网站建设技术外文翻译
外文翻译---论网站建设技术
On site construction technology1 IntroductionThe development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives.Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities. With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated. In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied. With the development of web design, a colorful online website together one scenic beauty. To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques. In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology.2, the definition of websiteHow definition of websites 2.1Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to your website? You have a unique service? The first people to your website is to what? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning. Second, to maintain the high-quality Web site. Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage. An excellent Web site should have the following:(1) users visit Web site is faster.(2) attention to the feedback and updates. To update the content of the website and timely feedback the user's requirements;(3) Home design to be reasonable. Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the designmust be attractive in order to have a good visual effect.2.2 The contents of the website and functionThe content of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides. The content of the website, including the type of static, dynamic, functional and things to deal with. Website content is determined in accordance with the nature of the site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different. We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same.2.3 The structure website(1) site structure;(2) definition of navigation;(3) Visual Design;(4) framework and design pages.3, Site Design and ImplementationWith increasing demands on design, high style, high-grade design work before gaining popularity. This also to the designers have put forward higher requirements, from this point of view, the plate design is to meet the requirements of the people should be and Health. The rapid development of science and technology, the Internet into millions of households, also produced a new design space, and a new web design an important part of the field of design. Excellent web design, we must have good creative, so that the audience can be difficult to shift attention long time, produce power. Layout is very important, through text, graphics space portfolio, can best express harmony with the United States. If you want to further understand website design, made separately from other web site's homepage, you need to have more like CSS, javascript, CGI, and other web design technology. In building on the site of the CSS, javascript and other web design technology.CSS 3.1 Application Design website(1) What is CSS? CSS is a style sheet (stylesheet) technology. Some of them called CSS (Cascading Stylesheet).(2) the combination of CSS and HTML form. Mode 1: The CSS content, as defined in the writing between the labels. Mode 2: CSS will be preserved as a separate text file, and then from labels to call.(3) CSS the web site of examples. The web site pages, and increase the following definition so that the pages show with special effects.3.2 Application Design website javascriptjavascript and the emergence of making information between users is not only a display and browse the relationship, but to achieve a real-time, dynamic, cross-expression. Thus based on the CGI static HTML pages will be to provide dynamic real-time information, and customer response to the operation of the Web pages replaced. javascript scripting is satisfy this demand arising from the language. It's loved by extensive user. Many scripting language it is in a relatively good. WWW and effectively achieve the combination of the computer network computing and network blueprint.4. Construction on the site ExperienceWith the popularity of the Internet, more and more government departments, companies and individuals aware of the need to have their own independent Web site. Below on the design and production sites on some of their own experience.After conducting systematic analysis End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website to further the realization of more specific requirements, the overall effect on the website, local details have a clearer idea. This entire process is the key site planning.Next is how to achieve their own Web site design issues. The realization of the site, I think the need to be considered in two parts: the realization website; Web servers can be achieved. In the process of achieving website, technology selection is very important. Former major use HTML language, the stronger the interactive website, the proposed use of ASP, JSP, PHP and other programming to help achieve, the more complex Web site may also have its own database. The latter is based on all kinds of different operating systems used Web server software installation and debugging. This stage is the whole process of the most important and most time-consuming part.When we completed the work, the need for website released. At this stage of the production on the website drawing to a close, the main task is to do a good job in the website release to the network, the web site for final modifications, testing, homepage can guarantee normal operation of the network.Published in the website after website to deal with various aspects of the tests, including the possibility of any different web browsers, different visitors have shown normal, ASP, JSP, PHP normal procedure can work, and so on. This stage is the website of trial operation period, the website at this time should be to make up for various shortcomings, the website will be more perfected.After a period of operation, the site entered the normal operation period, the main task is to update outdated information website, the visitor's message timely feedback to further improve the website, the introduction of new technologies constantly update website, visit web pages more quickly, more aesthetic appearance, Information Resources richer.Above is the establishment of the station to roughly follow the seven steps, seven steps are complementary, but can be the basis of ease of website and complexity of a weakening or strengthening appropriate link. In short, building a successful web site is not an easy task, it needsall-round consideration, the Composite various factors.5, concluding remarksWith the rapid development of Internet technology, in all walks of life have joined the industry to the Internet. Whether from the management side, or from a commercial point of view, the Internet can bring immense vitality. Internet to become a talented designer Shi new world. People will continue to explore, will be the site of the building in the application of new technologies in the web site.论网站建设技术1、引言网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
VoLTE业务(毕业论文外文翻译 中英文对照)
VoLTE业务 (VoLTE Services)1. 引言 (Introduction)随着网络通信技术的不断发展，VoLTE (Voice over LTE) 技术得到了广泛的应用。
VoLTE 是一种利用LTE (Long Term Evolution) 网络传输语音和多媒体业务的技术。
相较于传统的语音通信技术，VoLTE 提供更高质量的语音通信，同时支持视频通话、消息传递和即时通讯服务。
本文将介绍VoLTE业务的概念和特点，并以毕业论文的外文翻译为例，进行中英对照。
2. VoLTE业务概述 (Overview of VoLTE Services)VoLTE业务(Voice over LTE Services)是一种使用LTE网络进行语音通信和多媒体服务的技术。
相比传统的语音通信技术，VoLTE不仅提供更高质量的语音通话体验，还具备更多的功能特性，如高清语音、实时视频通话、消息传递和即时通讯服务等。
VoLTE业务的主要目标是通过使用全IP（Internet Protocol）网络，提供无缝连接并提高语音通信质量。
VoLTE技术通过使用LTE网络传输语音数据，将语音和数据合并在一个单一的IP多媒体子系统（IMS）网络中。
该IMS网络可以提供多种服务，包括实时视频传输、文件共享和在线游戏等。
VoLTE业务提供了丰富的功能和优势。
首先，它提供了高质量的语音通信，通过支持宽带音频编解码器，使用户能够享受高保真的语音通话体验。
其次，VoLTE还支持实时视频通话功能，用户可以通过VoLTE网络进行高清视频通话。
此外，VoLTE还支持消息传递服务，如短信和多媒体消息。
最后，VoLTE还提供了即时通讯服务，用户可以通过VoLTE网络进行语音和视频聊天，以及文件共享等。
VoLTE业务的发展对于改善移动通信体验具有重要意义。
随着4G网络的普及和5G网络的建设，VoLTE业务将成为未来通信技术的重要组成部分。
3. 毕业论文外文翻译 (Translation of Graduation Thesis Abstract)中文原文：摘要：随着移动通信技术的不断发展，VoLTE (基于Voice over LTE的通信技术) 已成为现代通信技术的重要组成部分。
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑⼤学毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译及原⽂毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：现代建筑⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：Modern Architecture⽂献、资料来源：⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外⽂⽂献及译⽂⽂献、资料题⽬：《Advanced Encryption Standard》⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：2004.10.25外⽂⽂献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中⽂译⽂：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是⼀个词给了⼀些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并⼤量造就了⼀些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第⼆次⼤战后的三⼗年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源⼀些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为⼀个社会问题, 息息相关的⼯程中的现代性,从⽽影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治⾰命.另⼀些⼈认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和⼯程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝⼟和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为⼯业⾰命的⼀部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage⾸先⽤他的'⽕'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与⽯材地板. 这些建设⼤⼤加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更⼤的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,⼀些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致⼴泛使⽤钢架建设，⼯业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的⾯貌,英国北部领导的描述, "⿊暗魔⿁作坊"的地⽅如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. ⽔晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重⼤展览, 1851年,是⼀个早期的例⼦,钢铁及玻璃施⼯; 可能是⼀个最好的例⼦,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利⽂在芝加哥附近发展的⾼层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采⽤混凝⼟作为⾏政⼿段的建筑表达(⽽⾮纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统⼀宫, 建于1926年瑞⼠巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第⼆哥特堂,.但⽆论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑⽅法,将传统的先例(⽐如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利⽂和赖特在芝加哥⼯作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼⾼迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托⽡格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之⼀可以看作是⼀个新与旧的共同⽃争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要⼈物,在现代建筑⾥确⽴了⾃⼰的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和⽡尔特格罗⽪乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗⽪乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和⼯艺和传统⼯业技术.赖特的建筑⽣涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过⽡斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗⽪乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重⼤的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有⼀个共同的⽬的,巩固了他们融⼊国际化风格这是⼀个重要的转折点. 在⼆战的时间包豪斯的代表⼈物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛⼤学设计⿊⼭书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单⼀的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯⼀可接受的, 设计解决⽅案,从约1932年⾄约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
网站设计外文翻译---社交网站：定义、历史以及内涵
danah m. boyd, Nicole B. Ellison
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 13, Issue 1, pages 210–230, October 2007
While we use the term “social network site” to describe this phenomenon, the term “social networking sites” also appears in public discourse, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. We chose not to employ the term “networking” for two reasons: emphasis and scope. “Networking” emphasizes relationship initiation, often between strangers. While networking is possible on these sites, it is not the primary practice on many of them, nor is it what differentiates them from other forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC).
What makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but rather that they enable users to articulate and make visible their social networks. This can result in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings are frequently between “latent ties” (Haythornthwaite, 2005) who share some offline connection. On many of the large SNSs, participants are not necessarily “networking” or looking to meet new people; instead, they are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their extended social network. To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical organizing feature of these sites, we label them “social network sites.”
介绍网站的英语作文
介绍网站的英语作文英文回答：Delve into the virtual realm, where worlds collide and boundaries blur. Websites, gateways to countless possibilities, beckon you to explore the depths of information, entertainment, and connection. These digital canvases paint vibrant tapestries of human endeavor, inviting you to immerse yourself in the tapestry of shared knowledge and experiences.In this digital landscape, websites have evolved from mere repositories of text and images into dynamic hubs of interactivity and engagement. They resonate with the pulse of our collective curiosity, catering to a myriad of interests and passions. Whether you seek to quench your thirst for knowledge, stay connected with loved ones, or simply unwind with a dash of entertainment, websites offer a sanctuary for every digital voyager.At their core, websites are conduits for human expression. They provide a platform for businesses to showcase their products and services, for artists to display their creations, for educators to share their wisdom, and for individuals to share their stories and perspectives. Through the magic of hyperlinks, websites intertwine into a vast interconnected web, forming a labyrinth of knowledge and shared experiences.The impact of websites extends far beyond the confines of the virtual realm. They have revolutionized the way we do business, consume information, and communicate with each other. E-commerce platforms have transformed the retail landscape, making it possible to purchase goods from anywhere in the world with just a few clicks. Educational websites have democratized access to knowledge, empowering learners of all ages and backgrounds. And social media platforms have bridged geographical distances, allowing us to stay connected with friends and family no matter where they may reside.中文回答：进入虚拟领域，那里世界碰撞，界限模糊。
互联网基础知识手册
互联网基础知识手册词一、互联网中文名：互联网，外文名：Internet，定义：电脑相互连接并沟通而成的网络。
起源：美国的阿帕网(ARPANET)，开创时间：1969年，互联网域名：.com、 .top、.cn、.cx、.cc等。
释义：互联网（英语：Internet），又称网际网络，或音译因特网(Internet)、英特网，互联网始于1969年美国的阿帕网。
是网络与网络之间所串连成的庞大网络，这些网络以一组通用的协议相连，形成逻辑上的单一巨大国际网络。
通常internet泛指互联网，而Internet则特指因特网。
这种将计算机网络互相联接在一起的方法可称作“网络互联”，在这基础上发展出覆盖全世界的全球性互联网络称互联网，即是互相连接一起的网络结构。
互联网并不等同万维网，万维网只是一建基于超文本相互链接而成的全球性系统，且是互联网所能提供的服务其中之一。
运行原理：计算机网络是由许多计算机组成的，要实现网络的计算机之间传输数据，必须要做两件事，数据传输目的地址和保证数据迅速可靠传输的措施，这是因为数据在传输过程中很容易丢失或传错，Internet使用一种专门的计算机语言(协议)，以保证数据安全、可靠地到达指定的目的地，这种语言分两部TCP(Transmission Control Protocol传输控制协议)和IP (Internet Protocol网间协议)sure网络营销理论。
TCP/IP协议的数据传输过程：TCP/IP协议所采用的通信方式是分组交换方式。
所谓分组交换，简单说就是数据在传输时分成若干段，每个数据段称为一个数据包，TCP/IP协议的基本传输单位是数据包，TCP/IP协议主要包括两个主要的协议，即TCP协议和IP 协议，这两个协议可以联合使用，也可以与其他协议联合使用，它们在数据传输过程中主要完成以下功能：1)首先由TCP协议把数据分成若干数据包，给每个数据包写上序号，以便接收端把数据还原成原来的格式。
建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：建筑施工过程中质量管理的动机分析和控制方法的研究摘要在建筑施工过程中实施质量管理可以有效地防止在后续建筑产品使用过程中安全事故的发生。
与此同时可以减少建设供应链的总成本，这也有利于增强建筑施工企业的品牌知名度和声誉。
在建筑施工过程中结合质量管理过程和当前建筑施工阶段的主要质量问题，分析了建设过程中的管理动机，将供应链管理与目标管理理念和方法应用到质量管理中，最后提出了具体的质量控制措施。
这些都是为了在建筑施工过程中提高建筑产品的总体质量。
关键字——建筑施工、质量管理、质量动机、控制1.引言调查显示建筑施工企业主要采用现场控制的质量管理模式是预先控制。
大多企业常常使得建筑施工过程中与建设管理中的质量管理相同，他们通常忽略了施工准备阶段质量问题的预防，如供应商的选择、道路的规划和临时设施，这些因素在建筑施工过程中的质量管理上起着至关重要的作用。
建设质量事故频繁发生，引起了许多领域的高度关注，如各级政府部门、施工企业和业主，特别是重庆綦江虹桥的坍塌、五龙的滑坡和洪湖湿地路基施工中的一系列质量安全事故，人们开始对施工质量问题做全方位的思考。
通过研究李秀峰总结归纳了造成工程的质量问题并引入项目质量控制分析方法，Low Sui Pheng 和Jasmine Ann Teo[2] 建立了施工中的质量管理框架来通过经验分析实现项目的质量控制，SangHyun Lee and others[3] 利用系统质量动态结构和变更管理模型的编程方法和控制方法，最终实现了大规模的并行设计和施工项目的管理和控制。
方唐分析了建设项目质量管理的整个过程和控制方法，她认为应该实现对影响建设单位质量的人、材料、机械、方法和环境的完全控制；吴天翔研究出管理因素是影响建设项目质量控制的重要因素，强调了施工过程中需要严格控制的各个方面和整体实现加强管理的需要。
为了解决建设施工过程中的建设质量问题，韩伟建立了一个建筑项目的分析和处理程序。
网络规划外文文献及翻译
毕业设计外文文献翻译专业交通运输姓名张有节同组成员赖思琪杨鹏指导老师刘习华Campus Network planning and Construction At present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications. Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education. But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of operations, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem. This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues. The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the campus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexes us.The Internet flies to develop soon, to the campus network the teachers and the students' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at. But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development. We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus software...etc. completely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for thebalance point of insure the network safety and the network efficiency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information. With the development of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information. Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages. It created a new teaching model, breaking the traditional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching efficiency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level. Do a good job in the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and convenient.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are reflected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design a secure, unified campus network.Large Campus Network DesignBusinesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for infrastructure upgrades to:(1) Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2) Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA(3) Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranet.Use Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large campus network. In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a high performance, switched backbone. Network redundancy andhigh availability is provided at each layer. A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when combined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network Design A medium campus consists of one large building or several buildings. Networking for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability. This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for medium campus networks. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3)Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco A VVID architecture, these intelligent network platforms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks DesignIn most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effectiveness is. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。
企业信息化建设外文翻译文献
企业信息化建设外文翻译文献企业信息化建设外文翻译文献企业信息化建设外文翻译文献【】:with the rapid development of information technology, thedomestic,small and medium-sized enterprise informatization construction has entered a new stage ofdeve1opment, small and medium-sized enterprise informatization has become the small and medium enterprises out of its own advantage, improve competitive, advantage to enhance competition ability and development ability is an important choice. This paper analyzes the important role of informatization in small and medium-sized enterprises, summarizes the main problems in information system construction, and puts forwardthe countermeasures to solve the problem.A l ong w ith the information technique change rapid l y deve l opme n t, eco n omic g lo ba l iz a ti o n a nd th e knowle dg e e co n o m y r ap id de vel opmen t, mar ket c o m pe titi o n b e co m ing i nc r easi n gly fi e rc e, man y s m all a nd m e d i um en t e rp ri se s q u i cke n th e informatiza t io n co n s tr uc t ion, ente rp rise i nformat i zation leve l direc tl y affects the com p e t itiveness o f ente rp rises. Enter p rise info r mat i zation i s t o show the en t erpr i se i s in p r o d uct i on, ci r c u lation and service and o th er busi n ess ac ti vities, th e use o f mo d ern information techno1ogy, t hrough adva n ced com p uter n etwork t echno l ogy to i n teg r ate the ex i sting p ro du ctio n, management, design, man uf ac tu ri n g a nd other secto r s, ente rp r i ses r eal i ze the automa t io n o f the p roduct i on p rocess, management o f the network, intell i ge n ce of d ecision-making a nd bu siness ope r at i o n o f the elec tr onic, so as t o improve th e econo m ic ef f ic i ency of e n ter p rises and th e co m pet i t i veness ofente rp r i ses i n the p r ocess.1.1 contribute to the technical progress of the enterpriseInformation tech n o l ogy promotes the sma ll and medium-sized enterprise technology innovation. Be helpful for technical innovation in enterprises of interstitial diffusio n.1.2 contributes to improve the adaptability of enterprisesWith the h elp of info r mation t ech n ology and network, the en t erpr i se can time l y access to ma rk e t i n forma t ion, t o ex p and th e sco p e of the ma rk e t, be he lp ful for fac t o r o f p r oduct i on opt i mize con fi gu r at i on, ma k e th e ente rp rise adap t t o vary fr om m i n u te to min u te market e n vironme nt, enhance th e e n ter pri se ag ilit y.1.3 to help improve the management efficiency of enterprisesIn f orma t ion management autom a tion, i nte ll igent ca n redu c e the cos t of po li cy, imp r ove th e ef fi ciency o f d e ci sio n ma ki ng.2.1 misunderstandingsAlthough many medium and small enterprises have different levels to carry out the informatization construction,but most are not on what is enterprise informatization, how to carry out informatization to have a thorough understanding.Many managers think that informatization construction is the enterprise business process" original copy", use the computer instead of manual operation, the traditiona1 habits and standard on the system and using the process of evaluation, and accordingly put forward to modify an opinion.2.2 insufficient capital investmentEnterprise informatization is a n eed fo r lo n g-te r m deve l opme nt of investme nt p r ojec t, n o t on l y in the i ni t i a l stage w i1l cos t a lo t o f money t o buy ha rd ware and m a t chi n g software reso ur ce, in the la tt er par t of t he t ra i n i ng of person n el t ec hni cal f o ll ow-up sys t em up g r a d e a n d mai nt e n ance aspec t is t o i n ves t e n or m ous ca pi tal.2.3 composite talent shortageSmall and medium-sized enterprises have already know IT technology and understand the business processes and complex business management backbone little talent which to a large extent restricts the small and medium-sized enterprise informatization construction quality and speed.2.4 Management supporting backwardEnterprise information to promote information technology plays its role in management must with the advanced management means and methods to combine, melting into the modern management idea and method.2.5 Problems in the external environment1) Government support is not enough, the lack of scientific guidance. Governmentsupport for small and medium sized enterprise informatization construction is not enough, insufficient guidance, mainly reflected in the following two aspects: first, large enterprises is present at all levels of Government Informatization Transformation of special funds focus on the funding, and the informatization construction of small and medium sized enterprises lack of attention; the, government departments themselves in the process of information did not take the lead, such as lack of the information-based degree of the industrial and commercial bureau, tax bureau, making every month the company but also to the Inland Revenue Department ranked team for a long time to make statements and so on, which in a certain extent, affected the enthusiasm of the informatization construction of small and medium sized enterprises.2) The relevant laws and regulations are not perfect. At present our country in theinformation construction of enterprises is still not unified planning and standards, the corresponding laws and regulations are not perfect, the informatization construction of the regional industry basically in a state of fragmentation. For the network economic crimes, China is also lack of effective technical means and legal sanctions basis, so the first use of information technology companies to pay the price is relatively large. So many small and medium enterprises in the face of dazzling computer hardware and software market and numerous information systems development failures phenomenon, many confused, indecisive.3) Services Limited, the environment is poor. Compared with foreign countries, thedevelopment of China's software industry is lagging behind. On the market a lot of enterprise information solutions are provided by foreign large software companies, such as SAP, the United States, the United States, and so on.However, these programs are very expensive, small and medium enterprises can not afford to buy. Although there are a lot of Domestic Company for small and medium enterprises to provide the so-called tailored management software products, the price is not expensive, but the software can not meet the actual needs of small and medium enterprises, service has not kept up with. In addition, the small and medium enterprises in the construction of information technology has expertise in consulting company, the construction of information technology is not enough, leading to the project quality can not be guaranteed. Electronic payment, information security, social credit system and other aspects of the existing problems that the enterprise believes that now is not the best time to carry out information.3.1 Enterprise1) Correct understanding of informationThe rapid development in information technology today economic globalization pace accelerate, make enterprise information construction becomes the trend of the times to be a trend which cannot be halted. Information process, which is to integratethe various resources within the enterprise through the computer network technology, optimize the management process, and then improve the process of economic efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. Enterprise information is not equal to the simple computer, it is a complex process. Only business process reengineering, so that information technology into the enterprise's financial, sales, planning, production, procurement and other business processes, or else simply do not talk about what the enterprise information.2) Accelerate composite information talentsEnterprises should establish corresponding mechanism cultivate and maintain a technology to improve the team all staff and managers in the management of information technology knowledge and theory level. Talents are the most valuable resources for enterprises. In order to promote the development of information technology, small and medium enterprises must do a good job in both hands. On the one hand, enterprises must formulate human resource strategy, adopt various methods and means to recruit and introduce talents for enterprises, especially the advanced technology. On the other hand, enterprises should carry out more training activities within the enterprise, through technical exchanges and cooperation and other ways to cultivate a large number of professional knowledge, with practical ability of information technology personnel, improve the comprehensive ability of the enterprise to improve the normal operation of enterprise information.3) Take the key breakthrough of phased implementationEnterprise information is a step is not possible nor practical, should take steps to implement, key breakthrough system construction mode, can be divided into several different stages to implement it step by step. As small and medium-sized enterprises, by their own limitations, can input information construction funds will not too much.4) Plays by society and government supportOur country small and medium-sized enterprise information is still in its infancy, is inseparable from the government’s guidance and social S s m u o a r n t d.medium enterprise informationization is a revolution ,is a complex and arduous systemproject ,involving all aspects of the business small and medium-sized enterprise informatization level is directly related to the level of the whole national informatization level. Small and medium-sized enterprises want to survive and develop, infromatization construction to be imperative informatization construction of small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain the competitive advantage will become the inevitable choice.5) To make the overall planning of enterprise informationEnterprise information planning, also known as enterprise IT planning, it is the guidance of enterprise development strategy, diagnosis and analysis of enterprise management status, optimize the business process, and put forward the enterprise information system architecture, determine the logic relationship between each part of the information system. In the preparation of enterprise information construction, the research on the status quo and future development of enterprises should be made, including a series of complete planning including enterprise information network, technical route, the choice of software, implementation and consulting team, information realization steps and so on.3.2 government and social aspects1) To strengthen the policy support to the informatization construction of small andmedium sized enterprises.To give full play to the role of the national enterprise information work leading group and local business information work leading group, all levels of government information technology to reform the special funds also have a certain tilt, adhere to the policy of the government to promote, market guidance, business entities, industry breakthrough, regional expansion, and strengthen enterprise information engineering support, and provide more effective macro guidance, organization and policy support.2) To create a good legal environment. Governments at all levels should developinformation management regulations as soon as possible,Strengthen the management of information resources. In order to solve theproblem of security and electronic contract authentication of online transactions and settlement, online contract law should be introduced as soon as possible to enhance the security of online transactions. To strengthen the laws and regulations on the fight against Internet crimes and to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. At the same time, we should further improve the information security monitoring system, establish an effective mechanism for information security and emergency handling mechanism, in the focus on the protection of basic network and important system security based on comprehensive information security protection.3) To strengthen the information guidance, play the role of the third party resourcesand platform.Small and medium enterprise information is still in the enlightenment, need to actively cooperate with the full range of positive guidance. Government to play the role of policy guidance to play the role of enterprise information, the media should play an active role in promoting and promoting the role of. At the same time, we should give full play to the role of the third party resources and platform. If the enterprise from the construction of network platform, run the server group, support a team to start, really need a high input. But in fact, they can outsource these operations, the business can only focus on the core business process. The use of third party platform to establish supply management system, often can achieve the goal of low cost, high efficiency, dynamic, very worthy of small and medium enterprises for reference.In recent years, the Chinese government has strengthened the guidance and promotion of the small and medium-sized enterprise information, and has achieved some results. But from the level of development of information technology and Chinese enterprises to participate in the global competition point of view, is still a long way to go. The government should continue to increase support for small and medium-sized enterprises, accelerate the construction of information infrastructure and public information resources, accelerate the construction of small and medium enterprise information service team, and actively carry out e-government, so as to mobilize and encourage theimplementation of information technology in small and medium enterprises.企业信息化建设外文翻译文献:随着信息技术的飞速发展，国内、中小企业信息化建设进入了新的发展阶段，中小企业信息化已成为中小企业自身优势，提高竞争优势，增强竞争力和发展能力是一个重要的选择。
计算机网络技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译网站建设技术1.介绍网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
足不出户便可以知晓天下大事,按几下键盘或点几下鼠标可以与远在千里之外的朋友交流,网上通信、网上浏览、网上交互、网上电子商务已成为现代人们生活的一部分。
Internet 时代, 造就了人们新的工作和生活方式,其互联性、开放性和共享信息的模式,打破了传统信息传播方式的重重壁垒,为人们带来了新的机遇。
随着计算机和信息时代的到来,人类社会前进的脚步在逐渐加快。
近几年网页设计发展,快得人目不暇接。
随着网页设计技术的发展,丰富多彩的网页成为网上一道亮丽的风景线。
要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术。
在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术。
2、网站的定义2.1 如何定义网站确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题。
为什么人们会来到你的网站? 你有独特的服务吗? 人们第一次到你的网站是为了什么? 他们还会再来吗? 这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑的问题。
要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划。
其次,保持网站的高品质。
在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势。
一个优秀的网站应具备：（1）用户访问网站的速度要快；（2）注意反馈与更新。
及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求；（3）首页设计要合理。
首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果。
2.2 网站的内容和功能在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。
网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的。
确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同。
我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同。
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照中文翻译：工程造价专业毕业外文文献工程造价专业是一种重要的工程技术专业，主要负责工程投资的评估、选择和控制工程项目成本，以及项目质量、进度和安全。
因此，工程造价专业需要具备丰富的知识和技能，包括工程建设、经济学、管理学、数学、统计学等方面。
为了提高工程造价专业学生的综合能力，学习外文文献是不可或缺的步骤。
本文将介绍几篇与工程造价专业相关的外文文献，并提供中英文对照。
1）《The Role of Quantity Surveyors in Sustainable Construction》该文研究了数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用，并深入探讨了数量调查师在项目的可持续性评估、营建阶段和运营阶段的角色和责任。
该文指出，数量调查师可以通过成本控制、资源利用、和材料选择等方面促进可持续建筑的发展，为未来可持续发展提供支持。
中文翻译：数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用2）《Cost engineering》该文研究了造价工程的理论和实践，并提供了一系列工具和方法用于项目成本的控制和评估。
该文还深入探讨了工程造价和项目管理之间的关系，并提供了一些实用的案例研究来说明造价工程的实际应用。
中文翻译：造价工程3）《Construction cost management: learning from case studies》该文通过案例分析的方式来探讨建筑项目成本管理的实践。
该文提供了多个案例研究，旨在向读者展示如何运用不同的方法来控制和评估项目成本，并阐述了思考成本问题时需要考虑的多个因素。
中文翻译：建筑项目成本管理：案例学习4）《Project Cost Estimation and Control: A Practical Guide to Construction Management》该书是一本实用指南，详细介绍了在工程起始阶段进行项目成本估算的方法和技巧，以及如何在项目执行阶段进行成本控制。
建设项目的管理模式外文翻译、中英对照
外文翻译建设项目的管理模式译文题目The model Of Construction project management 译文来源及字符数Successful Project Management 13875 指导教师姓名崔东红____ 指导教师评语评阅日期建设项目的管理模式项目各参与方的组织业主的高层管理设定总体方针同时选择合适的组织来负责给定的项目任务。
在业主的方针中会指出如何将项目生命周期中的任务划分给不同的组织以及聘用什么样的专业人员。
业主高层管理所做出的决策也将对被选出进行项目管理的组织产生影响。
通常会有多种分解项目阶段的方法其中最为典型的是 1. 顺序划分项目被划分成独立的几个阶段各阶段按连续顺序进行。
2. 平行划分项目被划分成独立的几个部分各部分同时进行。
3. 交叉划分项目阶段可以进行搭接。
例如快速路径法的应用。
这里需要指出的是哪种分解方法更为有效这完全取决于项目的具体情况。
在多数情况下按顺序划分的方法更为普遍一些。
涉及项目管理的关键问题有1. 项目涉及多少个组织2. 各组织间的联系是什么 3. 各组织何时介入项目尽管由于业主和承包商之间所采用合同条件的不同会产生很多种完成项目的组织形但基本的形式只有两种并按照下面的思路来划分。
1. 独立型组织。
相对于业主会出现咨询方或承包商等多种分别处理设计和施工任务的组织涉及这种类型组织的典型例子有设计和施工的传统顺序模式专业化的建设项目管理模式。
2. 集约型组织。
由不同组织组成一个单一联合体以统一指令来承担设计和施工任务。
这里介绍两种极端的例子业主自行建造项目在这里所有工作均由业主内部部门处理交钥匙项目即合同的所有工作内容都交给一个卖方由他负责向业主提交完工项目。
建设项目的管理组织形式可视具体情况而定。
一种情况是项目所需人员由职能部门提供由专职项目经理领导直至项目结束如图2-4所示。
在这种形式下项目经理必须从现有的组织框架中协调并获取项目所需各种资源因而这种组织形式也被成为矩阵式组织。
团队建设的艺术 外文翻译
中文3456字2000单词原文：The Art of Team BuildingThe success of a company depends on the people that work there. The staff must work and collaborate as a team with a focus on the company's mission statements. Any conflict within the staff can lead to potential quarrels and disunity, hampering the success of the company. Today's modern software firm consists of several work and project teams that must cooperate and share resources if a quality job is to be produced within budget.Team building is an organizational development intervention strategy that investigates the personalities and behavior characteristics of the team membership. Team building consists of a series of exercises that collect data and feedback. This serves as input into proposed improvements for the company's process - both at an individual and team level. It is a powerful tool, but is not always practical.The document investigates the cycle of team building and provides a quantity of tools that would be useful in the team building process. These tools collect data that can provide the source of conflicts.Teams in Today's WorkplaceA team is defined as a collection of people who rely on group collaboration such that each of its members experiences an optimum of success level reaching of of both personal and team based goals (Dyer, 1977).Suppose one was to take a look at a typical business operation - a restaurant, golf course, home builder, oil patch, or software firm. We will note that this business operation (assuming it is not a home based business) consists of of staff members who work together to provide a service. Each member of the staff strives towards meeting personal and company goals. In teamwork, everybody makes their own contributions and performs their tasks. The staff members also interact and communicate with each other.Therefore, the concept of team goes beyond professional sports. They exist everywhere in society. At work, there may be several different work groups(requirements, quality assurance, testing). Each one is a team. Project teams consist of people from different groups brought together for a specific activity. A worker may be a member of more than one team at work. Even the family is considered a team (Dyer, 1977). Team dynamics run through the family in the same way as at work.However, success in any team environment is a challenge. Because individuals have different behavior and thinking styles, this leads to conflict. Poor handling of conflict leads to disunity, quarrels, jealousy, and reduced morale. The process of team building investigates the personal characteristics of team members. The result is the recommendation of changes in the company's process and team interaction such that the teams can perform together.If we look at the software industry's reputation of being late and over budget, team building would serve as a good tool in software process improvement. It is also a good tool when new teams are being formed for new projects. Successful performing teams are paramount to producing a quality software project within budget. In today's typical software company, each phase of the software development process is performed by one or more people with the appropriate expertise. Each of these "teams" meld together to form one team responsible for that project.The Stages of the Performance Team.Any team - including the family - may encounter one or more of the following stages.•Forming: The forming stage is a "get acquainted" stage. It is an exciting time as people get to know each other.•Storming: This stage is a very emotional stage. The different personality types, thinking styles, and roles may conflict. This leads to some very heated arguments as well as reduced morale and disunity. Some teams even fall apart.•Norming: The membership appreciates each other's differences. They start to get settled down.•Performing: The members are dedicated to getting the job done, without disruption caused by poor team dynamics. Conflicts are handled constructively. The team can enter any of these stages at any time. A "performing team" can easily returnto the storming stage over what may not be a major conflict. A proper team building program will not guarantee a performing team, but can help a team learn of each member's strengths and weaknesses and account for them in collaboration.Team Building Objectives.In determining objectives for a specific team building process, it should be sensitive to the specific team based process improvement goals that the team as a whole have identified. The most common objectives of team building are as follows (Phillips and Elledge, 1989).• Allowing the work unit to engage in a continuous process of self improvement.• Providing a forum for the team to evaluate strengths and weaknesses.• Determining problems in a team's behavior and suggesting corrective actions to be taken.• Developing specific team processes such as conflict management.• Improving interpersonal communication skills.• Determining roles and responsibilities of the membership.• Evaluation of problem solving strate gies.The Cycle of Team Building.Team building can be precisely defined as "a long range program for uniting people into shared efforts for improving the effectiveness of a working group." (Dyer, 1977). It can revitalize the company's social interaction system, but is only useful if it can be proved that the work unit is no longer functioning productively (Tontini, 1979).An external consultant be acquired for this process, particularly if a manager feels that he or she may be part of the problem. The consultant may be either external or an staff member external to the affected work unit. A consultant is also neutral, eliminating bias and any attitudes between management and staff. The manager may do the process himself, but he must know exactly what actions to take and how to do it.Dyer defines a cycle of six stages that constitute the team building process. These will be described in further detail.Problem IdentificationTeam building should not be done just for the sake of it. The team building process should be undertaken if evidence points to ineffective teamwork as the source of the problem (Phillips and Elledge, 1989). Before the decision to implement team building is made, the management must identify symptoms within the organization. Dyer identifies the following as symptoms of ineffective teamwork - which could point to the need for the team building process.•There is a loss of productivity or output.•There is an increase in staff grievances, hostility or conflict.•The staff experiences confusion as to their assignments.•The decisions are either misunderstood or improperly executed.•Staff meetings are ineffective - having low participation rates.•There is a lack of interest or involvement among the staff membership.• A new group is formed that must quickly develop into a working team.•High dependency is placed on management.•There is an increase in customer complaints.•There is a decrease in quality and/or an increase in costs.Data Gathering.The Team Building process consists of gathering relevant data about a team and applying it to assist the team in improving its process. In collecting the data, it is important to understand that the goal of team building is to identify the underlying causes of problems (Phillips and Elledge, 1989). There are several methods that are useful for data collection.The one on one interview is one of the simplest methods to elicit data from a team member. The consultant can receive a large quantity of detailed information in the one on one interview. The interviewee can open his heart and provide his view of the situation. Nonverbal behavior can be taken into account. The consultant gets to know the interviewee well through rapport.The major drawback of the interview is its cost. They must be planned and take time to perform. The data analysis is more difficult to perform. When the data ispresented for feedback, members may not confess that they were responsible for that component of the data.The interview consists of open ended questions that cover the whats and whys of the problem. They should also cover how one can be more effective at work. Interviews should be arranged through senior management or the team captain.In open data sharing the consultant conducts a forum with the entire group. This type of forum can involve the same questions as those he would use on a one on one interview. With the problems presented in front of the entire team as opposed to each individual separately, it forces the group as a whole to commit to the changes they need to make. There is less resistance to the data identified. The open forum is an economical alternative to the interview, however there is a lack of personal attention and useful rapport that only interviewing can bring.The questionnaire is a common tool for data gathering before formal team building exercises begin. Questionnaires usually consist of a series of statements which the candidate ranks on an ordinal scale. Some multiple choice questions may also be included, but open ended questions are seldom used.The questionnaire is efficient and produces numerical data. The same questionnaire can be filled before and after the team building process, allowing a statistical analysis of how effective the team building was. However, questionnaires do not allow the consultant the chance to conduct further investigation of the participants for more detailed information. Bias due to shyness or improper completion can occur.If it is available, the consultant may investigate hard data on the group's performance. The data may cover metrics like productivity, absenteeism, and quality. Hard data is the most effective evidence of the need to improve. It is real, concrete and is the responsibility of the entire team.DiagnosisOnce the consultant has completed the data collection process, he must perform an accurate data analysis. This analysis will identify trends, allowing the team to identify problems that can be targeted in the team building process. Two types ofanalysis (Phillips and Elledge, 1989) are used:•The thematic content analysis investigates the results of interviews and open ended questions on a questionnaire. The consultant will look for themes and patterns within the data and performs an appropriate grouping. Data may be sorted by question. This analysis is quite useful when the work environment is known by the consultant.•Data summation is used to investigate the results of a standardized questionnaire. This is a quick process, where responses are recorded and formatted for an easy analysis. This analysis should be simple, accurate, and complete. When the questionnaire involves the ordinal ranking of statements, metrics like mean, standard deviation, and range are helpful.The diagnosis process includes a feedback meeting with the group, where the results of the analysis are presented to the group. It is a good idea to verify that the data corresponds to the team activity. It is important for the team to understand the meaning of the data before suggesting an improvement strategy. The team should also retain a copy of the analysis for their own viewing. If the team agrees to a workshop, its logistics should be completed at this meeting.Planning.The issues identified in the data analysis become problems that must be solved. The planning phase allows the consultant to develop a strategy for a team building session.It is recommended that the group be presented with several possible agendas for the team building session (Phillips and Elledge, 1989). Each agenda should be specifically tailored to the strengths and weaknesses of that team - based on the data that was collected. It should also account for the group's resources and time allocation. An agenda for a team building session may take anywhere from a few hours to a couple of days.A team building session consists of an introduction, a series of activities, the development of action plans based on the activities, and follow up planning. The following summarizes a list of tools and activities that could be seen in a team building session:•Myers Briggs Type Indicator.•Team Roles Indicator.•Johari Window.•Leadership Process Inventory.•Thinking Styles Inventory.•Conflict Management.•Specific problem solving activities.•Development of action plans.Source: Dale.Couprie“The Art of Team Building”Team Building leading to unity in the team. P2-5译文：团队建设的艺术一个公司的成功取决于在那里工作的员工。
5、外文文献翻译(附原文)产业集群,区域品牌,Industrial cluster ,Regional brand
外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。
产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。
根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。
产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。
为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。
关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。
作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。
他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。
但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。
最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。
“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。
产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。
在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。
比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。
前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。
建筑外文文献(含中文翻译)
中文译文：建筑业的竞争及竞争策略美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场，但近来世界上发生的事件改变了它的主导地位。
为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势，由建筑工业研究院的"2000年建筑特别工作组：发起一项称为“2000年建筑市场竞争分析”的研究项目。
该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素，包括下列方面：企业能力塑造：采用纵向联合，横向发展的方法，提高企业的综合能力。
扩大市场领地，这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并，或是由美国公司收购外国公司。
筹措资金的选择方法：私有化作用，建筑权力转让项目，未来市场中工程筹资特征。
管理、组织及结构：未来的经营管理及组织方法、组织结构、组织技巧要有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用。
劳力特征：未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况技术问题：技术将如何影响竞争，如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷。
研究目标及范围这一研究项目的目标是收集信息，使之为适应2000年及以后的工程建筑业在调整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见，并制定出2000年工程建筑业的可能的发展计划。
这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程，审视了当前的发展趋势，以确定影响该工业未来的推动力，与该工业相关的有重塑企业能力，私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理、组织方法、公司结构方面的未来发展方向。
研究范围包括选定一些公司，采访这些公司有专业特长的人员。
这些人员的专业涉及面很广，包括商业建筑，重工业建筑，公共事业设施建设，基础建设．轻工业建筑，电力，生产程序以及航天科学。
工程建筑业竞争特性工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动：80年代发生的事件，以及计划在90年代实施的项目，正在引导建筑业摆脱相互对立的局面，转向相互合作。
应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场，因为它增加了全球合作的机遇。
合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益，这是因为美国公司可以在合作伙伴的国家找到机遇，同样，外国公司也会打入美国市场。
工程造价 项目成本管理 BIM和5D项目成本管理 外文文献翻译
文献出处：Smith P. BIM & the 5D project cost manager[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 119: 475-484.第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。
默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。
BIM和5D项目成本管理摘要：本文探讨了项目成本管理专业人员在建筑行业建筑信息建模（BIM）实施与推进中的作用问题。
本文回顾了当前BIM行业的发展趋势和问题，并对澳大利亚的工料测量公司进行了详细的访谈。
BIM不仅涉及3D建模，并且还通常在诸如4D（时间），5D（成本）甚至6D（施工施工）的进一步维度中定义。
4D将3D对象模型中的信息和数据与项目编程和调度数据进行链接，促进了施工活动的仿真分析。
5D将所有这些信息与成本数据（如数量，时间表和价格）相集成。
6D表示在建筑的运行阶段可以使用的施工模型。
本文探讨了项目成本管理专业人员在所有项目阶段一体化参与的重要性，并将第五维度成为BIM环境中的关键角色-“5D项目成本管理”。
本文主要采用文献综述和行业采访等研究方法，并将通过专业项目成本管理公司确定领域的领先优势。
本文的结论是，现代项目成本管理最大的价值在于这些管理者们具备5D施工的能力，并能够利用仿真模型实时提供详细的5D估计和成本计划。
关键词：项目成本超支，项目成本管理，数量测量，成本工程1.引言在世界各地提供专业项目成本管理服务的主要专业对象是造价工程师，工料计量师，建筑经济学家和项目经理。
工料计量师是一个起源于英国的职业，是英联邦国家认可的专业职称。
造价工程师主要用于北美和南美，中国和欧洲部分地区。
建筑经济学家在一些欧洲国家和世界其他地区被用作服务的替代描述。
在其他地区，特别是在欧洲，这三个职称得不到承认，项目管理大部分由成本管理服务商承担，作为其服务套餐的一部分。
文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站
文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站目录一、网站概述 (2)1.1 网站背景 (3)1.2 网站目的与意义 (3)二、网站结构与功能 (5)2.1 网站结构 (6)2.1.1 首页设计 (7)2.1.2 栏目设置 (8)2.1.3 搜索功能 (9)2.2 网站功能特点 (10)2.2.1 文献浏览功能 (11)2.2.2 文献翻译功能 (12)2.2.3 文献下载与分享功能 (13)三、外文文献综述内容分析 (15)3.1 综述目的和范围 (16)3.2 外文文献来源及筛选标准 (17)3.2.1 文献来源 (18)3.2.2 筛选标准与方法 (19)3.3 外文文献的主要内容及观点 (21)3.3.1 某一领域的研究现状 (22)3.3.2 不同观点的碰撞与融合 (23)四、外文文献翻译质量分析 (24)4.1 翻译团队介绍及翻译标准 (26)4.1.1 专业翻译团队组成 (26)4.1.2 翻译质量标准与流程 (27)4.2 翻译错误类型及纠正方法 (28)4.2.1 常见翻译错误类型 (29)4.2.2 翻译错误的纠正方法 (31)五、网站的用户群体与使用效果分析 (32)一、网站概述在当今全球化的学术研究领域，信息的交流与传播至关重要。
为了满足学者们对国外文献的需求，促进国际学术研究的深入发展，我们精心搭建了一个综合性的“文献综述外文翻译论文网站”。
该网站致力于提供一个便捷、高效的平台，使用户能够轻松获取并翻译最新的国外学术文献，从而提升自身的研究水平和国际影响力。
本网站不仅收录了海量的英文原版文献，还提供了精准的翻译服务。
我们的专业翻译团队由经验丰富的译员组成，他们精通多种语言，能够确保翻译的准确性和地道性。
我们还利用先进的文本处理技术，实现了文献的自动分类、检索和下载功能，大大提高了用户的阅读体验。
本网站还设有专业的文献综述栏目，为用户提供系统、全面的文献综述指导和分析。
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校园网的规划与构建外文文献及其中文翻译
石家庄经济学院本科生毕业设计外文文献题目石家庄经济学院本部校园网网络规划设计姓名姬云飞学号************学院信息工程学院专业通信工程指导教师张晨燕Campus Network planning and ConstructionAt present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications. Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education. But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of operations, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem. This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues. The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the campus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexes us.The Internet flies to develop soon, to the campus network the teachers and the students' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at. But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development. We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus software...etc. completely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for the balance point of insure the network safety and the network efficiency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information. With the development of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information.Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages. It created a new teaching model, breaking the traditional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching efficiency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level. Do a good jobin the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and convenient.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are reflected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design a secure, unified campus network. Large Campus Network DesignBusinesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for infrastructure upgrades to:(1) Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2) Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA(3) Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranetUse Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large campus network. In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a high performance, switched backbone. Network redundancy and high availability is provided at each layer. A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when combined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network DesignA medium campus consists of one large building or several buildings. Networking for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability. This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for medium campus networks. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco AVVID architecture, these intelligent network platforms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks DesignIn most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effectiveness is. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。
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网站建设技术*1.介绍网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
足不出户便可以知晓天下大事,按几下键盘或点几下鼠标可以与远在千里之外的朋友交流,网上通信、网上浏览、网上交互、网上电子商务已成为现代人们生活的一部分。
Internet 时代, 造就了人们新的工作和生活方式,其互联性、开放性和共享信息的模式,打破了传统信息传播方式的重重壁垒,为人们带来了新的机遇。
随着计算机和信息时代的到来,人类社会前进的脚步在逐渐加快。
近几年网页设计发展,快得人目不暇接。
随着网页设计技术的发展,丰富多彩的网页成为网上一道亮丽的风景线。
要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术。
在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术。
2、网站的定义2.1 如何定义网站确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题。
为什么人们会来到你的网站? 你有独特的服务吗? 人们第一次到你的网站是为了什么? 他们还会再来吗? 这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑的问题。
要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划。
其次,保持网站的高品质。
在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势。
一个优秀的网站应具备：（1）用户访问网站的速度要快；（2）注意反馈与更新。
及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求；（3）首页设计要合理。
首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果。
2.2 网站的内容和功能在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。
网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的。
确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同。
我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同。
*Feng Liu ,Lingling Zhang, Jifa Gu, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES, Volume 4.Number 4 .December 20072.3 网站的结构（1）网站的结构；（2）定义导航；（3）可视化设计；（4）设计框架和页面。
3、网站的设计与实现随着人们对设计的要求越来越高,高格调,高品位的设计作品,才深受人们的欢迎。
这也就给设计者们提出了更高的要求,从这个角度说,板式设计正是满足了人们的要求应需而生。
科技的飞跃发展, 让Internet 走进了千家万户,也产生出新的设计领域空间,而网页设计成为新的设计领域的重要内容。
优秀的网页设计,必须有好的创意,才能使观者视线久久难移,产生震撼力。
版面设计是很重要的,通过文字、图形的空间组合,能最佳的表达出和谐与美。
如果想进一步认识网页设计,做出有别于一般网站的网页,就需要掌握更多的象CSS 、javascript 、CGI 等网页设计技术。
在网站的建设中就应用了CSS 、javascript 等网页设计技术。
3.1 应用CSS 设计网页(1) 什么是CSS ? CSS 是一种样式表(stylesheet)技术。
也有的人称之为层叠样式表( Cascading Stylesheet)。
(2) CSS与HTML的结合方式。
方式一：将所定义的CSS内容书写在这一对标签之间。
方式二：将CSS内容单独保存为一个文本文件,再由标签来调用。
(3) CSS在网站中的应用事例。
在网站中的页面,增加了以下的定义, 使页面有特殊的显示效果。
3.2 应用javascript 设计网页javascript的出现使得信息和用户之间不仅只是一种显示和浏览的关系,而是实现了一种实时的、动态的、可交式的表达能力。
从而基于CGI静态的HTML页面将被可提供动态实时信息,并对客户操作进行反应的Web页面的取代。
javascript脚本正是满足这种需求而产生的语言。
它深受广泛用户的喜爱。
它是众多脚本语言中较为优秀的一种。
与WWW的结合有效地实现了网络计算和网络计算机的蓝图。
3.3 应用Dreamweaver 设计网页Macromedia Dreamweaver 是为视觉上设计并且管理网络站点和网页的一个专业的HTML 编辑器。
不论你是比较喜欢手写代码还是在可视化编辑的环境下工作，Dreamweaver 都向你提供有用的工具让你快速起手或提高你的网络设计经验。
Dreamweaver 包括许多编码工具和特征：HTML CSS 和JAVASCRIPT 参考，一个JAVASCRIPT 调试器，和代码编辑器（代码看法和代码查看器）容许你在Dreamweaver 中编辑JAVASCRIPT ，XML 以及其他文本文件。
Macromedia 的双程的HTML 技术可以导入HTML 而不会重新格式化。
而且你如果愿意也可以设置Dreamweaver 清理代码或重新格式化HTML。
Dreamweaver 的可视化编辑的土正也让你快速把设计和功能加到你的页面，而不用写一行代码。
你能查看所有的你的站点的元素或资源。
并且直接从一个容易使用的面版拖拽他们进一个文件。
通过在Macromedia Fireworks 中创建并编辑图象来优化你的开发工作流程，然后直接将他们导入Dreamweaver，或假如直接在Dreamweaver 创造的Flash 对象。
Dreamweaver 是可完全自定义的。
使用Dreamweaver 来创建你自己的对象和命令，修改快捷键，甚至写入JAVASCRIPT 来扩展Dreamweaver 在新的行为、属性面板以及站点报告上的能力。
Dreamweaver 工作区域让我门从Dreamweaver 工作区域的简短的概述开始。
如果你已经没安装Dreamweaver，双击Dreamweaver 图标安装它。
Dreamweaver 工作区域不同工作的方式和用户的水平有不同的界面。
当你安装Dreamweaver 时，下列工作区域打开：当你创造并且编辑页面时，文件窗口显示当前的文件对象面板包含一些图标。
你可以点击插入对象到你的文件。
Dreamweaver 提供许多浮动的面板，例如HTML 式样面板和代码检查器，它使你能够使用另外的Dreamweaver 元素。
Launcher 转载器工具条包含打开关闭你的最经常使用的检查器和面板。
属性检查器所选择的物体或文章的性质，并且让你修改那些属性（哪个属性在检查器出现取决于在文件中选择哪个对象）。
打开Dreamweaver 的窗口，检查器和面板，使用窗口菜单。
靠着在菜单显示项目有一个勾，表示该项窗口项目在当前打开（尽管它可以被隐蔽在另外的窗户后面）。
要打开一个窗口项目，从菜单选择项目名字或使用它的键盘快捷。
使用DreamweaverDreamweaver 能在3 个方法显示一个文件：在设计视图，在代码视图，实际与代码结合视图，（改变你在其正在工作的视图，在Dreamweaver 工作跳选择视图）Dreamweaver 缺省是在设计视图显示文件窗口。
另外，你呢功能使用设计试图的两种方法：在标准视图与布局视图。
（你在对象面板最下面的视图分类选择这些视图）在布局视图你能设计页面布局，插入图形，正文和另外的煤体。
在标准的视图，除了插入图形正文煤体，你能也插入层，创建桢文件，创建表格，并且做其他在布局视图无法做到的改变。
__4.关于网站建设的几点体会随着Internet的普及，越来越多的政府部门、公司和个人意识到需要拥有自己的独立网站。
下面就设计和制作网站谈谈自己的一些体会。
在进行完系统分析之后，我们就应该进行系统的设计。
网页的设计类似于软件开发的设计，有自顶向下、自底向上和不断增补等设计方法。
主要任务是网页内容的设计，包括网页的信息组织结构、外观、内容分块、导航与链接、目录结构等设计。
系统设计是网站具体实现前的准备，对网页的实现进一步提出更具体的要求，对网页的整体效果、局部细节有更明确的设想。
这个过程是整个网站规划中的关键。
接下来就是如何将自己设计的网站实现的问题。
对于网站的实现，我认为需要考虑两部分：网页的实现；Web服务器的实现。
在网站实现的过程中，技术选型很重要。
前者主要使用HTML语言，对于交互性较强的网站来说，建议采用ASP、JSP、PHP等编程来辅助实现，更为复杂的网站可能还会有自己的数据库。
后者则用到各种基于不同操作系统的Web服务器软件的安装、调试。
这个阶段是整个过程中最主要也最耗时的一部分。
当我们完成了上述工作后，就需要进行网页发布了。
到了这个阶段，网页制作就接近尾声，主要工作是把做好的网页发布到网络上，对网页作最后的修改、测试，保证网页能在网络上正常地运行。
在网页发布以后，应对网页进行各个方面各种情况的测试，包括网页能否对任何不同的浏览器、不同的访问者都表现正常，ASP、JSP、PHP程序能否正常工作等等。
这个阶段是网页的试运行期，此时应把网页的各种缺陷尽量弥补，使网页更加完善。
经过一段时期的运行，网站就进入了正常运行期，主要工作是及时更新网页过时的信息，及时对访问者的留言做出反馈，进一步完善网页，不断采用新的技术更新升级网页，使网页的访问更迅速，外观更美观，信息资源更丰富。
以上就是建站要大体遵循的七个步骤，这七个步骤是相辅相成的，但可根据网页的难易程度和复杂度适当增强或减弱某个环节。
总之，建设一个成功的网站并非一件容易的事，它需要全方位考虑，综合各方面的因素。
5.结束语随着Internet技术的突飞猛进,各行各业都在加入Internet的行业中来。
无论从管理方面,还是从商业角度来看,Internet都可以带来无限生机。
Internet成为了一个设计人员施才华的新天地。
人们将不断探索,将网站建设中的新技术应用在网站中。
参考文献：[1]N.Hritonenko, Yu.Yatsenko.Creative destruction of computing systems: Analysisand modeling, Journal of Supercomputing, 38(2006), 143-154.[2]Yu.Yatsenko, work economics and optimal replacement ofagestructured. IT capital, Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, 65(2007), 483-497.[3] A.S. Boranbayev, Reference Architecture for Web Applications, Reports of theNational Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 18-26. [4]The Spring Framework official website: /.[5]Martin Fowler discusses details of the dependency injection pattern and how Spring.[6]JUnit framework: /.[7]Spring Framework official website - Chapter 9, Transaction management:/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/transaction.html. [8] A.S. Boranbayev, Optimal Methods for Java Web Services, News of the NationalAcademy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 38-43.原文二：On site construction technologyFeng Liu，Lingling Zhang，Jifa Gu*1 .IntroductionThe development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives.Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities. With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated. In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied. With the development of web design, a colorful online website together one scenic beauty. To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques. In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology.2.the definition of websiteHow definition of websites 2.1Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to your website? You have a unique service? The first people to your website is to what? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning. Second, to maintain the high-quality Web site. Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage. An excellent Web site should have the following:(1) users visit Web site is faster.(2) attention to the feedback and updates. To update the content of the website and timely feedback the user's requirements;(3) Home design to be reasonable. Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the design must be attractive in order to have a good visual effect.* Feng Liu ,Lingling Zhang, Jifa Gu, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES,Volume 4.Number 4 .December 20072.2 The contents of the website and functionThe content of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides. The content of the website, including the type of static, dynamic, functional and things to deal with. Website content is determined in accordance with the nature of the site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different. We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same.2.3 The structure website(1) site structure;(2) definition of navigation;(3) Visual Design;(4) framework and design pages.3.Site Design and ImplementationWith increasing demands on design, high style, high-grade design work before gaining popularity. This also to the designers have put forward higher requirements, from this point of view, the plate design is to meet the requirements of the people should be and Health. The rapid development of science and technology, the Internet into millions of households, also produced a new design space, and a new web design an important part of the field of design. Excellent web design, we must have good creative, so that the audience can be difficult to shift attention long time, produce power. Layout is very important, through text, graphics space portfolio, can best express harmony with the United States. If you want to further understand website design, made separately from other web site's homepage, you need to have more like CSS, javascript, CGI, and other web design technology. In building on the site of the CSS, javascript and other web design technology. CSS 3.1 Application Design website(1) What is CSS? CSS is a style sheet (stylesheet) technology. Some of them called CSS (Cascading Stylesheet).(2) the combination of CSS and HTML form. Mode 1: The CSS content, as defined in the writing between the labels. Mode 2: CSS will be preserved as a separate text file, and then from labels to call.(3) CSS the web site of examples. The web site pages, and increase the following definition so that the pages show with special effects.3.2 Application Design website javascriptJavascript and the emergence of making information between users is not only a display and browse the relationship, but to achieve a real-time, dynamic, cross-expression. Thus based on the CGI static HTML pages will be to provide dynamic real-time information, and customer response to the operation of the Web pages replaced. javascript scripting is satisfy this demand arising from the language. It's loved by extensive user. Many scripting language it is in a relatively good. WWW and effectively achieve the combination of the computer network computing and network blueprint.3.3 Dream weaver:Macromedia Dream weaver is a professional HTML editor for visually designing and managing web sites and pages. Whether you enjoy the control of hand-coding HTML or prefer to work in a visual editing environment, Dream weaver makes it easy to get started and provides you with helpful tools to enhance your Web design experience.Dream weaver includes many coding tools and features: an HTML, CSS, and JavaScript reference, a JavaScript debugger, and code editors (the Code view and Code inspector) that allow you to edit JavaScript, XML technology imports HTML documents without reformatting Macromedia’s Roundtrip HTML technology imports HTML documents without reformatting the code and you can set Dream weaver to clean up and reformat HTML when you want it to .Dream weaver’s visual editing features also let you quickly add design and functionality to your pages without writing a line of code. You can view all your site elements or assets and drag them from an easy-to-use panel directly into a document. Streamline your development workflow by creating and editing images in Macromedia Fireworks, then importing them directly into Dream weaver, or by adding Flash objects you create directly in Dream weaver.Dream weaver is fully customizable. Use Dream weaver to create your own objectsand commands, modify keyboard shortcuts, and even write JavaScript code to extend Dream weaver’s capabilities with new behaviors, property inspectors and site reports. The Dream weaver work areaLet’s start with a brief overview of the Dream weaver work area.If you haven’t already launch Dream weaver, double-click the Dream weaver icon to launch it.The Dream weaver work area accommodates different styles of working and levels of expertise.When you launch Dream weaver, the following work area items open:The Document window displays the current document as you create and edit it.2The Objects panel contains icons you click to insert objects in you document.Dream weaver provides many floating panels, such as the HTML Styles panel and the code inspector which enable you to work with other Dream weaver elements.The Launcher bar contains buttons for opening and closing your most frequently used inspectors and panels.The Property inspector displays properties for the selected object or text, and lets you modify those properties.(Which properties appear in the inspector depend on the object actively selected in the document.)To open Dr eam weaver’s windows, inspectors and panels, use the Window menu. A check mark next to an item in the Window menu indicates that the named item is currently open(though it may be hidden behind other windows). To display an item that isn’t currently open, choose the item name from the menu or use its keyboard shortcut. Working in Dream weaverDream weaver can display a document in three ways: in Design view, in Code view,and in a split view that shows both the design and code.(To change the view in whichyo u’re working ,select a view in the Dream weaver toolbar.)By default, Dream weaverdisplays the document window in design view.In addition, you can work with Dream weaver’s design view in two different ways in layout view and standard view.( You select these views in the view category of the objects panel.) In layout view you can design a page layout. Insert graphics, text, and other media; in standard view, in addition to inserting graphics text and media, you can also insert layers,create frame documents, create tables, and apply other changes to your page-options that aren’t available in layout view.4. Construction on the site ExperienceWith the popularity of the Internet, more and more government departments, companies and individuals aware of the need to have their own independent Web site. Below on the design and production sites on some of their own experience.After conducting systematic analysis End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website to further the realization of more specific requirements, the overall effect on the website, local details have a clearer idea. This entire process is the key site planning.Next is how to achieve their own Web site design issues. The realization of the site, I think the need to be considered in two parts: the realization website; Web servers can be achieved. In the process of achieving website, technology selection is very important. Former major use HTML language, the stronger the interactive website, the proposed use of ASP, JSP, PHP and other programming to help achieve, the more complex Web site may also have its own database. The latter is based on all kinds of different operating systems used Web server software installation and debugging. This stage is the whole process of the most important and most time-consuming part.When we completed the work, the need for website released. At this stage of the production on the website drawing to a close, the main task is to do a good job in the website release to the network, the web site for final modifications, testing, homepage can guarantee normal operation of the network.Published in the website after website to deal with various aspects of the tests, including the possibility of any different web browsers, different visitors have shown normal, ASP, JSP, PHP normal procedure can work, and so on. This stage is the website of trial operation period, the website at this time should be to make up for variousshortcomings, the website will be more perfected.After a period of operation, the site entered the normal operation period, the main task is to update outdated information website, the visitor's message timely feedback to further improve the website, the introduction of new technologies constantly update website, visit web pages more quickly, more aesthetic appearance, Information Resources richer.Above is the establishment of the station to roughly follow the seven steps, seven steps are complementary, but can be the basis of ease of website and complexity of a weakening or strengthening appropriate link. In short, building a successful web site is not an easy task, it needs all-round consideration, the Composite various factors.5.Concluding RemarksWith the rapid development of Internet technology, in all walks of life have joined the industry to the Internet. Whether from the management side, or from a commercial point of view, the Internet can bring immense vitality. Internet to become a talented designer Shi new world. People will continue to explore, will be the site of the building in the application of new technologies in the web site.REFERENCES：[1] N.Hritonenko, Yu.Yatsenko.Creative destruction of computing systems: Analysis and modeling, Journal of Supercomputing, 38(2006), 143-154.[2] Yu.Yatsenko, work economics and optimal replacement of agestructured. IT capital, Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, 65(2007),483-497.[3] A.S. Boranbayev, Reference Architecture for Web Applications, Reports of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 18-26.[4] The Spring Framework official website: /.[5] Martin Fowler discusses details of the dependency injection pattern and how Spring.[6] JUnit framework: /.[7] Spring Framework official website - Chapter 9, Transaction management:/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/transaction.html.[8] A.S. Boranbayev, Optimal Methods for Java Web Services, News of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 38-43.。