文化术语翻译
中医经典名词术语英译
Classical Noun TCM Terms on “经络”
Unit Three
yang: a philosophical term in ancient China, referring to things or characters opposite to yin. The condition which appears as active, external, upward, hot, bright, functional, exciting, and hyperactive is attributive to yang. In TCM, it is widely used for explaining the physiological and pathological phenomena of human body, and for directing the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, for example, superficies-syndrome, heat-syndrome, sthenia-syndrome are ascribed to yang.
了解“阴阳”、“五行”等中医经典名 词术语的医学内涵。
掌握与西医术语的差异，理解中医的思 维模式，熟悉中医经典名词术语与现代 医学术语的差异。
掌握中医经典名词术语翻译的原则与方 法。
由于中西方医学是在两种完全不同的文 化背景下发展起来的，因此部分中医名 词术语代表的完全是中医特有概念，很 难在英文中找到对应词或等价物，在翻 译时只能采用音译的方法，需要是加上 必要的英文解释。例如中医的“阴”、 “阳”等。
中国文化词及其英文表达
中国文化词及其英文表达中国文化博大精深，涵盖了许多独特的词汇和表达。
以下是一些常见的中国文化词及其英文表达：元宵节：Lantern Festival春节：Spring Festival清明节：Tomb-sweeping Day端午节：Dragon Boat Festival中秋节：Mid-Autumn Festival重阳节：Double Ninth Festival七夕节：Double Seventh Festival除夕：Chinese New Year's Eve春联：Spring Festival Couplets京剧：Peking Opera功夫：Kung Fu太极：Tai Chi针灸：Acupuncture书法：Calligraphy汉服：Hanfu长城：The Great Wall故宫：The Forbidden City孔子：Confucius儒家文化：Confucian Culture道家文化：Taoist Culture四大发明：Four Great Inventions (gunpowder, printing, compass, paper-making)十二生肖：Zodiac (Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig)五行：Five Elements (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water)风水：Feng Shui旗袍：Cheongsam中药：Traditional Chinese Medicine茶文化：Tea Culture杂技：Acrobatics皮影戏：Shadow Play中国画：Chinese Painting这些只是中国文化中的一小部分词汇，实际上中国文化博大精深，涵盖了更多的词汇和表达。
学习和了解这些词汇，有助于我们更好地理解和欣赏中国文化的独特魅力。
术语翻译在文化交流中的重要意义
术语翻译在文化交流中的重要意义
术语翻译是跨文化交流中的一个重要方面。
在不同的语言和文化中，同一个词或概念可能有不同的含义和解释。
因此，正确地翻译术语是确保在文化交流中不出现误解和误解的关键。
术语翻译在商业、政治、教育和其他领域中都非常重要。
在商业领域中，术语翻译可以帮助企业在跨国经营和国际贸易中避免意外损失。
错误的术语翻译可能导致误解、合同纠纷和财务损失。
在政治领域中，术语翻译可以有助于国家之间的和平和理解。
政治人物之间的沟通必须要有精准的术语翻译，才能确保语言之间的准确传达。
在教育领域中，术语翻译有助于确保学生接受正确的教育。
如果学术术语没有被正确翻译，学生可能会受到误导，从而影响他们的学术成就。
术语翻译还可以促进跨文化交流。
当人们使用不同的语言和文化交流时，理解对方的文化背景和语言习惯会有所帮助。
术语翻译可以帮助人们更好地理解不同文化之间的差异，并促进文化之间的相互了解和尊重。
因此，准确地翻译术语对于跨文化交流至关重要，它有助于避免误解、促进跨文化理解和沟通，使人们更好地融入全球化社会。
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专业术语英语翻译
1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and upholdcultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chinese appeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。
翻译硕士名词解释词条
绝对翻译 absolute translation摘要翻译 abstract translation滥译 abusive translation可接受性 acceptibility准确accuracy译者行动translatorial action充分性 adequacy改编 adaptation调整 adjustment美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation 经纪人agent类同形式analogical form分析 analysis感染型文本 applied focused-texts应用翻译研究applied translation studies 古词废词 archaism元译素 architranseme范围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本 audio-medial texts委托 commission自动翻译 automatic translation自立幅度 autonomy spectrum自译 autotranslation逆转换 back-transformation范围的翻译理论back-translation双边传译 bilateral interpreting双语语料库bilingual corporal双文本bi-text空位 blank spaces无韵体翻译 blank verse translation借用 borrowing仿造 calque机助翻译 MAT范畴转换 category shift词类转换 class shift贴近翻译 close translation连贯 coherence委托 commission传意负荷 communication load传意翻译 communicative translation社群传译 community interpreting对换 commutation可比语料库 comparable corpora补偿compensation能力 competence成分分析componential analysis机器辅助翻译MAT一致性concordance会议传译conference interpreting接续传译consecutive interpreting建构性翻译常规 constitutive translational conventions派生内容的形式content-derivative form重内容文本 content-focused texts语境一致contextual consistency受控语言 controlled language常规 conventions语料库 corpora可修正性 correctability对应 correspondence法庭传译court interpreting隐型翻译covert translation跨时翻译理论 cross-temporal theories of translation 文化途径 cultural approach文化借用 cultural borrowing文化替换 cultural substitution文化翻译 cultural translation文化移植 cultural transplantation文化置换 cultural transposition区分度degree of differentiation翻译定义definitions of translation描写翻译研究 descriptive translation studies图表翻译diagrammatic translation对话传译 dialogue interpreting说教忠信didactic fidelity直接翻译 direct translation翻译方向 direction of translation消解歧义disambiguation话语类型的翻译理论discourse type-restricted theories of translation文献型翻译 documentary translation归化翻译 domesticating translation配音 dubbing动态性 dynamics动态对等 dynamic equivalence动态忠信 dynamic fidelity用功模式 effort models借用 borrowing种族学翻译enthnographic translation翻译的种族语言学模式 enthnolinguistic model of translation 非目标接受者 excluded receiver诠释性翻译 exegetic translation诠释忠信 exegetical fidelity异国情调 exoticism期望规范 expectancy norms明示 explicitation表情型文本 expressive texts外部转移external transfer外来形式 extraneous form忠实faithfulness假朋友false friends假翻译fictitious translation贴近 coherence异化翻译 foreignizing translation派生形式的形式 form-derivative forms重形式文本 content-focused texts形式对应 formal correspondence形式对等 formal equivalence前向转换 forward transformation自由译 free translation全文翻译 total translation功能取向翻译研究 function-oriented translation studies 功能对等 function equivalence空隙 gaps宽泛化 generalization宽泛化翻译generalizing translation要旨翻译gist translation释词翻译 gloss translation成功 success目的语 goal languages语法分析 grammatical analysis语法置换 grammatical transposition字形翻译graphological translation诠释步骤 hermeneutic motion对应层级hierarchy of correspondences历史忠信historical fidelity同音翻译homophonic translation音素翻译phonemic translation横向翻译 horizontal translation超额信息 hyperinformation同一性identity地道翻译idomatic translation地道性idomaticity不确定性indeterminacy间接翻译 indirect translation翻译即产业过程 translation as industrial process 信息负荷 information load信息提供 information offer信息型文本informative texts初始规范initial norms工具型翻译 instrumental translation整合翻译 integral translation跨文化合作intercultural cooperation中间语言 interlanguage隔行翻译interlineal translation逐行翻译interlinear translation语际语言 interlingua语际翻译interlingual translation中介翻译 intermediate translation内部转移 internal transfer解释 interpretation传译 interpreting翻译释意理论 interpretive theory of translation 符际翻译intersemiotic translation互时翻译intertemporal translation 语内翻译intralingual translation 系统内转换 intra-system shift不变量 invariant不变性 invariance逆向翻译inverse translation隐形 invisibility核心 kernel关键词翻译 keyword translation贴近 coherence可核实性 verifiability可修正性 correctability空缺 voids层次转换 level shift词汇翻译 lexical translation联络传译 liaison interpreting普遍语言 lingua universalis语言学途径linguistic approach语言对等 linguistic equivalence语言翻译linguistic translation语言创造性翻译linguistically creative translation 字面翻译 literal translation直译法 literalism借译 load translation原素logeme逻各斯 logos低地国家学派 low countries groups忠诚 loyalty机助翻译MAT机器翻译machine translation操纵manipulation操纵学派manipulation school图谱mapping矩阵规范matricial norms中继翻译 mediated translation中介语言 mediating language词译 metaphrase元诗metapoem元文本 metatext韵律翻译metrical translation模仿形式mimetic form最小最大原则 minimax principle 小众化 minoritizing translation 调整 modification调适 modulation语义消歧 semantic disambiguation 多语语料库multilingual corpora 多媒介型文本multi-medial texts 多阶段翻译 multiple-stage texts 变异 mutation自然性 naturalness必要区分度 necessary degree of differentiation 负面转换negative shift无遗留原则no leftover principle规范 norms必要对等语 obligatory equivalents曲径翻译 oblique translation观察型接受者observational receiver信息提供 information offer操作模式operational models操作规范 operational norms运作型文本 operative texts可换对等语 optional equivalents有机形式organic form重合翻译 overlapping translation显型翻译 overt translation范式对等 paradigmatic equivalence平行语料库 parallel corpora释词 paraphrase局部翻译理论 partial theories of translation 部分重合翻译partially-overlapping translation 参与型接受者particularizing receiver具体化翻译 particularizing translation赞助 patronage运用 performance音素翻译phonemic translation音位翻译phonological translation中枢语言 pivot language译诗为文poetry into prose争辩式翻译polemical translation多元系统理论 polysystem theory译后编辑 post-editing译前编辑pre-editing语用途径 pragmatic approach精确度 degree of precision预先规范preliminary norms规定翻译研究 prescriptive theories of translation首级翻译 primary translation问题的翻译理论 problem-restrained theories of translation 成品取向翻译研究 product-oriented studies of translation 过程取向翻译研究 process-oriented studies of translation 专业规范 professional norms散文翻译 prose translation前瞻式翻译prospective translation抗议 protest原型文本 prototext伪翻译 psedotranslation公共服务传译 public service interpreting纯语言 pure language原始翻译 radical translation级阶受限翻译rank-bound translation级阶的翻译理论 rank-restricted theories of translation读者取向机器翻译 reader-oriented machine translation 独有特征 realia接受语 receptor language重构式翻译translation with reconstructions冗余 redundancy折射refraction规约性翻译常规 regulative translational conventions 转接传译 relay interpreting知识库要素repertoreme变换措词rephrasing阻抗 resistancy受限翻译 restricted translation重组 restructuring转译 retranslation后瞻式翻译retrospective translation换词rewording换声 revoicing重写 rewrtiting韵体翻译rhymed translation翻译科学 science of translation目的论scopos theory二级翻译second-hand translation二手翻译secondary translation选译 selective translation自译 self translation语义消歧 semantic disambiguation语义翻译 semantic translation语义空缺 semantic voids意义理论theory of sense意对意翻译 sense-for-sense translation 序列翻译 serial translation服务翻译 service translation转换shifts视译 sight translation手语传译signed language translation同声传译simultaneous interpreting源语 source language源文本source text源文本取向翻译研究source text-oriented translation studies 具体化specification结构转换 structure shift文体对等 stylistic equivalence子语言sublanguage配字幕 substituting成功 success超额翻译 overtranslation组合对等syntagmatic equivalence系统system有声思维记录think-aloud protocols目标语 target language目标文本 target texts目标文本取向翻译研究 target text-oriented translation studies 术语库 term banks术语 terminology文本类型学text typology文本素texteme文本类型的翻译理论 text type-restricted theories of translation 文本对等 textual equivalence文本规范 textual norms理论翻译研究theoretical translation studies意义理论theory of sense增量翻译 thick translation有声思维记录 think aloud protocols第三语码third code第三语言third language时域的翻译理论 temporal-restricted theories of translation完全翻译 total translation巴别塔 tower of babel注音 transcription译素 transeme转移 transfer转移取向翻译研究 transfer-oriented translation studies 迁移 transference转换 transformation可译性 translatability笔译 translation翻译与博弈理论 translation and the theory of games翻译即抉择translation as decision-making翻译即产业过程 translation as industrial process翻译对等translation equivalence翻译研究translation studies翻译理论translation theory翻译单位 translation unit翻译普遍特征translation universals重构式翻译 translation with reconstructions翻译对等 translation equivalence 翻译体 translationese翻译学translatology译者行动translatorial action音译 transliteration符际转化 transmutation置换 transposition不受限翻译 unbounded translation 欠额翻译 undertranslation翻译单位 translation unit单位转换 unit shift不可译性 untranslatability词语一致verbal consistency可核实性 correctability改本改译 version纵向翻译vertical translation空缺 voids耳语传译whispered interpreting词对词翻译 word- for-word translation作者取向翻译机器 reader-oriented machine translation。
中华思想文化术语----20个中英文对照词了解传统文化
中华思想文化术语----20个中英文对照词了解传统文化近日，“中华思想文化术语传播工程”第二批术语对外发布，对“居安思危”“上善若水”等反映中华传统文化特征与思维方式的核心术语，作出了简明的中文释义和英文翻译。
今天，“微言教育”继续向大家亮出这些词语，我们一起学习吧。
【英译】Jingjie(VisionaryWorld)【释义】“境界”本指疆域边界、土地边界，后来在佛经翻译中，“境界”一词被用于精神领域，指人破除对于物质世界的沉迷后所达到的精神层次或修为境域。
作为文艺术语，主要指文艺作品中所表现出的审美层次和境域，是作者的创造力、理解力和审美能力在精神层面的综合呈现。
有境界的作品是作者真实人格的显现，具备超越凡俗的意味，更能引发读者的共鸣，激发读者的想象，甚至提升读者的感受。
“意境”形成较早，而“境界”主要受中唐以后佛教思想的影响而形成。
近代学者王国维《人间词话》对境界的阐释最多。
王国维往往将“意境”与“境界”概念通用。
他构建了融合西方美学与中国古典美学为一体的“境界论”。
但一般说来，意境侧重作者主观寓意与作品形象的完满融会，通过鉴赏使想象得到发挥，而境界则突出心灵感悟使艺术形象得到升华，强调心灵世界对于作品层次的提升。
【英译】AestheticConceptionTranscendsConcreteObjectsDescribed.【释义】诗文中的审美意境往往在物象之外，需要鉴赏者领悟其中的精神之美。
“境”指作品所创造的审美意境，“象”是作品中所呈现出的具体物象。
诗歌由语言文字写成，所描写的都是一个个物象，在这些具体的物象之外，能够形成整体的审美情境。
唐代诗人刘禹锡首次提出这个命题，表达对诗歌意趣的思考，强调文字与物象是确切的，而审美情境却是微妙而难以言传的。
在古典诗论意境说的形成过程中，“境生象外”是一个重要的发展阶段。
【英译】BeonAlertAgainstPotentialDangerWhenLivinginPeace【释义】处在安宁的环境中，要想到可能出现的危难。
译见｜浅析中华思想文化术语翻译中的难点
译见｜浅析中华思想⽂化术语翻译中的难点前⾔中华思想⽂化术语是指固化为⼀定形式的，由中华民族主体所创造或构建，凝聚、浓缩了中华哲学思想、⼈⽂精神、思维⽅式、价值观念的概念、命题和⽂化核⼼词。
它们是中华民族千百年来对⾃然与社会进⾏探索和理性思考的成果，是中华民族最独特的精神标识，蕴含着中华民族最深层的精神追求。
它们是中华民族最宝贵的精神财富，也是世界⽂明的重要组成部分。
中华思想⽂化术语的整理、诠释和翻译，是向世界传播中华⽂明和中华思想⽂化的关键。
对此，国务院领导⾼度重视，明确指⽰要组织国内外专家学者共同研究中华思想⽂化术语的国际传播，加强对中华思想⽂化术语的整理、诠释和翻译⼯作。
“中华思想⽂化术语传播⼯程”正是落实国务院领导批⽰精神，由教育部、国家语委牵头组织，多部委联合参与的国家级重⼤项⽬。
本项⽬的核⼼任务就是梳理反映中国传统⽂化特征和民族思维⽅式、体现中国核⼼价值的思想⽂化术语，⽤简练的语⾔，客观准确地予以诠释、翻译，从⽽促进世界更准确、更全⾯地了解中华民族和中华思想⽂化，推动中外⽂化的交流与融合。
本⽂将从中华思想⽂化术语翻译所依据的中⽂⽂本情况延展开去，浅析体现中国价值观念的思想⽂化术语的翻译难点及具体的翻译⽅法。
⼀、中华思想⽂化术语翻译所依据的中⽂⽂本情况从16世纪利玛窦翻译《四书》算起，迄今已有上千种中华思想⽂化典籍被译成其他语⾔，其中蕴含了中华思想⽂化术语翻译的⼀些素材，但将中华思想⽂化术语作为⼀个国家项⽬进⾏全⾯系统的规划、整理和翻译，在我国尚属⾸次。
在本项⽬中，中华思想⽂化术语的中⽂⽂本是由国内⽂史哲三⼤领域的众多知名学者整理撰写的，每个术语由条⽬、释义、引例三部分组成：条⽬的筛选经过了学科组、专家委员两级讨论和审定；每条术语的释义⾼度概括并极为简练，⼀般不超过350字；引例是从中国古代的经史⼦集中精⼼挑选出来的，⽬的是说明术语的来源、补释义之不⾜或引证古⼈对相关术语的解释。
译者⾯临的主要问题有：其⼀，每⼀个术语都体现了中华先民对⾃然、社会所进⾏的理性思考和⾼度的理论概括，有着博⼤的思想⽂化蕴含。
文化遗产科学的概念性术语翻译与阐释
文化遗产科学的概念性术语翻译与阐释作者：徐嵩龄来源：《中国科技术语》2008年第03期摘要：文章研讨了文化和自然遗产科学中一些概念性术语的译解。
它们是：属于遗产类型的cultural and natural heritage（文化和自然遗产），mixed heritage（复合遗产），static heritage（静态遗产），living heritage（活态遗产），serial heritage（系列遗产），heritage route（遗产线路），linear heritage（线形遗产），cultural landscape（文化景观）及其派生术语，heritage site与heritage place（遗产地）；属于遗产价值标准的outstanding and universal value（突出的普世价值）；属于遗产保护原则的authenticity（原真性），integrity（原整性），setting（环景），environment（环境）；属于遗产保护方法的reconstruction（重建）及其相关术语，preservation（保存），conservation（保护）及其属下的伞型术语。
关键词：遗产科学，概念性术语，译解Abstract：A number of foreign conceptual terms of the heritage study are translated and clarified in Chinese. They are: (of heritage sorts) cultural and natural heritage, mixed heritage, static heritage, living heritage, serial heritage, heritage route, linear heritage, cultural landscape and its deviants, heritage site and heritage place; (of heritage value standard) outstanding and universal value; (of heritage conservation principles) authenticity, integrity, setting, environment; (of heritage conservation methods) reconstruction and its relatives, preservation, and conservation and its umbrellaed terms.Key words：heritage study， conceptual terms, translation and clarification中国正在由文化和自然遗产资源大国向遗产科学大国过渡，其间必须汲取国际遗产界一切有益的观念、知识、技术和经验。
文物英语词汇
卣 wine container匜 gourd-shaped ladle罍 ampulla斝 wine cup鼎 tripod尊 wine container觚 wine vessel盉 ancient utensil其实这些专属的单词,除了用于考古学之类的专业性文章以外,几乎根据他的中文白话文意思简化为vessel,container,utensil这些单词,因为就算你能拿出这些翻译,一般老外也不会懂.Ge kiln 哥窑Royal Kiln 官窑celadon 青瓷porcelain plate 瓷盘celadon-glazed dish 青瓷釉口盘the celadon plate with a mouth in the shape of mallow petals 青釉葵瓣口盘collection 藏品shoddy substitute 赝品collector 收藏家artifact 手工艺品grade-one cultural relic 一级文物preservation of cultural relics 文物保护ceramic 陶瓷制品Palace Museum 故宫博物院Ministry of Culture 文化部State Administration of Cultural Heritage 国家文物局Forbidden City 紫禁城antique 古董、古玩antiquity 文物；古物；古董；古迹repristination 恢复原状archaeologist 考古学家anthropologist 人类学家preservationist （对自然环境、文物古迹的）保护主义者World Monuments Fund 世界文化遗产基金会in ruins 成为废墟、遭到严重破坏historical site 历史遗迹、遗址human elements 人为因素；人文要素priceless 无价的、极贵重的masterpiece 杰作human error 人为误差dereliction of duty 失职；疏忽职守internal investigation 内部调查testing equipment 测试设备operational error 操作失误the intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 保护非物质文化遗产公约World Heritage Convention 世界遗产大会词汇对大部分英语学习者来说是一个难以轻松把握的问题,而各学科专业英语的词汇学习难度更大,问题更多。
翻译硕士名词解释词条
绝对翻译 absolute translation摘要翻译 abstract translation滥译 abusive translation可接受性 acceptibility准确accuracy译者行动translatorial action充分性 adequacy改编 adaptation调整 adjustment美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation 经纪人agent类同形式analogical form分析 analysis感染型文本 applied focused-texts应用翻译研究applied translation studies 古词废词 archaism元译素 architranseme关于范围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本 audio-medial texts委托 commission自动翻译 automatic translation自立幅度 autonomy spectrum自译 autotranslation逆转换 back-transformation关于范围的翻译理论back-translation双边传译 bilateral interpreting双语语料库bilingual corporal双文本bi-text空位 blank spaces无韵体翻译 blank verse translation借用 borrowing仿造 calque机助翻译 MAT范畴转换 category shift词类转换 class shift贴近翻译 close translation连贯 coherence委托 commission传意负荷 communication load传意翻译 communicative translation社群传译 community interpreting对换 commutation可比语料库 comparable corpora补偿compensation能力 competence成分分析componential analysis机器辅助翻译MAT一致性concordance会议传译conference interpreting接续传译consecutive interpreting建构性翻译常规 constitutive translational conventions派生内容的形式content-derivative form重内容文本 content-focused texts语境一致contextual consistency受控语言 controlled language常规 conventions语料库 corpora可修正性 correctability对应 correspondence法庭传译court interpreting隐型翻译covert translation跨时翻译理论 cross-temporal theories of translation 文化途径 cultural approach文化借用 cultural borrowing文化替换 cultural substitution文化翻译 cultural translation文化移植 cultural transplantation文化置换 cultural transposition区分度degree of differentiation翻译定义definitions of translation描写翻译研究 descriptive translation studies图表翻译diagrammatic translation对话传译 dialogue interpreting说教忠信didactic fidelity直接翻译 direct translation翻译方向 direction of translation消解歧义disambiguation关于话语类型的翻译理论discourse type-restricted theories of translation文献型翻译 documentary translation归化翻译 domesticating translation配音 dubbing动态性 dynamics动态对等 dynamic equivalence动态忠信 dynamic fidelity用功模式 effort models借用 borrowing种族学翻译enthnographic translation翻译的种族语言学模式 enthnolinguistic model of translation 非目标接受者 excluded receiver诠释性翻译 exegetic translation诠释忠信 exegetical fidelity异国情调 exoticism期望规范 expectancy norms明示 explicitation表情型文本 expressive texts外部转移external transfer外来形式 extraneous form忠实faithfulness假朋友false friends假翻译fictitious translation贴近 coherence异化翻译 foreignizing translation派生形式的形式 form-derivative forms重形式文本 content-focused texts形式对应 formal correspondence形式对等 formal equivalence前向转换 forward transformation自由译 free translation全文翻译 total translation功能取向翻译研究 function-oriented translation studies 功能对等 function equivalence空隙 gaps宽泛化 generalization宽泛化翻译generalizing translation要旨翻译gist translation释词翻译 gloss translation成功 success目的语 goal languages语法分析 grammatical analysis语法置换 grammatical transposition字形翻译graphological translation诠释步骤 hermeneutic motion对应层级hierarchy of correspondences历史忠信historical fidelity同音翻译homophonic translation音素翻译phonemic translation横向翻译 horizontal translation超额信息 hyperinformation同一性identity地道翻译idomatic translation地道性idomaticity不确定性indeterminacy间接翻译 indirect translation翻译即产业过程 translation as industrial process 信息负荷 information load信息提供 information offer信息型文本informative texts初始规范initial norms工具型翻译 instrumental translation整合翻译 integral translation跨文化合作intercultural cooperation中间语言 interlanguage隔行翻译interlineal translation逐行翻译interlinear translation语际语言 interlingua语际翻译interlingual translation中介翻译 intermediate translation内部转移 internal transfer解释 interpretation传译 interpreting翻译释意理论 interpretive theory of translation 符际翻译intersemiotic translation互时翻译intertemporal translation 语内翻译intralingual translation 系统内转换 intra-system shift不变量 invariant不变性 invariance逆向翻译inverse translation隐形 invisibility核心 kernel关键词翻译 keyword translation贴近 coherence可核实性 verifiability可修正性 correctability空缺 voids层次转换 level shift词汇翻译 lexical translation联络传译 liaison interpreting普遍语言 lingua universalis语言学途径linguistic approach语言对等 linguistic equivalence语言翻译linguistic translation语言创造性翻译linguistically creative translation 字面翻译 literal translation直译法 literalism借译 load translation原素logeme逻各斯 logos低地国家学派 low countries groups忠诚 loyalty机助翻译MAT机器翻译machine translation操纵manipulation操纵学派manipulation school图谱mapping矩阵规范matricial norms中继翻译 mediated translation中介语言 mediating language词译 metaphrase元诗metapoem元文本 metatext韵律翻译metrical translation模仿形式mimetic form最小最大原则 minimax principle 小众化 minoritizing translation 调整 modification调适 modulation语义消歧 semantic disambiguation 多语语料库multilingual corpora 多媒介型文本multi-medial texts 多阶段翻译 multiple-stage texts 变异 mutation自然性 naturalness必要区分度 necessary degree of differentiation 负面转换negative shift无遗留原则no leftover principle规范 norms必要对等语 obligatory equivalents曲径翻译 oblique translation观察型接受者observational receiver信息提供 information offer操作模式operational models操作规范 operational norms运作型文本 operative texts可换对等语 optional equivalents有机形式organic form重合翻译 overlapping translation显型翻译 overt translation范式对等 paradigmatic equivalence平行语料库 parallel corpora释词 paraphrase局部翻译理论 partial theories of translation 部分重合翻译partially-overlapping translation 参与型接受者particularizing receiver具体化翻译 particularizing translation赞助 patronage运用 performance音素翻译phonemic translation音位翻译phonological translation中枢语言 pivot language译诗为文poetry into prose争辩式翻译polemical translation多元系统理论 polysystem theory译后编辑 post-editing译前编辑pre-editing语用途径 pragmatic approach精确度 degree of precision预先规范preliminary norms规定翻译研究 prescriptive theories of translation首级翻译 primary translation关于问题的翻译理论 problem-restrained theories of translation 成品取向翻译研究 product-oriented studies of translation过程取向翻译研究 process-oriented studies of translation专业规范 professional norms散文翻译 prose translation前瞻式翻译prospective translation抗议 protest原型文本 prototext伪翻译 psedotranslation公共服务传译 public service interpreting纯语言 pure language原始翻译 radical translation级阶受限翻译rank-bound translation关于级阶的翻译理论 rank-restricted theories of translation读者取向机器翻译 reader-oriented machine translation 独有特征 realia接受语 receptor language重构式翻译translation with reconstructions冗余 redundancy折射refraction规约性翻译常规 regulative translational conventions 转接传译 relay interpreting知识库要素repertoreme变换措词rephrasing阻抗 resistancy受限翻译 restricted translation重组 restructuring转译 retranslation后瞻式翻译retrospective translation换词rewording换声 revoicing重写 rewrtiting韵体翻译rhymed translation翻译科学 science of translation目的论scopos theory二级翻译second-hand translation二手翻译secondary translation选译 selective translation自译 self translation语义消歧 semantic disambiguation语义翻译 semantic translation语义空缺 semantic voids意义理论theory of sense意对意翻译 sense-for-sense translation 序列翻译 serial translation服务翻译 service translation转换shifts视译 sight translation手语传译signed language translation同声传译simultaneous interpreting源语 source language源文本source text源文本取向翻译研究source text-oriented translation studies 具体化specification结构转换 structure shift文体对等 stylistic equivalence子语言sublanguage配字幕 substituting成功 success超额翻译 overtranslation组合对等syntagmatic equivalence系统system有声思维记录think-aloud protocols目标语 target language目标文本 target texts目标文本取向翻译研究 target text-oriented translation studies术语库 term banks术语 terminology文本类型学text typology文本素texteme关于文本类型的翻译理论text type-restricted theories of translation文本对等 textual equivalence文本规范 textual norms理论翻译研究theoretical translation studies意义理论theory of sense增量翻译 thick translation有声思维记录 think aloud protocols第三语码third code第三语言third language关于时域的翻译理论 temporal-restricted theories of translation完全翻译 total translation巴别塔 tower of babel注音 transcription译素 transeme转移 transfer转移取向翻译研究 transfer-oriented translation studies 迁移 transference转换 transformation可译性 translatability笔译 translation翻译与博弈理论 translation and the theory of games翻译即抉择translation as decision-making翻译即产业过程 translation as industrial process翻译对等translation equivalence翻译研究translation studies翻译理论translation theory翻译单位 translation unit翻译普遍特征translation universals重构式翻译 translation with reconstructions 翻译对等 translation equivalence翻译体 translationese翻译学translatology译者行动translatorial action音译 transliteration符际转化 transmutation置换 transposition不受限翻译 unbounded translation欠额翻译 undertranslation翻译单位 translation unit单位转换 unit shift不可译性 untranslatability词语一致verbal consistency可核实性 correctability改本改译 version纵向翻译vertical translation空缺 voids耳语传译whispered interpreting词对词翻译 word- for-word translation作者取向翻译机器 reader-oriented machine translation。
关于社会文化行业翻译术语表-汉桥
汉桥翻译公司翻译样稿行业翻译术语表—关于社会文化的词汇汉桥翻译公司行业翻译术语表—关于社会文化的词汇中法对照稿件来源：上海汉桥翻译公司()语料库1. 违法和不良信息举报中心 Centre de dénonciation des informations illicites et malsaines sur Internet2. 择优录取 sélection par le mérite // sélectionner par le mérite // méritocratie // méritocratique // admettre les meilleurs3. 学历教育formation diplômante / certifiante // formation aboutissant à undiplôme // formation sanctionnée par un diplômeλ非学历教育formation non diplômante / ce rtifiante // formation n’aboutissant pas àun diplôme // formation non sanctionnée par un diplôme4. 教育公平égalité (des chances) dans l’éducationλ教育公平是社会公平的一个重点，是构建和谐社会的一个基础保障。
Une société juste / équitable a pour tâche essentielle de garantir l’égalité des chances dans l’éducation ; c’est le premier pas à franchir pour construire une société harmonieuse. // Une société juste / équitable repose sur l’égalité des chances à l’école, condition indispensable à la construction d’une société harmonieuse. // L’un des éléments essentiels d’une société juste / équitable réside dans son égalitéscolaire, qui permet la construction d’une société harmonieuse.5. 远程教育中心 centre de formation / d’enseignement à distance6. 破裂家庭 familles éclatées7. 重组家庭 familles recomposées8. 单亲家庭 familles monoparentales9. 体面工作 travail digne / décent / honorable10. 挂牌督办 liste des affaires / dossiers à résoudre par les autorités compétentes11. 民生工程 travaux pour le bien-être social // projet de bien-être social12. 豆腐渣工程 constructions de mauvaise qualité/ en « papier mâché»13. 陈化粮 céréales périmées (non destinées à la consommation humaine directe) / avariées14. 空置房 logement inoccupé / vide / vacant15. 黑灯率 taux d’appartements éteints dans un immeuble (utilisé pour estimer la proportion de logements vides dans les villes chinoises où les prix immobiliers sont très élevés)16. 并网发电 unité / centre / installations de production d’électricité connect ée au réseau // raccordement d’une centrale au réseau17. 上班流、上学流、送学流、送考流 affluence / flots des travailleurs (heure de pointe), des élèves, des parents accompagnant leur enfant à l’école ou à un examen18. 国家级生态示范区/园 zone / parc écologique pilote de niveau national19. 建筑容积率 coefficient d’occupation des sols（COS）20. 碳循环 cycle du / de carbone21. 低碳绿色理念 concept vert / écologique de bas carbone // concept de faible intensité de carbone22. “碳中性”会议 réunion de « compensation carbone » / carbon e neutre / neutralit é carbone // conférence neutre en carbone23. 中国绿色碳汇基金 Fondation / Fonds du carbone vert de Chine (China Green Carbon Foundation)24. 森林储蓄量 ressources forestières // réserve de bois en forêt25. 井下、高空、高温、繁重体力劳动和其他有害健康工种 travail dans les (puits de) mines, en hauteur, sous haute température, à haute intensité physique / travail p énible / à haute pénibilité, et d’autres domaines de travail / professions nuisibles à la santé26. 大（环境）气候 macroclimat27. 小区域气候 microclimat28. 学术打假 lutte contre la fraude académique / la fraude scientifique / la tricherie scientifique // anti-fraude académique29. 非诚勿扰 Pas sérieux s’abstenir.30. 蜗居 cage à lapins // trou d’araignée // Vie d’escargot (电视剧名)31. 动车（组） train électrique à grande vitesse // train à multiples unités motrices // TGV // CRH32. 城际高铁 train à grande vitesse interurbain // train à grande vitesse régional33. 超高速列车 train à très grande vitesse34. 概念车 voiture concept // concept car (英)35. 超级细菌 super bactérie // bactérie ultra-résistante36. 走后门 se faire pistonner // user de passe-droits // chercher à obtenir qqch. par piston37. 托关系chercher / entretenir une relation d’intérêts // profiter / jouer de ses relations38. 淘货/淘宝 quête de bonnes affaires // chasse aux trésors39. 最具幸福感城市 ville la plus heureuse // ville championne du bien-être // ville offrant la meilleure qualité de vie // ville où l’on vit le mieux40. 中国最佳商业城市meilleure ville commerçante de Chine41. 中国城市总体投资环境最佳城市 meilleure ville chinoise en matière d’environnement d’investissement / d’affaires42. 中国最具活力城市 ville chinoise la plus dynamique43. 国际花园城市 ville fleurie de niveau international // ville jardin de renomm ée internationale44. 中国综合实力百强城市 les cent villes chinoises les plus puissantes45. 中国国际形象最佳城市 villes chinoises ayant la meilleure image internationale // meilleures villes chinoises en matière d’image internationale46. 国家级园林城市 ville jardin de niveau national47. 最具创新力城市 ville la plus innovante48. 低碳城市 ville (à) bas carbone // ville sobre en carbone49. 宜居城市 ville agréable à vivre // ville où il fait bon vivre50. 休闲城市 ville de loisirs // cité de villégiature51. 最佳管理城市 ville la mieux gérée / administrée52. 二手烟 fumée secondaire / de tabac ambiante // tabagisme passif吸二手烟 absorber de la fumée secondaire // être exposé / s’exposer à la fum ée de tabac ambiante53. 人梯échelle / chaîne humaine de sauvetage54. 不差钱 Ce n’est pas l’argent qui manque. // On ne manque pas d’argent. // L’argent n’est pas un problème.55. 禁止近亲结婚，确保优生优育 interdire / proscrire l’endogamie / les mariages consanguins, afin d’assurer la qualité des naissances et l’épanouissement des enfants / d’éviter les maladies génétiques56. 工薪阶层 couche de salariés57. 挖墙角薅羊毛 saper58. 靠谱sûr // digne de confiance // crédible // fiable59. 大闸蟹 crabe velu // crabe chinois à mitaine // crabe poilu de Chine60. （公交地铁等）班次 horaires de passage (des bus et du métro)61. 调包 substituer furtivement / subtilement une chose à une autre62. 高仿contrefaçon / imitation de qualité // reproduction identique // copie conforme63. 城乡一体化 intégration urbaine-rurale64. 阶梯电价 tarification progressive / tarifs échelonnés pour l’électricité des ménages // grille tarifaire / échelonnée de l’électricité65. 廉内助（指通过“官太太”实现干部廉洁自律） influence positive de l’épouse, qui encourage son mari fonctionnaire à l’intégrité // bonne épouse66. 远水不解近渴 Le secours qui tarde à venir est vain. // L’eau éloignée ne peut soulager / étancher / apaiser la soif immédiate. // Une source éloignée fait mourir de soif.67. 煽情 chercher à attendrir qqn // faire jouer la corde sensible // tirer / soutirer les larmes68. 高调 ostentatoire69. 低调 discret // modeste // modéré // mesuré // adopter un profil bas // ne pas se faire remarquer70. 作秀frimer // crâner // se faire remarquer // se donner en spectacle // faire un show71. 行货 produits authentiques72. 水货 marchandises / produits de contrebande / non authentifié(e)s73. 经营成果与绩效考核挂钩 lier les résultats à l’évaluation de la performance74. 糊涂账 problèmes épineux // un sac de nœuds // affaire embrouillée / inextricable // imbroglio75. 鸡肋objets de valeur médiocre // toc76. 猫腻 ruse // astuce // combine (dans le patois de Beijing)77. 闷棍 coup d’assommoir / de massue78. 感知中国土耳其行 tournée « Perception de la Chine » en Turquie79. 中国语言生活状况报告 Rapport sur la situation de la langue chinoise80. 多语种电视专题片《上海的白天与夜晚》 documentaire / reportage télévisé intitul é« 24 heures àShanghai » en plusieurs versions81. 首日封 (enveloppe du) premier jour82. 小型张 feuille de timbres83. 纪念封 enveloppe commémorative84. 小全张 bloc souvenir85. 兔儿爷 Seigneur Lapin // Grand-père Lapin // Papy Lapin86. 中央电视台“鉴宝”栏目 Valeur des trésors (Treasure appraisal) / Expertise des objets anciens, émission de CCTV /87. 北京电视台“天下收藏”栏目 Monde de collections, émission de BTV88. 河南电视台“华豫之门”栏目 La porte / Le portail splendide du Henan (Huayu) / Accès au Henan, émission de HNTV89. 品相完好 objet ancien en excellent / parfait état de conservation // antiquit é en très bon état。
中国特色词汇及其英译
宣纸rice paper衙门yamen叩头kowtow孔子Confucius牌楼pailou；pai-loo武术wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）功夫kungfu ；kung fu中庸the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）中和harmony (zhonghe)孝顺to show filial obedience孝子dutiful son家长family head三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband guides wife五常：仁、义、理、智、信five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity八股文eight-legged essays多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one's old ageThe 24 Solar Terms:立春Spring begins.雨水The rains.惊蛰Insects awaken.春分Vernal Equinox清明Clear and bright.谷雨Grain rain.立夏Summer begins.小满Grain buds.芒种Grain in ear.夏至Summer solstice.小暑Slight heat.大暑Great heat.立秋Autumn begins.处暑Stopping the heat.白露White dews.秋分Autumn Equinox.寒露Cold dews.霜降Hoar-frost falls.立冬Winter begins.小雪Light snow.大雪Heavy snow.冬至Winter Solstice.小寒Slight cold.大寒Great cold戏剧表演Theatrical Performances京剧人物脸谱types of facial makeup in Beijing opera 生male characters末middle-aged male characters净“painted face” characters旦female characters丑clown京剧票友amateur performer of Peking Opera木偶戏puppet show独角戏monodrama; one-man play皮影戏shadow play; leather-silhouette show折子戏opera highlights戏剧小品skit哑剧dumb show; mime; mummery; pantomime单口相声monologue comic talk双口相声witty dialogue口技vocal imitations; ventriloquisim说书monologue story-telling杂技acrobatic performance叠罗汉making a human pyramid特技stunt踩高跷stilt walk马戏circus performances神化人物Mythological Figures八仙the Eight Immortals嫦娥Chang’e (the Chinese moon godd ess)伏羲Fu Xi (God of Fishery and Husbandry)福禄寿三星the three gods of fortune, prosperity and longevity共工God of Water后羿Houyi (a legendary hero who shot down nine suns)黄帝Yellow Emperor夸父Kuafu (a fabled sun-chasing giant)女娲Goddess of Sky-patching盘古Pan Gu (creator of the universe)神农Patron of Agriculture禹Yu (the reputed founder of the Xia Dynasty)祝融God of Fire古代建筑Ancient Architecture塔pagoda琉璃塔glazed stupa舍利塔dagoba; sarira stupa (a pagoda for Buddhist relics)舍利子sarira remains from cremation of Buddha’s or saints’ body 喇嘛塔Lamaist pagoda楼storied buildings钟楼bell tower鼓楼drum tower阁pavilion烽火台beacon tower华表ornamental column牌坊memorial archway艺术及工艺Arts and Crafts版画engraving贝雕画shell carving picture彩塑painted sculpture瓷器porcelain; china刺绣embroidery雕刻carving宫灯palace lantern国画Chinese painting剪纸paper-cut景德镇瓷Jingdezhen porcelain景泰蓝cloisonné enamel蜡染batik麦秸画straw patchwork木/石/竹刻wood/stone/bamboo carving木刻画wood engraving泥人儿clay figure皮影shadow puppet漆画lacquer painting漆器lacquerware双面绣two-sided embroidery水墨画Chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting檀香扇sandalwood fan唐三彩Tang tri-coloured pottery陶器pottery; earthenware图章seal拓碑making rubbings from inscriptions, pictures, etc. on stone tablets 拓片rubbing微雕miniature engraving象牙雕刻ivory carving宜兴陶Yixing pottery篆刻sealcutting中国特色词汇及其英译作者：未知文章来源：转载点击数：1300 时间：2010-12-29 18:33:50一、前言英语从它传入中国的第一天开始就发挥着强大的交流作用，同时也开始了在中国发展的过程。
翻译术语的名词解释
翻译术语的名词解释在全球化的背景下，翻译成为不可或缺的沟通桥梁。
不论是商务、文化还是科技领域，翻译都起到了关键的作用。
然而，在翻译过程中，翻译术语也成为了翻译工作者必须熟练掌握的重要一环。
本文旨在解释一些常见的翻译术语，帮助读者更好地理解和使用它们。
1. 本地化（Localization）本地化是翻译中一个重要的概念，指的是根据目标语言和目标文化的特点进行适当的调整和修改以满足本地需求的过程。
它超越了简单的语言转换，还包括对文化、习俗和法规等方面的考虑。
本地化将产品、服务或内容定制到特定的地区，使其更符合当地的文化背景和习惯。
2. 跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication）跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和合作的能力。
翻译工作者常常需要具备跨文化交际的技巧和敏感度，以确保其翻译作品能够准确传达源语言的信息，并且能够被目标受众所接受和理解。
3. 词汇转移（Transfer）词汇转移是指在翻译过程中将某一特定词汇从源语言转移到目标语言中的过程。
熟练的翻译工作者需要根据上下文和目标语言的特点，灵活运用词汇转移技巧，确保所选词汇在目标语言中的准确度和一致性。
4. 同传和交传（Simultaneous Interpretation & Consecutive Interpretation）同传和交传是翻译领域中常见的两种口译技术。
同传是指在演讲或会议进行的同时，翻译人员通过耳机将源语言转换为目标语言，实时传达给听众。
而交传则是演讲者暂停时，翻译人员将其内容转换为目标语言，然后进行传达。
两种技术都需要翻译人员具备高度的语言能力和专注力。
5. 策略（Translation Strategy）翻译策略是指翻译工作者在面对不同的翻译问题时所采取的方法和决策。
由于每个翻译问题都具有其独特的特点，翻译策略的选择对于最终翻译作品的质量至关重要。
常见的翻译策略包括直译、意译、补充信息等。
文化语境和翻译
李英杰 河南中医学院外语学院
一、语言与文化
英语中的culture 来源于拉丁文cultura,这 个词的最早的基本意义是耕作、种植、作 物。随着社会文明的发展，人类认识的深 化，culture 一词的外延不断延伸，内涵不 断丰富
文化的定义： (1) 人类学家认为文化是无处不在、无所不
2．词义冲突 这里的冲突指源于词语所载的文化信息，与译语
的对应词语所载的文化信息是相互矛盾的，也就 是说，词语的表层指称意义相同，但词义的深层 文化涵义却不尽相同甚至相反。
资产阶级自由化
bourgeois liberalization
bourgeois liberalization aiming at capitalist restoration
5． 民族心理差异 成语谋事在人成事在天。
杨宪益夫妇译为Man proposes, Hevean disposes.
英国汉学家霍克思译为Man proposes, God disposes.
“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带 哭的声音。鲁迅《阿Q正传》
“Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun’s voice tearfully in the distance.
Thanks for your
attention
改译：After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
翻译跨文化基础知识总结
翻译基础知识总结1.异化(foreignization) 和归化(domestication)保留原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，叫异化，读者通过这样的译文可以感受到异域文化的东西。
例如，把crocodile tears 译为鳄鱼泪，就是异化的翻译方法；舍弃原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，取而代之用译文的文化色彩，或者牺牲这种文化色彩而只翻译出其意义就是归化，就是让原文“归顺”于译文。
例如把crocodile tears 译为假惺惺的眼泪，就是归化的翻译方法。
2.直译(literal translation) 和意译(free translation) 直译即照着原文直接翻译，例如藏龙卧虎– Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意译就是抛弃原文形式而只传达其意义，例如Dutch courage –酒后之勇3.音译(transliteration) 比如：store –士多cheese –汁斯风水–fungshui4.翻译的标准：信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠实于原文的内容和风格（faithful to the content and style of the source text；“达”指的是译文语言流畅自然而不生硬阻滞（the translation or target text should be natural and expressive）；“雅”指的是译文译文语言风格尽可能贴近原文风格。
5.词类的转化conversion ：名词动词形容词副词根据表达需要，在翻译中，往往需要进行词类的转化，此外，还包括抽象与具体的转化。
6.增添法amplification 比如：增添连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等7.省略法omission比如：省略连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等8.汉语是意合（parataxis）语言，分句之间的关系是隐性的（covert），英语是形合(hypotaxis) 语言，分句之间关系还是显性的（overt）9.英语的54种基本句型：SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC (参考教材15面)10.比较来说，汉语是动态(dynamic) 语言英语是静态( static) 语言；汉语更喜欢使用有灵主语（及人或其他有生命的词作主语animate subject），英语更喜欢无灵主语（inaminate subject），例如：The sight of the photo reminded me of ...（参考教材31面）11.句子层次来说，英译汉常要分division, 汉译英常要合combination.翻译部分题型：一、篇章汉译英（15分）：请注意词的处理技巧的恰当运用，以及句子的组合。
语言学 术语翻译及术语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带,larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭, soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义 connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1. Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at somepoint of time in history.3. Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4. prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.5. descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe andanalyze the language people actually use.6. Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, wemean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7. Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system,which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used tocommunicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.9. competence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge ofthe underlying system of rules in a language.10. Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language bya speaker in a real communicational context.11. Langue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledgeof the language that he speaks.12. Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individualspeaker.13. Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that thedetails of the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speechsounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulatorscome very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is anobstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it isconcerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which candistinguish two words.20. Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or allthe characteristics of a neighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.23. complementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds neveroccur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the sameenvironment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature whichdistinguishes one phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs ofwords which differ from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one soundto another are called vowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound afteranother sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between anindividual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence. 30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionallyequivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related wordswhere none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group 32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects,actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations betweenwords.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines themeaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35. Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that holdbetween linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meaningshave the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations betweenwords.39. Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness.The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms,hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。
文化术语翻译
中国文化术语翻译㎝Unit 1焚书坑儒burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive牛郎织女the Cowherd and the Girl Weaver or the Cow Herder and the Weaver Maid封建礼教feudal ethical codes善有善报,恶有恶报Good will be rewarded with good and evil repaid with evil.山海经Classics of Mountains and seas精卫填海Jingwei Determines to fill up the seaUnit 2饮食疗法diet therapy or food therapy色香味color, aroma and taste美食家gourmet南甜北咸东辣西酸Sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east.中国四大菜系Grand Four Categories of Chinese Cuisine八大菜系eight main schools of Chinese Cuisine点心Dim Sum鉴别诊断differential diagnosis礼仪之邦land of ceremony and propriety良药苦口Good medicine tastes bitter.控制阴阳失调to conterbalance the Yin-yang disequilibriumUnit 3衣食住行clothing, food, shelter and transportation曲裾curving-front robe直裾straight-front robe战国时期Warring States Period男女授受不亲to avoid close contact of the male and the female唐装Tang Costume盘扣buttonhole loop玉佩jade ornamentUnit 4道家四象the four Taoist quadrants风水先生 a geomancer皇陵the imperial mausoleum宗庙或祠堂the ancestral temple天坛the Temple of Heaven塔pagoda莫高窟the Mogao Grottoes天人合一unity of Heaven and man拙政园Humble Administrator's Garden卢沟桥的狮子数不清The lions on the Lugouqiao are uncountable.Unit 5世界遗产名录List of World Heritage金丝猴golden snub-nosed monkey人间仙境Fairy Land on Earth五岳Five Sacred Mountains有眼不识泰山One who fails to recognize a somebody has been compared to a person unable to see . 稳如泰山as stable as Mt. Tai会当凌绝顶,一览众山小Only by ascending Mt. Tai will you find how dwarfish all mountains under heaven are.五岳归来不看山,黄山归来不看岳I find it no longer worth my while to look at a mountain after visiting the five sacred mountains. No longer do I find it worth my while to look at the sacred five after returning from Huangshan.四川大熊猫自然保护区Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries云南三江并流Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas国家风景区National scenic area桂林山水甲天下The scenery in Guilin is unparalleled in the world or topped all under heaven阳朔山水甲桂林The mountains and waters in Yangshuo are even better than those in Guilin.Unit 6烽火台beacon tower天下第一关the World’s First Pass故宫the Palace Museumthe Forbidden City秦始皇陵Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor史记The Historical Records兵马俑Terra cotta legions释迦牟尼Sakyamuni皇帝登基ascend the throne腐败无能的政府corrupt and impotent government天圆地方round Heaven and square EarthUnit 7春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节Tomb Sweeping Day or the Clear Bright Festival端午节the Dragon Boat Festival中秋节the Mid-Autumn Festival重阳节the Double Ninth Festival泼水节Water Sprinkling Festival那达慕the Nadam Fair火把节the Torch Festival阴历the lunar calendar阳历the solar calendar公历Gregorian calendar年糕sticky cakes红包lucky money in little red envelopes春联spring couplets年画New Year pictures舞狮Lion Dances闰月an intercalary month年饭the New Year feast元宵glutinous rice dumplings stuffed with various sweet fillings赛龙舟dragon boat races粽子pyramid-shaped dumplings with glutinous rice吉祥话auspicious messages秋分the autumn equinox月饼moon cake易经the Book of Changes登高节Height Ascending Festival赏菊enjoying the flourishing chrysanthemum中国生肖the Chinese zodiac五行the Five Elements算命fortune telling护身符talismans相手术palmistry相面face reading皇道吉日之类的almanacs红色等同于财富Red is synonymous with wealth.火化cremation避邪to avoid epidemies七夕节the Double Seventh Festival礼轻情意重 A gift may be insignificant, but it carries tremendous friendship Unit 8绢花silk flower漆器lacquer wares景泰蓝cloisonné enamel青铜器bronze wares唐三彩the Tang tricolor ceramics盆景bonsai司线戊方鼎Simuwu Quadripod陶器earthenware新石器时代the Neolithic Age刺绣embroidery钟鼎文inscription甲骨文tortoise shell script青花瓷the blue and white porcelainUnit 9岁寒三友three friends of winter君子四艺the four skills of a learned scholar to pursue挂轴hanging scroll工笔画gongbi or meticulous brushwork山水画landscape painting国粹quintessence of Chinese culture小篆the Small Seal Script隶书the Official Script草书the Cursive Script行书the Running Script楷书the Regular Script文房四宝four treasures of the study花鸟图flower and bird painting出淤泥而不染come out of the mire without being sneared Unit 10赵氏孤儿An Orphan of the Zhao Family15贯Fifteen Strings of Coppers空城计The Ruse of an Empty City白蛇传The Story of a White Snake贵妃醉酒The Drunken Concubine岳母刺字Yuefei’s Mother Tattooing His Back打渔杀家Fisherman’s Revenge二进宫Entering the Palace for the Second Time霸王别姬Farewell My Concubine群英会Gathering of Heroes乌盆记The Story of the Black Basin宝莲灯The Lotus Lantern智取威虎山Takeover of Tiger Mountain四大名旦Four Major Dan Roles梵语SanskritUnit 11中医TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine望observation闻auscultation and olfaction问interrogation切pulse feeling and palpation经络channels or meridian中草药herbal medicine针灸acupuncture艾灼moxibustion拔罐cupping推拿massage刮痧guasha五行相生结构：金水木火土The Generating cycleMetal produces water, water nourishes wood, wood fuels fire, fire makes earth, earth yields metal.五行相克结构：金木土水火The Regulating CycleMetal can cut wood, wood can contain earth, earth can absorb water, water can extinguish fire, fire can melt metal.Unit 15九歌Nine Songs木兰辞the Ballad of Mulan西厢记The West Chamber诗经The Book of Songs离骚Lament of Encountering Sorrow or Sorrow after departure孔雀东南飞Southeast the peacock flies全唐诗The complete Anthology of the Tang Dynasty初唐四杰the four preeminent poets of the early Tang Dynasty诗仙the Immortal of Poems诗圣Sage of the Poems山水田园诗人pastoral poets边塞诗人frontier poets熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟;If you have recited 300 poems of the Tang Dynasty, you will be able to intonate them even though you can not produce them.婉约派the Soft and Tuneful School the Delicately restrained school豪放派the Powerful and Free School the Heroic and Unrestrained style三国演义Romance of the Three Kingdoms水浒传Outlaws of the MarshAll men are brothers西游记Journey to the West Pilgrim to the West红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansions聊斋志异Strange Tales of Liaozhai百花齐放,百家争鸣Let one hundred flowers blossom and one hundred schools of thought contend.春秋时期Spring and Autumn period乐府the Music Bureau词Lyric Poetry2013年12月全国英语四级必考翻译四级改革后关于传统文化1. 对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年;中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物;中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步;在中国人的心目中,龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神;Chinese Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon or loong a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragonsignifies innovation and cohesion.2. 秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈,通常在北方省份表演;秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装,他们的表演动作有力迅速;在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间,人们一旦听到锣鼓声,不管外面天气有多冷,他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演;近年来,中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队,队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康,同时他们也乐在其中;Yangko is one of the tradition folk dances of Han in China. It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is, they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, and the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.3. 长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一;如果你到了中国却没去过长城,就像到了巴黎没有去看看艾菲尔铁塔,或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样;人们常说：“不到长城非好汉;”实际上,长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙,直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连成长城;然而,今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关,西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的;The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.” In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.4. Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1 make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2 prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3 make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品;相传为古代医圣张仲景发明;饺子的制作是包括：1擀皮、2备馅、3包馅水煮三个步骤;其特点是皮薄馅嫩,味道鲜美,形状独特,百食不厌;民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语;中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗,寓意吉利;对崇尚亲情的中国人来说,“更岁交子”吃饺子,更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容;5. Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicineTCM. In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu otherwise known as Chinese martial arts, and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.” 针灸是中医学的重要组成部分;按照中医的经络理论,针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血,来达到阴阳归于平衡,使脏腑趋于调和之目的;其特点是“内病外治”;主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位,或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位,以达到刺激经络、治疗病痛的目的;针灸以其独特的优势,流传至今并传播到了世界,与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”;6. Chinese kung fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defense in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skills and tricks. The core idea of Chinese kung fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit. Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing Taijiquan, form and will boxing Xingyiquan, eight trigram palm Baguazhang, and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.中国功夫即中国武术,是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目,承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化;其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说,同时兼容了道家、释家的思想;中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多,讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修,蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟;后世所称十八般武艺,主要指：徒手拳艺,如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫,如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等;Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times. It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture. As we all know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity. The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation IWUF have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement. Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event. The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years. Martial artists of the older generations havesown wushu seeds in foreign countries. Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands. Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.武术在我国源远流长,是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝;我们知道,一个民族的优秀文化遗产,不仅仅属于一个民族,它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富;为了更好的推广武术运动,使其与奥运项目接轨,中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作;现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目;武术的蓬勃发展,除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外,早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没;老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子,使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根;今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地,武术爱好者也与日俱增;7. Chinese characters Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five ba sic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ the horizontal stroke “│” the vertical stroke, “／” the left-falling stroke, “＼” the right-falling stroke, and “乙” the turning stroke.汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画,经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意、韵的独特文字;现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文,被认为是现代汉字的初形;此后,汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段;汉字结构“外圆内方”,源于古人“天圆地方”的观念;汉字有五种基本笔画,即：横、竖、撇、捺、折;8. Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization. 中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜;有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年;筷子古时称为箸,它看似简单,但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能;中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物,如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等;与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同,成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵”的意蕴;西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明;9. Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, zhang, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period 475BC-221BC. The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.印章就是图章;中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓,而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等;据史料记载,印章在战国时代已普遍使用;印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成,形状以圆、方为主;印章用朱色钤盖,除日常应用外,又多用于书画题识,逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一;10. Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi, chou, yin, mao, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always waxes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. According to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法;十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥;古人观测朔望月,发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数,而两个朔望月约是60天;古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配,记录不同年份,60年为一个轮回;干支纪年法从古沿用至今;按干支纪年法,2011年便是辛卯年;11. Chinese Beijing Opera Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatics fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng male, dan young female, jing painted face, male, and chou clown, male or female.京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”, 是地道的中国国粹;它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧,特别是南方的“徽班”;到了19世纪末,京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种;京剧是综合性表演艺术,集唱歌唱、念念白、做表演、打武、舞舞蹈为一体,通过程式化的表演手段,叙述故事,刻画人物;角色主要分生男性、旦女性、净男性、丑男性女性皆有四大行当;12. Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi,a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period 770BC-476BC. Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; the names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; the named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.道教是中国土生土长长的宗教;创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子;道教以老子所着的道德经为主要经典;道教主张“重人贵生”;崇尚清静无为,修身养性;“道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名;无名天地之始；有名万物之母;故常无,欲以观其妙；常有,欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言;13. Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuximake unremitting efforts to improve oneself, qingchuyulanbluer than indigo, and houjibofasuccess comes with time and effort. Idioms are extracted from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语;“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成;成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位;绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成,例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发;成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成,是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分;14. Chinese silk China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties 1600BC-256BC, the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty 206BC-25AD, Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.中国是丝绸的故乡;栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明;商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平;西汉时张骞通西域,把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来,开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元;从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世,成为中国文化的象征;东方文明的使者;15. Chinese Classical Garden The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natu ral.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden syst ems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术,是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝;其建造原则是“妙极自然,宛自天开”;游赏中国古典园林,能充分领略“假自然之景,创山水真趣”的园林意境;在世界三大园林体系中,中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富,被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一;16. The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The w riting brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty 221BC---206BC, people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty 206BC-220AD, man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty 960AD---1279AD, the “Four Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou. Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have written the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝,被称为“文房四宝”;用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前;秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后,简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展; “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚;可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明;17. 狮舞Lion Dance是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一;狮为百兽之首,在中国传统中,狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物mascot;古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身,能驱赶邪恶、保护人类;据记载,狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史;在唐代the Tang Dynasty,狮舞就已经被引入了皇室;因此,舞狮成为元宵节the Lantern Festival 和其他节日的习俗,人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福;The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness andstrength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.18. 端午节,又叫龙舟节,是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原;屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣minister,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣;但最后因为受到诽谤vilify而最终投河自尽;人们撑船到他自尽的地方,抛下粽子,希望鱼儿吃粽子,不要吃屈原的身躯;几千年来,端午节的特色在于吃粽子glutinous dumplings和赛龙舟,尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份;The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.19. 泰山的每个季节都有独特的魅力;春天,绿茵茵的山坡上,争奇斗妍的花朵到处可见;夏天泰山的雷暴雨堪称奇观;秋天,枫树叶漫山遍野,蔚蓝色的河水川流不息;冬天,雪盖群峰松披霜,景观素雅悲壮,别有一番情趣;喜逢艳阳日,极目远眺,重峦叠嶂,尽收眼帘;On a clear day one can see the peaks rising one after another. Mount Tai is most famous for its spectacular sunrise and sunset. Its landscape and numerous historical sites have inspired many great classics of ancient writers, scholars and calligraphers. Mount Tai has long been the preferred gathering place of artists and poets.朝气蓬勃,充满活力,丰富多彩的上海是现代中国的缩影;虽然上海的文化遗迹不能与北京媲美,但是上海迷人的城市风貌,风格各异的万国建筑为这座城市注入了无限的魅力;今日之上海,已经成为享誉中外的国际大都市;漫步在这座日新月异的现代大都市里,你会发现许多精彩的历史亮点,隐现在众多摩天大楼背后的是上海发展变化的轨迹;它们记述了上海自十九世纪末开埠以来,尤其是新中国成立以后,是如何迅猛发展的;Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city - the very epitome of modern China. Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied archit ectural styles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own. Today’s Shanghai has become a world-famous international metropolis. A walk through this booming city reveals many glimpses of its colorful past. Hidden amongst the skyscrapers are remains of the original Shanghai. They keep on showing how Shanghai has been developing fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in the late 19th century, especially after the founding of new China.21. 上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系,通常被成为“本帮菜”,有着400多年的历史;同中国其他菜系一样,“本帮菜”具有“色,香,味”三大要素;Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste” as its essential quality elements.Shanghai cuisine is famous for a special snack known as Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings and a special dish cal led “Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish”.Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish is yellow-colored and squirrel-shaped, with acrispy skin and tender meat, all covered with a sweet and sour source.22. 改革开放30 年来,随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国,海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增,海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地;/ During the learning process, the learners concurrently develop their interest in this ancient land, whose civilization is so vastly different from theirs. And the learners have opportunities to learn about Chinese philosophy, art, architecture, medicine and catering culture and experience first-hand the splendors of this venerable civilization.This trend, so to speak, is gathering momentum and is there to stay. Apart from their love for Chinese cuisine, more and more American learners of Chinese language are turning to Chinese acupuncture, herbal medicines, martial arts.Seemingly outlandish words such as dim sum, ginseng, gingko, oolong cha have crept into their everyday language. The latest Chinese cultural icons to make its impact there are Taoism, and ancient school of thought, and fengshui, an ancient art of placement.越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母,已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时,也通晓中文的重要性;中国的崛起,让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会,也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化;这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变;曾几何时,他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文;现在,他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化,而且还不时走访中国,欣赏壮观的自然风光,认识丰富的文化遗产;An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.24. 我赞同许多东亚学者的观点,东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾;西方世界个人自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为,对此我们不能视而不见;We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence./ At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.Our relationship is one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore, we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放,这对海外企业enterprises意味着更多的商机;改革开放以来,中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作,并取得了巨大成就;海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长,而且也在合作中获得了收益;中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件,推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作;。
中国文化特色词语翻译——以“蹴鞠”一词为例
2019年第6期总第157期福建师大福清分校学报JOURNAL OF FUQING BRANCH OF FUJIAN NORMAL UNIVERSITYNo.6 2019Sum 157中国文化特色词语翻译——以“蹴鞠”一词为例贺紫晗 ，詹全旺（安徽大学外语学院，安徽合肥 230601）摘 要：以“蹴鞠”一词为例，建立汉英平行语料库，借鉴Aixelá的文化专有项翻译策略，探讨“蹴鞠”一词英译的处理方式，并检验该翻译策略的适用性。
研究发现，“蹴鞠”一词的英译运用到以下策略：转换写法（orthographic adaptation）、有限泛化（limited universalization）、文内注释（intratextual gloss）、绝对泛化（absolute universalization），同时笔者根据自建语料库数据发现该翻译策略尚未覆盖完全，故补充了一项“音译+解释”策略。
关键词：蹴鞠；Aixelá；文化专有项；汉英平行语料库中图分类号：H059 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1008-3421（2019）06-0053-06收稿日期：2019-04-25基金项目： 教育部人文社科研究重点基地重大项目（13JJD770001）。
第一作者： 贺紫晗（1995— ），女，安徽蚌埠人，在读硕士研究生，研究方向为翻译理论与实践。
通讯作者：詹全旺（1968— ），男，安徽安庆人，博士，教授，研究方向为词汇语用、话语分析。
一、文化特色词语研究综述在经济全球化和“一带一路”的背景下，跨文化交流日益密切。
目前，很多国家和地区已与我国建立了文化合作关系。
对此我们应该强调文化“走出去”战略，建立文化自信。
翻译在传播文化中起着重要作用，但是各地区文化自身的独特性和显著的差异性成为翻译实践中的重点和难点。
文化特色词语是世界友人了解中国文化重要的载体，因此有必要深入文化特色词语的翻译研究，促进文化交流与传播。
文化遗产科学的概念性术语翻译与阐释
文化遗产科学的概念性术语翻译与阐释以下是一些文化遗产科学中常见的概念性术语及其阐释：1. 文化遗产（Cultural Heritage）：指人类创造和表达的有形和无形的非物质资源的总称，包括建筑、艺术作品、民俗、传统技艺等。
2. 有形文化遗产（Tangible Cultural Heritage）：指物理存在的文化遗产，如古迹、建筑物、艺术品、文物等。
3. 无形文化遗产（Intangible Cultural Heritage）：指非物质的文化遗产，如口述传统、表演艺术、传统知识、信仰体系等。
4. 保护与传承（Protection and Transmission）：指对文化遗产进行保护和传承的行为，通过采取措施，确保文化遗产的可持续发展和传播。
5. 文化遗产保护（Cultural Heritage Conservation）：指通过各种手段保护和维护文化遗产的完整性、真实性和可持续性，以保留人类创造的宝贵文化资源。
6. 文化遗产价值评估（Cultural Heritage Value Assessment）：指对文化遗产进行评估，确定其历史、艺术、科学、教育或文化意义，并为保护和管理提供决策依据。
7. 文化遗产可持续性（Sustainability of Cultural Heritage）：指通过合理的保护、管理和利用，使文化遗产在未来得到可持续的发展和传承。
8. 文化遗产管理（Cultural Heritage Management）：指对文化遗产进行策划、组织、实施和监督的过程，以确保其保护、传承和可持续发展。
9. 文化遗产教育（Cultural Heritage Education）：指通过教育和培训活动，提高公众对文化遗产的认识和理解，促进文化遗产的保护和传承。
10. 可持续旅游与文化遗产（Sustainable Tourism and Cultural Heritage）：指在保护文化遗产的前提下，开展可持续的旅游活动，促进文化遗产的保护和经济发展。
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Unit 1焚书坑儒burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive牛郎织女the Cowherd and the Girl Weaver or the Cow Herder and the Weaver Maid 封建礼教feudal ethical codes善有善报，恶有恶报Good will be rewarded with good and evil repaid with evil《山海经》Classics of Mountians and seas精卫填海Jingwei Determines to fill up the seaUnit 2饮食疗法dietotherapy or food therapy色香味color, aroma and taste美食家gourmet南甜北咸东辣西酸Sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east.中国四大菜系Grand Four Categories of Chinese Cuisine八大菜系eight main schools of Chineses Cuisine点心Dim Sum鉴别诊断differential diagnosis礼仪之邦land of ceremony and propriety良药苦口Good medicine tastes bitter.控制阴阳失调to conterbalance the Yin-yang disequilibriumUnit 3衣食住行clothing, food, shelter and transportation曲裾curving-front robe直裾straight-front robe战国时期Warring States Period男女授受不亲to avoid close contact of the male and the female唐装Tang Costume盘扣buttonhole loop玉珮jade ornamentUnit 4道家四象the four Taoist quadrants风水先生 a geomancer皇陵the imperial mausoleum宗庙或祠堂the ancestral temple天坛the Temple of Heaven塔pagoda莫高窟the Mogao Grottoes天人合一unity of Heaven and man拙政园Humble Administrattor's Garden卢沟桥的狮子数不清The lions on the Lugouqiao are uncountableUnit 5世界遗产名录List of World Heritage金丝猴golden snub-nosed monkey人间仙境Fairy Land on Earth五岳Five Sacred Mountains有眼不识泰山One who fails to recognize a somebody has been compared to a person unable to see Mt.Tai.稳如泰山as stable as Mt. Tai会当凌绝顶，一览众山小Only by ascending Mt. Tai will you find how dwarfish all mountains under heaven are.五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳I find it no longer worth my while to look at a mountain after visiting the five sacred mountains. No longe look at the sacred five after returning from Huangshan.四川大熊猫自然保护区Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries云南三江并流Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas国家风景区National seenic area桂林山水甲天下The scenery in Guilin is unparalleled in the world( or topped all under heaven)阳朔山水甲桂林The montains and waters in Yangshuo are even better than those in Guilin.Unit 6烽火台beacon tower天下第一关the World’s First Pass故宫the Palace Museum（the Forbidden City）秦始皇陵Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor《史记》The Historical Records兵马俑Terra cotta legions释迦牟尼Sakyamuni（皇帝）登基ascend the throne腐败无能的政府corrupt and impotent government天圆地方round Heaven and square EarthUnit 7春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节Tomb Sweeping Day or the Clear Bright Festival端午节the Dragon Boat Festival中秋节the Mid-Autumn Festival重阳节the Double Ninth Festival泼水节Water Sprinkling Festival那达慕the Nadam Fair火把节the Torch Festival阴历the lunar calendar公历Gregorian calendar年糕sticky cakes红包lucky money in little red envelopes春联spring couplets年画New Year pictures舞狮Lion Dances闰月an intercalary month年饭the New Year feast元宵glutinous rice dumplings stuffed with various sweet fillings赛龙舟dragon boat races粽子pyramid-shaped dumplings with glutinous rice吉祥话auspicious messages秋分the autumn equinox月饼moon cake《易经》I-Ching (the Book of Changes)登高节Height Ascending Festival赏菊enjoying the flourishing chrysanthemum中国生肖the Chinese zodiac五行the Five Elements算命fortune telling护身符talismans相手术palmistry相面face reading皇道吉日之类的almanacs红色等同于财富Red is synonymous with wealth.火化cremation避邪to avoid epidemies七夕节the Double Seventh Festival礼轻情意重 A gift may be insignificant, but it carries tremendous friendship Unit 8绢花silk flower漆器lacquer wares景泰蓝cloisonné enamel青铜器bronze wares唐三彩the Tang tricolor ceramics盆景bonsai司线戊方鼎Simuwu Quadripod陶器earthenware新石器时代the Neolithic Age刺绣embroidery钟鼎文inscription甲骨文tortoise shell script青花瓷the blue and white porcelainUnit 9岁寒三友three friends of winter君子四艺the four skills of a learned scholar to pursue挂轴hanging scroll工笔画gongbi or meticulous brushwork山水画landscape painting国粹quintessence of Chinese culture小篆the Small Seal Script隶书the Official Script草书the Cursive Script行书the Running Script楷书the Regular Script文房四宝four treasures of the study花鸟图flower and bird painting出淤泥而不染come out of the mire without being sneared Unit 10《赵氏孤儿》An Orphan of the Zhao Family《15贯》Fifteen Strings of Coppers《空城计》The Ruse of an Empty City《白蛇传》The Story of a White Snake《贵妃醉酒》The Drunken Concubine《岳母刺字》Yuefei’s Mother Tattooing His Back《打渔杀家》Fisherman’s Revenge《二进宫》Entering the Palace for the Second Time《霸王别姬》Farewell My Concubine《群英会》Gathering of Heroes《乌盆记》The Story of the Black Basin《宝莲灯》The Lotus Lantern《智取威虎山》Takeover of Tiger Mountain四大名旦Four Major Dan Roles梵语SanskritUnit 11中医TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine)望observation闻auscultation and olfaction问interrogation切pulse feeling and palpation经络channels or meridian中草药herbal medicine针灸acupuncture艾灼moxibustion拔罐cupping推拿massage刮痧guasha五行相生结构：金水木火土The Generating cycleMetal produces water, water nourishes wood, wood fuels fire, fire makes earth, earth yields metal.五行相克结构：金木土水火The Regulating CycleMetal can cut wood, wood can contain earth, earth can absorb water, water can extinguish fire, fire can m Unit 15九歌Nine Songs木兰辞the Ballad of Mulan《西厢记》The West Chamber《诗经》The Book of Songs《离骚》Lament of Encountering Sorrow or Sorrow after departure《孔雀东南飞》Southeast the peacock flies《全唐诗》The complete Anthology of the Tang Dynasty初唐四杰the four preeminent poets of the early Tang Dynasty诗仙the Immortal of Poems诗圣Sage of the Poems山水田园诗人pastoral poets边塞诗人frontier poets熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。