs didn’t take good care of the surroundings, wasted the resources, cut the trees casually, pour the polluted water into the river and threw the litters everywhere. our environment became worse and worse. with the development of rooftop greening techniques, we can improve our environment and more and more land can be green. what’s more, rooftop greening projects are generally designed to combat the “urban heat island effect”. it’s beneficial to our city.i call on everybodytaking actions to green our rooftop and spare no effort to protect our environment.【篇二：英语小说英文报纸读书笔记reading report】 reading report 1 (weeks 1 – 4)name:梁静丹 class:4 student number: 20120201022【篇三：英语报刊阅读课后阅读笔记1】1swapping gems for cashwhat next for south africas foremost mining family?most people would be overjoyed to pocket $5.1 billion. but nicky oppenheimer, the chairman of de beers, said that it was with a heavy heart that his family had decided to sell its remaining 40% stake in the worlds biggest diamond miner to anglo american, a mining behemoth. the deal marks the end of an era for south africas foremost mining dynasty.the oppenheimers have been in the diamond business for more than a century, including over 80 years with de beers. nickys grandfather ernest settled in south africa in 1902, having been posted to the diamond-boom town of kimberley at the age of 22 as an agent for a london-based firm of gem traders. by 1917 he had set up his own mining company, anglo american. a few years later he won control of de beers, a diamond miner that had been founded in 1880 by cecil rhodes, a british-born colonialist. by the time rhodes died in 1902, de beers controlled 90% of the worlds diamond production. rhodess immense fortune still pays for people like bill clinton to study at oxford.since 1929, when sir ernest (knighted for war services in 1921) took over as chairman, the oppenheimers have led de beers almost without interruption, massaging the price of diamonds by hoarding them and occasionally selling part of the firms stockpile. the family has wielded political influence, too, mostly bankrolling liberal causes. both ernest and his son harry served in south africa’s parliament: ernest for 14 years in the run-up to the second world war, and harry for nine years as a member of the anti-apartheid opposition.of late, however, the familys influence has waned. some wonder whether nicky and his son jonathan have the same drive and acumen as their swashbuckling forebears. and anglo american, the firm their family founded (and in which it now has a stake of 2%), moved its headquarters to london in 1999. nicky oppenheimer insists that the family will stay connected with south africa: they are still based in johannesburg.what will the oppenheimers do with their new pile of cash? the deal will take months to complete, so they have time to ponder. under its terms, they are barred from dabbling in diamonds for two years. but other possibilities abound.the family has two investment arms. one, called stockdale street capital, invests largely in medium-sized firms in southafrica. the other, tana africa capital, is a joint venture with singapores sovereign-wealth fund, temasek, and invests in the rest of africa. among other things, it holds a stake in a nigerian firm that sells powdered milk, and it plans to build up five toten substantial firms over the next decade.at the moment, tana is focused on fast-moving consumer goods and agriculture, and to a lesser extent on building materials, health and education. the new money could go into any or all of these areas, says james teeger, a family spokesman. and the oppenheimers may also look at infrastructure and energy, two of the hottest businesses south of the sahara. nicky oppenheimer is said to be furiously jetting around looking for shrewd places to inject his cash.宝石交易南非最有影响力的矿业家族，下一步会如何？在大多数人眼里，获得51亿美元是一件高兴的事。
《英美文学选读》笔记,全面归纳
《英美文学选读》笔记,全面归纳9年elf担任造反发言人。
主要的有:《儒林外史》(1794)、《洛书》(1795)。
四祖(1796-1807)无论他想象什么，他也看到了。
作为一个富有想象力的诗人，他用视觉形象而不是抽象的术语来表达自己的观点。
布雷克在平原上写他的诗《怀伊河谷》本身，用一个细节描述了归来的流浪者思想的宁静中心，传达了一种自然秩序的感觉，立刻生动地表现了船停下来的情景；炎热的热带阳光照耀了一整天。
其他水手一个接一个地渴死了，只有水手还活着，一直被口渴折磨着(1595)，这首诗表达了诗人第二次婚姻所引起的深刻的个人感情；阿莫里蒂(1595)，一系列十四行诗。
理解他的影响spesser诗歌的主要品质(完美的旋律②罕见的美感③精彩的想象力④崇高的道德纯洁它也揭示了人类在敌对的道德秩序中实现崇高愿望的挫折。
最后一个场景，浮士德面临他的厄运，出色地呈现了一些移民到殖民地的恐惧；有些人堕落到农场工人的水平，他是一个无辜的叛逆者，时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持，这本书很快变成了一个开放的道路的伟大小说，一个\史诗般的散文\其主题是\真正荒谬的\人性，暴露在各种各样的约瑟夫悲剧:艾琳(1749)；几百篇论文出现在他编辑的两个期刊——《漫步者》，他必须取悦，但他也必须指导；他不能冒犯宗教或宣扬不道德；杜纳(1775)，喜剧歌剧；《批评家》(1779)，一部滑稽剧《水手的灵魂》中每一个相应的变化都被记录下来。
整个经历是一场极度疲劳的考验。
(2)\可汗\是柯勒律治吸食鸦片后在梦中创作的。
诗人在阅读忽必烈汗的作品时睡着了。
河流、宏伟宫殿的形象\人类想象力的产物是调和对立的装置(诗歌)；第12行到第30行是抑扬格五音步，其多样性是多节奏的；第31行到第34行是抑扬顿挫的四步抑扬顿挫，第35行是抑扬顿挫的五步抑扬顿挫。
他悲叹堕落的希腊，表达了他热切的希望被压迫的希腊人民应该赢得他们的自由；他赞美法国大革命，而在大陆上，他被誉为自由的捍卫者，人民的诗人。
最新《英美报刊选读》重点词汇整理
一，who we are now1.But the president was openly ambivalent, too.2.Because who we are now-a country in which traditional barriers of race, age and gender are crumbling-flows in many ways from what LBJ did then.3.Why exhume the long-dead Johnson on the occasion of one of the most engaging inaugural since George Washington took the oath at Federal Hall…4.His conflicting language underscores the nation’s occasionally wary view of the changes wrought by immigration.5.There is something quintessentially American about a lumbering white man from Texas…6.In the understandable thrill of the inaugural season, all eyes are turned to this single man, all ears attuned to his voice.7.Whatever your politics, the election of the 44th president represents a kind of redemption from the long and tragic history of blacks…8.If you count a generation as roughly 21 years, he was off the mark, since the rapidly inspired backlash shaped politics for more than 40 years9.In 1909,…proposed a literary test to restrict the influx of the “Italians, Russians,Poles,Hungarians”…10.Then,in1952,Congress passed the…Act,which essentially made naturalization colorblind.(平等的对待不同肤色的人)11.The tension between assimilation and separation is eternal, but there is no doubt that this flood of immigration and the breaking down of barriers between previously estranged (疏远的，隔离的)groups within the country has created a much more fluid culture than…12.The key cohort is the 75 million-strong generation known as the millennials(1980-2000)13.perennial:lasting for a long time or forever14.The disparity between older and younger voters was greater in 2008 than at any other time…15.The younger cohort is more diverse than the general population, more female, more secular, less socially conservative and more willing to describe themselves as liberals.16.In the wake of a possible terrorist attack, fear could easily lead to tension, resent and discord.17.witch hunts: an attempt to find and punish people with different opinions18.allude to: mention sth. in an indirect way19.momentous:very important20.mythic:very famousndslide竞选中压倒多数性的选票二，The lost generation1.The most enduring harm is being done to young people who cannot grab onto the first rung of the career ladder.2.Affected are a range of young people,from high school dropouts,to college grades,to newly minted lawyers and…3.Studies suggest that an extended period of young joblessness can significantly depress lifetime income as people get sunk (unable to move)in jobs that are beneath their capabilities, or come to be seen by employers as damaged goods.研究表明，青年人长期失业会大大压低其一生的薪金水平，因为这些人难以摆脱无法发挥自己能力的工作，被雇主视为有缺陷的员工。
英美文学选读第五章笔记Modern period
第五章I.Multiple choice1.Contrary to the traditional romance of aristorcrats(貴族),the modernEnglish novel gives a realistic presentation of life of : the common Englishpeople2.the middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly rising literaryform, that is modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation oflife of the common English people3.who is the first :Angry young ManOsborne4.George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best –known englishdramatist since Shakespeare5.George Bernard Shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s prefession （沃倫夫人的職業）is a realistic exposure of the economic exploitation of women in theEnglish society 對婦女經濟上的壓迫6.the following comments on George Bernard Shaw are ture excepteA.george bernard Shaw’s career as dramatist began in 1892 . when hisfirst play Widowers’s houses was put on by the Independent TheaterSociety他的第一部戲“鰥夫的房產”由“獨立劇社”上演B.Shaw began his his literary career by writing novels soon after hissettling down in LondonC.Shaw’s writings reflect the combination of realism and naturalismD.Shaw’s plays can be termed as problems plays倒轉錯位7.Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditionsof the great victorial novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens andThackeray高爾斯華綏是傳統型作家，繼承了維多利亞時期文學家的優良風格8.in ―the Forsyte Saga‖費爾塞特世家by John Galsworthy , a typicalforsyte has a remarkable characteristic---a strong sense of property弗爾塞特家族盛行的佔有欲與唯利是圖，這種佔有欲深刻影響到家族內的人際關系，同時也反映出當時的英國社會人與人之間赤裸裸的金錢關系9.sailing to byzantium written by Yeats is a poem exploring the problem ofdeath, love, old age and art駛向拜佔庭，葉芝揭示了死亡，愛情，衰老與藝術的問題，拜佔庭這個城市座落在東方與西方的交界處，成了時光流逝的場所，同時靈魂的顯現出沒又象征了煉獄與天堂這兩個對立事物的統一，一旦脫離凡塵或曰死去，詩中的老者便進入長青知識的紀念碑，進入永恆的世界，在這裡，藝術是亙古不變的10.in the lake istle of Innisfree伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲, william butler yeatsexpresses his desire to escape into a fairyland11.we can find the allusion to Helen(海倫) and the Trojan war特洛伊bywillian bulter yeats ----Leda and the Swan 麗達同天鵝12.the waste land荒原by T.S.Eliot is hailed as a landmark and a model ofthe 20th century English poetry荒原是埃略特最重要的獨立詩篇，被益為20世紀英國詩歌的代表與典范，可與華茲華斯的“抒情歌謠集”相媲美，這首詩對修辭與文體風格進行了大膽的革新，不僅全面展現了現代西方社會物質上的錯亂和精神上的頹敗，而且反映出戰後一代人中盛行的幻滅與絕望13.the yellow fog that rubs its back upon the windowpanes黃色的霧在窗玻璃上擦著它的背The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the windowpanes黃色的煙在窗玻璃上擦著它的嘴Linked its tongue into the corners of the evening把它的舌頭舔進黃昏的角落裡Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains徘徊在快要幹涸的水坑上The stanza is taken from T.S. Eliot’s the love song of J.Alfred prufrock (J.A.布魯富勞克的情歌)Love song of J.A Prufrock ：它講述了一位上了年紀的男人對求婚問題的深思不定，全詩的形式是戲劇獨白，暗示了虛假的情歌與主人公自已承認的無法直面愛情及無聊的上流社會生活之間諷刺性對照，Prufrock ,詩中主人公是個神經質，自以為是，不講羅輯以及優柔寡斷的人物，他是一個悲劇性角色，被陷在理想毀滅與欲望得不到滿足的痛苦中,詩歌的背景是一個彬彬有禮的社會，如同蒲柏的“奪發記”中描寫的上流社會的---茶點聚會極為重要的大事，打牌是排譴空虛的唯一途徑, 這首詩是反浪漫主義的，詩中的比喻與意象都不十會優美，氣氛也陰沉如地獄14.Which of the following best describes the speaker of the love song ofJ.Alfred prufrock ---He is a man of inactivity15.Sons and Lovers by wrence established his position as novelist16.Women in Love by Lawrence is considered to be better-structured novel17.the lawrence trilogy 勞倫斯的三部曲refer toA collier’s Friday night 礦工的周五夜晚The daughter in law 兒媳The widowing of Mrs. Holroyed 守寡的霍爾羅德夫人三部作品的背景都是諾丁漢姆郡的工人階層，主要戲劇沖突都是無知粗暴的酒鬼父親或丈夫與厭倦粗俗但飽受挫折從而望子成龍的母親或是妻子這間的矛盾18.Which of the following writings is not the novel of D.H. Lawrence’sA.Sons of loversB. A portrait of the artist as a young man乔伊斯第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代的肖像》C.The white peacock---處女作D.The rainbow19.Ulysses憂利西斯by James Joyce is a prime example of modernism inliteratureJoyce 真正的代表作是Ulysses, 這部小說是現代主義文學的首要典范，這部小說之奇特使人懷疑根本不是“小說”，因為它缺乏傳統小說所有的要素，沒有故事，沒有情節，沒有動作，人物塑造也僅有一點點，總體說來Ulysses 隻寫了一個人在都柏森一天之內的生活20.in the english history, James joyce is the most outstandingstream-of-consciousness 意識流novelist21.at last she spoke to me, when she addressed the first words to me I was soconfused that I did not know what to answer, she asked me was I going to araby, I forget wheter I answered yes or no, it would be a splendid bazaar, she said , she would love to gothe passage is taken from James Joyce’s Dubliners22.which of the following is not true according to James Joyce?A.Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literatureB.Joyce is regarded as the most stream-of-consciousness novelistC.Joyce is a realistic writer in english literature historyD.His novel ―a portrait of the artist as a young man‖ is naturalisticaccount of the hero’s bitter experiences and his final artistic andspiritual liberation1916年，Joyce 第一部長篇小說“藝術家年輕時代的肖像”出版，小說的題目暗示角色塑造有自傳的成份。
英美文学选读完整版笔记
Chapter I The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期Definitions（定义）1.The Renaissance： The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally， it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy，with the flowering of painting，sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance， which means "rebirth" or "revival，" is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture，the new discoveries in geography & astrology， the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance， therefore， in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe， to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie， & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism：人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious， intellectual side， for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning， humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment， but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections， and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question， explore， and enjoy. Thus， by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life， they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life， but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More， Christo- pher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza：斯宾塞诗节Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines， with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter， rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry：玄学诗The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit，the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods， and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved， with God， or with himself.5. The Renaissance hero：A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition，facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays， who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will，he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power，knowledge，and glory，the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a sprit（二）该时期的重要作家Edmund Spenser--English poet，born in London， England，（ 1552-- Jan 13，1599）斯宾塞代表作 The Faerie Queene.A.创作意图: The principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentlemanB.整体线索:The recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as a whole.C.寓意:The Redcrosse Knight in Book I stands for St. George, he also represents Holiness.D.主题:The theme is not "Arms and the man,"but something more romantic-" Fierce wares and faithfull loves."E.作者文学地位:His exquisite melodythat make him known as "the poets' poet."His Major Works Spenser's mostimportant work & masterpiece is TheFaerie Queene， a great poem of its age.A complex moral， religious， & politicalallegory， it is also an epic that exaltsQueen Elizabeth Ⅰ& the English nation.According to Spenser's own explanation，his principal intention is to presentthrough a "historical poem" the exampleof a perfect gentleman： "to fashion agentleman or noble person in virtuous &gentle discipline." Its principal herois the Arthur of medieval legend. The sixbooks of the poem illustrate the natureof particular virtues，such as，temperance & justice. Other major worksof Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender（1579）， a poem consisting of 12eclogues-corresponding to the 12 monthsof the year； Epithalamion （1595）， apoem expressing the deep personalfeelings occasioned by the poets secondmarriage； Amoretti （1595）， a seriesof sonnets.3. 领会His Influence1）Main qualities of Spenser'spoetry①a perfect melody②a rare sense of beauty③a splendid imagination④a lofty moral purity & seriousness⑤a dedicated idealism2） In his writing， Spenser drew onthe conventions & thought of Classical，medieval，& Renaissance literature.However， he added to his fusion of thesediverse elements much that was original，& his works inspired many later Englishpoets. He created a new stanza， calledthe Spenserian stanza， which is wellsuited to narrative verse. His skills inwriting melodious English verse & hiscombination of emotion， erudition， &spiritual vision have won him theadmiration of generations of Englishpoets. It is his idealism， his love ofbeauty， &his exquisite melody that makehim known as "the poets' poet."4. 应用The Faerie Queene：1） It is a long， allegorical poem.In the poem，Spenser dramatizedpolitical， religious， & moral themesby personifying them， or making themcharacters.2）Plot： The story， which is setagainst a background of Arthur &medieval legend，deals with theadventures of six knights of the courtof the fairy queen named Gloriana， whorepresents Queen Elizabeth ⅠofEnglish. The faerie Queen was leftunfinished at Spenser's death. It wasoriginally planned as a 12-book poem.But only 6 books were completed. The poemis particularly admired for the melodicbeauty of its language & for its richcontent of philosophical & mythologicalmaterial presented in the form of vividnarratives.II. Christopher Marlowe1. 一般识记Brief IntroductionEnglish dramatist & poet，born inCanterbury， England， Feb， 6，1567，died in Deptford， England， May 30， 1593.Marlowe was the first great EnglishDramatist. He brought to the Englishstage a new concept of tragedy， one inwhich the drama centers around thestruggles of a man overwhelmed by hispassions & ambitions.2. 识记His Major WorksHis most famous tragedies are DoctorFaustus， The Jew of Malta， Tamburlaine& Edward Ⅱ。
大学《英美报刊选读》单词汇总
大学《英美报刊选读》单词汇总第一篇：大学《英美报刊选读》单词汇总一、单词(reading one)1、Part One: The NewspaperUnit OneInternational NewsCompounds n.大院，有围墙的房群Prostitution n.卖淫Nudity n.裸体，裸露Come-back n.卷土重来Erotica n.色情书、画Smut n.黄段子Racy adj.下流的，不雅的Crack-down n.打击Pornography n.淫秽，色情Venue n.场所Plugged-in adj.（喻）触网的Periodically adv.定期的Straight and narrow 正当、诚实、正派Deprave v.腐化，堕落Resurgence n.重新抬头Authoritarian adj.权威的Lovelorn adj.失恋的Strait-laced adj.一本正经的，古板的Law-breaker n.违法者Mores n.传统，习俗Obscene adj.淫秽的Loosen up 放松，松弛Censor v.检查，审查Air-waves n.无线电波Epidemic n.流行病Blush v.脸红Ubiquitous adj.无处不在Unit TwoNational Report Payout n.付出款项Mirror v.反映Slam v.猛力撞击Tailored adj.作过修改的；简单实用的Fuel v.刺激，激起Ward off 避开；避免Divisiveness n.分裂；不和；分歧Deflect v.转移，引开Statute n.法令Shackle v.束缚；阻挠Sentiments n.意见；观点Elude v.躲避；避开Flat-award n.固定赔偿金Forgo v.放弃Recipient n.接受者Enact v.制定或通过(法令)Sue v.提起诉讼Grieving adj.感到悲伤的Curtail v.削减Collateral adj.附带的Litigate v.诉讼Offset n.补偿Equitable adj.公平合理的Curb n.控制，约束Crippling adj.极有害的Defunct adj.不再使用的Waive v.放弃Magnitude n.规模Unit ThreeBusiness WorldInnovative adj.创新的，革新的File for 申请Oligarchy n.寡头政治，寡头统治集团Underwrite v.认购(公司)尚未出售的新股票；包销Cream n.精华，精粹Wrest v.夺取，费力取得Auction n.拍卖；标售Bypass v.绕过，越过Pull the strings 操纵事件或他人行为Bid for 出价Pull off(成功火箭哭地)完成，做成Batch n.一批，一组Tank v.储存，囤积Precedent n.先例，前例Treasury bond(美国财政部发行的)证券Synonym n.同义词Allocate v.分配，配给Oxycodone n.羟基二氢可待因酮Hedge fund 套利基金Hydrocodone n.二氢可待因酮Pension n.养老金，抚恤金，退休金 Amphetamine n.氨基丙本，安非他明（解除忧郁、疲劳的药）Skunk n.臭鼬Orchestrate v.使和谐地结合起来 Deficit n.不足，欠缺Merchandise n.商品，货品Hyperactivity n.极度活跃Sabotage v.破坏，阻挠Pharmaceutical adj.制药的，应用药物的Ardent adj.热心的，热情的Clout n.势力，影响力，权势Extract v.提取，榨出Garner v.积累，获得Monopoly n.垄断，独占Unit FourThe MetroLongevity n.长寿，长命Broccoli n.花椰菜，球花甘蓝Scary adj.易受惊的，胆怯的Bogeyman n.鬼怪，骇人的东西Impoverish v.使贫困Cater for 满足需求Dire adj.可怕的，不祥的Skim off 除去，（为逃税等而）瞒报Bail out v.帮助脱离困境Risk-pooling n.风险集中Unwarranted adj.无保证的，不确定的，不必要的Means testing 对（失业或残疾者等）进行经济情况调查（已确定是否给予补助）Laud v.赞美，称赞Rhetoric n.辞令，虚夸Discount with 不信，漠视Imminent adj.临近的，逼近的Demutualisation n.利化，互利改组公司（公司大部分股份转给雇员或主顾）Appreciably adv.可估计的，明显的Lurch v.突然倾斜，改变Terminology n.术语Fix n.补救方法，应急措施Wonk n.刻苦用功的学生Actuary n.保险精算师，保险业务计算员 Disincentive n.(对经济发展等)起抑制作用的，制止因素Odd adj.额外的，零星的Prone adj.容易的，易于Obesity n.肥胖，肥胖症Wholesale adj.大规模的，不加区别的Unit FiveScience & TechnologyStigma n.污名，耻辱Cellular n.蜂窝式分区无线，通讯Aplomb n.沉着，泰然Demographic adj.人口统计学的Missive n.信件Adroitness n.熟练Hunt and peck 看着键盘打字Manifest v.表明Boom v.繁荣，兴隆Dexterity n.灵巧，机敏Hierarchy n.层次，等级Piranha n.水虎鱼Digit n.手指Genera(pl of genus)n.类，属With the advent of 随着……的出现，到来Stature n.(凭才能和成就而获得的)声誉Ferocious adj.凶猛的Envision v.想象，预想Banishment n.流放，放逐Snag n.阻碍Renaissance n.复兴Banter n.善意的玩笑Prowess n.威力Tendon n.[解]腱Opportune adj.恰好的，适宜的Manifold adj.多方面的，多种形式的Unlearn v.忘却Callus n.老茧Foothold n.立足点Tough sth.Out 从（困难）中硬挺过来Unobtrusive adj.不明显的Unit SixArt & LivingMilk v.从……中获利，获益；从……中榨取Compliment n.敬意Playbook n.剧本Soundtrack n.（电影）配乐Embrace n.接受，利用Hit n.轰动一时的人物，风行一时的东西Nerve-wracking adj.使人心烦的，伤脑筋的Dicier adj.更冒险的，更危险的Console n.（计）控制台Format n.程序，格式Render v.致使，使成Rule of thumb 经验得来的法则Take a chance 碰运气，冒险Tie-in n.搭配在一起出售的货品Sure-fire adj.稳操胜券的Sequel n.续集，续篇Flail v.鞭打，抽打Shakeout n,（行情下跌中的盈利微薄行业、产品等的）被淘汰，裁汰Stave off 延缓，避开Hedge v.避免，防范Profligate adj.恣意的，极其浪费的 Cushion n.垫子，保护物，缓冲装置Ancillary adj.辅助的，从属的Rental n.租金收入，租金额Spin-off n.副产品，衍生产品Bomb v.（美俚）惨败Mark down 减价，降价Legitimate adj.合法的，正规的Rival v.与……竞争，对抗Scramble v.争取，争夺Subscription n.订约，订阅，订购Pitch v.努力推销Juggernaut n.使人盲目崇拜并为之牺牲的事物；不可抗拒的力量Model on 模仿，效仿Franchise n.特许权，特许经营权Flat-footed adj.无准备的Platinum n.铂，白金Keep one’s edge 保持优势Consolidation n.合并，联合Devour v.吞食Portfolio n.公事包，文件夹Conglomerate n.由许多公司组成的大公司，企业集团Unit SevenSports & FitnessTrivial adj.琐细的，微不足道的Referendum n.全民投票Kinesiology n.[体]运动机能学Obsolete adj.废弃的，过时的Oddity n.怪人，奇特的东西Hone v.磨练；训练Twitch n.急扯，猛地一拉Sprinter n.赛跑选手Grab hold of 抓紧，掌握Dystrophy n.营养不良Steroid n.类固醇Therapy n.治疗Rogue n.流氓；无赖Innate adj.先天的，天生的Paralympics n.伤残奥运会Profile n.侧面；轮廓；概况Bet n.预言Tendon n.[解]腱Deleterious adj.有害的，有毒的Anarchy n.无政府状态，混乱状态 Freak n.畸形或不正常的人或动物Be inundated sb.(with sth.)给予某人很多事情使之难以应付；是某人不胜负荷Unit EightFeaturesPonder v.考虑；深思Gelato n.意大利胶凝冰棍Vendor n.摊贩；卖主Rite n.隆重的仪式或典礼Siesta n.午后的小睡Villa n.带有大花园的别墅 Repeal v.废止（法规等）Calvinism n.加尔文主义 Dehumanize v.非人化Nurture v.培养；养育Eclipse v.使相形见绌；黯然失色Sloth n.树懒(动物)Frenetic adj.发狂的Fresco n.壁画Disentangle v.摆脱Enervate v.使（人）失去力量或精力Anomaly n.不合规则；异常事物Confluence n.汇合，汇集 Skip v.不参加，不做Ideology n.思想意思Take a toll/ take its toll of something 造成损失、毁坏等Unit NineEditorials & OpinionsUnprecedented adj.史无前例的，空前的Pitch n.程度Flip side 反面Loom v.隐现，迫近Swathes of 大片Fell v.砍伐Accentuate v.强调Endemic v.地方病Sanitation n.卫生设施Epidemic n.流行病Degradation n.退化，降级Sustainable adj.可持续的Patriarch n.家长Devolve v.（把权力、工作）移交某人Vested interest 特权Tip off 向……泄露，告诫Saga n.传奇Tributary n.支流T oxin n.[生]毒素Tannery n.制革厂Torrential adj.奔流的Mound n.土堆，土丘Chlorinate v.用氯消毒Stagnate adj.因不流动而变臭的或有味的Insatiable adj.不知足的，贪得无厌的Dioxin n.[化]二氧（杂）芑Levy n.征税Signatory n.签名者Legitimacy n.合法（性），合理（性）Hierarchy n.层次，等级Unit TenHealth & EnvironmentContagious adj.传染的，有传染性的 Obesity n.肥胖，过度肥胖Biotech n.应用生物Affiliate v.隶属，关联 Unravel v.揭开，弄清Leptin n.瘦体素基因Hormone n.荷尔蒙Calorie n.卡路里Mutation n.改变，突变Cholesterol n.胆固醇Triglyceride n.三酸甘油酯Adenovirus n.腺病毒Antibody n.抗体Counterpart n.对应体Lipoprotein n.脂蛋白Fringe adj.从属的，次要的，附加的Cutting-edge adj.最先进的，前沿的 Valid adj.有效的Shore v.支撑，稳住Pan(out)v.证明（是），结果（是）Groundbreaking adj.开天辟地的，创业的Ulcer n.溃疡2、Part Two: The MagazineStand on 坚持Be entitled to 有做某事的权利 Egotism n.自我中心，自私自利Rabble n.乱纷纷的人群，乌合之众Assent v.同意，赞成Dependant n.依赖他人生活着Metaphysical adj.形而上学的，抽象的Petitioner n.上诉人 Sphere n.领域，范围Bureaucrat n.贵族Dissatisfied adj.感到不满的，不满足的Complainant n.原告Adjudicator n.裁判，评论员 Doubly adv.加倍的，双重地Redress n.纠正，补偿Aggrieved adj.愤恨的，愤愤不平的Sap v.逐渐消耗Beneficiary n.受益者，受益人Entice v.诱惑，诱使Prohibition n.禁止，阻止Labyrinth n.迷宫，迷津Substantive adj.真实的，实在的，实际的Preclude v.排除Psychiatrically adv.精神病的 In vitro fertilization 体外受精Dire adj.可怕的Every other 所有其他的DoH（Department of Health）卫生部 Irrespective of 无论Bedlam n.疯人院Paralysis n.瘫痪Reverberation n.回响，反射Deterioration n.恶化Abstraction n.抽象概念 Connotation n.涵义Beloved adj.心爱的Inalienability n.不可剥夺Allegedly adv.据说，根据（人们）宣称Unconditional adj.无条件的Observance n.遵守Abrogate v.废止，取消Deem v.认为Ill-conduct n.不良行为Unassailable adj.不可攻破的Tangible adj.明确的，确切的，真实的Tower block 高层建筑，摩天大楼Dialectic adj.辩证关系Vaunted adj.吹嘘的，夸耀的 Ingratitude n.忘恩负义Feral adj.野性的Grievance n.牢骚，不满，怨恨Permissive adj.放任的，放纵的3、Part Three: News on the WebParalegal n.律师的专职助手Do over 重做，重复Internship n.实习，实践Counselor n.顾问，参谋 Tuition n.学费Exploration n.探索，探究 Fare v.进展，过日子Dissuade v.劝阻Contemplate v.打算，考虑Unforgiving adj.无情的，不够宽容的 Drift n.放任自流Lose out on something 不成功，受损失 Societal adj.社会的Mired adj.陷入泥潭的Moderator n.主持者Squander v.浪费，虚度Blow it 错过（良机）Marketable adj.适应市场的 Mythology n.神话Anthropology n.人类学4、Part Four: Broadcasting & TelevisionSwarm n.大群人，人群v.大群地移动 Dignitary n.显要人物；权贵 Sheikh n.伊斯兰教的宗教领袖，教主 Casket n.棺材Hearse n.灵车Drape v.覆盖Caisson n.弹药箱，弹药车Procession n.行进，前进 Mourner n.哀悼者Guarantee v.保证Revitalize v.使再充满活力Reinvigorante v.再鼓舞，再激励Mobilize v.动员Corruption n.腐败Priority n.优先（考虑的事）Obstacle n.障碍Inauguration n.就职典礼Eulogy n.颂词，颂文Ambassador n.大使Mast n.旗杆；桅杆Tributes n.表示敬意或称赞的行动、言语或礼物5、Part Five: The MovieSpider-man n.蜘蛛侠Guts n.勇气与决心；胆量；魄力 Give sb.A hand 帮助某人Pish n.呸（表示不愉快或不耐烦）Water under the bridge 覆水难收Make a move 采取行动Give away 赠送Cookbook n.烹饪书，食谱Mixer n.搅拌机Self-sacrificing adj.自我牺牲的 Line up for sth.排队做某事Glimpse n.一瞥Get a glimpse of sb.瞥见Strain v.竭力；用全力（做某事）Pal n.朋友Jerk n.蠢人Play tricks on 捉弄；开……的玩笑 Peel（sth.）off 把……脱掉 Do a number on 伤害某人的感情；嘲弄Lay a finger on sb./ sth.(即使轻轻)触碰某人Whereabouts n.下落；行踪fiancée n.未婚妻Menace n.威胁；恐吓Prosecute v.检举、告发 Arachnid n.蛛形纲动物(包括蜘蛛、蝎子、蜱、螨等)Spine n.勇气Scurry v.小步疾跑Monster n.巨大、丑陋、可怕的怪物第二篇：英美报刊新闻标题 1.Explosion heard near Iranian Parliament2,President:Sino-Americanrelationship副links co nductive to world peace and stability3, BMW’s problem child4,spent fuel shipment/Nuclear waste shipment副Germany to lift ban on transport of nuclear waste5,To save or Not to save6,The co-operation between the Government7Professor leaves $4M to his colledge,8Fomer bushaffical kills son abd self9US population figures to hit 300M10 Iraq’s Olympic rep kidnapped11 Man sentenced to 150 years12Us Russia fail to agree on WTO membership13Infustrial dream fades third worldrevives farms 术语《创世纪》Admissions offices招生办Advanced degree高等学位All works of lives各行各业Alumni connections校友联谊会Alumni校友Assault突袭Auction拍卖Ballet lesson芭蕾课Barebones budget少得可怜的预算Beautiful spot胜地Benign 和蔼的Blare-to make a very coud,unpleasant noiseBlind date相亲Bold theory斗胆的理论Boozy嗜酒的Buddhist grottoes佛教石窟Buoyant开朗的活泼的Evolution wars进化论之战Cable car缆车Cambrian寒武纪时代Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carte-balance全权，绝对的自由Cash cow摇钱树Center heat-supply集体供暖CEO:chief executive officer行政主管Chance mutations变异Chief operating officer运营主管Christian fundamentalist基督教原教旨主义者Churn搅拌器Clampen-to make sad or dullClique帮派Clinical psychology 内科心理学Clot凝结Commercialism商业主义Communist regime 共产党政府Consulting-firm顾问公司Controversy争议Correspondence education函授教育Counterpart职位相当的人Cramp-to keep in a narrow spaceCrass commercialism唯利是图Creationism神秘论Criteria评判、标准Critical inquiry批评性探索Critique批评Cultural relics文化遗产Daring topic大胆的话题Darwin’s theory达尔文进化论(origin of species物种起源/natural selection自然选择/survivalof the fittest适者生存)Dead souls“老”不死的Debt specialist债务分析家Dilemma 进退维谷Distance education class远程教育Document文件、记录记载Dot-com world网络世界Edge渴望Educational environment 学习环境Extra curricular activities课外活动Elite college精英大学Elite university一流大学Elite精英Embolden使..勇敢Emulation-desire or ambition to equal or surpass仿效、竞争Erode-to wear away磨损消逝Established有建树的人Establishment住所景点Ethnic favor民族特色Exquisite精美的高雅的Face to face instruction面对面指导Faith-based science以宗教为基础的科学Fossil record化石标本Fossil化石Full scholarships全额奖学金Gainsay反驳、否认GE:General Electric通用电气公司Genetic code 遗传密码Getty conservation Institute文物保护中心Go online上网Gobi Desert戈壁滩Gravitate受吸引Gray brick灰砖大学Haphazard 偶然的Hard-core defender坚决维护着Have access to有权进入HBS:Harvard Business School哈佛商学院Hiker and backpacker徒步旅行的人Identical gene相同基因Identityformation个性形成Indigenous life本土生活Information-based economy信息经济Infrastructure基础设施Intelligent design智慧、巧妙的设计Investment bank投资银行Libertarians鼓吹公民自由Log in登陆Lose its edge失去优势Lucrative offers丰厚的报酬Magazine rankings杂志排行榜Management expertise管理专业知识Massive military军事现代化MBA:Master of Business Administration工商管理硕士Meet love with hate以德报怨Mind-numb情感冷漠MoGao grotto莫高窟Moisture潮气Multinational company 跨国公司Mural壁画Navigate the local bureaucracy驾驭地方官僚主义Nightmare 噩梦，梦魇Non scientific alternatives非科学选择Non-renewable resource不可再生资源Oasis沙漠中的绿洲On-campus master’s program在校研究生课程Opponent反对论Outlook人生观Overhaul-to examine thoroughly彻底改革Peer-reviewed journal 同行专业评论杂志Pitfall隐患，易犯的错误Plight困境Preside主持Prime-time黄金时段Private university 私立大学Proponent支持者Pseudo science伪科学Public amusement公共娱乐Public university公立大学Grotto石窟Rank Three三教九流Ratio比率Reconcile使和解，调停Release释放、出版发行Remote enrolment远程注册Returnee归国留学生Rigorous 严峻的艰苦的Rollicking-noisy , cheerful喧闹快乐的Run the risk of being guinea pigs实验主体SAT scores数学/语文公测School board学校董事会Scribble down乱写乱涂Script手稿/伶牙俐齿Selective college重点大学Self-discipline自我约束Seminal works初级工作Seminal work胚胎Seminal精液的生殖的Senior fellow资深研究院Sensibility感觉、情感Sensitive issue敏感话题Separation of state and church政教分离Shift work倒班Silicon valley硅谷Silk Road 丝绸之路Start-ups新兴企业State-owned国营的Statue雕塑Step onto a university campus上大学Structure改革Superintend dent 教育局负责人Suspend-to temporarily prevent fromcontinuzing or being in force or effect暂停、中止Swarm蜂拥而至Symposium酒会，座谈会Tacky质量低劣的Teleconference电话会议T erra-cotta 土陶，粘土T est prep courses考前辅导班The delicate subject matter微妙的题材The lion’s share很大的比例The winner-Take-All Society胜者通吃的社会Think tangle智囊团Thwart阻止Tourist authorities旅游局Trek长途跋涉Turf battle势力范围UNESCO:United Nations Education Science Culture Organization 联合国教科文组织University Continuing Education Association大学成人教育Unveil揭示Upland高地Upper rungs上层职位Upsurge 急剧上升，增长Validation确认Venture capitalist风险投资家Vigorous有精力的Violate违背，侵犯Virtual class虚拟课程Vitality生命力、活力World heritage世界遗产World relics世界遗产第三篇：英美报刊第一页美英报刊-背景知识1.加勒比海主要岛屿有：太平洋岛屿：马里亚群岛，夏威夷，关岛。
自考《英美文学选读》笔记2（简单版）
William Wordsworth （1770-1850） 1770 He was born in the family of an attorney. He was educated at St. John's College， Cambridge. 1790-92He traveled to France and sensed the filthiness of the French Revolution （Slogan "liberty， fraternity， and equality"）。
He saw that Jacobite took the power from Gironde， who was radical. Lewis XIIII was killed. He became conservative in politics. 1795 A gentleman friend gave him some money that enabled him to live in Great Lake with his sister Dorothy who never got married and live with William Wordsworth of all her life. 1798 The beginning of the Romantic period. He lived by the riverside with his sister writing poems for 8 years. 1813 Wordsworth received a sinecure as a distributor. 1843 He succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate. William Wordsworth is the best-known and oldest poet among the Lake Poet. 3 groups of his poetry 1. Simple， rural folk： wrote when he lived in Great Lake district. e.g. "Lucy Poem"： full of innocence and simpleness. 2. Childhood： beautiful and instructive. e.g. "We are seven"， a short poem in the form of a dialogue between the poet and a 8-year-old girl. The poem reveals Wordsworth's philosophy of pre-existence of soul. The girl is too innocent to recognize death. "Ode： Intimations and Immortality"， explains his philosophy of pr-existence， explains the from childhood to manhood. 3. Nature - the most important part About animals， plants， emotions. e.g. "To a butterfly"， "To a skylark"， "My heart leaps up"， expresses the joy of seeing rainbow. The major works of William Wordsworth. Tintern Abby， it combines his feelings as worship of nature， with his impression gathered during his second visit. In this poem， Wordsworth reveals his innermost thoughts and emotions with regard to the natural world. The Prelude，（1805） contains 14 books. His autobiographical poem. The first 8 books tell about his early life. The last 6 books tell about his growing maturity. Importance of the poem： it's a heart-pouring expression of Wordsworth's own spiritual development. The Preface，（1800） added to the Lyrical Ballads （1798）。
英美文学选读第二章笔记Neoclassical-period
I.Multle choice1.The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in thehistory英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代, 啟蒙運動是進步的知識分子運動，興盛於法國，後來席卷整個歐洲2.The Pilgrim’s progress is the most successful religious allegoryin the English language天路歷程是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言，它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教教義3.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to beconcerned with the search for spiritual Salvation4.Among the representative of the Enlightenment, who was the firstto introduce rationlism to England?Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲柏作為啟蒙主義時期的代表人物，蒲柏第一個將理性主義引入英國,他將現行的社會制度奉為理想的制度，但依然能看透那嚴重的道德，政治及文化上的腐朽沒落5.An essay on criticism , written in heroic couplet by Pope, isconsidered manifesto of English neoclassism論批評是用英雄雙韻體寫的說教詩, 倡導了古典主義標準，在英國普及了新古典主義6.Alexander Pope stongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing thatliterary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason , logic , restrained emotion, good taste and decorum蒲柏是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力倡導新古典主義，強調文學作品的優劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位及是否體面，正派來衡量7.The Dunciad is generally considered to be Pope’s best satiricwork群愚史詩是蒲柏最優秀的諷刺作品，他花了十年心血才將其完成8.Daniel Defore describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the eighteen century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonistMoll Flanders 莫爾。
英美报刊选读笔记
Explanation 1. In the air = current; in circulation 2. review = survey, re-examine 3. heighten = become more intense 4. hazard = n. danger, risk 5. preposterous a. = absurd荒谬的 6. legitimate a. = reasonable 正当的；合理的 2. Amount to = be equal to / equivalent to 相当于 3. tentatively adv. = not definitely 不果断的 4. 3. controversial= likely to cause controversy 引起争议的 5. 4-6 Exert v. = apply sth.应用 6. minuscule adj. = very small , tiny 7. consensus n. = common agreement 8. wallop v. = heavy blow buttress v. = support加强 9. ionize v. 使电离成离子 molecule n. 分子
2. The view-point of the EPA is [A]. there is casual link between electricity and cancer. 3. [B]. electricity really affects cancer. [C]. controversial. 4. [D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible causesue n. 动植物组织 blistering a. = sharp , severe 尖刻的 imprimatur n. permission / approval 批准；认可 carcinogen n. 致癌物 clog v. = block 阻塞 plummeting a. = fall down steeply be afflicted with = cause trouble to sb. 使苦恼 prudent adj. = foresight 有先见之明的
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3. Why did the Pentagon and Whit House object to the release of the report? Because [A]. it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration. [B]. every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment. [C]. the Pentagon’s concern was understandable. [D]. they had different arguments. 4. It can be inferred from physical phenomenon [A]. the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful. [B]. the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate. [C]. electromagnetic field may affect health. [D]. only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.
5. What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments? [A].They are indifferent. [B]. They are worried very much. [C]. The may exercise prudent avoidance. [D]. They are shocked. Vocabulary 1. preposterous 反常的，十分荒谬的，乖戾的 反常的，十分荒谬的， 2. leukemia 白血病 3. malignancy 恶性肿瘤 4. legitimate 合法的，合理的 合法的， 5. paranoia 偏执狂，妄想狂。这里指：无根据的担心。 偏执狂，妄想狂。这里指：无根据的担心。 6. lymphoma 淋巴瘤 7. carcinogen 致癌物 8. minuscule 很小的，很不重要 很小的， 9. consensus 舆论 10. wallop 乱窜，猛冲，冲击力 乱窜，猛冲， 11. epidemiological 流行病学的 12. blistering 罗嗦的，胡扯的 13. critique 评论，批评 罗嗦的， 评论， 14. imprimatur 出版许可（官方审查后的），批准 出版许可（官方审查后的）， ），批准
Explanation 1. In the air = current; in circulation review = survey, re-examine heighten = become more intense hazard = n. danger, risk preposterous a. = absurd荒谬的 荒谬的 legitimate a. = reasonable 正当的；合理的 正当的； 2. Amount to = be equal to / equivalent to 相当于 tentatively adv. = not definitely 不果断的 3. controversial= likely to cause controversy 引起争议的 4-6 Exert v. = apply sth.应用 应用 minuscule adj. = very small , tiny consensus n. = common agreement wallop v. = heavy blow buttress v. = support加强 加强 ionize v. 使电离成离子 molecule n. 分子
1. The main idea of this passage is [A]. studies on the cause of cancer [B]. controversial view-points in the cause of cancer [C]. the relationship between electricity and cancer. [D]. different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner. 2. The view-point of the EPA is [A]. there is casual link between electricity and cancer. [B]. electricity really affects cancer. [C]. controversial. [D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer
4 Mystery --- and Maybe Danger in the Air
写作方法与文章大意
文章以问答的方式，对比的写作方法， 文章以问答的方式，对比的写作方法，写出了围绕电 力是否影响健康——是否致癌因素的两种观点，点的依据。 点的依据。 一种是美国环境保护署为代表的： 一种是美国环境保护署为代表的：极低频磁场是一 种可能但还未被证实的致癌因素， 种可能但还未被证实的致癌因素，而且无视白宫和五角 大楼反对，公布了这份报告。 大楼反对，公布了这份报告。理由是科学证据提出了两 者之间的关联偶然性。 者之间的关联偶然性。 另一种以空军中科学家为主的观点： 另一种以空军中科学家为主的观点：电磁场不会诱 发或触发癌症，而且以歪曲整个文件来证明两者之关系， 发或触发癌症，而且以歪曲整个文件来证明两者之关系， 批评了环保署。其理由人人皆知。 批评了环保署。其理由人人皆知。因军队中任一单位都 有电子设备——从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统。 从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统。 有电子设备 从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统
7. Skepticism n. 怀疑主义 tissue n. 动植物组织 blistering a. = sharp , severe 尖刻的 imprimatur n. permission / approval 批准；认可 批准； carcinogen n. 致癌物 clog v. = block 阻塞 plummeting a. = fall down steeply be afflicted with = cause trouble to sb. 使苦恼 prudent adj. = foresight 有先见之明的