2015 政府工作报告英文版学习笔记

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政府工作报告英译精解笔记：长句汉译英拆分

政府工作报告英译精解笔记：长句汉译英拆分By Catexam长句在政府公文中非常常见，甚至可以说几乎每篇公文都有一些冗长复杂的句子。

在翻译这些句子时，往往需要将其打成几个部分，按逻辑结构一一翻译，其中主要的逻辑结构是总分、因果、背景、目的、措施等总分、因果、背景、目的、措施等。

以下是2014政府工作报告中的例子。

英文来源为新华社发布的政府工作报告英文版，受新闻工作时效性限制，此版译文并非完美，但还是可以作为参考。

面对世界经济复苏艰难、国内经济下行压力加大、自然灾害频发、多重矛盾交织的复杂形势，全国各族人民在以习近平同志为总书记的党中央领导下，从容应对挑战，奋力攻坚克难，圆满实现全年经济社会发展主要预期目标，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得令人瞩目的重大成就。

① We faced a complex environment: the world economic recovery was difficult. In China, downward pressure on the economy increased, natural disasters occurred frequently, and there was an array of interrelated problems.② However, the people of all of China’s ethnic groups, under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Xi Jinping as General Secretary, confidently met all challenges, strove to overcome difficulties, fully attained the main targets for economic and social development for the year, and made impressive achievements in reform and opening up and in the socialist modernization drive.行动。

2016年政府工作报告英文口语翻译(5)

2016年政府工作报告英文口语翻译（5）导读：本文2016年政府工作报告英文口语翻译（5），仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

2016年政府工作报告英文版学习笔记（5）四是着眼开拓发展空间，促进区域协调发展和新型城镇化。

Fourth,we promoted coordinated development between regions and the new type ofurbanization to expand development space.☆新型城镇化the new type of urbanization继续推动东、中、西、东北地区“四大板块”协调发展，重点推进“一带一路”建设、京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展“三大战略”，在基础设施、产业布局、生态环保等方面实施一批重大工程。

Work continued to promote the coordinated development of the eastern region, the central region, the western region, and the northeast; priority was placed onmoving forward with the Three Initiatives –the Belt and Road Initiative, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration initiative, and the Yangtze Economic Belt initiative. A number of major projects were also launched to develop infrastructure, improve the distribution of industries, and achieve ecological and environmental conservation.☆重点推进prioritywas placed on moving forward with···☆京津冀协同发展the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration initiative☆长江经济带the Yangtze EconomicBelt initiative☆在基础设施、产业布局、生态环保等方面实施一批重大工程A number of major projects were also launched to develop···improve···and achieve☆多用动词，让句子层次更分明更有力。

XX年政府工作报告双语划重点

XX年政府工作报告双语划重点以下为大家梳理《政府工作报告》(Report on the Work of the Government)中的重点。

下面是整理XX年政府工作报告双语划重点的详细内容，欢迎阅读！回顾XX李克强总理表示，过去一年，我国发展面临国内外诸多矛盾叠加、风险隐患交汇的严峻挑战，但我国经济社会发展主要目标任务圆满完成，“十三五”(the 13th FiveYear Plan)实现了良好开局。

主要完成的工作包括：❶国内生产总值(GDP)达到万亿元，增长%，名列世界前茅;GDP reached trillion yuan, representing growth, and seeing China outpace most other economies.❷城镇登记失业率%，为多年来最低;The registered urban unemployment rate stood at percent at yearend XX, the lowest level in years.❸降低企业税负5700多亿元，所有行业实现税负只减不增;The tax burden of business for the year was slashed by over 570 billion yuan and tax burdenswere reduced in every sector.❹新设7个自贸试验区;Another seven pilot zones were established.❺ 74个重点城市细颗粒物()年均浓度下降%。

We saw a drop in the annual average density of fine particulate matter () in 74 key cities.这个3分钟的小视频全面总结了XX年32项主要指标任务的完成情况，点击视频，一起来看国务院的XX年“对账单”。

2015年中国政府工作报告用词

2015年政府工作报告用词session n.会议；开庭；学期deliberation n.审议；考虑rough and with many ups and downs 艰难曲折divergent adj.相异的；分歧的mount v.增加；骑上马。

an array of interwoven difficulties and challenges 多重困难相互交织array n.数列；大批；衣服interwoven v.相互编织surmount v.克服；战胜comprehensively deepen reform 全面深化改革embark v.从事；上船；上飞机embark on a new journeyfully advance 全面推进law-based government 依法治国make solid progress in 坚实步伐endeavor n.&v.努力a moderately prosperous society 小康社会in all respects 全面overall adj.&adv. 全部的；全体的indication n.指示；迹象economy operates within an appropriate range 经济运行处于合理区间trillion n.万亿the previous year 去年robust adj.强健的；粗野的underlying feature 总体特征underlying adj. 潜在的；根本的better coordinated and more sustainable 协调性和可持续性增强coordinated adj.协调的sustainable adj. 可以忍受的；可持续的grain output 粮食产量the value added of the service sector服务业增加值比重revenue n. 税收general public budgets 公共预算energy intensity 能耗强度per capita disposable personalincome 人均可支配收入outpace v. 超过；赶上outbound trips 出境旅游exceed v.超过；胜过ahead of schedule 提前实现painstaking efforts and hard work心血和汗水strengthen our resolve andconfidence to keep pushing ahead坚定了我们奋勇前行的决心和信心rise to the challenge 迎难而上on the basis of 在…基础上targeted regulation 定向调控strategic focus战略定力macroeconomic 宏观经济shore up our weak spots 补短板address the serious issues andstructural problems 抓突出矛盾和结构问题gain impetus获得动力implement v. 实施；执行proactive adj. 有前瞻性的；积极的prudent adj.谨慎的；精密的fiscal policy and monetary policy 财政政策和货币政策small and micro business 小微企业respectively adj. 分别的；各自的forestall v.垄断；预先阻止invigorate v. 鼓舞；使精力充沛obstruction n. 障碍；阻碍offset v&n. 抵消；补偿；平版印刷术印刷tackle many toughissues 啃了不少硬骨头formulate v.制定；规划；用公式表达interest rates on deposits 存款利率exchange rates 汇率trial n.试点household registration system 户籍制度pension system 养老保险制度central stage 重头戏streamline administration anddelegate more powers to lower-levelgovernments简政放权channel great effort into the reformof 着力改革a fresh surge 一股…热潮demonstrate both the tremendouspower of reform and the endlesspotential of the market 显示了改革的巨大威力和市场的无限潜力outward investment has come todraw even with inward investment对外投资和利用外资并驾齐驱make significant stride into大步走向…step up 加大力度structural adjustment 结构调整herein adv. 在此；在这方面consecutive adj.连续不断的water conservancy 水利工程water-saving irrigation 节水灌溉hectare 公顷（一万平方米）launch a new round of efforts to新一轮…return more marginal farmland toforest or grassland 退耕还林还草channel great energy into 大力…foster new areas of growth 培育新的增长点vitality n. 活力；生命力overcapacity n. 产能过剩surpass v.超越：优于the length of the country's expressways open to traffic通车里程waterway 水路civil aviation 民航pipeline 管道broadband internet user 宽带用户sturdy adj. 坚定的；强健的put people first 以人为本cushion n.垫子；起缓冲之物；银行储蓄initiate the scheme to 开始…计划retiree n. 退休人员subsidize v.资助；给予奖学金；贿赂subsistence n.生活；生存subsidy n. 津贴；补助金disabled military personnel 残疾军人martyr n. 烈士；v. 牺牲veteran n. 老兵；复员军人fair access to education 教育公平compulsory education 义务教育eligible adj. 合格的；符合条件的national study assistance loans 助学贷款waiving n. 放弃；免除intensify efforts to 深入推进provincial-level administrative areas 省份medical and healthcare services 医疗卫生county, township, village县；乡；村popular fitness activities 群众健身活动respond effectively 妥善应对public order 社会秩序relief efforts 抗震救灾post-earthquake recovery andreconstruction 灾后恢复重建on the whole 总体contaminate v. 污染；弄脏law-based governmentadministration 依法行政submit v. 递交；主张enact v. 颁布transparency in governmentoperations 政务公开solicit v. 征求；招揽handling public complaints made inthe form of letters or visits 信访工作制度subsistence allowances 低保群体put into practice 落实formalism; bureaucratism ;hedonism; extravagance 四风official overseas visits; officialvehicles; official hospitality 三公appraisal n. 评价；评估permanent adj. 永久的 n.烫发permanent mechanism 长效机制fruitful adj. 成果丰硕的multilateral mechanism 多边机制write international rules 制定国际规则Notable progress has been made inconducting economic diplomacy.经济外交成果显著。

英文版2016年政府工作报告学习笔记

—强化创新引领作用，为发展注入强大动力。

创新是引领发展的第一动力，必须摆在国家发展全局的核心位置，深入实施创新驱动发展战略。

启动一批新的国家重大科技项目，建设一批高水平的国家科学中心和技术创新中心，培育壮大一批有国际竞争力的创新型领军企业，建设一批全面创新改革试验区。

持续推动大众创业、万众创新。

促进大数据、云计算、物联网广泛应用。

加快建设质量强国、制造强国、知识产权强国。

到2020年，力争在基础研究、应用研究和战略前沿领域取得重大突破，全社会研发经费投入强度达到2.5%，科技进步对经济增长的贡献率达到60%，迈进创新型国家和人才强国行列。

-- We should ensure that innovation better drives and energizes development.Innovation is the primary driving force for development and must occupy a central place in China's development strategy, which is why we must implement a strategy of innovation-driven development. We should launch new national science and technology programs, build first-class national science centers and technological innovation hubs, help develop internationally competitive high-innovation enterprises, and establish pilot reform zones for all-round innovation. We should make consistent efforts to encourage the public to start businesses and make innovations. We should promote the extensive application of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things. We need to move faster to transform Chinainto a manufacturer of advanced and quality products and a country that is strong on intellectual property rights. We should strive to achieve major breakthroughs in basic research, applied research, and research in strategic and frontier fields by 2020. China's investment in researchand development is expected to reach 2.5% of GDP, and the contributionof scientific and technological advances toward economic growth should come to reach 60%. Fulfilling these objectives will turn China into an innovative and talent-rich country.——推进新型城镇化和农业现代化，促进城乡区域协调发展。

关于改善产品和服务供给政府工作报告英文版学习笔记

关于改善产品和服务供给政府工作报告英文版学习笔记!努力改善产品和服务供给。

突出抓好三个方面。

We will concentrate our efforts on the following three areas:一是提升消费品品质。

加快质量安全标准与国际标准接轨，建立商品质量惩罚性赔偿制度。

鼓励企业开展个性化定制、柔性化生产，培育精益求精的工匠精神，增品种、提品质、创品牌。

-- We will work to ensure the supply of goods and services is improved.First, we will see that the quality of consumer goods is improved. We will move faster to bring domestic quality and safety standards in line with international standards, and establish a system for making producers pay punitive compensation for failing to meet product quality standards. We will also encourage enterprises to use flexible and custom-tailored production processes and foster a craftsmanship spirit of striving for the best, so that moretypes of products, products of a higher quality, and brand products will be made.二是促进制造业升级。

深入推进“中国制造+互联网”，建设若干国家级制造业创新平台，实施一批智能制造示范项目，启动工业强基、绿色制造、高端装备等重大工程，组织实施重大技术改造升级工程。

2015 政府工作报告英文版学习笔记(7)(8)

（07）把握经济运行合理区间的上下限，抓住发展中的突出矛盾和结构性问题，定向施策，聚焦靶心，精准发力。

With a keen understanding of the appropriate range within which the economy needs to be operating, we adopted targeted steps to address the serious issues and structural problems hindering development.英语一词多义是普遍现象，汉语也是。

汉语中有很多类似的词，看着简单，其实内涵太多，不只是表面意思。

比如这句的“把握”，惠宇《汉英大词典》里就有4个解释，多种译法，比如：把握时代精神：Catch the spirit of the times有把握地回答：Answer with confidence有把握完成任务：He is confident of completing the task把握客观规律：Master the objective laws把握经济增长的脉搏：Keep fingers on the pulse of economic growth汉英词典是个好东西，值得买。

不过如果不看也没效果。

“经济运行合理区间的上下限”，这里的偏正结构，用的是which句型来译：the appropriate range within which the economy needs to be operating，这种处理方式也比较好用。

“突出矛盾”，用的是 the serious issues，想想确实也是这个意思。

矛盾的多种译法：矛盾的普遍性：universality of contradiction避免矛盾：avoid conflicts人民内部矛盾：contradictions within the ranks of the people缓解矛盾：alleviate the problem of心情矛盾：be in two minds about something"定向施策，聚焦靶心，精准发力"，其实说得事情基本上是一样的，所以译文只用了一个targeted steps，比较简洁。

历年政府工作报告中英文对照版和

历年政府工作报告中英文对照版和《经济学家》中英文对照版建议多看看，上面的习题最好都亲自做一下，三级没多大难度，充分准备应该可以通过汉英翻译技巧的培养（translation competence development）应涉及以下内容：一.要培养对英语的语感和悟性（language intuition – open and alert mind to pick up idioms, specific expressions, etc.）；二.要培养对英语的判断能力和鉴赏能力（evaluation capacity – judgment）；三.要培养对英语的洞察能力和剖析能力（power of observation – insight）；四.要培养对英语细微特征的反应能力（linguistic nuances alertness）；-五.要培养对社会文化和跨文化交流的敏感性（social-cultural sensitivity –cross-cultural awareness）；六.要培养对英语和汉语之间差别的意识(sense of differences between Chinese and English)；七.要培养对英语和汉语之间的辩证关系的认识(awareness of the dialectic relationship between Chinese and English)；八.要培养对英语“洋为中用”的意识(“use things foreign to serve Chinese purposes”)；九.要培养对英语“学以致用”的意识(apply what you have learned in your translation)；十.要培养对翻译的多层次、多角度的立体思维方式(a multi-tier approach )。

十一.一名称职的翻译工作者必须懂得什么是翻译的真谛(a clear conception of what translation is)。

2017-政府工作报告英文版学习笔记-20171022

2017-政府工作报告英文版学习笔记-201710222017 政府工作报告英文版学习笔记CATTI考试资料与资讯2017.10.22往年基本没有直接考过政府工作报告。

但许多年份的政治类考题，基本都是政府工作报告风格（考过的有中国梦、大国关系、供给侧改革等）。

政治性太强、专业性太强的内容略去不选。

笔记可能有很多主观看法，词汇请大家自主多做查询。

学习建议（仅供参考）：1、不盲目求快。

学得越细，收获越多。

只求快难深入。

2、勤查资料。

生词多查多记。

3、热点、新词多关注（新动能、放管服）。

4、打印出来做笔记。

电脑干扰多，手机干扰更多。

5、精选个别片段和常用句型背诵。

节省体力，不用太多。

6、不唯权威。

时刻动脑，思考原因，总结规律。

7、勤动笔，形成自己的翻译思路和方式。

8、学英文同时，也学中文凝练表达。

9、建议至少学习两遍。

2017 政府工作报告| 百度网盘百度网盘：/RiF4Vnd在线阅读：/RiF4VngCGTN-同传：/RiKHt7X（01）过去一年，我国发展面临国内外诸多矛盾叠加、风险隐患交汇的严峻挑战。

In the past year, China’s developmenthas faced grave challenges posed by a great many problems and interwoven risks and dangers both at home and abroad.精简、合并重复信息：叠加、交汇> interwoven 突出逻辑关系：（来自）···的挑战——经济运行缓中趋稳、稳中向好。

国内生产总值达到74.4万亿元，增长6.7%，名列世界前茅，对全球经济增长的贡献率超过30%。

居民消费价格上涨2%。

The economy has registered a slower but stable performance with good momentum for growth. GDP reached 74.4 trillion yuan, representing 6.7-percent growth, and seeing China outpace most other economies. China contributed more than 30 percent of global growth. The CPI rose by 2 percent.名词化，压缩动词使用数量：缓中趋稳、稳中向好> a slower but stable performance with good momentum数据表述常用词：register, reach, contribute, represent, report, stand at工业企业利润由上年下降2.3%转为增长8.5%，单位国内生产总值能耗下降5%，经济发展的质量和效益明显提高。

2015 政府工作报告英文版学习笔记(3)(4)

（03）经济结构有新的优化，粮食产量达到1. 21 万亿斤，消费对经济增长的贡献率上升3 个百分点，达到51. 2%，服务业增加值比重由46.9%提高到48.2% ，新产业、新业态、新商业模式不断涌现。

The economic structure was upgraded. Grain output reached 605 million metric tons; the contribution of consumption toward economic growth rose by three percentage points to 51.2%; the value added of the service sector increased from 46.9% to 48.2% of the GDP; and there was a constant stream of new industries, new types of business, and new business models.结构优化，一般动词都是upgrade，比较固定。

“斤”这类单位，有时候是要做折算，一斤就是半公斤。

公吨的问题需要注意，下面是百度百科的解释，比较复杂，不要绕晕：简单地说，公吨是tonne 或者metric ton，其缩写为mts（经常在邮件往来中使用），吨是ton。

1公吨（tonne, metric ton）= 1000公斤1吨（ton）= 1016公斤（英制单位）或907.2公斤（美制单位）。

公吨是公制的单位，在英文中原本的表达法为tonne 或者metric ton。

由于用公吨的人太多，人都喜欢偷懒，故常把metric ton缩略为ton。

国外客户说ton的时候，有可能是指metric ton。

我们中国人说吨，其实指的都是公吨，因为中国采用公制。

（我们说1吨等于1000公斤，也证明了我们所说的吨，其实是公吨。

关于国家大事及政治的一些英语词汇(来自温总理政府工作报告英文版,翻译很牛!)

For four years in a row（连续四年）a year-on-year increase（比上年增加）reform and opening up policy（改革开放政策）social programs（社会事业）per capita（每人的，人均的）after adjusting for inflation（扣除价格因素）moderately prosperous society（小康社会）macroeconomic regulatory（宏观调控）new socialist countryside（社会主义新农村）pursuant to the law（依法）rural migrant workers in cities（农民工）surplus production capacity（生产力过剩）opened to traffic（通车）energy conservation（节能）state-owned enterprises（国有企业）civil servant（公务员）made breakthroughs（取得突破）compulsory education（义务教育）miscellaneous fees（杂费）boarding schools（寄宿制学校）distance education（远程教育）secondary vocational schools（中等职业学校）incorporated villages（行政村）unincorporated villages（自然村）After years of effort（经过多年努力）basic cost of living allowances（最低生活保障）autonomous regions（自治区）free our minds（解放思想）keep pace with the times（与时俱进）Chinese socialism（中国特色社会主义）social harmony（社会和谐）special administrative regions（特别行政区）prudent fiscal policy.（稳健的财政政策）boosting domestic demand（扩大内需）cutting-edge（前沿）displaced residents（（三峡）移民）non-publicly funded schools（民办学校）school year（学年）communicable diseases（传染病）social safety net（社会保障）discharged military personnel（退伍军人）pyramid schemes（传销）pilot project（试点）Income Tax（所得税）futures market（期货市场）high value-added（高附加值）high-end（高端）cutthroat competition（恶性竞争）combat corruption（反腐）hand over foot（大手大脚）plug up loopholes（堵塞漏洞）People's Armed Police（武警）starting point and objective（出发点和落脚点）socialist market economy（社会主义市场经济）Scientific Outlook on Development（科学发展观）harmonious socialist society（社会主义和谐社会）tailor measures to suit local conditions（因地制宜）South-to-North Water Diversion Project（南水北调）administrative examination and approval（行政审批）follow a realistic and pragmatic approach（实事求是）exercise activities for the general public（全民健身活动）large-scale development of the western region（西部大开发）processing industry for agricultural products（农产品加工业）municipalities directly under the central government（直辖市）primary, secondary and tertiary industry（第一第二第三产业）deliver a good report to the people.（向人民交出满意的答卷）socialist cultural and ethical progress（社会主义精神文明建设）give full play to the initiative of each.（充分发挥各自的积极性）registering the third consecutive annual increase（连续三年增加）physically and mentally challenged persons（残疾人，肢残和智残）resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.（资源节约型和环境友好型社会）ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development.（让全体人民共享改革发展的成果）。

政府工作报告PWC解读英文版

10MinutesCommentary on Premier Wen Jiabao’s 2012 Government Work ReportChina is at a turning point. A leadership transitionis imminent against the backdrop of an economic slowdown. The resolve of President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao’s successors to continue to drive political, macro-economic and social reforms will be tested.China’s tremendous economic expansion of the past decade has come at a cost – growing wealth disparities, environmental challenges and social discontent. Can the next generation of leaders realise the potentialof past legacies by delivering the reforms needed to sustain China’s economic ascendancy, prosperity and social harmony?The recent National People’s Congress sessionsin Beijing comes at a crucial moment in China’s development with an imminent leadership change later this year. Rather than highlighting new reform initiatives, the Congress instead focused on delivering a framework that would ensure a smooth transition from President Hu Jintao to the next generation of leaders.At the Congress, Premier Wen Jiabao outlined a distinctive framework for defining China’s future. His Report to the 3,000 strong NPC delegates, builds upon the significant growth achievedin the first year of the 12th Five-Year Plan, and sheds new light on the direction of its economic transformation.Based on Premier Wen’s Report, the following areas will be key issues in coming years:GDP growth will slowThree decades of rapid growth has established China as a global economic power and transformed it into the world’s second largest economy. But its growth has come at a significant cost – widening income gaps across regions and social groups, industrial overcapacity, significant environmental challenges, increasing resources constraints, over-reliance on foreign oil imports, a dwindling private sector, real estate bubbles and rising social issues. In Premier Wen’s words, China’s current pattern of economic growth is “imbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable.”From one generation tothe next: China’s roadmapfor growthHighlightsChina’s decision to lower its GDP growth target will provideits new generation of leaders the flexibility they need totransition the economy towards a domestic consumptionfocus.With greater clarity on the government’s investmentpriorities, foreign investors have more incentive to investin key industries such as advanced manufacturing, energysaving and environmental protection, and modern services.Companies in China will need to consider ways to dealwith tightened regulation on energy conservation andenvironmental protection.Programmes to encourage migrant workers to relocate tosmall and medium sized cities could face challenges fromlarger-sized cities, which offer more job opportunities andcareer development prospects.Monopolised sectors, if deregulated, will grant valuablegrowth opportunities for small and medium sizedenterprises, boosting services growth and increasingemployment opportunities.Premier Wen’s new commitment to increase investmentin education will test the government’s effectiveness inallocating resources to all tiers of education, nationally.March 2012For 2012, the official GDP growth rate target was revised down from 8% to 7.5% - the first time this has occurred in the past eight years. However, this is in alignment with the 7% annual average growth target set for China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). The policy focus has shifted from “fighting inflation” to an “adjustment of economic growth pattern” and delivering “quality of growth.” The lower GDP growth rate also reflects the significant time and resource needed to transform China’s economy from an export and investment focus to a domestic-consumption market. This will not be an easy process by itself and the ongoing global economic crisis has created further difficulties.To create a favourable environment for the incoming 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, it is likely the actual GDP growth rate could be maintained at or above 8%, as the government still enjoys significant policy flexibility. And it has a track record in delivering against this benchmark. Over the past decade, the government has consistently exceeded its GDP target rates.Consumption and income growth will riseSluggish domestic consumption has long been the “weakest link” in the Chinese economy. To establish domestic consumption as another pillar of growth, the government has invested heavily in improving the quality of life of its people through education, housing, employment, social security, healthcare and culture.Premier Wen vowed to “formulate a master plan for reforming income distribution to narrow the widening income gap” and expand the proportion of middle-income groups to “enhance the capacity of residential consumption.” It is expected that workers’ salaries and the level of minimum wages would further increase.The government will also continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy in 2012. Of the 800 billion yuan budget deficit, 1.5% of GDP, planned this year, most will be spent in areas related to improving people’s wellbeing. To boost employment, more policy support will beawarded to the labour intensive services industry, small and mini enterprises and new innovative technology companies. The government will also implementstructural tax cuts for small companies and individual businesses, and roll over the VAT reform pilot programme to wider regions.By the end of 2012, China plans to achieve full coverage of the new old-age pension system for rural residents and non-working urban residents. Medical insurance for non-working urban residents and a new type of rural cooperative medical care system will be raised to 240 yuan per person each year.Housing for low income groups will continue to be developed, with 5 million units to be completed and construction on another 7 million units to commence. Meanwhile, the government will continue to regulate the real estate market to bring down property prices.Services sector’s contribution to annual GDPServices contribution to GDP (%)ChinaJapanUSIndia20092011Source: National Statistics Bureau of China; Factiva; EIUNote: China’s 2009 figure is the latest available from National Statistics Bureau of ChinaA new development this year is Premier Wen’s commitment to increase spending on education to 4%of GDP, a target that has never been achieved since the adoption of China’s Education Reform and Development Framework in 1993. This year, 2.2 trillion yuan will be spent on the education sector1. But it also raises questions about how effectively the government can allocate resources among different tiers of education at a regional and national level.Investment prioritiesOptimising the investment mix has long been a policy goal for the central government. Premier Wen reiterated his resolve for developing emerging strategic industries, namely next-generation information technology, bio-engineering, high-end equipment manufacturing, alternative energy, new material and alternative-energy vehicle industries2.China plans to increase the GDP contribution of these industries to around 8% by 2015 and 15% by 2020. Over 10 trillion yuan is expected to be invested to bolster these critical sectors by 20153.The government has also maintained its focus on certain other sectors. While industrial consolidationis encouraged for steel, automobile, shipbuilding and cement businesses, the government does not welcome further investment in the saturated solar and wind farm industries.While the real effects of China’s industrial policies are a matter for debate, investors could change their business plans accordingly and actively pursue merger and acquisitions opportunities in related industries.The government also revised its Catalogue for the Encouragement of Foreign Investment Industries in December 2011. Foreign investors are encouraged to invest in advanced manufacturing, high- and new-tech industries, energy saving and environmental protection, modern services and inland provinces4.Energy conservation and environmental protection will accelerateEnergy conservation and environmental protection received significant attention in the government Report. Premier Wen indicated that the work plan for overall control of energy consumption has been underway. According to the Energy Saving and Low Carbon Action Plan released by 12 Chinese ministries in December 2011, companies or public institutions that annually consume more than 10,000 tons of standard coalare subject to a quota to be allocated by provincial governments5. Industries on the list include power, metallurgy, petrochemical, chemical, building materials, coal, textiles, light industry, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, machinery, electronics, transport, hotels and schools. The overall goal is to lower energy consumption levels by 250 million tons of standard coal by the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan, which mandates energy intensity to be slashed by 16%.1 政府践诺教育支出“追4”如何支配引关注，中国新闻网(ChinaNews Service)，8 M arch 2012/edu/2012/03-08/3728027.shtml2 国务院关于加快培育和发展战略性新兴产业的决定，中央人民政府门户网站(The Central People’s Government of the People’sRepublic of China website)，18 October 2010/zwgk/2010-10/18/content_1724848.htm3. 十二五七大新兴战略产业投资达10.8万亿，中国投资咨询网(CIConsulting)，22 November 2011/book/chapter_11531_51684.html4. 优化利用外资结构促进经济发展方式转变—国家发展改革委有关负责人就《外商投资产业指导目录（2011年修订）》答记者问，中央人民政府门户网站(The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China website)，31 D ecember 2011/gzdt/2011-12/31/content_2034603.htm5. 关于印发万家企业节能低碳行动实施方案的通知，中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会网站(National D evelopment and Reform Commission website)，7 D ecember 2011/zcfb/zcfbtz/2011tz/t20111229_453569.htmGross domestic productSource: IMFTo achieve this goal, the government has encouraged development of hydro and nuclear power, shale gas exploration, cleaner use of traditional fossil fuels, smart grid, energy efficiency improvement, energyefficiency labelling and certification and contract energy management. Fiscal subsidies will be awarded to those who achieve audited energy reductions.In 2011, the State Council released three key documents, namely the 12th Five-Year Comprehensive Work Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reductions, Work Plan on Control of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Opinions on Strengthening Important Works of Environmental Protection . These unprecedented moves, while showing the urgency and challenges China faces today, reflects the central government’s determination in tackling environmental issues. Companies operating in China will need to factor in the additional cost and stricter regulations when drafting their business plans.The focus of environmental protection in 2012 will be to aggressively monitor and address the contamination issues of heavy metals, drinking water, air, soil andocean. Particulate matters 2.5 (PM 2.5) monitoring will be more widely used in key coastal cities and provinces. The pricing regime of electricity and water will be further amended to reflect true market conditions. Water usage will also be under tighter control as the government embarks on its strictest water regulation to date 6.Carbon trading market taking shapeCarbon trading is an area Premier Wen did not specifically emphasise but that has been progressing fast in China. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced on 29 October 2011 the seven pilot cities and provinces (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Hubei and Guangdong) for the exchange of carbon credits 7. The seven cities and provinces are mandated to draw up their own overall plan and methods for the “cap and trade” regimes. This involves determining the total cap of greenhouse gases emissions for their respective regions, formulatingemission allocation plans and establishing carbon credit monitoring and registry systems. The trial operation of the carbon exchanges could kick off end of 2013 or early 2014.A national guideline is also under development byNDRC and could be released next year. Based on lessons from those seven cities and provinces, more formalmanagement rules will be announced later, with the aim of commencing China’s carbon trading market as early as 2015. This action, the first of its kind among Non-Annex I countries of the Kyoto Protocol, is a significant development and demonstrates China’s commitment to tackling climate change issues.6. 中华人民共和国水利部网站，(The M inistry of Water Resources of the People ’s Republic of China website )，24 F ebruary 2012 /ztpd/2012ztbd/szyzt/gcls/201202/t20120224_314529.html7. 国家发展改革委办公厅关于开展碳排放权交易试点工作的通知，中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会网站 (National D evelop -ment and Reform Commission website )，29 October 2011/zcfb/zcfbtz/2011tz/t20120113_456506.htmYear Annual growth rate (%)2012 (est.)8.27.01.71.8-0.13.3Urbanisation will gather paceThe government will continue to press ahead with its sometimes controversial yet rapid urbanisation process. By 2011, urbanisation rate in China has reached 51.27%8, the first time in China’s history that city dwellers have outnumbered its rural population.Premier Wen reiterated the government’s position of an “orderly” transition of migrant workers - around 250 million in 2011 – into city residents. In addition, the government will provide support mechanisms such as offering more favourable terms on employment services, social security, housing and schooling for children. However, he did not propose any significant changes to the resident permit registration (hu kou in Chinese) system. This has been an issue that has confounded the migrant group for decades and is becoming more acute as new generations of migrant workers struggle with “identity loss” and being denied access to social benefits available to city dwellers.The real effect of government programmes to open up small and medium sized cities to migrant workers, however, is doubtful. Most workers prefer to go to the larger and super-sized cities where there are more job opportunities, higher chances of career development and better schools and hospitals.Breaking up monopoly to spur private investment?Deregulating the state’s monopoly in key economic sectors has long been on the government’s agenda. In 2005, the State Council issued its famous “36 articles” for promoting the development of the private sector, triggering high expectations nationwide. Since theannouncement, progress has been slow due to resistance from the powerful state sectors. In May 2010, the State Council issued a “new 36 articles” that promised to offer wider market access to the private sector. However, this latest decree only received a lukewarm response 9.China’s private sector, composed largely of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), plays an increasingly important role in the Chinese economy. SMEs contribute 60% of the country’s GDP and over half its tax revenues. They provide 80% of the employment opportunities in China’s cities and account for 60% of its exports 10. However, many SMEs currently face numerousdifficulties, ranging from heavy tax burdens, rising labour and material costs, falling production orders, shrinking profit margins, and limited access to finance. Sourcing skilled labour and accessing market opportunities are also major challenges 11. Opening up the monopolised sectors, including legitimising private lending activities, willprovide valuable growth opportunities for SMEs. This will also spur the growth of China’s lagging services sector, improve management efficiencies and create a wider range of employment opportunities.8. 中国城镇化率超过50％是社会结构历史性变化，国际在线 (CRI online )，5 M arch 2012/2012zt/qglh2012/zb/rdkm/zbzy/201203/t20120305_509241577.shtml 9. “新36条”推进缘何举步维艰？，新京报 (The Beijing News )， 12 M arch 2012http://fi /article/2012-03-12/0000139610s.shtml 10.中小企业在构建和谐社会中发挥非常重要的作用，新华网 ( )，7 June 2007/politics/2007-06/07/con -tent_6212571.htm 11. 中小企业陷多重困境资金偏紧融资成本持续增长，东方早报 (Oriental M orning Post )，26 August 2011/201108/261453091007100100000362245.shtmlUrbanisation rate (%)Source: World Bank%200220032004200520062007200820092010United StatesEuropean UnionJapanWorldChinaIn this year’s Report, Premier Wen reiterated the government’s position of “allowing the private sector to invest in railway, municipal construction, finance, energy, education and healthcare sectors”. This would level the playing field and create a “fair competition and common development” environment. Premier Wen indicated that an implementation plan for the “new 36 articles” will be drafted and a national SME development fund to be set up to help ease the acute funding problem. However, it remains to be seen how much can be achieved in his last year of premiership.Chances of government and political reform?The Chinese government has been advocating change to reduce government bureaucracy, improve efficiencies, and transforming government into a services-oriented organisation. Furthermore, there have been calls for reducing government intervention and allowing the market to fundamentally decide where resources are allocated. A government with more clearly defined roles and boundaries will also help prevent and reduce corruption, a source of public complaints.In the government Report, Premier Wen called for “expedited government reform” and “expanding socialist democracy” by allowing people to have wider participation, access to information and rights of supervision. He specifically mentioned that government officials are “strictly forbidden” from involvement in economic activities such as government procurement, construction project tendering and auction of land and mining rights. At the closing press conference of the sessions, Premier Wen expressed his desire for political reform. However, he did not specify the measures that would push forward a process that has stalled since the 1990s. That will be a task for the new leadership.Looking aheadAfter more than 30 years of extraordinary progress and reform, China is at a turning point. Despite delivering rapid wealth expansion and growth of its central coffers, China faces many political, social, economic and environmental challenges accumulated over the years. Many observers – both domestic and global – feel the country has entered a “deep-water zone” – where gains from the existing system are extremely limited. Further reform is in great demand but potentially difficult to come by. Any kind of reform will meet with strong resistance from vested interest groups – this time not for ideological reasons but in the interests of safeguarding their economic benefits. If not properly handled, there’s every chance that China could fall into the “middle income trap.”How to tackle these issues will test the vision and courage of China’s new leadership.To have a deeper discussion aboutPremier Wen Jiabao’s 2012 Government Work Report, please contact:Frank LynPwC China Markets Leader +86 (10) 6533 2388frank.lyn@ David WuPwC China Public Policy and Regulatory Affairs Leader, PwC China Beijing Lead Partner +86 (10) 6533 2456david.wu@ Nora WuPwC Asia Pacific Human Capital Leader, PwC China Shanghai Lead Partner +86 (21) 2323 2517nora.wu@ Contacts To have a deeper discussion aboutPremier Wen Jiabao’s 2012 Government Work Report, please contact:Frank LynPwC China Markets Leader +86 (10) 6533 2388frank.lyn@ David WuPwC China Beijing Lead Partner +86 (10) 6533 2456david.wu@ Nora WuPwC China Shanghai Lead Partner +86 (21) 2323 2517nora.wu@ContactsPwC firms help organisations and individuals create the value they’re looking for. We’re a network of firms in 158 countries with close to 169,000 people who are committed to delivering quality in assurance, tax and advisory services. Tell us what matters to you and find out more by visiting us at .This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act uponthe information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as tothe accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, PricewaterhouseCoopers does not acceptor assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it.© 2012 PricewaterhouseCoopers Limited. All rights reserved. In this document, “PwC” refers to PricewaterhouseCoopers Limited, which is a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, each member firm of which is a separate legal entity. HK-20120320-1。

[最新]两会英文翻译

政府工作报告government work reportopening speech 开幕式致辞government work report 政府工作报告administrative transparency 政务透明the imbalance between urban and rural areas 城乡发展不平衡per-capita income 人均收入basic medicine system 基本医疗体制propel/expand domestic demand 扩大内需proactive fiscal policy 积极的财政政策moderately easy monetary policy 适度宽松的货币政策rural-urban development divide 城乡差距dairy product standards 乳制品标准basic medical insurance 基本医疗保险comfortable Housing Project 安居工程careers guidance 就业指导three Direct Links “大三通”（通邮、通航、通商）healthcare reform package 医改方案home appliances going to the countryside 家电下乡equal Access to Education 教育公平rural left-behind population 农村留守人口issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area 三农问题three insurances and one fund “三险一金”（养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险和住房公积金）crops minimum purchase prices 粮食最低收购价defense budget 国防预算disaster relief 赈灾defense expenditure 国防开支clean energy 清洁能源social welfare system 社会福利制度minimum living standard 最低生活标准state-run/owned company/enterprise 国有企业For four years in a row（连续四年）a year-on-year increase（比上年增加）reform and opening up policy（改革开放政策）social programs（社会事业）per capita（每人的，人均的）after adjusting for inflation（扣除价格因素）moderately prosperous society（小康社会）macroeconomic regulatory（宏观调控）new socialist countryside（社会主义新农村）pursuant to the law（依法）rural migrant workers in cities（农民工）a surplus production capacity（生产力过剩）opened to traffic（通车）energy conservation（节能）state-owned enterprises（国有企业）civil servant（公务员）made breakthroughs（取得突破）compulsory education（义务教育）miscellaneous fees（杂费）boarding schools（寄宿制学校）distance education（远程教育）secondary vocational schools（中等职业学校）incorporated villages（行政村）unincorporated villages（自然村）After years of effort（经过多年努力）basic cost of living allowances（最低生活保障）autonomous regions（自治区）free our minds（解放思想）keep pace with the times（与时俱进）Chinese socialism（中国特色社会主义）social harmony（社会和谐）special administrative regions（特别行政区）prudent fiscal policy.（稳健的财政政策）boosting domestic demand（扩大内需）cutting-edge（前沿）displaced res idents（（三峡）移民）non-publicly funded schools（民办学校）school year（学年）communicable diseases（传染病）social safety net（社会保障）discharged military personnel（退伍军人）pyramid schemes（传销）pilot project（试点）Income Tax（所得税）futures market（期货市场）high value-added（高附加值）high-end（高端）cutthroat competition（恶性竞争）combat corruption（反腐）hand over foot（大手大脚）plug up loopholes（堵塞漏洞）People's Armed Police（武警）starting point and objective（出发点和落脚点）socialist market economy（社会主义市场经济）Scientific Outlook on Development（科学发展观）harmonious socialist society（社会主义和谐社会）tailor measures to suit local conditions（因地制宜）South-to-North Water Diversion Project（南水北调）administrative examination and approval（行政审批）follow a realistic and pragmatic approach（实事求是）exercise activities for the general public（全民健身活动）large-scale development of the western region（西部大开发）processing industry for agricultural products（农产品加工业）municipalities directly under the central government（直辖市）primary, secondary and tertiary industry（第一第二第三产业）deliver a good report to the people.（向人民交出满意的答卷）socialist cultural and ethical progress（社会主义精神文明建设）give full play to the initiative of each.（充分发挥各自的积极性）registering the third consecutive annual increase（连续三年增加）physically and mentally challenged persons（残疾人，肢残和智残）resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.（资源节约型和环境友好型社会）ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development.（让全体人民共享改革发展的成果）“两会”指全国人民代表大会(the National People's Congress) 和中国人民政治协商会议(the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference)。

政府工作报告常用英语表达

政府工作报告常用英语表达For four years in a row（连续四年）a year-on-year increase（比上年增加）reform and opening up policy（改革开放政策）social programs（社会事业）per capita（每人的，人均的）after adjusting for inflation（扣除价格因素）moderately prosperous society（小康社会）macroeconomic regulatory（宏观调控）new socialist countryside（社会主义新农村）pursuant to the law（依法）rural migrant workers in cities（农民工）surplus production capacity（生产力过剩）opened to traffic（通车）energy conservation（节能）state-owned enterprises（国有企业）civil servant（公务员）made breakthroughs（取得突破）compulsory education（义务教育）miscellaneous fees（杂费）boarding schools（寄宿制学校）distance education（远程教育）secondary vocational schools（中等职业学校）incorporated villages（行政村）unincorporated villages（自然村）After years of effort（经过多年努力）basic cost of living allowances（最低生活保障）autonomous regions（自治区）free our minds（解放思想）keep pace with the times（与时俱进）Chinese socialism（中国特色社会主义）social harmony（社会和谐）special administrative regions（特别行政区）prudent fiscal policy.（稳健的财政政策）boosting domestic demand（扩大内需）cutting-edge（前沿）displaced residents（（三峡）移民）non-publicly funded schools（民办学校）school year（学年）communicable diseases（传染病）social safety net（社会保障）discharged military personnel（退伍军人）pyramid schemes （传销）pilot project（试点）Income Tax（所得税）futures market（期货市场）high value-added（高附加值）high-end（高端）cutthroat competition（恶性竞争）combat corruption（反腐）hand over foot（大手大脚）plug up loopholes（堵塞漏洞）People's Armed Police（武警）starting point and objective（出发点和落脚点）socialist market economy（社会主义市场经济）Scientific Outlook on Development（科学发展观）harmonious socialist society（社会主义和谐社会）tailor measures to suit local conditions（因地制宜）South-to-North Water Diversion Project（南水北调）administrative examination and approval（行政审批）follow a realistic and pragmatic approach（实事求是）exercise activities for the general public（全民健身活动）large-scale development of the western region（西部大开发）processing industry for agricultural products（农产品加工业）municipalities directly under the central government（直辖市）primary, secondary and tertiary industry（第一第二第三产业）deliver a good report to the people.（向人民交出满意的答卷）socialist cultural and ethical progress（社会主义精神文明建设）give full play to the initiative of each.（充分发挥各自的积极性）registering the third consecutive annual increase（连续三年增加）physically and mentally challenged persons（残疾人，肢残和智残）resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society.（资源节约型和环境友好型社会）ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development.（让全体人民共享改革发展的成果）。

政府工作报告中的个金句(英文版)

2016政府工作报告中的20个金句（英文版）【2016政府工作报告谈经济】1. 只要闯过那个关口，中国经济就必然能够浴火重生、再创辉煌。

We just have to get through this process, and we can, without question, reinvigorate the economy and ensure its dynamic growth. [ˌri:ɪn'vɪɡəreɪt]使再振作，使振兴;[daiˈnæmik]充满活力的2. 咱们不弄“大水漫灌”式的强刺激，而是持续推动结构性改革。

Rather than adopting strong stimulus policies that would have an economy-wide impact, we continued to move forward with structural reform.3. 着眼久远、留有后手、谋势蓄势。

Have our long-term development goals in mind, keep some policy tools as options for later use, strategize our moves, and gather strength.4. 营造敢为人先，宽容失败的良好气氛。

英[ˈfɒstə(r)]美[ˈfɔ:stə(r)]We will foster a culture of innovation and create an enabling environment for innovation in which people venture to break new ground and failure is tolerated.【2016政府工作报告谈财政】5. 财政收入增加虽放缓，但该给群众办的实事一件也不能少。

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“斤”这类单位，有时候是要做折算，一斤就是半公斤。

1公吨（tonne, metric ton）= 1000公斤1吨（ton）= 1016公斤（英制单位）或907.2公斤（美制单位）。

公吨是公制的单位，在英文中原本的表达法为tonne 或者metric ton。

由于用公吨的人太多，人都喜欢偷懒，故常把metric ton缩略为ton。

国外客户说ton的时候，有可能是指metric ton。

我们中国人说吨，其实指的都是公吨，因为中国采用公制。

（我们说1吨等于1000公斤，也证明了我们所说的吨，其实是公吨。

）吨（原本意义上的吨）是英制单位，英文中是ton。

英国和美国对ton的定义不同。

在英国1 ton等于1016公斤，因此英国的吨又成为long ton（长吨）；在美国1 ton等于907公斤，因此美国的吨又成为short ton（短吨）。

词典里的解释大概也是这样：比如柯林斯词典：A ton is the same as a or , which is 1,000 kilograms. 吨[英国英语]陆谷孙词典第一条也说：ton，吨，公吨= metric ton，不过，也出了“长吨”这个解释= long ton。

所以结论是，ton 有两种解释，容易混淆。

metric ton则只有一个意思。

但有一点可以明确：公文里讲的吨，就是公吨，译为metric ton 一点问题没有。

亩比较特殊，mu, a unit of area (=0.0667 hectares)，换算也麻烦。

有时候是直接音译，例如《新英汉大辞典》：他们平整土地5000亩They levelled 5000 mu of land。

不过，政府工作报告是换算后翻译的。

例如“增加深松土地2 亿亩”improve the subsoil of 13.3 million hectares of cropland。

所以，这个0.0667还是得记住。

从音译到意译，也是一种策略转变，因为这是一种更便于读者理解的办法。

“消费对经济增长的贡献率”译成了“the contribution of consumption toward economic growth”，注意这里“率”字没有直接翻译出来。

比率问题的处理值得注意，rate之类的自然不用说，其他的还有：赤字率从去年的2.1%提高到2.3%the deficit to GDP ratio will rise from last year’s 2.1% to 2.3%后面一句的比重，其实还是比率问题：比重由46.9%提高到48.2%increase from 46.9% to 48.2% of the GDP这里还是不直接硬体现比重，而是化到句子里，更显得简洁。

下一段还有，方法是一样的支出与国内生产总值之比超过2%Spending accounted for more than 2% of the GDP新业态new types of business，Of 用法之一：用前面的名词形容后面的名词，例如a mountain of a wave 山一般的巨浪（巨浪是核心）New type of urbanization 新型城镇化建设（城镇化建设是核心）中西部地区经济增速快于东部地区。

发展质量有新的提升，一般公共预算收入增长8.6%，研究与试验发展经费支出与国内生产总值之比超过2%，能耗强度下降4.8%，是近年来最大降幅。

The central and western regions grew faster in economic terms than the eastern region. The quality of development was raised. Revenue in the general public budgets grew by 8.6%. Research and development spending accounted for more than 2% of the GDP. Energy intensity was cut by 4.8%, the biggest reduction made in recent years.经济增速，译法和之前“中国的发展”类似，舍弃所有格，改用in economic terms，说明偏正短语（••••的••••）翻译一定要灵活。

后面的“一般公共预算收入”亦同此理：Revenue in the general public budgets支出，可以记住常用的译法spending，并不总是都要用expenses; expenditure; outlay; disbursement，appropriation，因为同样是花钱，国家花钱和个人花钱不一样，不同用途的钱也可以有不同的说法。

其他表达还有国防支出expenditure on national defense;行政管理支出administrative expenditure;追加支出supplementary expenditure支出赤字deficit spending支出账户account of payment支出预算appropriation budget（04）人民生活有新的改善，全国居民人均可支配收入实际增长8%，快于经济增长；农村居民人均可支配收入实际增长9.2%，快于城镇居民收入增长；People’s lives were improved. Per capita disposable personal income increased by 8% in real terms nationwide, growing faster than the economy, and the per capita disposable income of rural residents grew by 9.2%, outpacing that of those living in urban areas.①“新的改善”，和笔记（03）中的“经济结构有新的优化The economic structure was upgraded”大同小异，新，并没有直接体现在字面上。

②per capita 源自拉丁文by heads的意思，表示人均，例如per capita income 人均收入。

有意思的是capita 可以表示(牲畜的) 总(头)数，所以•••••Capita 看上去好像缺了点儿什么，我们更熟悉的是capital，首都，其实这个词和头也是难解难分，比如死刑“capital punishment”capital 还可表示first and foremost; principal:“第一位的和首要的；最主要的”，这就像人的头一样。

例如a decision of capital importance. 一个头等重要的决定可支配收入是disposable income，这个词组也表示税后收入。

经济学上，可支配收入就是拿到手的收入，即工资收入中扣除掉基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、失业保险、公积金、个人所得税等剩下的那部分。

大概意思就是，月底打到卡上的钱。

disposable 表示可自由处理的，也可以表示“一次性使用的”（如纸制尿布和皮下注射器），派生来源是dispose ，古法语表示“分开放置”。

③in real terms 表示实际，terms 是个很活的词，各种搭配也很多，一次也很难都记住，例如holiday terms 冠冕堂皇的言语; 好听的话; 奉承话in any term 无论如何, 在任何情况下in black and white terms 白纸黑字; 毫不含糊in flattering terms 用奉承的言词, 用过奖的话语in (good) set terms 用明确严密的话语; 用毫不含糊的言语in general terms 概括地, 笼统地in high terms 极力称赞in plain terms 简单说来, 坦白地说in practical terms 实际上④“快于经济增长”，用了growing faster than the economy，减少了主句动词量。

汉语爱用动词，一句话好几个不嫌多，而且用得越多，还显得越有气势，英语相反，很多“该用动词的地方”，往往用比较级、介词等化解掉，再就是这类非谓语、插入语。

⑤第二个快于，用的是outpace，表示跑得比…快, 追过; 发展快过; 胜过, 超过，例如The company has completely outpaced its rivals in the market，表示中国发展速度比其他国家快，也可以用这个词。

多元化的表达，需要对outpace 这类词非常熟悉，熟悉到看到汉语就能想起来用。

所以还是那句话，背单词很重要，背到活用的水平，对翻译会很有帮助。

类似的还有，让••••••相形见绌，也许用句子很复杂，其实pale 或dwarf 两个词都可以。

看上去的简洁，其实背后都是功底。

农村贫困人口减少1232万人；6600 多万农村人口饮水安全问题得到解决;出境旅游超过1 亿人次。

In rural areas, the number of people living in poverty was reduced by 12.32 million, and over 66 million more people gained access to safe drinking water. The number of outbound trips made by Chinese tourists exceeded 100 million.①这句的reduce by 可以注意下，by 表示幅度，不能省略。