2014年北京科技大学211翻硕英语考研真题
2014考研英语真题及答案解析(详细)
2014考研真题及答案解析Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。
2014年北京科技大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书
四、将下列段落译为英语（25 分）
今年是中国发展进程中不平凡的一年。中国新一届中央领导集体提出实现中华 民族伟大复兴的中国梦，带领 13 亿中国人民朝着实现“两个一百年”的奋斗 目标迈进。这就是，到 2020 年全面建成小康社会，到本世纪中叶建成社会主 义现代化国家。走过五千载岁月沧桑，历经一百年兴衰沉浮，当代中国站到了 新的历史起点上。
Since then officials have claimed some success in reducing the frequency of these lung-clogging calamities. But other problems have grown. Beijingers fed up with traffic gridl
二、将下列段落译为汉语（25 分）
In 1992, Deng underscored the need to follow through on t he “modernisation” course that he initiated in the 1980s
and he emphasised the need for the economy to strengthen investment and become far more export-oriented. These poli cies, pursued by Deng’s successors, spurred extraordinary o verall economic growth including the emergence from poverty into the mainstream of hundreds of millions of Chinese.
14北科211翻硕英语考研真题
2021 年北京科技大学 211 翻硕英语考研真题I.Vocabulary and Structure ( 30 points, 1 point each, 60 minutes)Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, orD.1.It was nearly always organized by the government, although some club members acted their own initiative.2.by B.on C.with D.in3.4.saving B.to save C.saved D.save5.Modern bodies are especially to cancer, because technology produces waste that inhibits their proper functioning.6.relevant B.invulnerable C.prone D.attractive7.Some of his plans were impractical and good for his work, but he never wavered in what he considered just.8.too much B.much too C.so much D.much so9.Supporters praised the action as a speedy and judicious solution, but critics condemned it as and unfairly influenced by recent events.10. A.delayedB.indisposedC.hastyD.imperious11.It is odd that a person’s worth is measured by his wealth, instead people’s character should be measured by their value to society.12.wh ile B.so C.because D.when13.Du ring the 17th century many artists became involved in color theory andpainting for enlightenment.14.looked up to B.looked out C.lookedon D.looked to15.No government can meet thedemand for ever more sophisticated medical technology by an aging population.16.intransigent B.insatiable C.ingenious D.inglorious17.It is difficult to distinguish between the things that celebrities do and those that are carefully contrived for effect.18.reluctantly B.publicly C.spontaneously D.prolifically19.The monkeys in the zoo are a group, because primates are inevitably and build their lives around each other.20.social B.independent C.stable D.curious21.When economy, language, culture and history interact, people begin to view them as subjects rather than isolated ones.22.idiosyncratic B.integral C.synchronized D.synthesized23.24.give out B.give away C.give of D.give off25.Even though formidable winters are the norm in this region, people wereunprepared for the of the blizzard that year.dness B.ferocity C.inevitability D.probability27.28.prolific B.prominent C.promising D.marginalized29.All are in the stages, until architectural historians survey each house to determine which have historic value.30.preliminary B.primary C.prevalent D.predicative31.He has unusual insight and imagination, which has made him succeed innew and fundamental principles well in advance of their general recognition.32.coordinating B.discerning C.acknowledging D.dispelling33.The storyline of the novel was extremely involved and included many lesser characters to the central events.34.consequential B.peripheral C.indispensable D.permeating35.Once I finally finding a definition, I see that it was never any such thing.36.get across to B.get away with C.get round to D.get in with37.Despite the fact that the life span of animals is conveniently divided into separate stages, those periods are not truly .38.distinct B.continuous C.reflexive D.codependent39.In spite of among scientists, and years of contentious discussion, the claim that earthquake can be predicted with great precision prevails.40.reception B.popularity C.skepticism D.antipathy41.No dictionary can really capture something as fleeting and as slang.42.equivocal B.equitable C.equable D.ephemeral43.They bought up pieces of old furniture and passed them as valuable antiques.44.out B.by C.away D.off45.46.in B.under C.to D.with47.48.infinity B.conformity C.affinity D.fluidity49.It is no accident that most people find his book disturbing, for it is calculated to undermine a number of beliefs they have long .50.cherished B.denied C.anticipated D.misunderstood51.Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry, even now only a few independent observers his works.A.52.The exhibition, though small in scale, succeeded in its members with a firm sense of self-worth and purpose.53.endowing B.imbuing dening D.providing54.We were all impressed by the style of his books which is strongly of Virginia Woolf’s novels.55.reminiscent B.symptomatic C.indicative D.imitative56.Historian can “Augustan peace” only by failing to recognize that this peace in many respects resemble that of death.57.demand B.ridicule C.applaud D.disapprove58.II.described B.acknowledged C.overlooked D.authenticatedIII.Section IDirections: In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions.Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet. Passage OneMuch of this eavesdropping has long been surmised, and none of it is necessarily illegal.America gives wide powers to its law-enforcement and spy agencies.They are overseen by Congress and courts, which issue orders to internet firms.Afghanistan and Iraq.And the public seems happy: if there were another attack on America, Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten.Yet because the spies choose what to reveal about their work, nobody can judge if the cost and intrusion are proportionate to the threat.One concern is the size, scope and cost of the security bureaucracy: some 1.4 million people have “top secret”clearances of the kind held by Mr Snowden.Is that sensible?A second worry is the effect on America’s ties with other countries.The administration’s immediate response to the PRISM revelation was that Americans have nothing to fear: it touched only foreigners.That adds insult to injury in countries that count themselves as close American allies: the European Union, in particular, fastidiously protects its citizens’ data.Fears abound that the spy agencies practice a cynical swap, in which each respects the letter of the law protecting the rights of its own people—but lets its allies do the snooping instead.Lawyerly officials denials of such machinations fail to reassure because of the third worry: the governments acting outside public scrutiny are not to betrusted.James Clapper, America’s director of national intelligence, told Congress in March that the NSA does not gather data on “millions of Americans”.He now says he answered in “the least untruthful manner” possible.Trawls through big databases may produce interesting clues—but also life-ruining false alarms, especially when the resulting decisions are cloaked in secrecy.Those on “no-fly lists”, which ban an unknown number of people from most air travel, are not told what they have done wrong and cannot clear their names.In desperation, 13 American citizens, including some who were exiled from their own country by the travel ban, are suing the government.Our point is not that America’s spies are doing the wrong things, but that the level of public scrutiny is inadequate and so is the right of redress.Without these, officials will be tempted to abuse their powers, because the price of doing so is small.This is particularly true for those who bug and ban.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements about vigilance is true?A.President Obama describes the spying as a defense of security.B.Americans differ in their attitude towards the government’s vigilance.C.The administration and Congress feel ashamed of the spying.D.America’s law-enforcement and spy agencies are not entitled to spy.2.The sentence in paragraph two “if there were another attack on America, Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten” probably means .A.Americans need divert their attention from the spying event.B.Vigilance would be accepted by the public if America was faced with danger.C.Mr Snowden’s revelation of PRISM would be forgotten sooner or later.3.Americans have the following concerns regarding vigilance EXCEPT .A.Spy agents leave Americans little privacy and less security.B.Spying will dama ge America’s relation with other countries.C.It is not sensible to devote much money and energy to vigilance.D.There lacks effective scrutiny of the government’s surveillance.4.The case that some citizens are banned from air travel in paragraph 7 is presented to illustrate .A.the efficiency of spyingB.the absurdity of the banC.the inadequacy of the spying systemD.the interesting findings of spying5.What is the author’s stance on vigilance by the government?A.Vigilance does more harm than good to American citizens.B.Protection of society is merely an excuse for illegal vigilance.C.The legitimacy of vigilance is still open to discussion.D.Vigilance is necessary but should be better scrutinized by the public.Passage TwoToo many of the findings that fill the academic ether are the result of shoddy experiments or poor analysis.A rule of thumb among biotechnologyEven when flawed research does not put people’s lives at risks—and much of it is too far from the market to do so—it squanders money and the efforts of some of the world’s best minds.The opportunity costs of stymied progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast.And they could be rising.every academic post.Nowadays verification does little to advance a researcher’s career.And without verification, dubious findings live on to mislead.Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results.In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates:in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts.The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page.Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results “based on a gut feeling”.And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise.Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted.“Negative results” now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990.Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true.The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists.The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up to be, either.Whena prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested.All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the truth about the world.What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be forall disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards.Ideally, research protocols should be registered in advance and monitored in virtual notebooks.This would curb the temptation to fiddle with the experiment’s design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are.Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test.6.Which issue about science is mainly addressed in the passage?A.Science calls for more verification.B.Flawed science research does harm to humanity.C.D.An objective evaluation of science is necessary.7.Which of the following statements can best explain the major issue in science?A.Scientific research is too flawed to be turned into productivity.B.Scientists are unwilling to get papers published for promotion.C.D.Peer review mechanism is not fully implemented.8.“cherry-picking of results” in paragraph five refers to .A.overstating the results to get papers publishedB.keeping only positive results to get paper publishedC.selecting only papers with the most favorable resultsD.safeguarding the high quality of experiment results9.According to the passage, negative results in scientific experiments should be.A.B.published to avoid unnecessary waste of money and effortC.D.adapted to incorporate with a new hypothesis10.The passage suggests the following solutions to the issue in science EXCEPT.A.implementing higher standards in scientific experimentB.carrying out larger scale of inspection and test of trial dataC.allocating more funding for the verification of science resultsD.speeding up the application of science results to the marketSection IIDirections: Read the following two passages and answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow the passages.Write your answers in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Passage ThreeThe American dream has taken hit after hit the past half-decade.It just suffered another blow, based on a new poll.Yet young people seem determined to turn things around, giving us all cautious cause for optimism.When writer James Truslow Adams coined the phrase in 1931 he called the American dream “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” So it was all about opportunity, which largely has disappeared amid a poor job market, heavy debts, and wages that have stalled for 25 years.All this pessimism would be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buying it.More than half of teens in the poll say it’s better to be a kid today, and nearly half say that when they are their parents’ age they will have more opportunity—not less.Maybe that’s because young people learned a lot during the Great Depression.They saw their parents get socked.But with no real assets at risk themselves they came through it unscathed, financially speaking, and yet took the lessons to heart and are more conscious about spending and debt than Mom and Dad have been.11.What is the passage mainly about?12.What specific aspects about American dream are discussed in the passage?13.How do you interpret the first sentence in p aragraph eight: “All the pessimism would be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buying it.”?14.What is the author’s attitude towards the issue being discussed?15.Could you give a title to the passage?Passage FourIt’s an exciting notion that one’s very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages.In obvious ways (exposure to new friends, literature and so forth) the self-reality is broadened.Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language.A former colleague, for example, reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English.So what is going on here?Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers.Often called “Whorfinanism”, this idea has its skeptics.But there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language.Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual.Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school.So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language.For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap (answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer) than when tested in their native language.In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking.No wonder people feel different when speaking them.And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.Many bilinguals are not bicultural.But some are.And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages.Experiments in psychology have shown the power of “priming”—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways.Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood.The choice between two languages is a huge prime.Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home.Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.So there are two very good reasons that make people feel different speaking their different languages.We are still left with a third kind of argument, though.People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages’ inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers.A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision.Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical.We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes andself-stereotypes: French, rigorous; German, logical; English, playful.Of course.Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected, encoding lots of information in verbs.It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more likely to interrupt each other.Welsh, for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek, but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists.16.Which statement or notion is under discussion in this passage?17.18.According to the passage, why do people feel different when they speak different languages?19.Why are Greeks likely to interrupt in conversation according to some scholar?20.Does the author agree on the causation from language to personality? How does he argue for or against it?IV.Writing ( 30 points, 60 minutes)。
2016年北京科技大学翻译硕士考研历年真题,考研参考书,重难点笔记,学姐经验
育明教育孙老师、夏老师为大家整理了全国各高校翻译硕士历年考研真题及解析，最全、最完整版，来育明，赠送真题、免费答疑北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：211试题名称：翻译硕士英语（共12页）适用专业：翻译说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================I.Vocabulary and Structure(30points,1point each,60minutes)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C,or D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Write your answers on the answer sheet.1.It was nearly always organized by the government,although some club members acted_______their own initiative.A.byB.onC.withD.in2.He redesigned the process,thereby________the company thousands of dollars.A.savingB.to saveC.savedD.save3.Modern bodies are especially______to cancer,because technology produces waste thatinhibits their proper functioning.A.relevantB.invulnerableC.proneD.attractive4.Some of his plans were impractical and________good for his work,but he never wavered inwhat he considered just.A.too muchB.much tooC.so muchD.much so5.Supporters praised the action as a speedy and judicious solution,but critics condemned it as______and unfairly influenced by recent events.A.delayedB.indisposedC.hastyD.imperious6.It is odd that a person’s worth is measured by his wealth,______instead people’s charactershould be measured by their value to society.A.whileB.soC.becauseD.when7.During the17th century many artists became involved in color theory and______painting forenlightenment.A.looked up toB.looked outC.looked onD.looked to8.No government can meet the_______demand for ever more sophisticated medical technologyby an aging population.A.intransigentB.insatiableC.ingeniousD.inglorious9.It is difficult to distinguish between the things that celebrities do______and those that arecarefully contrived for effect.A.reluctantlyB.publiclyC.spontaneouslyD.prolifically10.The monkeys in the zoo are a group,because primates are inevitably______and build theirlives around each other.A.socialB.independentC.stableD.curious11.When economy,language,culture and history interact,people begin to view them as_______subjects rather than isolated ones.A.idiosyncraticB.integralC.synchronizedD.synthesized12.Retired people are often willing to_______their time to help with community project.A.give outB.give awayC.give ofD.give off13.Even though formidable winters are the norm in this region,people were unprepared for the_______of the blizzard that year.dnessB.ferocityC.inevitabilityD.probability14.The committee provides funding to_______artists like those of women and of color,in thehopes of rectifying a historical inequality.A.prolificB.prominentC.promisingD.marginalized15.All are in the_____stages,until architectural historians survey each house to determine whichhave historic value.A.preliminaryB.primaryC.prevalentD.predicative16.He has unusual insight and imagination,which has made him succeed in______new andfundamental principles well in advance of their general recognition.A.coordinatingB.discerningC.acknowledgingD.dispelling17.The storyline of the novel was extremely involved and included many lesser characters_______to the central events.A.consequentialB.peripheralC.indispensableD.permeating18.Once I finally_______finding a definition,I see that it was never any such thing.A.get across toB.get away withC.get round toD.get in with19.Despite the fact that the life span of animals is conveniently divided into separate stages,thoseperiods are not truly_______.A.distinctB.continuousC.reflexiveD.codependent20.In spite of_______among scientists,and years of contentious discussion,the claim thatearthquake can be predicted with great precision prevails.A.receptionB.popularityC.skepticismD.antipathy21.No dictionary can really capture something as fleeting and______as slang.A.equivocalB.equitableC.equableD.ephemeral22.They bought up pieces of old furniture and passed them______as valuable antiques.A.outB.byC.awayD.off23.That reason was unique human has come_____increasingly skeptical scrutiny:moreresearchers at least entertain the notion that some animals can think.A.inB.underC.toD.with24.Sam was a complete country man,with a pronounced______with nature in all its forms.A.infinityB.conformityC.affinityD.fluidity25.It is no accident that most people find his book disturbing,for it is calculated to undermine anumber of beliefs they have long_______.A.cherishedB.deniedC.anticipatedD.misunderstood26.Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry,even nowonly a few independent observers_______his works.A.neglectB.criticizementD.praise27.The exhibition,though small in scale,succeeded in_______its members with a firm sense ofself-worth and purpose.A.endowingB.imbuingdeningD.providing28.We were all impressed by the style of his books which is strongly________of Virginia Woolf’snovels.A.reminiscentB.symptomaticC.indicativeD.imitative29.Historian can_______“Augustan peace”only by failing to recognize that this peace in manyrespects resemble that of death.A.demandB.ridiculeC.applaudD.disapprove30.Everything becomes collectable in time,particularly when its history and date of manufacturecan be________.A.describedB.acknowledgedC.overlookedD.authenticatedII.Reading Comprehension(40points,2points each,60minutes)Section IDirections:In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneConstant vigilance:that is the task of the people who protect society from enemies intent on using subterfuge and violence to get their way.It is also the watch word of those who fear that the protectors will pursue the collective interest at untold cost to individual rights.Edward Snowden,a young security contractor,has come down on one side of that tussle by leaking documents showing that the National Security Agency(NSA)spied on millions of Americans’phone records on the internet activity of hundreds of millions of foreigners.The documents,published by the Guardian and the Washington Post,include two big secrets. One is a court order telling Verizon,a telecoms company,to hand over“metadata”,such as the duration,direction and location of subscribers’calls.The other gives some clues about a programme called PRISM,which collects e-mails,files and social-networking data from firms such as Google,Apple and Facebook.Much of this eavesdropping has long been surmised,and none of it is necessarily illegal.America gives wide powers to its law-enforcement and spy agencies.They are overseen by Congress and courts,which issue orders to internet firms.Barack Obama has responded to the leaks by saying that he“welcomes”a debate on the trade-off between privacy,security and convenience.Despite the president’s words,however,the administration and much of Congress seem unwilling to talk about the programmes they oversee; and the politicians and executives who do want to speak out are gagged by secrecy laws.Opinion polls show that Americans are divided about the merits of surveillance—which is partly because they know so little about what is going on.But spying in a democracy depends for its legitimacy on informed consent,not blind trust.You might argue that the spies are doing only what is necessary.Al-Qaeda’s assaults on September11th2001demonstrated to politicians everywhere that their first duty is to ensure their own citizens’safety.With Islamist bombers,there is a good case for using electronic surveillance: they come from a population that is still hard for Western security services to penetrate,and they make wide use of mobile phones and the internet.The NSA’s boss,Keith Alexander,says the ploys revealed by Mr Snowden have stopped dozens of plots.The burden on society of sweeping up information about them has been modest compared with the wars launched against Afghanistan and Iraq.And the public seems happy:if there were another attack on America,Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten.Yet because the spies choose what to reveal about their work,nobody can judge if the cost and intrusion are proportionate to the threat.One concern is the size,scope and cost of the security bureaucracy:some1.4million people have“top secret”clearances of the kind held by Mr Snowden. Is that sensible?A second worry is the effect on America’s ties with other countries.The administration’s immediate response to the PRISM revelation was that Americans have nothing to fear:it touched only foreigners.That adds insult to injury in countries that count themselves as close American allies:the European Union,in particular,fastidiously protects its citizens’data.Fears abound that the spy agencies practice a cynical swap,in which each respects the letter of the law protecting the rights of its own people—but lets its allies do the snooping instead.Lawyerly officials denials of such machinations fail to reassure because of the third worry:the governments acting outside public scrutiny are not to be trusted.James Clapper,America’s director of national intelligence,told Congress in March that the NSA does not gather data on“millions of Americans”.He now says he answered in“the least untruthful manner”possible.Trawls through big databases may produce interesting clues—but also life-ruining false alarms,especially when the resulting decisions are cloaked in secrecy.Those on“no-fly lists”,which ban an unknown number of people from most air travel,are not told what they have done wrong and cannot clear their names. In desperation,13American citizens,including some who were exiled from their own country by the travel ban,are suing the government.Our point is not that America’s spies are doing the wrong things,but that the level of public scrutiny is inadequate and so is the right of redress.Without these,officials will be tempted to abuse their powers,because the price of doing so is small.This is particularly true for those who bug and ban.Spooks do need secrecy,but not on everything,always and everywhere.Officials will complain that disclosure would hinder their efforts in what is already an unfair fight.Yet some operational efficiency is worth sacrificing,because public scrutiny is a condition for popular backing.Even allowing for the need to keep some things clandestine,Americans need a clearer idea of what their spies are doing in their name.1.According to the passage,which of the following statements about vigilance is true?A.President Obama describes the spying as a defense of security.B.Americans differ in their attitude towards the government’s vigilance.C.The administration and Congress feel ashamed of the spying.D.America’s law-enforcement and spy agencies are not entitled to spy.2.The sentence in paragraph two“if there were another attack on America,Mr Snowden wouldsoon be forgotten”probably means________.A.Americans need divert their attention from the spying event.B.Mr Snowden matters little compared to America’s potential enemies.C.Vigilance would be accepted by the public if America was faced with danger.D.Mr Snowden’s revelation of PRISM would be forgotten sooner or later.3.Americans have the following concerns regarding vigilance EXCEPT_____.A.Spy agents leave Americans little privacy and less security.B.Spying will damage America’s relation with other countries.C.It is not sensible to devote much money and energy to vigilance.D.There lacks effective scrutiny of the government’s surveillance.4.The case that some citizens are banned from air travel in paragraph7is presented to illustrate________.A.the efficiency of spyingB.the absurdity of the banC.the inadequacy of the spying systemD.the interesting findings of spying5.What is the author’s stance on vigilance by the government?A.Vigilance does more harm than good to American citizens.B.Protection of society is merely an excuse for illegal vigilance.C.The legitimacy of vigilance is still open to discussion.Vigilance is necessary but should be better scrutinized by the public.翻译硕士词汇辨析5award,rewardaward,reward的用法award v.指正式地或官方地颁发，授予，给予；也可以指法庭裁决给予。
211翻译硕士英语答案14
河南科技大学2014年硕士研究生入学考试试题答案及评分标准考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语Part Ⅰ Multiple Choice (20%)For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, or D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1.C2.A3.D4.D5.B6.B7.B8.D9.D 10.B11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.D 19.D 20.CPart Ⅱ Blank-filling (10%)Put a word in each blank that is appropriate for the context.1. until2. restricted3. contrast4. rather5. domestic6. while7. areas8. question9. right 10. wellPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40%)Read the following passages and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C, or D.1.B2.D3.C4.A5.D6.B7.A8.B9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.DRead the following passage and answer the questions briefly.16. The definition of worry is relevant to the author’s argument because it places in context the need for hobbies and other interests.17. The author describes as unfortunate those people who can command everything they want because what they really need to balance their lives are not hobbies, other pleasures or excitement, but discipline.18. The essential difference between the two classes of human beings defined by the author is that for one group, the smaller group, work and pleasure are the same thing.19. It is particularly important for people whose work is their pleasure to cultivate a hobby because they need an alternative outlook or a change of atmosphere so that they can banish their work from their minds for a short while. 20. While a hobby or a new form of interest is important, it is not something that can be chosen quickly. Indeed the growth of a hobby is a long-term business. It must be chosen well and nurtured. The author maintains that, to be really happy, you should have two or three hobbies and that you must like what you do. It is no good taking up a hobby late in life as it can cause aggravation. He stresses that different kinds of people need completely different kinds of hobbies.Part ⅨWriting (30%)Is Filial Piety Legislation Suitable?It is reported that China is considering making a law that requires the adult children to visit their aged parents regularly in order to make the elderly parents feel warm at heart and promote the traditional Chinese virtue of filial piety. In my opinion, to formulate such a law is neither suitable nor effective.In the first place, “filial piety” is a moral obligation which can not be enforced by law. Whether the adult children should be filial to the parents or not can only be discussed in the moral dimension, not the legal one. To legislate morality is not a good method to solve the widespread “empty nest elderly” problem in China. We should encourage citizens to visit their aged parents as frequently as possible, not through legal enforcement.In the second place, we will encounter many difficulties or dilemmas in the process of formulating such a law. It is hard to define “visit their aged parents regularly.” How regularly is regularly? Once a week, a month, a quarter or a year? And it is also difficult to define “aged parents” accurately. It is obvious that if the law-makers define them too broadly and casually, the law will result in ineffectiveness because the unfilial children will probably take advantage of a legal loophole.In the third place, the law-makers should consider the reality that many adult children have little opportunity to visittheir parents due to all-consuming jobs and few days off. To be filial to the parents is the traditional Chinese virtue which is still advocated and fulfilled by most Chinese people, especially the financially disadvantaged migrant workers, who are most willing to visit their parents frequently, but can not afford the time and money. It is unwise and unreasonable to force the adult children to visit their parents regularly at the cost of losing their jobs, which will only lead to the deterioration of the lives of both the parents and their children.Admittedly, the growing number of elderly people in China is really a big headache for the government. We should make efforts to find a good way to solve the problem. However, to formulate such a legal rule is not a good solution. Such enforced visits would be not only pointless but down-right uncomfortable for both parties.评分标准Part Ⅰ Multiple Choice (20%)共20题，共20分，每题1分。
2016年北京科技大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研历年真题,重难点笔记
育明教育孙老师、夏老师为大家整理了全国各高校翻译硕士历年考研真题及解析，最全、最完整版，来育明，赠送真题、免费答疑北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：357试题名称：英语翻译基础（共3页）适用专业：翻译说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================一、英汉互译短语翻译（30分）IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency)GNP(Gross National Product)Gini coefficientcarbon taxresource recyclingquantitative easinggenetically modified foodurbanization ratio核心竞争力资源配置绿色增长可燃冰社交网络雾霾碳交易二、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）In1992,Deng underscored the need to follow through on the“modernisation”course that heinitiated in the1980s and he emphasised the need for the economy to strengthen investment and become far more export-oriented.These policies,pursued by Deng’s successors,spurred extraordinary overall economic growth including the emergence from poverty into the mainstream of hundreds of millions of Chinese.Now,however,Xi and Li accept that the era of double-digit annual GDP growth has ended.They are building Communist Party support—and this is why the forthcoming plenary session is important—for rapid action on an economic agenda that they hope can deliver sustained annual growth of between7and7.5per cent.三、将下列短文译为汉语（35分）Seven years ago Beijing’s government set a target of making the city a“liveable”one by2020, with“fresh air and a beautiful environment”.Few praise its plaints abound about its congestion,pollution,desperate shortage of water and hugely expensive housing.Even in the state-controlled media,suggestions are sometimes made that it is time to build a new capital. Beijing has been China’s capital for most of the past600years.Since the Communist victory in 1949,the Chinese have been taught to revere the city as an embodiment of China’s power,the party’s might and their country’s glorious history.To propose a move strikes many as heretical.In recent years,however,some have broken ranks.In2000even China’s then Prime Minister,Zhu Rongji,joined the sceptics.The capital,he declared,might have to move if measures to curb its sandstorms failed.Since then officials have claimed some success in reducing the frequency of these lung-clogging calamities.But other problems have grown.Beijingers fed up with traffic gridlock sometimes pronounce the word“shoudu”,meaning capital,in a different tone so that it sounds like“the most congested”.For much of the year a grey blanket of pollutants shrouds the city.The rate of birth defects has doubled over the past decade.The environment is thought to be a contributory factor. Several scholars have suggested,in newspapers as well as online,that these and other problems would best be solved by relocating the central government.Beijing’s bureaucrats are unlikely to be persuaded.Their privileges,common to all those registered as Beijing citizens(ie,not migrants from other provinces),include readier access thanmost other Chinese have to some of the country’s best educational and medical facilities.Some local officials in places favoured by scholars as potential capital sites have been proclaiming their merits.But given the allure of Beijing’s amenities,it is little wonder that the central authorities keep quiet.四、将下列段落译为英语（25分）今年是中国发展进程中不平凡的一年。
2014年北京科技大学213翻译硕士英语考研真题
/北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 213 试题名称：翻译硕士日语（共 10 页）适用专业：翻译说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================一、次の日本語の外来語を中国語に、中国語を日本語に訳しなさい。
（1×10＝10点）例レーダー（雷达）领导人（リーダー）1センター（）2アクセサリー（）3スポーツ（）4クリーニング（）5パソコン（） 6礼仪（）7队伍（） 8大楼（）9规则（） 10印象（）二、次の下線部の平仮名の漢字を括弧の中に書き、そして訳しなさい。
（1×10＝10点）例家にかえる。
（帰）11電車はもう横浜駅にとうちゃくしました。
（）（）12友達とれんらくします。
（）（）13私はもとより行くきはない。
（）（）14新鮮な野菜はえいようがある。
（）（）15べんきょうがむずかしい。
（）（）16親にたのんでみます。
（）（）17この部屋はレモンのかおりがする。
（）（）18さいきんはうんどうしていません。
（）（）19私はげんきな人が好きです。
（）（）20明日のゆうがた、名古屋に行きます。
（）（）三、＿＿＿のところに何を入れるか。
A～Dから最も適切なものを一つ選びなさい。
（1×30＝30点）21 この子はいつも外であそび＿＿＿。
Aたがります Bたいです Cやすいです Dましょう22 先生にお子さんの写真を見せて＿＿＿。
2016年北京科技大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研历年真题,考研参考书,重难点笔记,考研大纲
育明教育孙老师、夏老师为大家整理了全国各高校翻译硕士历年考研真题及解析，最全、最完整版，来育明，赠送真题、免费答疑北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：357试题名称：英语翻译基础（共3页）适用专业：翻译说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================一、英汉互译短语翻译（30分）IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency)GNP(Gross National Product)Gini coefficientcarbon taxresource recyclingquantitative easinggenetically modified foodurbanization ratio核心竞争力资源配置绿色增长可燃冰社交网络雾霾碳交易二、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）In1992,Deng underscored the need to follow through on the“modernisation”course that heinitiated in the1980s and he emphasised the need for the economy to strengthen investment and become far more export-oriented.These policies,pursued by Deng’s successors,spurred extraordinary overall economic growth including the emergence from poverty into the mainstream of hundreds of millions of Chinese.Now,however,Xi and Li accept that the era of double-digit annual GDP growth has ended.They are building Communist Party support—and this is why the forthcoming plenary session is important—for rapid action on an economic agenda that they hope can deliver sustained annual growth of between7and7.5per cent.三、将下列短文译为汉语（35分）Seven years ago Beijing’s government set a target of making the city a“liveable”one by2020, with“fresh air and a beautiful environment”.Few praise its plaints abound about its congestion,pollution,desperate shortage of water and hugely expensive housing.Even in the state-controlled media,suggestions are sometimes made that it is time to build a new capital. Beijing has been China’s capital for most of the past600years.Since the Communist victory in 1949,the Chinese have been taught to revere the city as an embodiment of China’s power,the party’s might and their country’s glorious history.To propose a move strikes many as heretical.In recent years,however,some have broken ranks.In2000even China’s then Prime Minister,Zhu Rongji,joined the sceptics.The capital,he declared,might have to move if measures to curb its sandstorms failed.Since then officials have claimed some success in reducing the frequency of these lung-clogging calamities.But other problems have grown.Beijingers fed up with traffic gridlock sometimes pronounce the word“shoudu”,meaning capital,in a different tone so that it sounds like“the most congested”.For much of the year a grey blanket of pollutants shrouds the city.The rate of birth defects has doubled over the past decade.The environment is thought to be a contributory factor. Several scholars have suggested,in newspapers as well as online,that these and other problems would best be solved by relocating the central government.Beijing’s bureaucrats are unlikely to be persuaded.Their privileges,common to all those registered as Beijing citizens(ie,not migrants from other provinces),include readier access thanmost other Chinese have to some of the country’s best educational and medical facilities.Some local officials in places favoured by scholars as potential capital sites have been proclaiming their merits.But given the allure of Beijing’s amenities,it is little wonder that the central authorities keep quiet.四、将下列段落译为英语（25分）今年是中国发展进程中不平凡的一年。
2014年北京科技大学硕士研究生入学考试初试专业课240单独考试英语试题
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题北京科技大学本校各专业考研资料北科考研就找老大哥QQ 931679601 店铺 老大哥整理发布============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 240 试题名称：单独考试英语（共10页）适用专业：单独考试各专业说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=========================================================================================================== Part I: Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. If you your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want.A. lessenB. moderateC. dismissD. overcome2.The professor's argument was reasonable, but the audience did not agree with his conclusion.A. suspiciouslyB. seeminglyC. criticallyD. theoretically3. I suppose I'll have to look for a job；I'll either have to find a rich wife or starve. A．otherwise B. that's why C. else D. on the other hand4.Many photographers prefer to take pictures when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun.A．at twilight B. at noon C. in the morning D. in the fall5. The finance question must be answered with in order to relieve the investors' fears of fraud.A．accuracy B. exactness C. precision D. correction6. The survival of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.A．ratio B. proportion C. rate D. scale7. So far as he could，John had always tried to the example he saw in Lincoln.A．live up to B. set forth C. call for D. cut out8. The students gradually a knowledge of the subject.A．acquired B. attained C. achieved D. obtained9. He didn't openly attack the plan, but his opposition was in his failure to say anything in support of it.A. explicitB. implicitC. decisiveD. obvious10. The newly-built bridge that the river is convenient to the people living in this area. A．traverses B. spans C. protects D. overlooksSection BDirections: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word.11. She didn't openly attack the plan，but her opposition was implicit in her failure to say anything in support of it.A．explicit B. obvious C. decisive D. underlying12. When he was very young，he was afflicted with paralysis.A．troubled B. bothered C. influenced D. stricken13. She was still writing away furiously when the bell went.A．continually B. hard C. easily D. continuously14. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning English.A. indifferentB. indivisibleC. essentialD. elective15. The severe earthquake damaged buildings as well as public or personal property in them. A．materials B. substances C. possessions D. qualities16. At first I wasn't able to identify my brother in the crowd as he had changed so much since his departure.A．make up B. make out C. make for D. make in17. Some people persist in the practice of some very old customs or traditions just because they enjoy doing so.A．endure B. support C. stick to D. continue in18. The teacher told stories about Washington and Lincoln in respect to the importance of being honest.A．in connection with B. in case ofC．along with D. together with19. Being infamous for his dishonesty in business matters，the man had few friends.A．fresh B. immediate C. notorious D. famous20. He was very careful in whatever he did lest something unfavourable might be written into his record.A．if only B. for fear that C. unless D. otherwisePart II Cloze Test(20 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given below. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases __21__ the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be __22__ in our past experience, which are brought into the present __23__ memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep __24__ available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is __25__ when a rat gives up eating grain because he hassniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-ole child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory __26__ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer __27__ that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 "words"--ready for __28__ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total __29__ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and __30__ of words.21. A. of B. to C. for D. on22. A. keep B. found C. sought D. stored23. A. by B. from C. with D. in24. A. experiences B. bases C. observations D. information25. A. called B. taken C. involved D. included26. A. exists B. appears C. affects D. seems27. A. to B. with C. against D. for28. A. progressive B. instructive C. instant D. protective29. A. deal B. number C. mount D. amount30. A. combinations B. connections C. co-ordinations D. collectionsPart III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40 points)Section A (30 points, 1.5 points each)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet. Passage OneQuestions 31-35 are based on the following passage:All along the chain of biological evolution, the extinction of species appears to have been a stage in the process of adapting genetic lineages to changing environmental conditions. Although some catastrophic extinction occurred naturally, producing total loss of a genetic line, such catastrophes were comparatively rare. In modern times, however, human activities have altered the fundamental nature of this process, resulting in nearly total genetic losses.It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man-induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife-whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors -are undesirable. It is, however, more difficult to obtain consensus when consideration is given to the economic costs of correcting such trends, including natural habitat preservation, regulation of pesticides and other toxic substances, and wildlife and park management. Endangered species often are, in effect, competitors with humans for habitat and other resources which also provide other kinds of human uses and needs.Measures needed to protect endangered species vary considerably in difficulty and cost. Of the approximately 400 invertebrate species which at present appear to be threatened, for example, about one-third could probably be restored by such inexpensive means as modifying theboundaries of designated natural areas, acquiring and protecting caves and other small areas which contain the particular species, and additional management of parks and refuges.Another one-third of the endangered lower animal species are threatened principally by water pollution and could be protected by improved control, particularly of five southern rivers.The remaining one-third of the 400 endangered shellfish species would be considerably more difficult to protect. These are threatened by complex factors, such as overcorrecting, channelization, highway and housing development, dams, introduced species such as the Asian snail, dredging, quarry washing, poor erosion control, and lowering of water tables.The identification of threatened species and other significant wildlife trends must precede any corrective measures, and our knowledge base for making such identification is deficient in many respects. Our present lists of threatened species and subspecies are known to be incomplete, except in those geographical areas which contain habitats of species that have important commercial or sports harvest value.31. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing ________.A. the catastrophes in history which caused the extinction of total speciesB. the ways to protect endangered speciesC. the characteristics of threatened speciesD. the significance of protecting threatened species32. What's the author's attitude toward the view that it is catastrophes that result in the totalgenetic losses?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Enthusiastic.33. With which if the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. People haven't realized the impact of human activities on the extinction of wildlife.B. It is difficult for people to agree to protect endangered species at considerable economic cost.C. Endangered species can provide human beings with a variety of useful resources.D. Similar measures can be taken to protect various endangered species.34. The author mentions all of the following as threats to shellfish species except ________.A. highway and housing developmentB. poor erosion controlC. overpopulation of shellfishD. lowering of water tables35. Given the information in the passage, which of the following is not true of wildlife protection?A. The identification of threatened species should come before correction.B. We have gained sufficient knowledge for making identification of endangered species.C. Our present lists of threatened species are incomplete.D. Some geographical areas contain habitats of species that have important commercial value. Passage TwoQuestions 36-40 are based on the following passage:Researchers have learned to mix optimism with caution, and some of their results are demonstrating definite promise.When Matthew During and Michael Kaplitt first went hunting for capital to commercialize their research in gene therapy, their timing couldn't have been worse. It was the fall of 1999, just after teenager Jesse Gelsinger died in a clinical trial of gene therapy - the use of genes to delivermedicines to diseased cells. Together, During and Kaplitt were able to scrape up an initial $2.5 million. "Maybe we were arrogant to think we could start something at that time," Kaplitt concedes. Today, the two physician founders of Neurologix, in Fort Lee, N.J., are feeling much more upbeat. They're searching for $10 million to fund a pivotal trial in Parkinson's disease, and they expect to find it.Others are also prospecting in the once-neglected field of gene therapy. On Nov. 7, Colgate-Palmolive invested $20 million in Austin-based Introgen Therapeutics, which is pursuing novel remedies for oral cancer.And the Michael J. Fox Foundation is about to award its first-ever grant for gene therapy research. The $750,000 will go to San Diego-based Ceregene, which, like Neurologix, is zeroing in on a treatment for Parkinson's, the disease that afflicts actor Fox. Ceregene also raised $32 million in venture capital last year.Recent success stories in clinics and labs add to the sense that gene therapy is moving back into the mainstream. China has been quietly approving such treatments. And on Nov. 22, Genzyme (GENZ), in Cambridge, Mass., announced it will spend $3.2 million to acquire a manufacturing facility that will make several gene therapy treatments, including one aimed at a common condition among the elderly called peripheral arterial disease."We've been in gene therapy a long time, and we've seen the ups and downs," says Richard Gregory, Genzyme's senior vice-president of research. "But we're optimistic."36. What were things like when Matthew During and Michael first raise money for their study of gene therapy?A. They were very lucky.B. They were very confident.C. A teenager died in a lab experiment of gene therapy.D. People's confidence in gene therapy was unreasonably high.37. The word "upbeat" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________.A. proudB. optimisticC. anxiousD. serious38. All the following diseases are mentioned in the passage except __________.A. Down's syndromeB. Parkinson's diseaseC. oral cancerD. peripheral arterial disease39. What do we know about the research of gene therapy?A. In the 20th century, gene therapy was suspected and neglected.B. Gene therapy becomes the prevailing method of treating patients now.C. San Diego-based Ceregene has achieved nothing in gene therapy research so far.D. The successes of gene therapy in clinics and labs restore people's confidence in gene therapy.40. What is the author's attitude towards gene therapy?A. optimisticB. pessimisticC. indifferentD. neutralPassage ThreeQuestions 41-45 are based on the following passage:We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed--no examination is perfect--but to have no external tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in external examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the ideals and the purpose of each teacher.Without external examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them--a form of favoritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defense of excellence and opportunity would disappear if external examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school's reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favored school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are presumably selected by some computer.These people are not just against school organization, but are at war with the whole idea of modern competitive society and they are using children in schools for their destructive purposes. There is no reason why we should allow such people to determine the way our schools are organized when it is to the obvious disadvantage of the pupils, of the schools and of our society asa whole.41. What is the opinion of the writer?A. We cannot have standards because examinations are not perfect.B. Without examinations there would be no standards.C. Standards must keep changing in order to achieve equality.D. Changing the standards could mean the end of equality.42. What is the situation at the moment?A. A school's reputation is not very important, as long as a certificate.B. A bright child doesn't need certificates to get a job.C. Children attending well-respected schools do not get certificates.D. Many children who are suitable for a job have no proof of their suitability.43. According to the writer, what would happen if external examinations were taken away?A. Children from poor families would not be able to change school.B. There would be no more opportunities and no more excellence.C. Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.D. Going to a favored school would be the only way to get a good job.44. According to the writer, the opponents of the examination system say that ________.A. computers should be selected to take over many jobsB. particular people should not be chosen for particular jobsC. examinations are only bad when they show differences between peopleD. schools specializing in academic subjects should be done away with45. In what way do the opponents of the examination system want to influence schools?A. They want children to compete more in school.B. They want to reorganize schools.C. They want schools to be more modern.D. They want to destroy schools.Passage FourQuestions 46-50 are based on the following passage:The exclusive emphasis on economics is yielding to an appreciation of politics. After all, before free market can thrive you need political stability. Technology is still seen as a powerful tool, but one that can have harmful as well as beneficial consequences (as Osama bin Laden has brutally shown). Most important, the global trading system is becoming more democratic, with countries like India, China and Brazil demanding a voice in the shape of trade negotiations. This too could be for the best. If a few concessions and delays mean that the free-trade system will have greater legitimacy in the developing world, it is a price well worth paying.Even September 11 could be even more beneficial. In the past four months the world has seen what American political leadership and power can do when it is ambitious, energetic and internationally minded. It is time for American economic leadership to be similarly active and visionary. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill's speech at the forum was an interesting beginning. O'Neill talked about changing the loans-and-grants system to developing countries to help them help themselves. He talked about insisting on internal legal and political reforms. He pointed out that foreign aid rarely works. His critiques of the current system was sharp, but anyone can criticize. The point is to fix things. He should take this opportunity to present a series of broad American initiatives that would broaden and deepen globalization.Washington should lead the developed world by responding to the legitimate demands of the developing world on trade-that means agriculture and anti-dumping. Hormats argues for a reform of the major international economic groups and institutions. A new system of effective foreign aid could have massive economic and political benefits for the whole world.In the wake of World War II, the Truman administration set up the global economic institutions that have secured and steered the world economy ever since. Throughout the cold war, America pushed for free trade as part of an overall strategy to combat communism and shore up the free world. Making globalization work better and for more people is not simply smart economics. It is a vital part of a new national-security strategy for America.46. Which of the following is more emphasized now after September 11?A. Domestic economy.B. Politics.C. National Security.D. Global unity in fighting terrorism.47. What does Hormats argue for?A. The developing countries have to help themselves.B. A new system of effective foreign aids will work well.C. The USA pushed and will push free trade world widely to combat communism.D. The foreign aids rarely work.48. What makes the author's opinion different from O'Neill's?A. The author thought that O'Neill's talk was not to the point.B. The author didn't like the talker personally.C. O'Neill should have presented what to do to improve the economic globalization.D. The author thought what O'Neill said was precise, but not workable.49. What does the author intend to say through the last paragraph?A. The Americans should follow Truman's global economic policy.B. The author suggests that the USA should have done more.C. The USA should pursue to combat the communism in economic competition.D. The Americans may live in luxurious and quiet surroundings under the conditions of theglobalization.50. The topic that best fits the passage is ___________.A. The National Security Strategy of the USAB. The Globalization of Economy and National Security Strategy of the USAC. The World Economic ForumD. International Economic GlobalizationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: Read the following passage and complete the sentences with the information from the passage in NO MORE THAN 10 words for each sentence.Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we human can look forward to increasing happiness?Not necessarily, warns Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California, in his new book, Growth triumphant: the Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Easterlin concedes that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happy than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people's self-assessment of their own happiness. "There has not been improvement in average happiness in the United States over almost a half century-a period in which real GDP per capita more than doubled," Easterlin reports.The explanation for this paradox may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin's word: "As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to vitiate the expected growth in happiness due to higher income."Money can buy happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one's amounts get bigger and other people aren't getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater's finding that Americans' perception of income "necessary to get along" rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capita income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well off is equated with being happy.Easterlin's findings challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of wants" as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people's basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin's evidence points to the persistence of materialism."Despite a general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world,"Easterlin observes, "Material concerns in the wealthiest nations today are as pressing as ever and the pursuit of material need as intense." The evidence suggests there is no evolution toward higher order goals. Rather, each step upward on the ladder of the economic development merely stimulates new economic desires that lead the chase onward. Economists are accustomed to deflating the money value of national income by the average level of prices to obtain "real" income. The process here is similar-real income is being deflated by rising material aspiration, in this case to yield essentially constant subjective economic well-being. While it would be pleasant to envisage a world free from the pressure of material want, a more realistic projection, based on the evidence, is of a world in which generation after generation thinks it needs only another 10% to 20% more income to be perfectly happy.Needs are limited, but not greed. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Eaterlin's view."The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth, a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspirations, a world in which cultural difference is leveled in the constant race to achieve the good life of material plenty, it is a world founded on belief in science and the power of rational inquiry and in the ultimate capacity of humanity to shape its own destiny. The irony is that in the last respect the lesson of history appears to be otherwise: that there is no choice. In the end, the triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.51. What does "this paradox" in paragraph 3 refer to?52. Why will higher income not always bring more happiness?53. When will a person feel happy according to Easterlin?54. How does Easterlin's findings differ from Maslow's theory?55. What does Easterlin think of the future of the world?Part IV Translation (40 minutes, 20 points )Section ADirections:Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.56. We often hear that computers are cold and inhuman, but in fact many people are more comfortable with a computer than with another person. Computers are patient and do not judge the people who use them. Many students who would be embarrassed to show a teacher that they do not understand something are happy to ask a computer questions. Some patients would rather explain their health problems to a computer than to a doctor. There is even a computer program which deals with psychological problems. The program has become popular because many people feel uncomfortable discussing such problems with another person.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.57. 教育不是目的，而是达到目的的一种手段。
14北科211翻硕英语考研真题
2021 年北京科技大学 211 翻硕英语考研真题I.Vocabulary and Structure ( 30 points, 1 point each, 60 minutes) Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, orD.1.It was nearly always organized by the government, although some club members acted their own initiative.A.byB. onC. withD. in2.A.savingB. to saveC. savedD. save3.Modern bodies are especially to cancer, because technology produces waste that inhibits their proper functioning.A.relevantB. invulnerableC. proneD. attractive4.Some of his plans were impractical and good for his work, but he never wavered in what he considered just.A.too muchB. much tooC. so muchD. much so5.Supporters praised the action as a speedy and judicious solution, but critics condemned it as and unfairly influenced by recent events.A. delayedB. indisposedC. hastyD. imperious6.It is odd that a person’s worth is measured by his wealth, instead people’s character should be measured by their value to society.A.whileB. soC. becauseD. when7.During the 17th century many artists became involved in color theory and painting for enlightenment.A.looked up toB. looked outC. looked onD. looked to8.No government can meet the demand for ever more sophisticated medical technology by an aging population.A.intransigentB. insatiableC. ingeniousD. inglorious9.It is difficult to distinguish between the things that celebrities do and those that are carefully contrived for effect.A.reluctantlyB. publiclyC. spontaneouslyD. prolifically10.The monkeys in the zoo are a group, because primates are inevitably and build their lives around each other.A.socialB. independentC. stableD. curious11.When economy, language, culture and history interact, people begin to view them as subjects rather than isolated ones.A.idiosyncraticB. integralC. synchronizedD. synthesized12.A.give outB. give awayC. give ofD. give off13.Even though formidable winters are the norm in this region, people wereunprepared for the of the blizzard that year.dnessB. ferocityC. inevitabilityD. probability14.A.prolificB. prominentC. promisingD. marginalized15.All are in the stages, until architectural historians survey each house to determine which have historic value.A.preliminaryB. primaryC. prevalentD. predicative16.He has unusual insight and imagination, which has made him succeed innew and fundamental principles well in advance of their general recognition.A.coordinatingB. discerningC. acknowledgingD. dispelling17.The storyline of the novel was extremely involved and included many lesser characters to the central events.A.consequentialB. peripheralC. indispensableD. permeating18.Once I finally finding a definition, I see that it was never any such thing.A.get across toB. get away withC. get round toD. get in with19.Despite the fact that the life span of animals is conveniently divided into separate stages, those periods are not truly .A.distinctB. continuousC. reflexiveD. codependent20.In spite of among scientists, and years of contentious discussion, the claim that earthquake can be predicted with great precision prevails.A.receptionB. popularityC. skepticismD. antipathy21.No dictionary can really capture something as fleeting and as slang.A.equivocalB. equitableC. equableD. ephemeral22.They bought up pieces of old furniture and passed them as valuable antiques.A.outB. byC. awayD. off23.A.inB. underC. toD. with24.A.infinityB. conformityC. affinityD. fluidity25.It is no accident that most people find his book disturbing, for it is calculated to undermine a number of beliefs they have long .A.cherishedB. deniedC. anticipatedD. misunderstood26.Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry, even now only a few independent observers his works.A.27.The exhibition, though small in scale, succeeded in its members with a firm sense of self-worth and purpose.A.endowingB. imbuingC. ladeningD. providing28.We were all impressed by the style of his books which is strongly of Virginia Woolf’s novels.A.reminiscentB. symptomaticC. indicativeD. imitative29.Historian can “Augustan peace” only by failing to recognize that this peace in many respects resemble that of death.A.demandB. ridiculeC. applaudD. disapprove30.A.describedB. acknowledgedC. overlookedD. authenticatedII.Section IDirections: In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet. Passage OneMuch of this eavesdropping has long been surmised, and none of it is necessarily illegal. America gives wide powers to its law-enforcement and spy agencies. They are overseen by Congress and courts, which issue orders to internet firms.Afghanistan and Iraq. And the public seems happy: if there were another attack on America, Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten.Yet because the spies choose what to reveal about their work, nobody can judge if the cost and intrusion are proportionate to the threat. One concern is the size, scope and cost of t he security bureaucracy: some 1.4 million people have “top secret” clearances of the kind held by Mr Snowden. Is that sensible?A second worry is the effect on America’s ties with other countries. The administration’s immediate response to the PRISM revela tion was that Americans have nothing to fear: it touched only foreigners. That adds insult to injury in countries that count themselves as close American allies: the European Union, in particular, fastidiously protects its citizens’ data. Fears abound that the spy agencies practice a cynical swap, in which each respects the letter of the law protecting the rights of its own people—but lets its allies do the snooping instead.Lawyerly officials denials of such machinations fail to reassure because of the third worry: the governments acting outside public scrutiny are not to be trusted. James Clapper, America’s director of national intelligence, told Congress in March that the NSA does not gather data on “millions of Americans”. He now says he answered in “the least untruthful manner” possible. Trawls through big databases may produce interesting clues—but also life-ruining false alarms, especially when the resulting decisions are cloaked in secrecy. Those on “no-fly lists”, which ban an unknown number of people from most air travel, are not told what they have done wrong and cannot clear their names. In desperation, 13 American citizens, including some who were exiled from their own country by the travel ban, are suing the government.Our point is not that Amer ica’s spies are doing the wrong things, but that the level of public scrutiny is inadequate and so is the right of redress. Without these, officials will be tempted to abuse their powers, because the price of doing so is small. This is particularly true for those who bug and ban.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements about vigilance is true?A.President Obama describes the spying as a defense of security.B.Americans differ in their attitude towards the government’s vigilance.C.The administration and Congress feel ashamed of the spying.D.America’s law-enforcement and spy agencies are not entitled to spy.2.The sentence in paragraph two “if there were another attack on America, Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten” probably means .A.Americans need divert their attention from the spying event.B.Vigilance would be accepted by the public if America was faced with danger.C.Mr Snowden’s revelation of PRISM would be forgotten sooner or later.3.Americans have the following concerns regarding vigilance EXCEPT .A.Spy agents leave Americans little privacy and less security.B.Spying will damage America’s relation with other countries.C.It is not sensible to devote much money and energy to vigilance.D.There lacks effective scrutiny of the government’s surveillance.4.The case that some citizens are banned from air travel in paragraph 7 is presented to illustrate .A.the efficiency of spyingB.the absurdity of the banC.the inadequacy of the spying systemD.the interesting findings of spying5.W hat is the author’s stance on vigilance by the government?A.Vigilance does more harm than good to American citizens.B.Protection of society is merely an excuse for illegal vigilance.C.The legitimacy of vigilance is still open to discussion.D.Vigilance is necessary but should be better scrutinized by the public.Passage TwoToo many of the findings that fill the academic ether are the result of shoddy experiments or poor analysis. A rule of thumb among biotechnology Even when flawed research does not put people’s lives at risks—and much of it is too far from the market to do so—it squanders money and the efforts of some of the world’s best minds. The opportunity costs of stymied progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast. And they could be rising.every academic post. Nowadays verification does little to advance a researcher’s career. And without verification, dubious findings live on to mislead.Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results. In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates:in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts. The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page. Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results “based on a gut feeling”. And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise.Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted. “Negative results” now account for only 14% of publi shed papers, down from 30% in 1990. Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true. The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists.The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up to be, either. Whena prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested.All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the truth about the world. What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be for all disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards. Ideally, research protocols should be registered in advance and monitored in virtual notebooks. This would curb the temptation to fiddle with the experiment’s design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are. Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test.6.Which issue about science is mainly addressed in the passage?A.Science calls for more verification.B.Flawed science research does harm to humanity.C.D.An objective evaluation of science is necessary.7.Which of the following statements can best explain the major issue in science?A.Scientific research is too flawed to be turned into productivity.B.Scientists are unwilling to get papers published for promotion.C.D.Peer review mechanism is not fully implemented.8.“cherry-picking of results” in paragraph five refers to .A.overstating the results to get papers publishedB.keeping only positive results to get paper publishedC.selecting only papers with the most favorable resultsD.safeguarding the high quality of experiment results9.According to the passage, negative results in scientific experiments should be.A.B.published to avoid unnecessary waste of money and effortC.D.adapted to incorporate with a new hypothesis10.The passage suggests the following solutions to the issue in science EXCEPT.A.implementing higher standards in scientific experimentB.carrying out larger scale of inspection and test of trial dataC.allocating more funding for the verification of science resultsD.speeding up the application of science results to the marketSection IIDirections: Read the following two passages and answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow the passages. Write your answers in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Passage ThreeThe American dream has taken hit after hit the past half-decade. It just suffered another blow, based on a new poll. Yet young people seem determined to turn things around, giving us all cautious cause for optimism.When writer James Truslow Adams coined the phrase in 1931 he called the American dream “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievemen t.” So it was all about opportunity, which largely has disappeared amid a poor job market, heavy debts, and wages that have stalled for 25 years.All this pessimism would be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buying it. More than half of teens in the poll say it’s better to be a kid today, and nearly half say that when they are their parents’ age they will have more opportunity—not less.Maybe that’s because young people learned a lot during the Great Depres sion. They saw their parents get socked. But with no real assets at risk themselves they came through it unscathed, financially speaking, and yet took the lessons to heart and are more conscious about spending and debt than Mom and Dad have been.11.What is the passage mainly about?12.What specific aspects about American dream are discussed in the passage?13.How do you interpret the first sentence in paragraph eight: “All the pessimism would be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buyin g it.”?14.What is the author’s attitude towards the issue being discussed?15.Could you give a title to the passage?Passage FourIt’s an exciting notion that one’s very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages. In obvious ways (exposure to new friends, literature and so forth) the self-reality is broadened. Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language. A former colleague, for example, reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English. So what is going on here?Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers. Often called “Whorfinanism”, this idea has its skeptics. But there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language. Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual. Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school. So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language. For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap (answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer) than when tested in their native language. In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking. No wonder people feel different when speaking them. And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.Many bilinguals are not bicultural. But some are. And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages. Experiments in psychology have shown the power of “priming”—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways. Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood. The choice between two languages is a huge prime. Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home. Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.So there are two very good reasons that make people feel different speaking their different languages. We are still left with a third kind of argument, though.People seem to en joy telling tales about their languages’ inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers. A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision. Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical. We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes andself-stereotypes: French, rigorous; German, logical; English, playful. Of course.Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected, encoding lots of information in verbs. It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more likely to interrupt each other. Welsh, for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek, but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists.16.Which statement or notion is under discussion in this passage?17.18.According to the passage, why do people feel different when they speak different languages?19.Why are Greeks likely to interrupt in conversation according to some scholar?20.Does the author agree on the causation from language to personality? How does he argue for or against it?III.Writing ( 30 points, 60 minutes)。
2014年硕士研究生入学考试初试专业课211翻译硕士英语试题
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 211 试题名称：翻译硕士英语（共 12 页）适用专业：翻译说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================= I.Vocabulary and Structure ( 30 points, 1 point each, 60 minutes) Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, or D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the answer sheet.1.It was nearly always organized by the government, although some club membersacted _______ their own initiative.A.byB. onC. withD. in2.He redesigned the process, thereby ________ the company thousands of dollars.A.savingB. to saveC. savedD. save3.Modern bodies are especially ______ to cancer, because technology produceswaste that inhibits their proper functioning.A.relevantB. invulnerableC. proneD. attractive4.Some of his plans were impractical and ________ good for his work, but he neverwavered in what he considered just.A.too muchB. much tooC. so muchD. much so5.Supporters praised the action as a speedy and judicious solution, but criticscondemned it as ______ and unfairly influenced by recent events.A.delayedB. indisposedC. hastyD. imperious6.It is odd that a person’s worth is measured by his wealth, ______ instead people’scharacter should be measured by their value to society.A.whileB. soC. becauseD. when7.During the 17th century many artists became involved in color theory and ______painting for enlightenment.A.looked up toB. looked outC. looked onD. looked to8.No government can meet the _______ demand for ever more sophisticatedmedical technology by an aging population.A.intransigentB. insatiableC. ingeniousD. inglorious9.It is difficult to distinguish between the things that celebrities do ______ and thosethat are carefully contrived for effect.A.reluctantlyB. publiclyC. spontaneouslyD. prolifically10.The monkeys in the zoo are a group, because primates are inevitably ______ andbuild their lives around each other.A.socialB. independentC. stableD. curious11.When economy, language, culture and history interact, people begin to view themas _______ subjects rather than isolated ones.A.idiosyncraticB. integralC. synchronizedD. synthesized12.Retired people are often willing to _______ their time to help with communityproject.A.give outB. give awayC. give ofD. give off13.Even though formidable winters are the norm in this region, people wereunprepared for the _______ of the blizzard that year.dnessB. ferocityC. inevitabilityD. probability14.The committee provides funding to _______ artists like those of women and ofcolor, in the hopes of rectifying a historical inequality.A.prolificB. prominentC. promisingD. marginalized15.All are in the _____ stages, until architectural historians survey each house todetermine which have historic value.A.preliminaryB. primaryC. prevalentD. predicative16.He has unusual insight and imagination, which has made him succeed in ______new and fundamental principles well in advance of their general recognition.A.coordinatingB. discerningC. acknowledgingD. dispelling17.The storyline of the novel was extremely involved and included many lessercharacters _______ to the central events.A. consequentialB. peripheralC. indispensableD. permeating18.Once I finally _______ finding a definition, I see that it was never any such thing.A.get across toB. get away withC. get round toD. get in with19.Despite the fact that the life span of animals is conveniently divided into separatestages, those periods are not truly _______.A.distinctB. continuousC. reflexiveD. codependent20.In spite of _______ among scientists, and years of contentious discussion, theclaim that earthquake can be predicted with great precision prevails.A.receptionB. popularityC. skepticismD. antipathy21.No dictionary can really capture something as fleeting and ______ as slang.A.equivocalB. equitableC. equableD. ephemeral22.They bought up pieces of old furniture and passed them ______ as valuableantiques.A.outB. byC. awayD. off23.That reason was unique human has come _____ increasingly skeptical scrutiny:more researchers at least entertain the notion that some animals can think.A.inB. underC. toD. with24.Sam was a complete country man, with a pronounced ______ with nature in all itsforms.A.infinityB. conformityC. affinityD. fluidity25.It is no accident that most people find his book disturbing, for it is calculated toundermine a number of beliefs they have long _______.A.cherishedB. deniedC. anticipatedD. misunderstood26.Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to hispoetry, even now only a few independent observers _______ his works.A.neglectB. criticizeC. commentD. praise27.The exhibition, though small in scale, succeeded in _______ its members with afirm sense of self-worth and purpose.A.endowingB. imbuingC. ladeningD. providing28.We were all impressed by the style of his books which is strongly ________ ofVirginia Woolf’s novels.A.reminiscentB. symptomaticC. indicativeD. imitative29.Historian can _______ “Augustan peace”only by failing to recognize that thispeace in many respects resemble that of death.A.demandB. ridiculeC. applaudD. disapprove30.Everything becomes collectable in time, particularly when its history and date ofmanufacture can be ________.A.describedB. acknowledgedC. overlookedD. authenticated II.Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each, 60 minutes)Section IDirections: In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet. Passage OneConstant vigilance: that is the task of the people who protect society from enemies intent on using subterfuge and violence to get their way. It is also the watch word of those who fear that the protectors will pursue the collective interest at untold cost to individual rights. Edward Snowden, a young security contractor, has come down on one side of that tussle by leaking documents showing that the National Security Agency (NSA) spied on millions of Americans’ phone records on the internet activity of hundreds of millions of foreigners.The documents, published by the Guardian and the Washington Post, include two big secrets. One is a court order telling Verizon, a telecoms company, to hand over “metadata”, such as the duration, direction and location of subscribers’calls. The other gives some clues about a programme called PRISM, which collects e-mails, files and social-networking data from firms such as Google, Apple and Facebook. Much of this eavesdropping has long been surmised, and none of it is necessarily illegal. America gives wide powers to its law-enforcement and spy agencies. They are overseen by Congress and courts, which issue orders to internet firms.Barack Obama has responded to the leaks by saying that he “welcomes” a debate on the trade-off between privacy, security and convenience. Despite the president’s words, however, the administration and much of Congress seem unwilling to talk about the programmes they oversee; and the politicians and executives who do want to speak out are gagged by secrecy laws. Opinion polls show that Americans are divided about the merits of surveillance—which is partly because they know so little about what is going on. But spying in a democracy depends for its legitimacy on informed consent, not blind trust.You might argue that the spies are doing only what is necessary. Al-Qaeda’s assaults on September 11th 2001 demonstrated to politicians everywhere that their first duty is to ensure their own citizens’safety. With Islamist bombers, there is a good case for using electronic surveillance: they come from a population that is still hard for Western security services to penetrate, and they make wide use of mobile phones and the internet. The NSA’s boss, Keith Alexander, says the ploys revealed by Mr Snowden have stopped dozens of plots. The burden on society of sweeping up information about them has been modest compared with the wars launched against Afghanistan and Iraq. And the public seems happy: if there were another attack on America, Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten.Yet because the spies choose what to reveal about their work, nobody can judge if the cost and intrusion are proportionate to the threat. One concern is the size, scope and cost of the security bureaucracy: some 1.4 million people have “top secret”clearances of the kind held by Mr Snowden. Is that sensible?A second worry is the effect on America’s ties with other countries. The administration’s immediate response to the PRISM revelation was that Americans have nothing to fear: it touched only foreigners. That adds insult to injury in countries that count themselves as close American allies: the European Union, in particular, fastidiously protects its citizens’ data. Fears abound that the spy agencies practice a cynical swap, in which each respects the letter of the law protecting the rights of its own people—but lets its allies do the snooping instead.Lawyerly officials denials of such machinations fail to reassure because of the third worry: the governments acting outside public scrutiny are not to be trusted. James Clapper, America’s director of national intelligence, told Congress in March that the NSA does not gather data on “millions of Americans”. He now says he answered in “the least untruthful manner” possible. Trawls through big databases may produce interesting clues—but also life-ruining false alarms, especially when the resulting decisions are cloaked in secrecy. Those on “no-fly lists”, which ban an unknown number of people from most air travel, are not told what they have done wrong and cannot clear their names. In desperation, 13 American citizens, including some who were exiled from their own country by the travel ban, are suing the government.Our point is not that America’s spies are doing the wrong things, but that the level of public scrutiny is inadequate and so is the right of redress. Without these, officials will be tempted to abuse their powers, because the price of doing so is small. This is particularly true for those who bug and ban.Spooks do need secrecy, but not on everything, always and everywhere. Officials will complain that disclosure would hinder their efforts in what is already an unfair fight. Yet some operational efficiency is worth sacrificing, because public scrutiny is a condition for popular backing. Even allowing for the need to keep some things clandestine, Americans need a clearer idea of what their spies are doing in their name.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements about vigilance istrue?A.President Obama describes the spying as a defense of security.B.Americans differ in their attitude towards the government’s vigilance.C.The administration and Congress feel ashamed of the spying.D.America’s law-enforcement and spy agencies are not entitled to spy.2.The sentence in paragraph two “if there were another attack on America, MrSnowden would soon be forgotten” probably means ________.A.Americans need divert their attention from the spying event.B.Mr Snowden matters little compared to America’s potential enemies.C.Vigilance would be accepted by the public if America was faced with danger.D.Mr Snowden’s revelation of PRISM would be forgotten sooner or later.3.Americans have the following concerns regarding vigilance EXCEPT_____.A.Spy agents leave Americans little privacy and less security.B.Spying will damage America’s relation with other countries.C.It is not sensible to devote much money and energy to vigilance.D.There lacks effective scrutiny of the government’s surveillance.4.The case that some citizens are banned from air travel in paragraph 7 is presentedto illustrate ________.A.the efficiency of spyingB.the absurdity of the banC.the inadequacy of the spying systemD.the interesting findings of spying5.What is the author’s stance on vigilance by the government?A.Vigilance does more harm than good to American citizens.B.Protection of society is merely an excuse for illegal vigilance.C.The legitimacy of vigilance is still open to discussion.D.Vigilance is necessary but should be better scrutinized by the public. Passage TwoA simple idea underpins science: “trust, but verify”. Results should always be subject to challenge from experiment. That simple but powerful idea has generated a vast body of knowledge. Since its birth in the 17th century, modern science has changed the world beyond recognition, and overwhelmingly for the better. But success can breed complacency. Modern scientists are doing too much trusting and not enough verifying—to the detriment of the whole of science and of humanity.Too many of the findings that fill the academic ether are the result of shoddy experiments or poor analysis. A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated. Even that may be optimistic. Last year researchers at one biotech firm found they could reproduce just six of 53 “landmark” studies in cancer research. In 2000-2010 roughly 80,000 patients took part in clinical trials based on research that was later retracted because of mistakes or improprieties.Even when flawed research does not put pe ople’s lives at risks—and much of it is too far from the market to do so—it squanders money and the efforts of some of the world’s best minds. The opportunity costs of stymied progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast. And they could be rising.One reason is the competitiveness of science. In the 1950s, when modern academic research took shape after its successes in the Second World War, it was still a rarefied pastime. The entire club of scientists numbered a few hundred thousand. As their ranks have swelled, scientists have lost their taste for self-policing and qualitycontrol. The obligation to “publish or perish”has come to rule over academic life. Competition for jobs is cut-throat. Full professors in America earned on average $135,000 in 2012—more than judges did. Every year six freshly minted PhDs vie for every academic post. Nowadays verification does little to advance a researcher’s career. And without verification, dubious findings live on to mislead.Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results. In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates: in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts. The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page. Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results “based on a gut feeling”. And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise.Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted. “Negati ve results” now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990. Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true. The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists.The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up to be, either. When a prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested.All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the truth about the world. What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be for all disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards. Ideally, research protocols should be registered in advance and monitored in virtual notebooks. This would curb the temptation to fiddle with the experiment’s design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are. Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test.The most enlightened journals are already becoming less averse to humdrum papers. Some government funding agencies, including America’s National Institutes of Health, which dish out $30 billion on research each year, are working out how best to encourage replication. And growing numbers of scientists, especially young ones, understand statistics. But these trends need to go much further. Journals should allocate space for “uninteresting” work, and grant-givers should set aside money to pay for it. Peer review should be tightened—or perhaps dispensed with altogether, in favor of post-publication evaluation in the form of appended comments. Lastly, policymakers should ensure that institutions using public money also respect the rules.Science still commands enormous—if sometimes bemused—respect. But its privileged status is founded on the capacity to be right most of the time and to correct its mistakes when it gets things wrong. And it is not as if the universe is short of genuine mysteries to keep generations of scientists hard at work. The false trails laid down by shoddy research are an unforgivable barrier to understanding.6.Which issue about science is mainly addressed in the passage?A.Science calls for more verification.B.Flawed science research does harm to humanity.C.Fierce competition exists in science.D.An objective evaluation of science is necessary.7.Which of the following statements can best explain the major issue in science?A.Scientific research is too flawed to be turned into productivity.B.Scientists are unwilling to get papers published for promotion.petition in science leads to irrational pursuit of startling results.D.Peer review mechanism is not fully implemented.8.“cherry-picking of results” in paragraph five refers to ______.A.overstating the results to get papers publishedB.keeping only positive results to get paper publishedC.selecting only papers with the most favorable resultsD.safeguarding the high quality of experiment results9.According to the passage, negative results in scientific experiments should be_____.A.dismissed as complete failures and never to be consideredB.published to avoid unnecessary waste of money and effortC.investigated a second time to confirm their inadequacyD.adapted to incorporate with a new hypothesis10.The passage suggests the following solutions to the issue in science EXCEPT________.A.implementing higher standards in scientific experimentB.carrying out larger scale of inspection and test of trial dataC.allocating more funding for the verification of science resultsD.speeding up the application of science results to the marketSection IIDirections: Read the following two passages and answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow the passages. Write your answers in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Passage ThreeThe American dream has taken hit after hit the past half-decade. It just suffered another blow, based on a new poll. Yet young people seem determined to turn things around, giving us all cautious cause for optimism.When writer James Truslow Adams coined the phrase in 1931 he called the American dream “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” So it was all about opportunity, which largely has disappeared amid a poor job market, heavy debts, and wages that have stalled for 25 years.In more recent times, the American dream became closely identified with home ownership. But that idea suffered a blow in the housing bust. Just 65% of Americans own their home, down from 69% pre-bust, and four out of five Americans are rethinking the reasons they’d want to buy a house.Perhaps the newest definition of the American dream comes from the National Endowment for Financial Education, which found that nearly half of adults define the dream as a comfortable retirement. Most just want to quit work at 65 or 67 and not worry. That’s their dream, which far outpaces the 17% who cling to homeownership as the embodiment of Adam’s vision.Now we see yet another blow to yet another version of the American dream, which at times has been described as each generation doing better than the last. Seven in 10 Americans say that when today’s children are adults, they’ll have less financial security than adults today, according to an Allstate/National Journal Heartland Monitor poll.Adults overwhelmingly believe childhood and parenthood were better for earlier generations; 79% say it was better to have been a child when they were young. Most believe today’s kids will have a poorer chance of holding a steady job and owning a home without too much debt, and that their children will have less opportunity to achieve a comfortable retirement.The downbeat view doesn’t stop here. Adults also believe that today’s children will display less patriotism, a poorer work ethic, and less civic responsibility when they come of age.All this pessimism would be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buying it. More than half of teens in the poll say it’s better to be a kid today, and nearly half say that when they are their parents’ age they will have more opportunity—not less.Maybe that’s because young people learned a lot during the Great Depression. They saw their parents get socked. But with no real assets at risk themselves they came through it unscathed, financially speaking, and yet took the lessons to heart and are more conscious about spending and debt than Mom and Dad have been.Maybe that’s because they’ve seen stocks come roaring back and the housing market begin to recover. Mom and Dad may not be whole yet, and still stinging. But those who began their careers in the past five years and were smart enough to sign up for a 401 (k) have been building wealth steadily.Maybe that’s because, stereotypes be damned, they know something about their work ethic that boomers and other elders do not: Millennials are pretty darned committed to their careers—they just see it in different terms.Or maybe it’s just because young people can’t imagine life without the internet or smartphones or, well, reality TV. Toddlers today play on iPads. With mobiletechnology, young professionals can get their jobs done at the beach. By comparison, older generations grew up in the dinosaur age. We had outrageous long-distance bills, three channels and a TV with rabbit ears. Dude, what’s so great about that?11.What is the passage mainly about?12.What specific aspects about American dream are discussed in the passage?13.How do you interpret the first sentence in paragraph eight: “All the pessimismwould be deadly troublesome if not for one thing: young people aren’t buying it.”?14.What is the author’s attitude towards the issue being discussed?15.Could you give a title to the passage?Passage FourIt’s an exciting notion that one’s very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages. In obvious ways (exposure to new friends, literature and so forth) the self-reality is broadened. Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language. A former colleague, for example, reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English. So what is going on here?Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers. Often called “Whorfinanism”, this idea has its skeptics. But there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language. Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual. Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school. So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language. For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap (answering a test question with an obvious-seeming but wrong answer) than when tested in their native language. In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking. No wonder people feel different when speaking them. And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.What of “crib” bilinguals, raised in two languages? Even they do not usually have perfectly symmetrical competence in their two languages. But even for a speaker whose two languages are very nearly the same in ability, there is another big reason that person will feel different in the two languages. This is because there is an important distinction between bilingualism and biculturalism.Many bilinguals are not bicultural. But some are. And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages. Experiments in psychology have shown the power of “priming”—small unnoticed factors that can affect behavior in big ways. Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood. The choice between two languages is a huge prime. Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home. Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.So there are two very good reasons that make people feel different speaking their different languages. We are still left with a third kind of argument, though.People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages’ inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers. A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigor and precision. Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical. We also see some unsurprising overlap with national stereotypes and self-stereotypes: French, rigorous; German, logical; English, playful. Of course.In this case, Ms Chalaris, a scholar, at least proposed a specific and plausible line of causation from grammar to personality: in Greek, the verb comes first, and it carries a lot of information, hence easy interrupting. The problem is that many unrelated languages all around the world put the verb at the beginning of sentences. Many languages all around the world are heavily inflected, encoding lots of information in verbs. It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more likely to interrupt each other. Welsh, for example, is also both verb-first and about as heavily inflected as Greek, but the Welsh are not known as pushy conversationalists.Neo-Whorfians continue to offer evidence and analysis that aims to prove that different languages push speakers to think differently. One such effort is forthcoming: “The Bilingual Mind” to be published in April. Meanwhile John McWhorter takes the opposite stance in “The Language Hoax”, forthcoming in February. But strong Whorfian arguments do not need to be valid for people to feel differently in their different languages.16.Which statement or notion is under discussion in this passage?17.Do bilinguals feel more comfortable with their first language? Why or why not?18.According to the passage, why do people feel different when they speak differentlanguages?19.Why are Greeks likely to interrupt in conversation according to some scholar?20.Does the author agree on the causation from language to personality? How doeshe argue for or against it?。
2014年考研英语试题及答案
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent ,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A] where[B] when[C] that[D] why2.[A] improves[B] fades[C] recovers[D] collapses3.[A] If[B] Unless[C] Once[D] While4.[A] uneven[B] limited[C] damaging[D] obscure5.[A] wellbeing[B] environment[C] relationship[D] outlook6.[A] turns[B] finds[C] points[D] figures7.[A] roundabouts [B] responses[C] workouts[D] associations8.[A] genre[B] functions[C] circumstances[D] criterion9.[A] channel[B] condition[C] sequence[D] process10.[A] persist[B] believe[C] excel[D] feature11.[A] Therefore[B] Moreover[C] Otherwise[D] However12.[A] according to[B] regardless of[C] apart from[D] instead of13.[A] back[B] further[C] aside[D] around14.[A] sharpness[B] stability[C] framework[D] flexibility15.[A] forces [B] reminds[C] hurries[D] allows16.[A] hold[B] track[C] order[D] pace17.[A] to[B] with[C] for[D] on18.[A] irregularly[B] habitually[C] constantly[D] unusually19.[A] carry[B] put[C] build[D] take20.[A] risky[B] effective[C] idle[D] familiarSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really?On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidizes laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allow ance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to .[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits[B] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits22.The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para.2) most probably means .[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance[C] to register for an allowance from the government[D] to attend a governmental job-training program23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel .[A] uneasy [B] enraged [C] insulted [D] guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia andBritain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to .[A] the growing demand from clients [B] the increasing pressure of inflation[C] the prospect of working in big firms [D] the attraction of financial rewards27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from .[A] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession[C] the stem exam for would-be lawyers[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it .[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits30.In this text, the author mainly discusses .[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal educationText 3The US $ 3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobles, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by thecollaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobles were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as .[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth [B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C] an example of bankers’ investments [D] a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit .[A] the profit-oriented scientists [B] the founders of the new awards[C] the achievement-based system [D] peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is atypical case which involves .[A] controversies over the recipients’status [B] the joint effort of modern researchers[C] legitimate concerns over the new prizes [D] the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobles?[A] Their endurance has done justice to them.[B] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C] They are the most representative honor.[D] History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are .[A] acceptable despite the criticism [B] harmful to the culture of research[C] subject to undesirable changes [D] unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence inhumanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solveproblems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical [B] Appreciative [C] Contemptuous [D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to .[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests .[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are .[A] supportive of free markets [B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy [D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs And E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge insouthern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.→ A →42.→ E →43.→ 44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics.(48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Erotica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.。
北京科技大学211翻译硕士英语2011-2014年(含答案解析)考研真题试卷
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：211试题名称：翻译硕士英语（共12页）适用专业：翻译说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================I.Vocabulary and Structure(30points,1point each,60minutes) Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C,or D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Write your answers on the answer sheet.1.It was nearly always organized by the government,although some club membersacted_______their own initiative.A.byB.onC.withD.in2.He redesigned the process,thereby________the company thousands of dollars.A.savingB.to saveC.savedD.save3.Modern bodies are especially______to cancer,because technology produceswaste that inhibits their proper functioning.A.relevantB.invulnerableC.proneD.attractive4.Some of his plans were impractical and________good for his work,but he neverwavered in what he considered just.A.too muchB.much tooC.so muchD.much so5.Supporters praised the action as a speedy and judicious solution,but criticscondemned it as______and unfairly influenced by recent events.A.delayedB.indisposedC.hastyD.imperious6.It is odd that a person’s worth is measured by his wealth,______instead people’scharacter should be measured by their value to society.A.whileB.soC.becauseD.when7.During the17th century many artists became involved in color theory and______painting for enlightenment.A.looked up toB.looked outC.looked onD.looked to1。