专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
(完整)心理学专业英语复习资料
心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。
Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。
Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。
Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。
Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。
Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。
Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。
Group Thinking 群体思维12。
Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。
Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。
Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。
Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。
Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。
机能主义 functionalism2。
自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。
分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。
知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。
英语专业四级考试复习资料
英语专业四级考试复习资料Introduction:The English Major Level Four Examination is an important milestone for students majoring in English. To perform well in this exam, comprehensive and well-organized review materials are essential. This article aims to provide a detailed and effective study guide for students preparing for the English Major Level Four Examination. It will cover key areas of the exam and offer valuable resources for successful preparation.I. Reading Comprehension:1. Tips for Reading Comprehension:Reading comprehension is a crucial part of the English Major Level Four Examination. Here are some tips to enhance your understanding and score higher in this section:1) Skim the passage first to grasp the main idea.2) Underline or highlight important keywords or phrases.3) Read the questions before going through the passage to have a clear focus.4) Be cautious of distractors and pay attention to the context.5) Practice with previous exams and simulated tests to improve your speed and accuracy.2. Recommended Materials:To excel in reading comprehension, it is important to have access to quality reading materials. Here are some recommended resources:1) Authentic English newspapers, magazines, and online articles.2) Academic journals related to various disciplines.3) English books, both fiction and non-fiction, to develop a wider vocabulary and comprehension skills.4) Online platforms offering practice exercises and mock tests specifically designed for English comprehension.II. Grammar and Vocabulary:1. Grammar Review:Mastering grammar rules is essential for the English Major Level Four Examination. Here is a comprehensive list of grammar topics to revise:1) Verb tenses and their usage.2) Sentence structure, including clauses and phrases.3) Subject-verb agreement.4) Pronouns and determiners.5) Conditional sentences.6) Passive voice and reported speech.7) Articles and prepositions.8) Word formation and parts of speech.2. Vocabulary Expansion:Expanding one's vocabulary is crucial for success in the exam. Here are some effective strategies to improve your word power:1) Create flashcards with new words and review them regularly.2) Read extensively to encounter new words in context.3) Utilize vocabulary-building apps and online resources.4) Engage in conversations, debates, and discussions to reinforce word usage.III. Writing:1. Essay Writing:Essay writing is an important component of the English Major Level Four Examination. To enhance your writing skills, consider the following steps:1) Understand the essay prompt and analyze the requirements.2) Plan your essay structure, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.3) Use appropriate linking words and phrases to connect ideas.4) Support your arguments with relevant examples and evidence.5) Revise and proofread your essay for coherence, grammar, and spelling errors.2. Paper Writing:Apart from essays, academic paper writing is also a crucial skill. Consider the following tips for effective paper writing:1) Choose a well-defined topic and conduct thorough research.2) Develop a clear thesis statement and outline.3) Use authoritative sources and properly cite them using the appropriate referencing style.4) Organize your paper logically, with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.5) Revise your paper multiple times to ensure clarity and conciseness.IV. Listening Comprehension:The listening comprehension section of the English Major Level Four Examination poses challenges to many students. Follow these strategies to improve your listening skills:1) Practice active listening in your daily life, such as watching movies, listening to podcasts, and participating in English conversation groups.2) Familiarize yourself with various accents by listening to different English speakers.3) Take advantage of online resources that provide practice exercises specifically designed for listening comprehension.4) Focus on understanding the main idea and supporting details during practice sessions.5) Take notes while listening to improve your retention and comprehension.Conclusion:The English Major Level Four Examination requires comprehensive preparation and dedicated effort. By following the study guide provided in this article, students can enhance their chances of success in the exam. Remember to practice regularly, utilize recommended resources, and seek assistance from teachers or tutors when needed. Good luck with your exam preparations!。
物流专业英语复习资料.doc
物流专业英语复习资料考试题型：一、选择填空(20 points )二、物流术语(20 points )三、阅读理解(30points, each 3 points )四、英译汉(20points, each 4 points )五、汉译英(10 points, each 2points ) 物流专业英语考试备考1词汇1. 1基本概念术语1.物品article2.物流logistics3.物流活动logistics activity4.物流作业logistics operation5.物流模数logistics modulus6.物流技术logistics technology7.物流成本logistics cost8.物流管理logistics management9.物流中心logistics center10.物流网络logistics network11.物流信息logistics information12.物流企业logistics enterprise13.物流单证logistics documents14.物流联盟logistics alliance15.供应物流supply logistics16.生产物流production logistics17.销售物流distribution logistics18.回收物流returned logistics19.废弃物物流waste material logistics20.绿色物流enviTonmental logistics21.企业物流internal logistics22.社会物流external logistics23.军事物流military logistics24.国际物流international logistics25.第三方物流third-part logistics (TPL)26.定制物流customized logistics27.虚拟物流virtual logistics28.增值物流服务value-added logistics service29.供应链supply chain30.条码bar code31.电子数据交换electronic data interchange (EDI)32.有形消耗tangible loss33.无形消耗intangible loss奖罚1.运输transportation2.联合运输combined transport3.直达运输through transport4.中转运输transfer transport5.甩挂运输drop and pul 1 transport6.集装运输containerized transport7.集装箱运输container transport& 门到门door-to-door9.整箱货full container load (FCL)10.拼箱货less than container load (LCL 11・储存storing12.保管storage13.物品储存article reserves14.库存inventory15.经常库存cycle stock16.安全库存safety stick17.库存周期inventory cycle time18.前置期(或提前期)lead time19.订货处理周期order cycle time20.货垛goods stack21.堆码stacking22.搬运handing/carrying23.装卸loading and unloading24.单元装強卩unit loading and unloading25.包装package/packaging26.销售包装sales package27.定牌包装packing of nominated brand28.中性包装neutral packing29.运输包装transport package30.托盘包装palletizing31.集装化containerization32.散装化containerization33.直接换装cross docking34.配送distribution35.共同配送joint distribution36.配送中心distribution center37.分拣sorting38.拣选order picking39.集货goods collection40.组配assembly41.流通力口工distribution processing42.冷链cold chain43.检验inspection 奖罚1・仓库warehouse2.库房storehouse3.自动化仓库automatic warehouse4. 4 立体仓库stereoscopic warehouse5.虚拟仓库virtual warehouse6.保税仓库boned warehouse7.出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse8.海关监管货物cargo under customer, s supervision9.冷藏区chill space10.冷冻区freeze space11.控湿储存区humidity controlled space12.温度可控区temperature controlled space13.收货区receiving space14.发货区shipping space15.料棚goods shed16.货场goods yard17.货架goods shelf18.托盘pallet19.叉车fork lift truck20.输送机conveyoT21.自动导引车automatic guided vehicle (AGV)22.箱式车box car23.集装箱container24.换算箱twenty-feet equivalent unit (TEU)25.特种货物集装箱specific cargo container26.全集装箱船ful 1 container ship27.铁路集装箱场railway container yard28.公路集装箱中转站inland container depot29.集装箱货运站container freight station (CFS)30.集装箱码头container terminal31.国际铁路联运international through railway transport32.国际多式联运international multimodal transport33.大陆桥运输land bridge transport34.班轮运输linei* transport35.租船运输shipping by chartering36.船务代理shipping agency37.国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent38.理货tally39 国际货物运输保险international transportation cargo insurance40.报关customs declaration41.报关行customs broker42.进出口商品检验commodity inspection奖罚1. 4物流管理术语1.物流战略logistics strategy2.物流战略管理logistics strategy management3・仓库管理warehouse management4.仓库布局warehouse layout5.库存控制inventory control6.经济订货批量economic order quantity (EOQ)7.定量订货方式fixed-quantity system (FQS)8.定期订货方式fixed-quantity system (FIS)9.ABC 分类管理ABC classification10.电子订货系统Electronic order system (EOS)11.准时制just in time (JIT)12.准时制物流just-in-time logistics13.零库存技术zero-inventory logistics14.物流成本管理logistics cost control15.物料需要计划material requirements planning (MRP)16.制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)17.配送需要计划distribution requirements planning (DRP)18.配送资源计划distribution resource planning (DRP II)19.物流资源计划logistics resource planning (LRP)20.企业资源计划enterprise resource planning (ERP)21.供应链管理supply chain management (SCM)22.快速反映Quick response (QR)23.有效客户反映efficient customer response （ECR）24.连续库存补充计划continuous replenishment program （CRP）25.计算机付诸订货系统computer assisted ordering （CAO）26.供应商管理库存vendor managed inventory （VMI）27.业务外包outsourcing1.We can define warehousing as that part of a firm^s logistics s ystem that stores products （rawmaterials, parts, goods-in-pro cess, finished goods） at and between point of origin and point o f consumption, and provides information to managementon the sta tus, condition, and disposition of items being stored・1.我们可把仓储定义为公司物流系统的不可分割的一部分，（2分）用以在原产地，消费地或二者之间储存原材料，部件，在制品,产成品（2分）并向管理部门提供有关所储存项目的现状与控制情况等信息.（2分）2.Participants in the channel gain competitive advantage thro ugh improving the overall channel efficiency by reducing risk a nd effectively leveraging the corporate resources of each chan nel member・2.这条链上的参与者通过以降低风险（2分）和链上每一位成员的共同资源的有力支持（2分）来改善整条链的效率从而获得具有竞争力的优势。
专业英语八级复习资料
八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。
英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。
接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。
美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。
202X年英语专业四级考试复习资料
千里之行，始于足下。
202X年英语专业四级考试复习资料202X年英语专业四级考试复习资料一、阅读理解阅读理解是英语四级考试中的重要部分，考察学生的阅读理解能力和语言运用能力。
复习阅读理解可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 阅读技巧：掌握快速阅读和略读的技巧，能够迅速获取文章的主要信息。
2. 题目解析：理解题目的要求，掌握各种题型的解题技巧。
如，主旨题要抓住文章的中心思想，细节题要仔细阅读文章，推理题要根据文章的暗示进行推理。
3. 词汇积累：扩大词汇量，掌握常见的英语词汇和短语。
二、听力理解听力理解是英语四级考试中的另一个重要部分，考察学生的听力理解能力和听说能力。
复习听力理解可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 听力素材：多听英语材料，积累听力素材，提高听力能力。
2. 题目解析：熟悉各种题型，掌握解题技巧。
如，选择题要注意听关键词，笔记题要能够捕捉到关键信息并进行记录。
3. 快速反应：练习快速反应能力，训练自己能够在短时间内听出关键信息。
第1页/共3页锲而不舍，金石可镂。
三、写作能力写作能力是英语四级考试中的一个重要方面，考察学生的写作能力和语言运用能力。
复习写作可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 写作素材：积累写作素材，扩大写作的话题范围，提高写作的内容质量。
2. 语法运用：熟悉英语的语法规则，掌握常用的短语和句型，提高语言运用能力。
3. 作文练习：多进行写作练习，熟悉各种写作题型，并进行模拟写作。
四、词汇和语法词汇和语法是英语四级考试中的基础部分，考察学生的语言基础和语言运用能力。
复习词汇和语法可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 词汇积累：背诵单词，积累常见的英语词汇和短语。
2. 语法规则：熟悉英语的基本语法规则，掌握常见的语法问题和纠正方法。
3. 语法练习：进行语法练习，巩固所学的语法知识，并进行模拟题练习。
五、口语表达口语表达是英语四级考试中的一个重要部分，考察学生的口语表达能力和语言运用能力。
复习口语表达可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 口语素材：多听和看英语口语材料，增加口语的素材。
城空(城市地下空间工程)专业英语复习资料
城空1601专业英语复习资料Structural engineering (结构工程)Water resources engineering (水资源工程)Geotechnical engineering (岩土工程)Environmental engineering (环境工程)Transportation engineering (运输工程)Pipeline engineering (管道工程)Construction engineering (建筑工程)Community and urban planning (社区和城市规划)Photogrametry，surveying，and mapping (摄影测量、勘测和制图)Engineering management (工程管理)Engineering teaching (工程教学)Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。
这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。
Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。
《计算机专业英语》第二版_期末复习资料
计算机专业英语期末复习资料考试题型：一、将中文的计算机专业术语翻译成英文（单词或词组）（20题，20分）范围：（1）第255页-第261页英文单词（2）第178页-第188页英文词组，第262页-271页部分词组重点词汇和词组（出现概率：90% :adapter ani mati on asynchronous chip deadlock en capsulati onin stall in structio n in terrupt multitask multi-thread opera ndoverflow overload ing processor pixel router remoteassembly engin eeri ng executable memory multimedia pixelresolutionstructure switch tran sact ion variable volatilesimplicity flexibilitycon fidentialityreliability recoveryprotocoltraffic cha nnel refresh in stallati on stack port dow nl oad buffer attribute menuClipboard Cluster con gesti on compatibility compiler con sole compressi on zoomdecode encode debug decryptio n en crypti on directory docume nt edit feedbackfolder format frame function hit host hypertext ico n image unin stallkeyboard logi n logo n log out n etmask on li ne offline overloadi ng packagepassword peripheral pipe platform process queue quit resp onse request serial sig nature simulate terminal thread topology update upload utility video bootmemoryremote procedure call iden tifier/locator、选择合适的英语单词填空（10题，20分）范围：(出现概率：90%database management system distributed n etwork object-orie ntedprogram ming optimal scheduli ng algorithm software life cycle symmetric key en crypti on structured query Ian guagevirtualaddress spaceasymmetric keyen crypti on 8-bit shift register arithmetic logical operati onsmultitask ingoperati ng system un authorized accesswireless com munication the real mode clock pulsesloosely coupled multiprocess ing digital sig nature tran smissi on controlprotocoluser datagram protocol universal com muni cati onserial bus quality of service inter-processredundant arrays of in expe nsive disks routi ng in formati on protocol ope nshortest path firstglobal positi oning system hyper text tran sport protocol in tegrated circuit full duplex graphical user in terface doma inn ame system power- on self-test ran dom accesssoftware developme nt kitun iform resource(1 )第41 页：A switch is ideally suited to represent the value of anytwo-state variable because it can only be “off ” or “ on” .(2 )第51 页：A volatile memory is one that loses its data when power isremoved from the circuit, while non volatile memory reta ins its data even whe n power is removed.(3 )第57 页：In put is a process that in volves the use of a device to en codeor tran sform data into digital codes that the computer can process.(4)第58 页：A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes acrossa desk surface in order to point to a place on a display scree n and to select oneor more acti ons to take from that positi on.(5 )第59 页：Resolutio n refers to the nu mber of in dividual dots of color, known as pixel contained on a display.(6)第60页：A scanner is a device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a from the computer can use.(7)第72 页：A data structure is a specialized format for organizing andstori ng data.(8)第85 页：The computer memory locations are called variables becausethey hold values that might vary.(9)第86 页：An executable program is a sequenee of extremely simplein struct ions known as machi ne code.(10)第86 页：Each mach ine Ianguage in structi on has an equivale nt comma nd in assembly Ian guage.(11)第87 页：A complier is a program that translates source code into object code.(12)第87 页：An in terpreter tran slates high-level in structi ons in to anin termediate form, which it the n executes.（13）第92 页：Software engineering is the application of tools, methods,and disciplines to produce and maintain an automated solution to a real-worldproblem.（14）第149 页：Multimedia is any comb in ati on of text, graphic art, sound, ani mati on, and video delivered to you by computer or other electro nic means.（15）第164 页：A transaction is a collect ion of operati ons that performsa sin gle logical function in a database applicati on.三、判断题（10题，20分）范围：（出现概率：96%（1 ）第52 页：One kilobyte（KB） equals 1024 bytes.（2 ）第52 页：If a cell con sist of k bits, it can hold anyone of 2k differe nt bit comb in ati ons.（3 ）第62 页：Keyboard, mouse and mon itor/sca nner are all in put devices. （False）（4 ）第76 页：The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-i n/first-out rule. （queue -> stack）（5）第83 页：Most operating systems have a standard set of controlin struct ions to han dle the process ing of all in put and output in struct ions.（6）第89 页：” ADDAX,BX” is a instruction of machine Ianguage. （false, high-level la nguages, assembly Ian guage）（7）第111 页：A gateway could be used to connect the different networks.（8）第115、116、119 页：IP and IPX are examples of network-layer protocols. TCPand SPXare transport layer protocols. TCP and SPXare session layer protocols. （false）（9）第157、161 页：A 256-color graphic requires eight bits for each pixel. For a 16-color graphic, each pixel can have one of 16 colors.（10 ）第175 页：Some viruses can be catastrophic by damaging files,destro ying data and crash ing systems.四、排序题（1题，6分）理解第47 页的"The CPUexecutes each instruction in a series of small steps: ................. Go to step 1 to begi n executi ng the follow ing in struct ion. This seque nee of stepsis frequently referred to as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. ”, 将1-7 排序好（可参考《计算机组成原理》第五章内容理解）（出现概率：100%五、阅读题（2篇，24分）第66 页的“ Time-Shared Bus ”（出现概率：100%另一篇参考第46页六、翻译题（2题，10分）第43页的阅读材料“ Digital Computer System ”的第一段（出现概率：90%第97 页的阅读材料“ The Software Life Cycle ”第二段的“ in which development proceeds linearly through the phases of ................. and maintenance. ”，并参考第92 页-94 页的内容（出现概率：90%。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
澳门科技大大一期末专业英语I复习资料.docx
Final written Test 30%ChooseBlankMistakesVideoVocabulary[1]The Tourism Industry[2]Tourism-related jobs (Ch. 1)I must altogether abandon the false opinion that the sun is the center of world 一By Galileo GalileiFlight attendantTravel agentHotel receptionistWaitressFront desk officerTour guideGOCasino waiterHouse keeperTour operatorAircrew[3]Business etiquette (Ch.2, Ch. 3)Your life is limited, so don't waste it living some one else's life. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drow n out your own inner voice ・ And most imports nt, have the courage to follow your heart and in tuition.-・By Steve Paul JobsBusiness etiquetteSpeak to peopleSmile at peopleCall people by nameBe friendlyBe helpfulBe interested in peopleConsider the feeling of others[4]Dealing with enquiries (Ch. 4)[5]Different ways of travelling (Ch. 5)Ask not what your country can do for you? Ask what you can do for your country?一By John F.Kennedy[6]Asking questions (Ch. 6)All the peoples on the earth are equal from birth・ All the peoples have a right to live and to be happy and free- By Ho Chi Minh[7]Taking a booking (Ch. 7)Be great in act, as you have been in thought-・ By William Shakespeare (1564-1616) - poet- Writer for dramatic writing[8]Around the World (Ch. 9)Hasty marriage seldom proveth well - By William Shakespheare[9]Organizing trip (Ch. 10)Pity is akin to love-By T. Southerne(1660 一1746) Irish dramatist, was born at Oxmantow n, near Dublin, and entered Trinity College, Dublin in 1676・ Two years later he was entered at the Middle Temple, London.Penang is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Strait of Malacca. Penang is the second smallest state in Malaysia by area after Perlis, and the eighth most populous. Penang Nine Emperor Gods FestivalBali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island.Kyoto 京都」s a city in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a population close to1.5 million. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, as wellas a major part of the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto metropolitan area・The city is known for being the headquarters of the famous video game company Nintendo.Osaka 大阪is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin Area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe・Located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, Osaka is the third largest city by population after Tokyo and Yokohama[10]Rules for using the phone (Ch. 11)A word is eno ugh to the wise—Maxim•English on the telephone1.When you receive a telephone call;-First, identity your hotel・P ut a smile in your voice2.Dorft use slang・N ever say Hello or Hi3.Always be mindful of the guest-Don't leave the guests hanging on without an answer-Try to visualize your guest, so you won't feel you are only talki ng to a teleph one4・ Use some polite sentence structures, like :-May I have the numbeo please?-Could you please repeat that, sir?-Would you like to pay it, ma'am?5.When quests repeat your explanation, say :-That's it, sir.-Don't say, Right (like teacher)6.Be patient・Don't let the guests feel they are wasting your time -There's no hurry, sir7.It is impolite to say"your husband" or "your wife'-Call them by their name[11]How may I help you? (Ch. 12)[12]Answeringenquiries (Ch・ 13)[13]Taking messages (Ch. 14)[14]Responding to enquiries (Ch・ 21)[15]Con firming reservati ons (Ch ・ 25)[16]Avoiding mistakes (Ch.23)WordsDull = bori ngRewardi ng = satisfyingAvailableCluesDelayedDialing codeDialing toneEye con tactFlightImpers on allyJourneyJourneyKiosk・ a small building ex) telephone boxLuggage levelObserverOverlookOver night bagPorter (bellboy)Public transportAnnoy ing: If some one annoys you, it makes you fairly an gry CoachDrunk : He was arrested on suspicion of drunk drivingModes of transportAnxietyBounce: I bounced a ball againstthe houseBreath: If some one has bad breath, their breath smells un pleasa ntCarry-on bag:Dehydrate: When food is dehydrated, all the water is removed from itStrap yourself- She strapped the gun belt around her middleThu nderstormTighte nTurbulence・ Turbulenee is violent and uneven movement within a particular area of air, liquid, or gas Un fastenAPEX ticket: It cost less than the standard ticket, but you have to book a specified period in advanee Balcony: It is a platform on the outside of a buildingConcierge: hall porterContinuously: The civil war has raged continuously since 1976Direct flight: Direct means moving towards a place without stoppingEn route: En route to a place means on the way to that placeEquipment: It consists of the things which are used for a particular purposeFood and beverage: Beverages are drinksFurnishings: The furnishings of a room are the furniture, carpets and decorationsLaundry service: He'd put his dirty laundry in the clothes basketLobby: It is the area near the entraneeMaid: A maid is a woman who works as a servant in a hotelNon-stop flightPoolside; A pool is a small area of still waterPress a suit = iron clothesQuality; Every one can improve the quality of lifeQuestionnaire: It is a written list of questions to provide information for a reportRound trip ticket f One way ticketSnack bar; It is a place where you can buy and eat simple mealsSpell your name; Write or speak each letter in the wordStay overDate of birth:Diet: He was put on a diet of milky foodHon eym oonInitials: Initials are the capital letters which begin each word of a nameInsura nee: The in sura nee company paid out for the stole n jewelleryMethod of paymentOutward flightPreferred : like person better than otherReservation formReturn flight * one way flightSea view/ harbour viewSupplement: People doing extra jobs outside their regular jobs to suppleme nt their in comesTour operator: It is a company that provides holidays in which your travel is booked for you Appointment: If something can be done by appointment, people can arrange in advanee to do it at a particular timeBooked into a hotelCon firmed reservati on: If you con firm somethi ng, you say it is trueConn ectio n ; It is a relati on ship betwee n two thingsFreshen up: A thorough brushing helps to freshen up your mouthItinerary: It is a plan of a journeyMisprint: It is a mistake in the way something is printedReconfirm = confirmSpot a mistake : He failed to spot the errorTerminal: It is a place where vehicles begin or end a journeyAccompany: eg) Ken agreed to accompany me on trip to AfricaAvailability: eg) the easy availability of gunscity-centre (US downtown)Places of interestSightseeing: eg) If you go sightseeing, you travel around visiting the interesting placesConfirm : ex) X-rays have con firmed that he has not broke n any bonesCordless pho ne: ex)A cordless telephone is operated by a battery fitted in side itEfficient: ex) If something is efficient, they are able to do tasks successfully, without wasting time or energyIn terrupt: ex) If you I in terrupt some one who is speaki ng, you say somethi ng that causes them to stopMobile phone (US cellphone)Paypho ne: a teleph one which you n eed to put coinsSarcastic : ex) Some one who is sarcastic says the opposite of what they really mean in order to in suit someoneTourist information officeDesk lamp: It is a light that works by using electricityDial: If you dial a nu mber; you press the butt ons on a teleph one.Extension: An extension is a telephone line that is connected to the switchboard of institutionFax phone: It is a piece of equipme nt used to copy docume nts by sending in formation along a telephone lineHold the lineLeave a messageReceiver: A telephone's receiver is the part that you hold near to your ear and speak intoRepair: The government continued to try to repair the damage caused by earthquakeReplace: If one thing replaces another, the first is used instead of the secondSort something out: It was the older women and young mothers who sorted all the troublemakers out Vehicle registration numberEstate: a housing estateInformation officerLodge: accommodationPost code (US zip code)Sleeper (train)TGV: Train a Grand Vitesse (high-speed train)CIS: Cisalpino expressIC: Intercity expressEN: EuroNight sleeper trainAnswer machine: It is a device which you connect to your telephone and which records telephone calls while you are outExpiration: The expiration of a fixed period of time is its endingHandwriting: Your handwriting is your style of writing with a pen or pencilRe leva nt/irreleva nt: We have passed all re leva nt informatio n on to the policeBoiled eggsDoork nob: a round han dies on a doorFried eggsHang: a light-bulb hanging from the ceil!ngMarmalade: bitter orange jamPoached eggs: When you poach an egg, you cook it gently in boiling water without its shell regular (irregular): a very regular beatScrambled eggs: If you scramble eggs, you break them, mix them together and then heat and stir the mixture in a pen。
英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学Word版
整理为word 格式Chapter 4：Syntax I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules rules that that that comprise comprise comprise the the the system system system of of internalized internalized linguistic linguistic linguistic knowledge knowledge knowledge of of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized recognized and and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What 11.What is is actually actually internalized internalized internalized in in the mind mind of of a native native speaker speaker speaker is is a completelist of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of thelexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence fromaffirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprisesa number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence sentence which which comprises comprises a a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of whichis incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause isnormally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that newwords are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition 22. A _____ Condition on case on case on case assignment states assignment states assignment states that a case that a case that a case assignor and assignor anda case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_____condition explains the fact that noun phrasesappear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory wordthat introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.27. A. recursive B. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases toform grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structureV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them withexamples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis ofsentence structures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies thesentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstractrules that allow words to be combined with other words to formgrammatical sentences.36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least asubject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verbphrase.37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as"and", "but", "or".38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, asyntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexicalcategory) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performsa particular grammatical function.39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functionalrelations of constituents are called grammatical relations. Thegrammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrasein the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammaticalrelations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of allhuman languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known aslinguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules thattransform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representationthat exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the levelof D-structure.V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, Normally, a a sentence sentence consists consists consists of of at least a least a subject subject subject and and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them withexamples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating coordinating conjunction, conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam.A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N Vt NPDet NThe boy likes the music.46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.NP movement involves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice:(A) The man beat the child.(B). The child was beaten by the man.noun phrases "the man" and "the B is the result of the movementthe nounmovement ofof thechild" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left.Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example:(C) It seems they are quite fit for the job.(D) They seem quite fit for the job.These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superfi-cial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underlying structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！。
(完整word版)南工大专业英语期末复习资料
Chapter 1Bacterium（Bacteria）细菌 yeast 酵母 fungus（fungi 真菌 alga（algae)藻类 cultured mammalian cells 哺乳动物培养细胞 fermentation processes 发酵工程 biocatalyst 生物催化剂 antibiotics 抗生素 biomass 菌体 amino acids氨基酸enzyme steroid 甾体，类固醇polysaccharides 多糖vaccines 疫苗biochemical engineering生物化学工程immobilization 固定化genetic engineering 基因工程 genome 基因组 mutation 突变 gene 基因Comprehension1．What is biotechnology?what are its characteristics points？Key： Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms， or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to environmental management。
A high proportion of the techniques used in biotechnology tend to be more economic, less energy demanding and safer than current traditional industrial processes and for most processes the residues are biodegradable and non—toxic。
专业四级英语复习资料
60. Prices for bikes at that store run__________250 dollars. A. as high as B. as high to C. so high to D. so high as61. He will not be __________ to vote in this year's election. A. enough old B. as old enough C. old enough D. enough old as62. Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician. A. such B. more C. asD. than63. According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree__________.A. my education will be employed by the universityB. employment will be given to me by the universityC. the university will employ meD. I will be employed by the university64. If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers, __________A. neither he will B. neither will he C. neither won't he D. he won't neither65. _____ is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A. What B. That C. I t D. As66. A violent revolution having broken out, all the ports of that country were laid under a(n) ______.A. boycottB. embargoC. embarkD. ban67. Since_________ can't work in the United States without a permit, so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government. A. e migrants B. expatriates C. migrants D. immigrants68. Most investors are taught at the very beginning that there is no place for __________in investment markets.A. feelingB. emotionC. passionD. sentiment69. I__________ my ordinary income by doing some part-time work. A. compliment B. Complement C. supplement D. implement70. Before the statue could be __________to the United States, a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built.A. transformedB. transportedC. transferredD. transmitted71. The final document was, of course, supposed to mend the damage __________upon the world by the war,A. imposedB. impressedC. compelledD. compressed72. Roger, who __________in courage, is highly respected by all his peers in the villages. A. bounds B. possesses C. declares D. abounds73. The tourists are told that the remotest village in this area is only_____ by a river.A. accessible B. available C. obtainable D. achievable74. He__________ interrupted me by asking irrelevant questions. A. continually B. continuously C. consistently D. constantly75. Being a man of _________ and public spirit. Mr. Russell labored zealously to advance the interest of the community and wa s much interested in bringing new manufacturing interests to Waterloo. A. firm B. enterprise C. company D. corporation76. When people do things wrong we should try hard to forgive them, as the idiom goes, “To ______ is human.”A. referB. conferC. deferD. err77. Although gaining a job as a real __________agent or broker may be relatively easy, beginning agents and brokers may face competition from well-established, mo re experienced ones. A. property B. estate C. house D. assets78. The constitution of the State required that property should be __________for taxation at its market value.A. estimatedB. appraisedC. evaluatedD. valued79. On June 15, 1909, after Scott finished his rushed plans for his________ to the South Pole, he departed from England.A. tourB. voyageC. expeditionD. excursion80. The government authority had to __________oil and other products so that it would not run out during war.A. shareB. fareC. provideD. rationSECTI ON A COMPOSI TI ON [35 MI N]We all know that men and women play different roles in modern society, and that they differ in many ways, such as how to perceive the world, how to tackle prob lems and how to approach people. Think about the issue and discuss the different ways in which men and women behave in terms of interpersonal relationships, express ing affection, friendship and views on beauty.about 200 words on the following topic:The Different Approaches or Perceptions of Men and WomenMarks will be rewarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.SECTI ON B NOTE-WRI TI NG [10 MI N]Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation:You are William or Aileen. You are invited this weekend to a farewell party hosted by your friend, Sandy, who is going abroad for his PhD. Study. However, yo u are unable to see him off. Write him a note politely declining his invitation and expressing your good wishes to him.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.Key:31-35BCCDC 36-40CBAAB 41-45ACCBD46-50BBADA51-55BCACA56-60CBDCA61-65CCDBD66-70BDDCB 71-75ADAAB 76-80DBBCD英语专业四级完形填空练习第15期An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this __1__—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wro ng with the __2__ to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a/an __3__ education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is __4 __ required by law. I t is not simply to __5__ everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally __6__ to attend school into their teens.Rather, we have a certai n __7__ of the American citizen,a character who is __8__ if he cannot competently assess __9__ his livelihood and happiness are affected by things __10__ of hims elf.But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain __11__, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped __12__ nature to pursue this kind of education.With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is __13_ _ to be educated. Computer-education advocates __14__ this optimistic notion for a pessimism that __15__ their otherwise cheery outlook. __16__ on the c onfusion bet ween educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often __17__ the job prospects of graduates over their education al __18__.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools __19__ the con cept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are __20__ equipped for the professions they want to join.1.[A]distinction [B]topic [C]separation [D]education2.[A]campaign [B]practice [C]action [D]goal3.[A]informal [B]basic [C]technical [D]expensive4.[A]differently [B]universally [C]conversely [D]regularly5.[A]form [B]consist [C]arise [D]raise6.[A]ordered [B]inquired [C]required [D]acquired7.[A]conception [B]information [C]theme [D]imagination 8.[A]complete [B]accomplished [C]incomplete [D]improper9.[A]why [B]what [C]where [D]how 10.[A]inside [B]outside [C]beside [D]aside11.[A]year [B]age [C]day [D]extent 12.[A]in [B]at [C]by [D]with13.[A]fit [B]responsible [C]suitable [D]able 14.[A]consider [B]forget [C]forsake [D]foretell15.[A]believes [B]becomes [C]bears [D]betrays 16.[A]Encountering [B]Banking [C]Devising [D]Seeking17.[A]emphasize [B]encourage [C]engage [D]enlarge 18.[A]academy [B]position [C]degree [D]achievement19.[A]interact [B]introduce [C]announce [D]invent 20.[A]traditionally [B]drastically [C]properly [D]hardly答案： 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.B 20.C英语专业四级完形填空练习第14期A translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages.He must fill facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother to ngue or language of habitual __1__, and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization. This is, as it were, his professional _ _2__. I n addition to this, it is __3__ that he should have an enquiring mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to __4__ quickly the basic principles of new developments.He should be willing to work __5__ his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to __6__ other people because his own __7__ does not always p rove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and __8__ and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a noddin g __9__ with printing techniques and proof-reading.If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firms, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to __10__ rap idly from one source language to __11__, as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently __12__ of him in such work. Bearing in __ 13__ the nature of the translator’s work, i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, __14__ that he should be able to speak the languages he is __15__ with.If he does speak them, it is an __16__ rather than a hindrance(障碍), but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can do away with. I t is, __17__, de sirable that he should have an __18__ idea about the pronunciation of his source languages, even if this is restricted to knowing how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same __19__ to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does no t __20__.1.[A]application [B]use [C]utility [D]usage2.[A]equipment [B]language [C]performance [D]facility3.[A]wise [B]unique [C]desirable [D]effective4.[A]input [B]grasp [C]seek [D]expand5.[A]on [B]in [C]for [D]by6.[A]learn [B]imitate [C]conduct [D]consult7.[A]profession [B]intelligence [C]knowledge [D]style 8.[A]steadily [B]accurately [C]regularly [D]reasonably9.[A]familiarity [B]acquaintance [C]knowledge [D]skill 10.[A]change [B]transform [C]turn [D]switch11.[A]another [B]other [C]one [D]all 12.[A]lacked [B]required [C]faced [D]confronted13.[A]brain [B]thought [C]mind [D]memory 14.[A]essential [B]unnecessary [C]advantageous [D]useless15.[A]doing [B]dealing [C]deciding [D]working 16.[A]idea [B]advice [C]advantage [D]accordance17.[A]however [B]accordingly [C]consequently [D]thus 18.[A]adjacent [B]ambiguous [C]artificial [D]approximate19.[A]refers [B]comes [C]applies [D]amounts 20.[A]matter [B]mind [C]harm [D]work答案： 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.A2011年英语专四单项选择模拟题(1)51. He advised Jane __ anyone about the shortages of food. A. not telling B. not tell C. tell not D. not to tell52. He operates the new machine as if he __ special training in it. A. has received B. had received C. would receive D. received53. I t is very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you __ it.A. mustn't have doneB. shouldn't have doneC. oughtn't to have doneD. didn't have to do54. __., he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A. Although much he likes herB. Much although he likes herC. As he likes her muchD. Much as he likes her55. The newly broadened stadium is __ of the previous one.A. the size of three timesB. three times the sizeC. as much as the three times sizeD. three times more than the size56. I hope that the little __ I've been able to do has been of some use. A. which B. what C. that D. when57. I like __ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one58. I like to play the piano but I can't play it well. ___ Sophie.A. As is the same with B I t is the same with C. So it is the same as D. So is it with59. I n vain __ to get in touch with the Embassy. A. they tried B. tried they C. did they try D. they have tried60. He had hardly finished the article __ the light went out. A. as B. until C. than D. when61. What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he __ better.A. needn't have doneB. must have doneC. couldn't have doneD. couldn't have done62. "He's no more able to read Japanese than I am." The sentence means thatA. neither he nor I am able to read Japanese.B. I can read Japanese but he can't.C. my Japanese is better than him.D. both he and I are able to read Japanese.63. Which of the following can be used to complete "You'd better do it by yourself, __ you?"A. hadn'tB. wouldn'tC. didn'tD. don't64. In "What do you think he likes?" what is __ of the sentence. A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement65, "He is the last person to be fit for the job." has all the following possible meanings EXCEPTA. He is the one that isn't fit for the job.B. He is the one that is not suitable for the job.C. He is the fittest person for the job.D. He might be the person that is least wanted.66. You shouldn't __ your father's instructions. Anyway he is an experienced teacher.A. deduce B. deliberate C. defy D. denounce67. The new underground railway will ___the journey to all parts of the city.A. consume B. eliminate C. formulate D. facilitate68. The new" secretary has written a remarkably __ report only in a few pages but with all the details.A. conciseB. clearC. preciseD. elaborate69. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from __ on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination70. The city will __ these buildings to make room for the new highway. A. tear off B. tear out C. tear away D. tear down71. I f anyone wants to be __ by others, wealth, clothing or physical attractiveness are not requirements.A. respectfulB. respectiveC. respectableD. respected72. The little girl was so frightened that she just wouldn't __ her grip on my arm. A. loosen B. remove C. relieve D. dismiss73. Bob isn't __, but he did badly in the final exams last semester. A. gloomy B. dull C. awkward D. tedious74. My tutor, frequently reminds me to ___ myself of every chance to improve my English. A. assure B. inform C. avail D. notify75. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and __A. stabilityB. capabilityC. durabilityD. availability76. Optimism is a ___ shown to be associated with good physical health, less depression and longer life.A. trailB. traitC. traceD. track77. The newly-elected president is determined to __ the established policy of developing agriculture. A. go for B. go on C. go by D. go up78. I am so busy that I only go home to visit my folks once in a blue moon. The italicized phrase means __A. rarelyB. barelyC. now and thenD. one a year79. A man's worth lies not___ in. what he has as in what he is. A. so much B. much so C. too much D. much too80. I t is well known that knowledge is the __ condition for expansion of mind.A. incompatible B. incredible C. indefinite D. indispensable51 [D]【译文】他建议简不要把食物匮乏的情况告诉任何人，【解析】考查动词搭配和动词不定式的否定形式。
词汇学复习资料 大纲 英语专业必考
Chapter11.word:A word is the smallest unit of spoken written language which has meanings and can stand alone. A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function2. A word is(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unity of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.3.1 the physical structure of the word(1)Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription.(2)Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. In other words, it identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and look into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words.2.2 the semantic structure of the word（1）the word is a unit of speech or writng, which serves the purposeful human communication.（2）the word can be perceived as the total of the sounds that comprise it（3）the word , in writing, is seen as a sequence of letters bounded on either side by a blank space.（4）the word, viewed linguistically, possesses its physical structure (form) and semantic structure (meaning).4.V ocabulary:V ocabulary refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business or known to a particular person.5.V ocabulary and Lexis :Lexi, a mass noun, is defined as the total stick of words in a language.6.Lexicology: the study of meaning and uses of words论述对词汇学的理解包括内容：Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols, their meaning, the relationship of their meaning, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements. Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics, derivation, usage and sociolinguistic distinctions. Any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a languages.Chapter21.The development of English vocabulary. The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449—1100)the former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.*3个重大事件：(1)Teutonic Conquest 乔顿征服(2)Christianity(Latin word)(3)Scandinavian invasionb/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice）1150-1204:French occupied the dnoinant position1204-1500:English gradually come back to a positionc/ Modern English period (1500--)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.The origins of English words2.1 the native words: Anglo-Saxon elements2.2 the loan words: French, Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, other European elements, ChineseChapter31. American English: is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States.2. British English: is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.3. The history:(1)17th century: The English language was first introduced to the American by British colonization, beginning in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.The language taken there was Elizabethan English(2)The War of Independence : It marks the end of the colonial period.The political independence brings the tendency to develop an American brand of English.4.Americanism: A word, phrase or idiom characteristic of English as it is spoken in the US.5.Difference: pronunciation / spelling/ vocabulary / habitual expression/ grammarChapter41.Neologism(新词): a neologism is a recently coined word, phrase or usage. It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.Chapter51.morpheme:A morpheme is the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.2.分类：(1)free morphemes (自由词素)(2)bound morphemes (黏着词素): bound root +affixA. Inflectional affixes (-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,est)B. Derivational affixes(3)content and function morpheme(4)derivational and Inflectional morpheme3.Root, stem, base词根、词干、词基A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.(词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. (词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式)词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
工业工程专业英语复习资料(修正版).doc
工业工程专业英语复习资料（修正版）一、句子翻译:1. A production system or service includes inputs, transformation, and outputs. Through transformation, the added values are increased and system efficiency and effectiveness are improved.2. Industrial engineering emerged as a profession as result of the industrial revolution and the accompanying need for technically trained people who could plan, organize, and direct the operations of large complex systems.3. Taylor's original contribution, constituting the beginning of industrial engineering, was his three-phase method of improving efficiency： Analyze and improve the method of performing work, reduce of times required, and set standards for what the times should be.4. Some operations research problems involve a large number of equations -some linear programming solutions, for example-but the complexities of representation in any one of the many equations may, and often do, make the entire set of equations unsolvable.5. The machine to an industrial engineer is a black box that has a production rate, yield rate, required operator skills, process capabilities, and other production system attributes.6. The industrial engineering responsibility involves the integration of workers, machines, materials, information, capital, and managerial know-how into a producing system that will produce the right product, at the right cost, at the right time.7. Process analysis is one of the main contents of method study, by which researchers can completely observe and record the whole production processes and carry out integrated analysis form a macroscopic viewpoint.8. With today's increasing competition from foreign producers, there has been an increasing effort to establish standards based on facts rather than judgment.9. Accurately establish time standards make it possible to produce more within a given plant, thus increasing the efficiency of the equipment and the operating personnel. Poorly established standards, although better than no standards at all, lead to high cots, labor dissension, and possibly even the failure of enterprise10. A process is any activity or a group of activities that takes one or more inputs, transforms and adds value to them, and provides one or more outputs for its customers.11. Production Planning is the process of converting corporate strategy along with market and financial policy into details for the efficient utilization of the production system.12. A simplified view of the strategic planning process is shown by the following process: Mission and objectives 一Environmental scanning —Strategy formulation 一Strategy implementation-^Evaluation and control.13. The main advantage of the process layout is its comparatively lower machine cost and wider flexibility of work that can be done. Its main disadvantage is time lost traveling to different areas in the building to assemble the various pieces.14. The Council of Logistics Management defined the logistics in 1992 as the process of planning, implementing an controlling the efficient, flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.15. The theory of logistics engineering is the study of analyzing, designing, optimizing and controlling the logistics system as a whole. It utilizes the methods of the industrial engineering and systems engineering. The study of logistics is of great importance in the production practice.16. Ergonomics is scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, date and methods to design in order to optimize human being activities and overall system performance.17. Ergonomics has a wide application to everyday domestic situations, but there areeven more significant implications for efficiency, productivity safety and health in work settings.18. Engineering Psychology is defined as the application of psychological principles, knowledge, and research to improve the ability of humans to operate more effectively in a technological society.19. Accurately established time standards make it possible to produce more within a given plant, thus increasing the efficiency of the equipment and the operating personnel. Poorly established standards, although better than no standards at all, lead to high costs, labor dissension, and possibly even the failure of the enterprise.1.assembly line 装配线2.batch production 批量生产3.cell production 单元生产4.CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing)计算机集成制造5.economic batch quantity 经济孔匕量6.FMS (Flexible Manufacturing Systems)柔性制造系统7.gang process analysis 联合操作分析8.Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP 11)制造资源计划9.Material Requirements Planning (MRP)物料需求计划10.operation analysis 操作分析11.process analysis 程序分析12.process layout 工艺式布局13.product layout 品式布局14.production 1 ine生产线、流水线15.production planning 生产计划16.TQM (Total Quality Management)全面质量管理17.work in process 在制品18.work measurement 作业测定19.work sampling technique 工作抽样技术。
计算机专业英语复习题.doc
课文A：计算机概览A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information.计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理來执行该程序。
The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret go ver nmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts⑴.Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture・Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources⑵.The same advaneed techniques also make the invasions of privacy and restricted information sources possible, and computer crime has become one of the many risks that society must face if it is to enjoy the ben efits of moder n tech nology.要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
(完整word版)英国文学史复习资料大纲英语专业必考
一．作家作品连线1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事），The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议)The House of Fame（声誉之堂）、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, SonnetThe Merchant of Venice，Henry IV，Twelfth Night，King Lear，Macbeth 3.Francis Bacon培根——（Essays）Of Marriage and Single Life(轮婚姻和单身), Of Studies4.John Donne邓恩（Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人）-— Song and Sonnets （歌与十四行诗）, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost(失乐园）、Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记)、Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana （罗克萨娜）7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特——Gulliver’s Travel s（格列佛游记）A Tale of a Tub (一只桶的故事)，A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）8.William Blake布莱克——Song of Innocence（天真之歌)，Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches(诗的素描), The Book of Thel（塞尔书)9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose，10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），BiographiaLiteria （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁—- Pride and Prejudice二、术语解释1、Epic（史诗）： A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic。
计算机专业英语(一)--07757-----15日上午-复习资料.doc
计算机专业英语一07757-15日上午・ 复习资料 1. How many layers does the ISO/OSI mode have? (seven ) 2. How many different types of Entity relationships are there?( 4 ) 3. How many parts are there in URL? (3 ) 04. Haw many record-based logical models are widely used ?( 3 ) 5. How many different types of Entity relationships are there?( 4 ) 6. How many layers does the TCP/IP layering model have? (5 ) 7. How many basic units do today* s digital computers consist of? ( 4 ) 8. ilow many classes are the data models divided into?( 3 ) 9. How many basic operating system types are there? (3 ) 10. Ho had a large (number) of facts to prove his statements ・11. He told me all (As a result ), he wi 11 have to be away from school for two or three months. Ilow data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called (. bits )13. How many basic operating system types are there?(3 ).14. How many record-based logical models arewidely used ?( 3)HTML stand lor (Hypertext Markup Language ) External devices are linked to a smalIcomputer system through (interfaces )・ 16」CPU has only two fundamental sections: control unit ). 17. arithmetic and logic unit executes instructions CD-ROM belongs to (optical laser disk ) 18. Creatine the database and its table structure uses (data definition ) 19. A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and data constraints is a (data model ) 20. Another name for primary storage is (RAM )・ 21. A computer system has five parts, they are input, output, storage, control unit and (processing components )・ 22. A special type of primary storage which cannot be altered by the programmer is called (ROM ) 23. A list of protocols used by a certain system , one protocol per layer, is called a (protocol stack ) 24. A computer system has four grls, they are output, storage, processing components and ( input ) 25. Another name for primary storage is )・ data model is a collection of conceptual tool for describing (data, data relationship, data semantics, data constraints ) 27. A communication pathway connecting two or more devices is a (channel ) 28. A program instruction ora piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an (address ) 29. Al I functions in spreadsheets start source or destination of the data on the data bus is called ( address bus ) 31 ・ An E-mail server wn be considered as a (powerful operating system ) 32. A computer system has five parts, they are input, output, processing components , control unit and (storage )・ 33. All Intranet related documents are written in (HTML )19. A programming technique that allows you to view concepts as a variety of objects is called (object oriented programming ) 34 ・ A program instruction ora piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an (address ) A bus that is used to control the access to and the use of the data and address bus is called (control bus) 36. A location in memory is accessed by its (address )・ 37. A small piece of code that can be transported over the Internet and executed on the recipient' s machine ・ The senterwe describes (applet ) 38. An E-mai 1 server can be considered as a (high-configuration computer )・ 39.1 A protocol is a set of (regulations)・ 40. All functions in spreadsheets start with (an equal sign )・ 41. A computer system has input, output, storage, and (CP ). A protocol is a set of (regulations)・ All Intranet related documenls are written in (HTML)44. 1 bus thed connects major computer components is called (system bus ) 45. I bus that is used to designate the source or destination of the data on the bus is called ( address bus ) bus that provides a path for moving between system modules is called (data bus ) 47. I collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, (data semantics and data) 48」A collection of interconnected networks is called an (internet ) 49. I comm un i cat ion pathway connecting two or more devices is a (channel ) 50. I computer having the hardware and software necessary for it to be connected to a network ・ The sentence describes (Network Computer) 51. A computer processes information Into (data ). 52. I computer system has input, output, (storage)and processing components ・ |Adisplay screen is divided into a grid of ( pixels )・54. 1 location in memory is accessed by its (address )・55・[A multiprocessor system has ( more than one CPU ) protocol is a set of ( regulations )・ small piece of code that can be transported over the Internet and executed on the recipient* s machine ・ The sentenee describes (applet )58. I special type of primary storage which cannot be altered by the programmer is called (ROM ) 59. 1 Web browser is a piece of (software )・ 60. All programs and data must be transferred to (primary storage ) from an input device or fron)secondary storage before proerams can be executed or data can be processed 61. All the characteristics that distinguish birds (from) other animals can be traced to prehistoric times ・ _ n (Intranet ) is simply the appl icat ion of Internet technology within an internal or closed usergroup |An (MISD ) computer would apply several instructions to each datum it fetches form memory 64. 讪 (SISD) computer carries out one instruction on one datum at a time constraints is a (data model ) 65. | What does HTTP stand for? (Hypertext Transfer Protocol ) 66. | What does the WWW stand for? (World Wide Web ) ■ Which is an simply the application of internet technology within nn inwnal or closed group?( intranet ) WWW stand for (World Vide Web) When a CPU needs the data to operate, it goes where first? (the cache )・ 70. What kind of computer would apply several instructions to each datum it fetches form memory? (MISD ) 71. What is a computer program? (a set of instructions ) 72. What is a set of programs that manipulate encoded knowledge to solve problems in a specialized domain that 81. normally requires human expertise? (Expert system ) 73. [Which one can be rewritten? (U-DISK ) 74」When hypertext pages are mixed with other media, the result is cal led(hypermedia ) 75. | What does a worksheet mean? (a working area framed by letters and numbers ) 76. | What does A worksheet mean? (an EXCEL program ) 77」What kind of computer would apply one instructions to each datum it fetches form memory? (SISD ) 78. Uhich networks usually span tens of kilometers?( Metropolitan area ) 79. What does IC stand for? (Intelligent Circuit ) 塹jwhnl you said reminds me (of something I read a few days ago.) ^^'hich description is false? (delta frames don' t record the interframe changes ) 82. Which description is false? (The beauty of an Intranet lies in platform dependence ) 83. Uhich description is false? (We can' t view an OS as a resource allocator ) 84. uhich description is true? (It/ s not necessary that different views should contain different data ) 85. Which is a magnetic secondary storage device? (disk ) 86. '.hich is magnetic secondary storage devices?(・tape ) 87. Vi th optimal laser disk technology, the read/write head used in magnetic storage is replaced by (two) lasers Id you mind (filling) this form? way each object combines its member data and member functions into a single structure is called (Encapsulation ) 90. 『he standard query language of relational database is (SQL ) 91. The “brain” of a computer system is (CPU ) The ISO/OSI nx)de has (seven ) layers The basic output device on a small computer is a (display screen )・ To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two models: (User mode and monitor mode ) 95. The realization of the mobile inlernei relies on a new set of standards , known as the (WAP ) 96. 『he software that allows one or many persons to use and/or modify this data is a (DBMS ) 97. 「he physical componenls of a computer are collectively called (hardware )・ 98. • The most popular processor interconnection topology is the (hypercube ). 99. The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operand )・ 100. | The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operation code )■ 101. rhe permanently useful data is stored in ( the ROM ) 102. The interference that distorts electronic signals transmitted over a distance is called (noise )・ 103. The WWW is based on which of the following standcirds (client-server model) 104. The Central Processor has only two undamental sections (the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit) 105. | The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is based on a proposal developed by (ISO ). 106・ The basic output device on a small computer is a (display screen )・ 107・ Fhe software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware is (operating system ) 10& The protocol which downloads files free of charge from thousands of computers around the globe is (FTP protocol ) 109. The “intelligence" of a computer system is (processor ) 110. The Central Processor has only two fundamental sections (the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit ) 111. The computer component that actually manipulates the data is (the processor )・ 112.I he data models don* t include (control unit models ) 113. The decision (having been making ), the next problem was how to make a good plan. 114jrhe house (standing ) at the corner of the street was built in 1984. 115. The interference that distorts electronic signals transmitted over a distance is cal led (noise )・ 116. |The kids are (bound to) be hungry when they gel home —they always are ・ 117.lhe most popular processor interconnection topology is the (hypercube )・ 118・ The physical components of a computer are collectively called (hardware )・ 119. The processor fetches and executes (instructions)・ 120. The realization of the mobile internet relies on a new set of standards , known as the (WAP ) 121. rhe smog is due to invisible gases, (mostly from automobile exhaust ・) 122・ The software that al lows one or many personsto use and/or modify this data is a (DBMS ) 123・ The software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware is (operating system ) 124. The source of a computer* s logic is (software )・ 125・ The standard query language of relational database is (SQL ) 126. rhe steps that occur between the user* s click and the page being displayed don* i include (the TCPconnection isn' t released )127. rhe waveform repeats the same shape at regularintervals and this portion is called a (period )128. The WWW is ( based on client-server modelstandards)129・ Three main categories of optical laser disksdon' t include (primary storage )130. To facilitate an even faster transfer ofinstructions and data to the processor, mostcomputers are designed with (Cache memory) 131. Optical laser disk includes CD-ROM, magneto-optical disk and (WORM disk ) Output devices don' t include (scanner ) 133.1 Output devices don' t include (mouse ) Output devices don , t include (scanner ) 135・ Objectcd-bnsed logic models are used for ( describing data at the conceptual and view levels ) 136•皿" and program instructions are stored in (memory )・ 137.|lf an object inherits its attributes from a single parent, it is called(single inheritance ) 138・ Progranuners write ( source code )・ 139. (Primary storage) prov i des the CPU with temporary storage for programs and data 140. | Normally, how long does a user need to wait until his/her E-mail account is ready if he/she applies for it from an ISP ? (no time ) 141. | Before typing in any data, a user needs to (select the cell)・ HflCache memory is employed by computer designers to increase computer system (throughput ) 143.・ LCD is based on which of the following? (TFT ) (It is not yet known ) whether robots will one day have vision as good as human (database management system ) al lows one or many persons to use and/or modify this data(Expert system) is s set of programs that manipulate encoded know ledge to solve problems in a specialized domain that normally requires human expertise (Multimedia) is encoded at least through a continuous and a discrete medium (the World Wide feb ) is an architectural framework for accessing linked documents spread out over thousands of nuichines all over the Internet (parallel OS ) is tightly coupled 144•血" and program instructions are stored in (memory )・ 145. lL<ich cell of a worksheet can hold (one piece of data )・ 146. |Edison failed (thousands of ) times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp ・ hard disk is a magnetic secondary storage device the arithmetic and logic unit and (the data data (an equal sign )・ A bus that is used to designate147. |ln computer networks, the rules and conventions used in the conversation are known as(protocol ) 148. |lnput devices don' t include (video displays ) 149. |lt is impossible to solve (so difficult problem ) in such a short time ・ (LCD ) is based on TFT lemory r s contents are changed when it is (written )・ 152・ Wriwdly, how long does a user need to wait unti 1 his/her E-mail account is ready if he/sha applies for it from an ISP ? (no Eime ) 153.Once a user starts an IRC client, the server on the IRC service provider side will provide the user a (channel )・ 154.One of the methods (adopted ) is to organize visits to other factories ・ 155.Physical data models are used for (describing data at the lowest level ) 156・ Polymorphism gives objects the ability to respond to (messages from ) routines when the object' $ exact type isn' t known. 158.| In C++ this ability is a result of (late binding ) 159・ Processor has only two fundamental sections (the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit) 160. Programs are known collectively as (software )・record-based logic models don' t include (Physical data model )\ 161. ;Scientists wil 1 have to come up (with ) new methods of increasing the world' s food supply, 162. Which of the following feature of a word processor becomes more useful with the growth of the amount of text?( wording searching) 163. Which of the fol lowing feature of a word processor can show underline, bold, itcilic, font and other typing styles on the screen? (WYSIWYG ) 164. | Which of the fol lowing does NOT belong to hidden characters or commands? (retrieval) 165. Where is the Entry Bar of a worksheet?(below the icons of the worksheet) 166. Which of the following can NOT be created by spreadsheets?(start chart) 167・ Which of the following message can l>e sent by E-mail without an attachment? (text message) 168. Which of the following can be applied for an E-mai 1 message without an attachment/ (none) 169. | Which of the fol lowing does NOT belong to one of the E-mail advantages? (none) ・[A private network-based E-inail system is not for (home users) 171. Which of the following is called a searching engine?(Web browser) 172. Which of the following is NOT an Internet application?(file compiIing) 173・ To start an online chatting, a user needs to know the (Web address of an IRC client) 174. Once a user starts an IRC client, the server on the IRC service provider side will provide the user a (channel) 175. Which of the following is the primary function of the WWW? (accessing resources )176. Which of the following is NOT supported by the HW? (File compiling) 177・ To accommodate a binary number, which of the following of a computer doesn* t have more digits than those for decimal numbers do? (keyboard)178. Which of the following unit provides signals to start the operations in the ALU the memory and the input/output unit? (control unit)179. What does IC stand lor?( Intelligent Circuit )180. How many the most influential components does a computer system configuration include? (4 ) 181. | Which of the fol lowing does NOT belong to one of the most influential components of a computer system configuration? (the operating system) 182. Which of the following memory will lose the data stored in it when the power is gone or a mal function occurs? (the RAM) 183・ The permanently useful data is stored in which of the following memory? (the ROM ) 184. | Which of the fol lowing does NOT belong io “ computer hardcopy output?( voice) 185. | Which of the fol lowing does NOT belong toa computer heirdcopy output device? (a monitor)186. Which of the following belongs to an impactcomputer hardcopy output device? (a plotter)187. Which of the following is the major advantageof a DVD ROM over a CD ROM?(capacity)18& Which of the following is the major advantage of a Cl)-R or a CD-RW over a CD-ROM DVD-ROM? (writingdata)189. Which of the following is the major advantageof a U"isk over a hard disk? (easy to carry) 190. Which of the fol lowing is NOT one of the most commonly used software-relevantterminologie$?( data)191. Which of the following is the most fundamental concept of computer software?(program)192. | Which of the fol lowing does NOT belong to computer system software? ( word processing program)193. | Which Function of a word processor can ensure typing correctness? ( spell checking ) 194. What do users need to do with the spell-checked files to ensure their correctness? (proofread) 195. Which of the fol lowing is NOT one of a wordprocessor* s functions? (compiling typed text) 19& Which of the following is NOT one of the most coiniuoiily used software-relevant terminologies? ( data) A computer processes data Data flow into the computer asGnputk Information flows from a computer as (output )200. | The ( stored program distinguishes a computer from a calculator. 201. | The physical components of a computer as( software ) 203. A physical switch is (hardware): its setting isgsoftware)二 204. A ( byte ) holds enough bits to store a single character ・ A ( word Jis a group of ( bytes ) The " digit-times-place-value "rule work, with (numbers)_but not with( characters ) 207.| When memory ispread )・ its contents are not changed ・ The programmer can read and write^RjUO ・ 209. What type of memory can only be read? ROM 210. The processor's, components are synchronizedby( clock pulses ) 211・ Which processor component executes instructions? (arithmetic and logic unit) 212・ The basic input device on a small computer is a ( keyboard )・ 213・ The basic output device on a small computer is a( di splay screen )・ 214・ A (printer] generates hard- copy output. 215. | External devices are linked to a small computer system through( control units ) 216. |The (register^ translates between the ccmpuier's internal codes and a peripheral device" s external codes ・ 217・八(remote] terminal communicates with a distant computer over data transmission lines. (Wide area) network can be worldwide ・ (Metropolitan area)_networks usual' y sp“n tens of kilometers ・ 220. | (The network layer) is concerned with controlling the operation of the subnet ・221. (The physical layer)_ is concerned wi th transmittingraw bits over a communication channel. 222. The main task of (The data link layer"s to transform a raw transmission facility into a line thatappears free of undetected transmission errors to the network layer ・ 223. |(The session layer)al lows users on different machines to establish sessions bet ween them. 224. | The ( operating system ) serves as a hardware/software interface ・ 225・ The source of a computer* s logic is (software )・ 226. A disk drive is 1imited to a few( primitive operatios ) 227. Programmers write ( source )code ・ 程 19.lvirtual real ity 虚拟现实 20[主存(Main memory )调制解调器(modem ) 可编程只读存储器(PROM ) off-1 ine operation 脱机操作 客户端/服务^(Client/Server ) 多媒体(Multimedia ) 虚函数(virtual function ) neural network 神经网络・vi)r 视频显示终端 EDI 电子数据交换 :AM 计算机辅助制造 KDUMS 关系型数据库管理系统database 数据库 RAMlefi 机存储器工具条(toolbar ) 统一资源定位(URL ) 统一资源标识符(URI ) 人工智能(ArtificialIntelligence ) KD1)数据库中的知识发现 面向对彖(Object Oriented ) 图 形 用 户 接口(Graphical user interface ) I 中央处理器(CPU ) 计算机网络(computer network) 国际互联网(Internet ) 计算机辅助制造(CAM ) 软件工程(software engineering) 视频压缩(video compression ) 竽术逻年部件(ALU ) 计算机应用(computer application ) 电子商务(Electronic Business ) 虚拟现实(virtual reality ) 51. EJB 企业(Java Beans) 52. I 图 形 用 户 接 口 (Graphical user 统 OODBMS 面向对皱的数据库管理系统 abstract data type 抽象数据类型 abstract data type 抽象数据类型 bit ：位•二进制位 bi tmap:位图 boot ：引导，白举 cache:高速缓存 CAD 计算机肿助设计 capac i ly ：容量 cursor:光标 desktop ：桌面 disk:祕盘 document :文档 )vi)：数字视盘 卜:-moil ：电子邮件 Ethernet:族太网Expert System 专家系统 field:域 foni:字体 Hard disk 皱盘 HTML 超文本标记语言 HHP:超疋本传输协议 icon ：图标 input :输入 Ji ns t ruction:指令 ■【SP 因特网服务提供商 Oilitem:条门 02 KDI)数据库中的知识发现 03] keyboard:键盘 叫M 【W):多指乡流多数据流 05]mouse:鼠标 06]multiprogramming 多道程序设计 H network conmun i cat i on 网络通信 08|off-l ine operation 脱机操作 09|outpul 出 io]package:包 11. ：>ixel:像素 12. pointer:指针 13|primary memory 主存 14)processor:处理机 ■ KAM 随机存储器 ^■real time operating system 实时操作系 统 11-SIM1):单指令流多数据流 18.SISI):单指令流单数据流 19.lsort:排序，分类 20. system bus 系统总线 21 .throughput:吞吐量 22.ltopology analysis 拓扑分析 23. virtual reality 虚拟现实 24. WAN 广域网 25. Web site 网站站点 26 •趙文本标记语言(HTML ) 27•超文本传输协议(HTTP) 28・|程序(program) 29•电子邮件(:E-Mail) 130・|防火墙:(firewall) 131.IM 装(encapsulation ) 132. 匸具条(toolbar ) 133. LE 作站(workstation) 134・比!M ： (CD-ROM) 135•国际互联网(Internet ) 136•机器人(robot 〉 137.集线器(hub) 13&|计算机(Computer ) 139•计算机辅助软件工程(CASE ) 140•键盘(keyboard ) 141 •可编程只读存储器(PROH ) 142•可移植性(transportability ) 143•客户端/服务器(Client/Server ) 144•软盘驱动器(FDD ) 145.数据(data) 146 •数据库管理系(DBMS ) 147」搜索引繁(search engine) 14&随机存取存储器(RAM) 49・|网络计算机(network computer) 50. 文件：(file) 51. 卜载：(download) 52 •小型讣算机系统接Pl (SCSI) 53•协议(protocol) 54•芯片(chip) E ■虚闻数(virtual function ) 56]指令：(instruction) 57|主关键字(key) 专家系统(expert system) 1. Cl)-R recorders are used to duplicate CDs( T ) ■CD ROM stands for compact disk read -only memory ・(T ) 3. CD-R recorders are used to dupl icate CDs T ) ■Cache memory i s much faster than RAM. (T ) ■(： is an Object-Oriented programming language ・(F ) 6. The system clock is the brain of a computer ・(F ) ■Cache memory is much faster than RAM. (T ) ■Cnche memory is less expensive than RAM. ( F) 9. Cl)-R recorders can be used to duplicate CDs( T ) programming language ・(F ) HCache memory is as fast as language is a proeramming language. ( F) 13. :力chc memory is n>ore expensive than RAM. ( T )^ into( information)・ collectively cal led( hardware ) Programs are known collectively are interface )■应用编程接口 (API) 54. 迥频点播VOD55. memory stick 记忆棒 56. 佟输控制协议/互联网协(TCP/IP ) 57］万维网(WWW )58|地理信息系统(GIS ) 59. RAP 快速应用程序原型技术 60|只读存储(ROM )61］ 条统软件(system software ) 62］ 磁盘操作系(DOS ) 63•皓构化査询语言(SQL ) 64］ 虚拟专用网(VPN ) 65］ 开放式系统互(0SI ) 66•个人数字助理(PDA ) 67. VLSI 超大规模集成电路 68］带宽(bandwidth )69挫成电路(integrated circuit ) 70•结构化编程(Structured programming ) 71］口杂指令集计算机(CISC ) 72|短佶消息服务(SHS )73. PCI 外围设备互连Ureal time operating system 实时操作系structured RA\I ・(T ) structured language is a14. [CPU has only one fundamental section: the control unit. ( F ) 15)Internet resources are stored on Wob servers ・(T ) 16. Windows 2000 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense ・(F ) 17•血 can view an operating system as a resource manager ・(T ) Windows 95 is the first Windows operating system in a real sense ・(T ) BWe can view an OS as a resource manager. (T ) 20•血 can view an operating system as a output hardware ・(T ) 21. 'AWW stands for World Wide Web. ( T ) devices of the computer ・(T ) H^k>th the user names and the passwords must be unique for E-mail accounts. ( F ) B>}uffering is an approach to improving system performance ・(T ) f fori ng is an approach to improving system performance ・(T ) pLU is one of the components of CPU. < T ) a A cache runs as fast as a RAM. ( F) An OS is the software which acts as an interface between a user and a computer ・ (T ) 34. I buffer* s capacity is low and price is high, and it runs as fast as a RAM. ( F ) 35. A CPU includes the ALL 1 and the controller ・(T ) HALL' is one of the components of CPU. (T ) 37.JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming language ・(T ) |8|A scanner belongs to the output device. < F )39. A U-disk belongs to the output device. ( T ) PROM is the abbreviation of portable read - onlymemory, ( F ) 41. 'Cl is a popular low-bandwidth bus. ( F) 42, l^inter is the input device of the computer ・(F) ■^icrosoll Windows 2000 i s an operating system of the computer ・(T ) 44. *CI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. ( F) 45, i^inter is the input device of the computer ・(F) 46. J (： I isabbreviat ionofperi phera 1 componen I interconnect ・(T )47. i^imary storage provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data ・ <T)48. Printer is the I/O device of the computer ・(T ) 49. The system clock sends out pulses regularly. ( T ) 50. PDA is one of the components of CPU. (F) 51. CI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. (F)52. FTP is a protocol of the computer network. ( T ) 53. ^OM is the abbreviation of portable read - only memory, (T )HB1TTP stands for High Transportation Port. ( F ) 55. Hard disks and floppies operate in different ways. ( F)H^iard disk provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data ・(F)37. 「ache ineniory is niuch faster than RAM. (T) 581HTML is used to write Web pages. ( T)59. ll 「TP is used to locate Internet resources ・(F )HV'DT stands for video display terminal.(T)61.System bus provides a path For moving databetween system nxxlules ・(F ) ■he single -sided DVD can store 6. 5GB of data. ( F )63. There 3 main categories of optical laser disks: CD-ROM, DVD and VCD. ( F )64. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of dala. ( F )65. The user name must be unique for E mail accounts ・(T ) 66. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. ( F ) 67. The Web browser is used to display the data stored on the Internet ・(T ) 68. rhe wide of the bus is also called the "word length*. ( T ) 69. rhe single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of data. ( F ) 70. Ihe CPU is the brain of a computer( T ) 71. fhe single-sided DVD can store 6. 5GB of data. ( F )72. fo format a floppy means that magnetic areas are created ・(T )73. Microsoft SQL server 2000 is an operating system of the computer ・(F )74. Microsoft Office 2003 is operating system software ・(F ) 75. -DOS refers to Microsoft Disk Operating System.( T ) operating system in a real sense. ( F ) 77. Microsoft Office 2003 is an operating system software ・(F ) of computer ・(F)80. DVD provides CPU with temporary storage progranwlata ・(F )81. JAVA is a structured programming language ・(F ) 82. JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming language ・(T ) H R OM is the abbreviation of read of memory, ( F ) 84•(卜 is the software which acts as an interface between a user and a computer. (T )85.1订卩 is not a protocol of the computer network. ( F )86. l ;TP is a protocol of the computer network. ( T ) Linux is an operating system. ( T ) |IRI. is used to locate Internet resources. 89. Ismail is a method of sending and receiving messages on the Internet. ( F ) (L is used to write Web pages. ( F ) buffer's capacity is low and priceis high, and it runs as fast as a RAH. ( F )(F ) 93. \ U-disk belongs to the output device, ( T ) ■both the user names and Ihe passwords must be unique for E-mail accounts ・(F ) 95. 「is nn Object-Orieniod programming language ・(F ) 96. l ;TP is not a protocol of the computer (F ) disk provides CPU with temporary Operating System. ( T )101. Primary storage provides CPU with temporary storage for programs and data ・ (T) 102. | The smallest unit of the memory is the magnetic cel 1・(T) 103. Magnetic cells use the "write" and "read" currents with same direction to store and retrieve data ・(F) 104. The most influential component of a computer system configuration is the memory. ( F ) 105・ Both ink-jet and laser printers are non-impact printers; they are based on the some principle ・(F)106・ Ink-jei printers have pins in their printingheads to form dots to produce printed results ・(F) 107.A plotter is the popular hardcopy output device commonly used in the educaiion sector ・ (F)108・ Word processors ease much of tedium associated typing,proofing ・ and numipulating words ・(T) 109. The real strength of a word processor is its ability to store, retrieve , and change data. (T) 110. | The implementation of the WWW is based on a standard client-server mode1・ (T) 111. | All Von Neumann type digital computers consist of the input/output unit, the arithmetic unit, networking unit, the control unit and the memory ・ (F)112・ A scanner belongs to the input/output device. (T)113・ A binary number needs more computer resource to acconunodate than a decimal number, (T)114. | The operat ions on decimal numbers are much easier and need much less time than in a binary system. (F) 115. HTML is so important to the WWW that it isrecognized every where on the WWW. (F)116 ・ The Web server is the on Iy component of the OW that is able to read the HTML. (F) 117. Generally speaking, most of E-mail systems do allow text formatting. (F) 11& Users have to attach word-formatted texts to their E-mail messages if they have to send word-formatied texts. (T)119・ Instnnt 巾noousness and high efficiency are major advantages of the Emil application ・ (T) 1J Computer software A. provides support for application software. 2. System utilities B refers to Microsoft Disk Operating System. 3. System software C is a set of computer programs ・ ■ Operating systems D. has been widely used in CAD programs ・5. MS-DOS E ・ are more suitable for users ・6. The Unix F ・ can be understood as systemtune-up programs ・7. The Linux G ・ are truly powerfulenterprise-level computing tools ・ ■ The Unix and Linux H. is the first Windows operating system in a real sense ・ 9. MS Windows I. has been adopted for nternet servers ・ 10. Windows 95 J ・ are preloaded onto computers by computer linkers ・11. The storage device A. sends out pulses rcgularly. 12. A CPU includes B. faster than a RAM. 13. The wide of the bus C ・ the ALU and the conirollet ・ 14・ The system clock D ・ is used to read and write data. 15. ROM E. belongs to the system configuration of a A buffer runs when it needs data 17. A CPU searches 6-D 13-J 19-D lightweight process ・|A collection thal stores objects of the same data type is referred to as ahomogeneous col lection. 3・|Avirus scanner is a program that is designed to check an entire computer system for known viruses or suspicious activity. ■A stackis a list of items that are accessible at only one end of the lisl ・ ■Elect ronic Business is the integration of IT “nd particularly the Internet into business processes to change organizations and create new ones ・6. Cache meniory is employed by computer designers to increase the computer system throughput - JThe operating system acts as themanager of system resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks ・ ■Hubs can be categorized as either CSM.A/CI) or lull-duplexrepeater$・ 9lFrequency division multiplexing (FDM) is the technical term applied to a network system that uses multiple carrier frequencies to allow independeni signals to travel through a medium ・10、ThnUnified Modeling Language(UML) is a graphical language for visualizing , specifying , constructing , and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system. 11. Data queryuses a set of commands to explore the database contents and allows the user to convert the raw data into useful information ・ 12. Another important object-oriented concept that relates to the class hierarchy is that common messages can be sent to the parent class objects and all derived subclass objects ・ In form<il terms, this is ca11ed polymorphism. 13. Anentityis an object , which can be uniquely distinguished from other objects ・ 14. |liemote teleworkers also have the option to have an ISDN line installed to their home or office , linking them to the corporate Intranet via a local internet service provider (ISP)・In predicate calculus , each predicateis given a name , which is followed by the list ofarguments ・ Virtual Functions utilize a table for addressinformation. 17. The MAC sublayer defines the Carrier SenseMultiple Access with Collision Detectionprotoco1 , which made Ethernet famous ・ 18」Pages are viewed with abrowser ・ An expert system' s knowledge is obtciined from expert sources and coded in a form suitable for the system to use in its inference or reasoning processes ・ 20jffindoirs managers manage the devices used to exchange information betweenapplications and users.2Methods are similar to the functions of procedure-ori ented prograinming ・The C++ class actually serves as a t 巴plate or pattern for creating objects ・ 22」Theprivatesection of a class limits the availability of data or methods to the class itself. 23.Flash memoryis intermediate between BPROM andEEPROM in bi th cost and functionality. programming allows a class to inherit propertiesfrom a class of objects ・ 25|*rhe Entity-Relationship model ( E-R model ) is based on a perception of a real world which consists of objects cal led entities and relationships among these objects ・ 26|Linux is operating system , which acts as a communication service between the hardware and thesoftware of a computer have been read and waiting to be run. to enter , correct , delete , and update data within the database tables ・ 29. The pattern of the oscillation is called a waveform . 30. Mooreobserved that the number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every year and 27. To reduce design complexity , most networks are organized as a series of layer( levels ) , each one built upon the one below it.31. correctly predicted that this pace w 史]d continue into the near future ・32. Threadis sometimes called lightweight process・ 33. \ col lection that stores objects of the samedata type is referred to as "蛇mogeneouscal leclion.34. Avirus scanner is a program that is designed to check an entire computer system foi- known viruses or suspicious activity ・ 35. A stackis a list of items that are accessible at only one end of the list. 36」Electronic Business is the integration of IT and particularly the Internet into business processes to change organizations and create new ones ・ 37. ：>che memory is employed by computer designers to increase the computer system throughput . 38jlhe operating system acts as th emanager of system resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks. 39. Hubs can be categorized as either CSMA/CD or full-duplexrepealers.22. You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. ( F ) 23. You can connect 120 devices to a computer by USB. (T ) HY OU can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. ( F ) HY OU can connect 127 devices to a computer by USB. ( T ) 26.You can connect 255 devices to a computer by USB. ( F ) 27.Keyboard and mouse are both the input78|MS-IM)$ is a Object-Oriented programming language ・(F )Windows 2000 is a hardware component (T ) A scanner belongs to the output device. network ・■Hard storage for programs and data・(F )98. HTML is used to write Web pages. ( T)99. ：4nux is an operating system ・(T )1OOMS-DOS refers to Microsoft DiskPC F. to G ・ sections of data when 18. A hard disk and extension of the RAM. 19. A RAM I. is able to keep the data stored in it when ihe power is gone ・ 20. The virtual memory J ・ is also called the lord length" 连线结果：1Y 2-F 3-A 4-J 5-B 7-1 8-G 9-E 10-H 11-E 14-A 15-1 16-B 17-F 20-H computer ・ the buffer first operate ・ exchangenecessary ・ a RAM H. is the12-C 18-C Inheritancein object-oriented system.hreadis sometimes cal led MS Office 2000 is the first Windows ata management uses a set of commands Spooling provides a pool of jobs which。
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Unit 1the total means available to a company for increasing production or profit,including money Jaborjnaterial,etc.(resource)资源，财力acting or producing effectively with a minimum of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort.(efficient) 生效的having an intended or expected effect.(effective)有效的to put into effect;carry out.(execute)实行；执行；处夕匕a series of steps taken to accomplish and end.(procedure) 程序，于•续；步骤the state, quality, or fact of being responsible.(responsibility) 责任，职责；义务given to or characterized by repetition.(repetitive) 巫复的suitable for a particular person, condition,occasion,or place.(appropriate)适当白勺i片用; 拨出happening, exising or done at the same time.(simultaneous)同时的;联立的；同时发生的同时译员to give or apply(one9s time, attention, or self) entirely to a particular activity.(devote)致力于；奉献unit 2an amount expended or an expense.(expendiUire)支Hh 花费：经费，消费额a written note intended as an explanation, an illustration 、or acritism of a passage in a book or other writing; an annotation.(comment)评论；意见；批评为…作评语a deficiency in amount; an insufficiency.(shortage)不足；缺乏，缺少present and ready for use; at hand;accessible.(available)可利用的空闲的a portion,piece, or segment that is representative of a whole.(sample)样本，尝试basic or indispensable;necessary.(essential)j lZ^fKj, 基本"勺the ability of a functional unit to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time.(reliability)可靠，性the act or process of emerging.(emergence) L LJ IJtto come near or nearer, as in space or time.(approach)接近to speak, plead, or agrue in favor of .(advocate)提彳吕，主弓Kunit 3knowledge of a specific event or situation; intelligence・(info「mation)信息，资料a detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all costs; an itemized bill.(invoice)发票，货物the c ircumstances or conditions that surround one;surroundings.(environment”不境，夕卜界a bank employee who receive and pay out money.(teller)计票员equality of totals in the debit ang credit sides of an account.(balance)^®!something made up of a number of parts that are held or put together in a particular way.(structure) 构造，建筑物a procedure for solving a proble that invoIves collection of data, processing, and presentation of results.(program)®.序，计划the sen ding of a signal, picture, or other information from a transmitte 匸(Wan smission)传送, 传播to divide ( a disk)into marked sectors so that it may store data.(format)版式，格式the cimount of computer memory needed to store one character of a specified size, usually 8 bits for a microcomputer and 16 b让s for a larger computer(byte) 字节unit 4something foretold or predicted; a prophecy.(prediction)预言to examine and judge carefully;app「aise.(evaluate)评彳介，彳占价an authoritative direction to be obeyed order・(instmction)扌旨令，命令the programs, routines, and symbolic languages that control the functioning of the hardware and direct its operation.(software)软件a computer and the associated physical equipment directly involved in the performance of date-processing or communications functions.(ha「dwa「e)i|•算「机硬竹：a distinguishing factor , attribute , or characteristic.(distinction)并另叽牛$性to set down for preservation in writing or other permanent form.(record) iBSc记录a collection of related data or program records .(file)文彳牛，档案fundamentally distinet or different in kind; entirely dissimilar(disparate)全屏的, 不同的a program that translates another program written in a high-level language into machine language so that it can be executed.(compiler)汇编者unit 61.a group of interacting，interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole.(system)系统，方法2.a constituent element, as of a system.(comp on ent)元竹：3.a talent or ability that has potential for development or use.(capability)性能，容量4.the act of putting into practical effect.(implementation)安装启丿IJ, 实现5.inherently present.(re$idenf)定居6.a commission or an instruction to buy 5sell, or supply something.(order)定单•7.the act of putting something to a special use or purpose.(application)应用程序8.a place in which goods or merchandise are stored.(warehouse)仓库9.the act or an instance of issuing something for publication, use or distribution.(release)释放，10.forming or having the nature of a turing point; crucial or decisive.(critical)J比评的unit 111.a structure, such as a building, framework, or model.(construction)建筑物2.a structure that gives shapes or support.(frame)fi?®, 结*勾anized as or forming an institution.(institutional)制度的4.to perceieve as being different or distinc匸(distinguish)辨另U, 区别5.to state the precise meaning of (a word or sense of word, for example).(define)泄义，规沱6.to form a circle or ring around; surround.(encompass)环绕，包伟I7.capable of being but not yet in existenee; latent.(potential)潜能，潜在的8.a state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons ,ideas, or interests; aclash.(conflict)冲突，争执9.to calculate approximately(the amount, extent,magnitude,position, or value of something).(estimate)^计, 佔10.to moderate(a quality or condition) in force or intensity; alleviate.(mitigate)使缓和unit 12the act of transacting or the fact of being transacted.(transaction)X 易，事务，办理something that indicates a border or limit.(boundary上〉界线，彳也|韦I encouragement of the progress, growth, or acceptance of something.(promotion)促进，提升a properly executed and legally binding compact.(agreement)协议，同意，一致having success; flourishing.(prosperous)繁荣的，兴旺的。