肺癌英文 PPT课件
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肺癌-优秀医学PPT课件
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侵蚀肋骨
周围型肺癌伴胸椎转移：左肺下野见一较大肿块影，密度均匀，边缘 模糊，第四胸椎骨密度减低，椎弓根显示不清。
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痰细胞学检查
鳞癌 小细胞癌
细支气管肺泡癌是肺腺癌的另一类型。这里是肺实变多病灶变异的粗略外观大多数右上肺叶呈现黑-白色到灰色外观。
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支气管肺癌(肺泡细胞型腺癌)
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大细胞型Large cell carcinoma
甚少见 半数起源于大支气管，细胞大胞浆丰富胞核形态多样，细胞排列不规则，分化程度低。 预后很差。 常发生脑转移后才被发现。
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周围型肺癌：右肺下叶背段见一球形肿块影；呈分叶状
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左肺上叶周围型肺癌 ：上叶尖后段见一较大肿块影， 密度均匀，边缘不规则，可见小毛刺。
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周围型肺癌：
肿瘤中心部分液化坏死，呈厚壁偏心空洞，内壁凹凸不平。
右肺下叶周围型肺癌：下叶背段见一较大肿块， 内可见一偏心小空洞伴有液平。
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血行转移 Hematogenous metastasis
是肺癌的晚期表现，病人预后差。 腺癌，小细胞癌血行转移较鳞癌更为常见。 癌细胞—肺V—左心大循环—全身（肝、骨骼、脑、肾上腺多见）。
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五、临床表现 CLINICAL SITUATION
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肺癌症状取决于发生部位、大小、是否压迫临近器官及有无转移。早期可无症状，而在X线体检时发现。中央型出现症状早。周围型较晚。
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杵状指趾和肥大性骨关节病
前者：发生快、疼痛剧烈、甲床周围出现红晕为特点。 后者：以长骨疼痛、骨膜增生、新骨形成或关节疼痛常同时伴发，多见于鳞癌。手术切除肺癌后症状立即减轻或消失。肿瘤复发又可出现。
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侵蚀肋骨
周围型肺癌伴胸椎转移：左肺下野见一较大肿块影，密度均匀，边缘 模糊，第四胸椎骨密度减低，椎弓根显示不清。
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痰细胞学检查
鳞癌 小细胞癌
细支气管肺泡癌是肺腺癌的另一类型。这里是肺实变多病灶变异的粗略外观大多数右上肺叶呈现黑-白色到灰色外观。
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支气管肺癌(肺泡细胞型腺癌)
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大细胞型Large cell carcinoma
甚少见 半数起源于大支气管，细胞大胞浆丰富胞核形态多样，细胞排列不规则，分化程度低。 预后很差。 常发生脑转移后才被发现。
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周围型肺癌：右肺下叶背段见一球形肿块影；呈分叶状
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左肺上叶周围型肺癌 ：上叶尖后段见一较大肿块影， 密度均匀，边缘不规则，可见小毛刺。
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周围型肺癌：
肿瘤中心部分液化坏死，呈厚壁偏心空洞，内壁凹凸不平。
右肺下叶周围型肺癌：下叶背段见一较大肿块， 内可见一偏心小空洞伴有液平。
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血行转移 Hematogenous metastasis
是肺癌的晚期表现，病人预后差。 腺癌，小细胞癌血行转移较鳞癌更为常见。 癌细胞—肺V—左心大循环—全身（肝、骨骼、脑、肾上腺多见）。
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五、临床表现 CLINICAL SITUATION
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肺癌症状取决于发生部位、大小、是否压迫临近器官及有无转移。早期可无症状，而在X线体检时发现。中央型出现症状早。周围型较晚。
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杵状指趾和肥大性骨关节病
前者：发生快、疼痛剧烈、甲床周围出现红晕为特点。 后者：以长骨疼痛、骨膜增生、新骨形成或关节疼痛常同时伴发，多见于鳞癌。手术切除肺癌后症状立即减轻或消失。肿瘤复发又可出现。
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肺癌英文PPT演示幻灯片
cell carcinoma).
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Pathology And Classification
According to the different principles of management,it is divided into two types.
SCLC:small cell lung carcinoma. NSCLC:non small cell lung carcinoma.
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Pathology And Classification
1. According to the position of tumor arising from ,it can be divided into two types .
Central type:Tumor arises from main bronchus, lobar and segmental bronchus . Peripheral type : Tumor arises beyond segmental bronchus .
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Clinical Features
(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face.
(5)Cardiac effusion
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Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
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Pathology And Classification
According to the different principles of management,it is divided into two types.
SCLC:small cell lung carcinoma. NSCLC:non small cell lung carcinoma.
5
Pathology And Classification
1. According to the position of tumor arising from ,it can be divided into two types .
Central type:Tumor arises from main bronchus, lobar and segmental bronchus . Peripheral type : Tumor arises beyond segmental bronchus .
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Clinical Features
(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face.
(5)Cardiac effusion
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Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
肺癌PPT课件
Clinical presentation
• Majority are symptomatic at presentation 1.肺癌生长引起局部症状 Symptoms related to lung
lesion 2.肺癌向邻近组织器官侵犯Symptoms from
intrathoracic spread 3.向其它脏器扩散 Symptoms from distant mets 4. 非转移性肺外表现 Symptoms from paraneoplastic
WHO divides lung cancer into 2 major classes based on its biology, therapy, and prognosis.
NSCLC accounts for more than 80% of all lung cancer cases, and it includes 2 形式转移：
远处 器官 转移
0期
IA期 IIB期
IIIB期
IV期
①局部直接蔓延； ②血行转移； ③淋巴道转移；
Symptoms from intrathoracic spread
Pleural or pericardial effusion Hoarseness Pancoast tumor SVC syndrome dysphagia elevated diaphragm
popular) Hepatic mets Brain mets
内分泌系统 柯兴氏综合征、糖尿病、甲亢等 神经系统 多发性肌炎、Eaton—Lambert综合 征
肺癌和遗传是有相关性的，具有遗传倾向，但不是遗传性疾病；
在家族中有肺癌病人，本人又为长期大量吸烟者，应提高警惕；
肺癌ppt课件(图文)可修改文字
周围型肺癌
生长在段支气 管以下，以腺 癌多见
临床表现(clinic representation)
✓ 咳嗽 最常见，早期症状，抗炎无效
A
早期—刺激性—顽固性、阵发性肿瘤增大—堵塞管腔—阻
塞性— 持续高音调，带金属音
✓ 咯血 占50-60%，持续性或间断性痰中带血，大咯血
少见占30%
✓ 胸闷或胸痛 持续性钝痛、 隐痛、胸部沉重感
发病率及死亡率
A
B
C
Cont
ent
发病率及死亡率
A
我国的调查报告：
➢ 肺癌死亡率90年代较70年代增加111.85% （1倍多）
➢ 肺癌在城市已跃居癌症死亡首位（男性首位， 女性仅次于乳腺癌）
C
15.9/10万人
死 7.17/10万人 亡 率
病因 (etiological factor)
A
C
1、吸烟
src、lck
抑癌基因--- P53、Rb、nm23、
P16
病理分类
按细胞形态特征及分化程度分：
1、 鳞状上皮细胞癌
A ① 最常见，占40-50%，
② 多中央型 ③ 易致管腔阻塞
1
④ 生长缓慢、转移较晚
⑤ 常见于老年人、男性，与吸烟有关
2、未分化小细胞癌（燕麦细胞癌）
2
C ① 占10-15%，多中央型
T2N0M0 T1N1M0 T3N0M0
分期
TNM
Ⅲa期
T3N1M0
Ⅲb期 剖剖胸胸探探查任查何T1T-,N33N,M2M00T4,
Ⅳ期
任何N,M0 任何T任何NM1
T2N1M0
诊断（diagnose)
肺癌分期
肺癌PPT课件
显示Pancoast瘤与毗邻血管、臂丛神经的关 系，在矢状与冠状位扫描优于横轴位CT
• 痰细胞学检查
• 阳性率为60%左有，高者达80%以 上。其中，约2/3的病变位于中央， 在支气管镜能够观察到的范围内
• 胸水细胞学检查
• 与 痰一样，阴性结果并不重要，但 肯定的阳性发现却非常重要
• 常用三种方法 •灌注扫描 •检查肺癌的转移灶 •亲肿瘤扫描 •直接提示肺部肿瘤 •吸入扫描 •间接提示肺部肿瘤
FDG-PET在肺部肿瘤诊治中的应用：
确定肺内病变的存在及性质 对肺癌患者进行临床TNM分期。 发现常规检查未发现的亚临床转移病灶。 判断肿瘤对治疗的反应，指导治疗方案。 肿瘤局部复发的早期诊断。
纤维支气管镜检查
• 纤支镜检查除观察病灶外，主要目的在于钳 取组织进行病理检查以明确诊断 ;其对中央型 肺癌阳性率较高
• 胸内转移症状
• 胸水：血性胸水一般系肿瘤直接侵犯胸膜所致， 提示预后不佳
• 纵隔受累
• 压迫上腔静脉，引起上腔静脉综合征 • 压迫食管致吞咽困难 • 累及一侧喉返神经致声音嘶哑 • 肺尖部的肿瘤---Pancoast瘤，常常出现胸廓上口受累
的症状
*Pancoast瘤
支气管源癌，鳞癌为主，少数为小细胞癌。位 于肺尖部，常出现胸廓上口受累的症状，表现 为:1)胸腔上口软组织受累，合并邻近骨质破坏 和局部性疼痛;2)臂丛神经受累，引起患侧上肢、 手部疼痛，手部肌肉萎缩;3)支配头颈部同侧的 颈交感神经节受累，引起Horner综合征
某些金属和非金属物质 如铀、铬、镍、铍、氡、砷、锡、 石棉等有致癌作用。其中最重要的是石棉。石棉工人发生 肺癌的危险是普通人的6~10倍
大气污染 可使肺癌的发病率提高2~3倍:肺癌死亡率在城市 高于农村
• 痰细胞学检查
• 阳性率为60%左有，高者达80%以 上。其中，约2/3的病变位于中央， 在支气管镜能够观察到的范围内
• 胸水细胞学检查
• 与 痰一样，阴性结果并不重要，但 肯定的阳性发现却非常重要
• 常用三种方法 •灌注扫描 •检查肺癌的转移灶 •亲肿瘤扫描 •直接提示肺部肿瘤 •吸入扫描 •间接提示肺部肿瘤
FDG-PET在肺部肿瘤诊治中的应用：
确定肺内病变的存在及性质 对肺癌患者进行临床TNM分期。 发现常规检查未发现的亚临床转移病灶。 判断肿瘤对治疗的反应，指导治疗方案。 肿瘤局部复发的早期诊断。
纤维支气管镜检查
• 纤支镜检查除观察病灶外，主要目的在于钳 取组织进行病理检查以明确诊断 ;其对中央型 肺癌阳性率较高
• 胸内转移症状
• 胸水：血性胸水一般系肿瘤直接侵犯胸膜所致， 提示预后不佳
• 纵隔受累
• 压迫上腔静脉，引起上腔静脉综合征 • 压迫食管致吞咽困难 • 累及一侧喉返神经致声音嘶哑 • 肺尖部的肿瘤---Pancoast瘤，常常出现胸廓上口受累
的症状
*Pancoast瘤
支气管源癌，鳞癌为主，少数为小细胞癌。位 于肺尖部，常出现胸廓上口受累的症状，表现 为:1)胸腔上口软组织受累，合并邻近骨质破坏 和局部性疼痛;2)臂丛神经受累，引起患侧上肢、 手部疼痛，手部肌肉萎缩;3)支配头颈部同侧的 颈交感神经节受累，引起Horner综合征
某些金属和非金属物质 如铀、铬、镍、铍、氡、砷、锡、 石棉等有致癌作用。其中最重要的是石棉。石棉工人发生 肺癌的危险是普通人的6~10倍
大气污染 可使肺癌的发病率提高2~3倍:肺癌死亡率在城市 高于农村
肺癌诊断及治疗英文版护理课件
Nursing care for lung cancer
Psychological care for lung cancer patients
01
Provide emotional support
It is essential to offer emotional support to lung cancer patients,
as they may experience anxiety, fatigue, and depression due to
the diagnosis
02
Inform and educate
It is important to provide information and education about lung
Epiology of lung cancer
Incident
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, accounting for about 13% of all cancers The incidence rate is highest in developed countries and is increasing in developing countries
situation and provide resources for coping with stress and
negative emotions
Pain management in lung cancer patients
01
Assess paint
Regularly assess patients' paint levels to identify and manage any paint they may be experiencing
肺癌健康宣教ppt课件
病理和分类
1. 解剖学部位分类： 中央型 周围型
2. 2. 组织病理学分裂：非小细胞癌
3.
（NSCLC）
鳞状上皮细胞癌 多见，易 发生癌性空洞，手术机会多
腺癌
大细胞癌等
小细胞癌 是肺癌中恶性程度最高的一种 （SCLC）
临床表现
(一)由原发肿瘤引起的症状 1.咳嗽 早期：刺激性干咳 晚期：支气管狭窄，咳嗽加重，带有金属音 2.咯血 持续性，不易控制 3.喘鸣 4.胸闷、气短 气管受压，胸腔积液，心包积液 5.体重减轻 晚期恶病质 6.发热
②多吃新鲜蔬菜，优质蛋白食物（鸡、鱼和豆类） ③少量多餐 ④创造清洁、舒适的进餐环境。 3.其他支持疗法：静脉营养，补充氨基酸和白蛋白
活动无耐力 1.鼓励床上活动，预防肺不张，改善肺功能。 2.促进手与关节的活动，防止废用性萎缩。 3.适当的活动，注意避免劳累，多休息。
知识缺乏
1.主动向患者讲解治疗期间可能出现的情况，使 病人有足够的心理准备，主动积极配合治疗。
肺癌的健康宣教
主要内容
• 一：基础知识 • 二：病例分析 • 三：护理措施及宣教要点 • 四：出院宣教要点
概述
原发性支气管肺癌(primary bronchogenic carcinoma)， 简称肺癌(lung cancer)，肿瘤细胞 源于支气管粘膜或腺体，常有区域性淋巴结和血 行转移，早期有刺激性干咳和痰中带血等呼吸道 症状，病情进展速度与细胞的生物特性有关。
病例分析
基本资料
姓名：黄国治、年龄：76岁、性别：男 入院日期：2013年3月7日 主 诉：确诊肺癌1年余。 现病史：患者于2011年起出现咳嗽性气促，痰中带血丝5月，20127-18日于广东医学院行胸部CT提示左下肺结节，胸水细胞学检查提 示腺癌。2012年8月来我院就诊行PET-CT检查，并行锁骨上淋巴结 活检，病理提示未见肿瘤细胞。后行肺穿刺活检，病理提示腺癌。 现患者出现反复贫血，3度，反复予输血后未见缓解，先为进一步治 疗入院。发病以来，无胸痛，无吞咽困难，无腹痛，无头痛，无呕 吐，无骨痛。精神食欲好，二便正常，体重无明显减轻。
肺癌英文PPT课件可修改文字
Bronchoscope
Bronchoscope may verify the existence of tumor , of Central type, and cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer should be obtained though FBC
.Blind biopsy may be help to the diagnosis of the tumor beyond the range of bronchoscope vision
Clinical Features
(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face.
Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
Etiology
2.Atmospheric pollution.It was found that carcinogenic factor is benzpyrene .
3.Occupational factors. 4Radioactivity in the atmosphere . 5.Diets and Nutrition. 6.Chronic irritation. 7.Genetic factors.
Fig5 Cavitating Bronchial Carcinoma
第十届世界肺癌会议(英文)PPT课件
pneuonectomy and the remainder had lobectomy 39% of pts in each arm had stage Ⅲ,and 46% had scc
International adjuvant lung cancer trial (IALT)
74% pts received at least 240mg/m2 of DDP;8% pts assigned to the chemotherapy arm received no chemotherapy
NSCLCCG ALPI IALT BLT
n Hazard ratio for chemotherapy 95% CI
1,394 1,209 1,869 381
o.87 0.96 0.86 1.02
0.74-1.02 0.81-1.13 0.76-0.98 0.77-1.35
commentary
Some point to the better compliance with treatment in the IALT study
Chemotherapy used in IALT
Adjuvant chemotherapy regimen
% of the pts
Cisplatin 300-400mg/m2 over 3-4 cycles with
etoposide
56
vinovelbine
27
vinblastin
11
vindesine
There was no benefit to chemotherapy in terms of overall survival or progression-free survival
International adjuvant lung cancer trial (IALT)
74% pts received at least 240mg/m2 of DDP;8% pts assigned to the chemotherapy arm received no chemotherapy
NSCLCCG ALPI IALT BLT
n Hazard ratio for chemotherapy 95% CI
1,394 1,209 1,869 381
o.87 0.96 0.86 1.02
0.74-1.02 0.81-1.13 0.76-0.98 0.77-1.35
commentary
Some point to the better compliance with treatment in the IALT study
Chemotherapy used in IALT
Adjuvant chemotherapy regimen
% of the pts
Cisplatin 300-400mg/m2 over 3-4 cycles with
etoposide
56
vinovelbine
27
vinblastin
11
vindesine
There was no benefit to chemotherapy in terms of overall survival or progression-free survival
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Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
Etiology
2.Atmospheric pollution.It was found that carcinogenic factor is benzpyrene .
3.Occupational factors. 4Radioactivity in the atmosphere . 5.Diets and Nutrition. 6.Chronic irritation. 7.Genetic factors.
2.Symptoms caused by the near organs or tissue involved by tumor.
(1).Dysphagia. (2).Hoarseness. (3).Pleural effusion due to inRadiographic Findings
2 Central type (1) Direct appearance :Unilateral
enlargement of the hilar shadow due to the tumor itself or enlarged lymph nodes. (2) Indirect appearance :Including local emphysema;obstructive pneumonia either lobal or segmental; obstractive atalectasis (collapse) lobe or segment.
Clinical features
There are no symptoms of early lung cancer in some patients.
Symptoms caused by lung cancer are nonspecific:perhaps an audible wheeze or a slight cough,symptoms of infection (fever ,purulent sputum) , of obstruction (wheezing,dyspnea), or ulceration of bronchial mucosa (hemoptysis).
Pathology And Classification
1. According to the position of tumor arising from ,it can be divided into two types .
Central type:Tumor arises from main bronchus, lobar and segmental bronchus . Peripheral type : Tumor arises beyond segmental bronchus .
Fig5 Cavitating Bronchial Carcinoma
Examination of sputum
Cytologic examination of bronchial secretions(or sputum)may reveal exfoliated malignant cells recognizable to the pathologist who is specially trained for such work.The sputum must to be fresh, send on time, repeat(4-6 times)..
Bronchogenic Carcinoma (Lung Cancer)
Respiratory department
Definition
Bronchogenic carcinoma refers to the malignant tumor which grows in the bronchus. Originating from mucus or gland of bronchus.
(2) Lymph nodes along hilar or mediastina can be found by CT.
Fig1 Atelectasis,Right upper lobe
Fig3 Mass With Fuzzy,Right Upper
Fig4 Mass In right Lobe,Lateral portion
Advantage of CT:
(1) Some small lesion, lesion behind of cardiac or blood vessel,and pathology located in apical of lung can be found by CT which can’t be found by chest x-ray.
cell carcinoma).
Pathology And Classification
According to the different principles of management,it is divided into two types.
SCLC:small cell lung carcinoma. NSCLC:non small cell lung carcinoma.
Clinical Features
(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face.
(3) Neuropathic or myopathic disorders including polyneuritis ,cerebellar degeneration,mental abnormalitis etc
(4) others.
Radiographic Findings
The appearance on the x-ray film depends on the position ,size and stage of the tumor 1.Peripheral type :It may be various such as infiltrative or nodular, lobulated or umbilicus sign,liner protrusions from the shadow into the surrounding lung, cavitation which is often eccentric irregular in the inner wall owing to the necrosis of the neoplasm.
Bronchoscope
Bronchoscope may verify the existence of tumor , of Central type, and cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer should be obtained though FBC
.Blind biopsy may be help to the diagnosis of the tumor beyond the range of bronchoscope vision
(1) Collagen tissue disorder such as finger clubbing , hypertrophic pulmonray osteoarthropathy 。
Clinical features
(2)Endocrine disorders including Cushing’s syndrome ,syndrome of inappropriate antiduretic hormone secretion(SIADHS),
3.Symptoms caused by metastasis.liver, skeleton,brain, supra clavicle lymph nodes.
Clinical fetures
4.Paraneoplastic syndrome.Because tumor cell can secrete ectopic hormone，antigen or enzyme the patients with Lung Cancer sometimes may have some paraneoplastic syndrome Including:
Incidence and mortality
Bronchogenic carcinoma has increased remarkable in incidence and mortality during half of the century and has become the most frequent visceral malignant diseases of men.The mortality of lung cancer hold the first place among all kinds carcinomas.
Etiology
The cause of lung cancer is unknown.It is believed that there are following related factors.
1. Excessive cigarette smoking:Smoking index(Brinkman Index) is equal to cigarettes per day smoking time(years).
(5)Cardiac effusion
Etiology
2.Atmospheric pollution.It was found that carcinogenic factor is benzpyrene .
3.Occupational factors. 4Radioactivity in the atmosphere . 5.Diets and Nutrition. 6.Chronic irritation. 7.Genetic factors.
2.Symptoms caused by the near organs or tissue involved by tumor.
(1).Dysphagia. (2).Hoarseness. (3).Pleural effusion due to inRadiographic Findings
2 Central type (1) Direct appearance :Unilateral
enlargement of the hilar shadow due to the tumor itself or enlarged lymph nodes. (2) Indirect appearance :Including local emphysema;obstructive pneumonia either lobal or segmental; obstractive atalectasis (collapse) lobe or segment.
Clinical features
There are no symptoms of early lung cancer in some patients.
Symptoms caused by lung cancer are nonspecific:perhaps an audible wheeze or a slight cough,symptoms of infection (fever ,purulent sputum) , of obstruction (wheezing,dyspnea), or ulceration of bronchial mucosa (hemoptysis).
Pathology And Classification
1. According to the position of tumor arising from ,it can be divided into two types .
Central type:Tumor arises from main bronchus, lobar and segmental bronchus . Peripheral type : Tumor arises beyond segmental bronchus .
Fig5 Cavitating Bronchial Carcinoma
Examination of sputum
Cytologic examination of bronchial secretions(or sputum)may reveal exfoliated malignant cells recognizable to the pathologist who is specially trained for such work.The sputum must to be fresh, send on time, repeat(4-6 times)..
Bronchogenic Carcinoma (Lung Cancer)
Respiratory department
Definition
Bronchogenic carcinoma refers to the malignant tumor which grows in the bronchus. Originating from mucus or gland of bronchus.
(2) Lymph nodes along hilar or mediastina can be found by CT.
Fig1 Atelectasis,Right upper lobe
Fig3 Mass With Fuzzy,Right Upper
Fig4 Mass In right Lobe,Lateral portion
Advantage of CT:
(1) Some small lesion, lesion behind of cardiac or blood vessel,and pathology located in apical of lung can be found by CT which can’t be found by chest x-ray.
cell carcinoma).
Pathology And Classification
According to the different principles of management,it is divided into two types.
SCLC:small cell lung carcinoma. NSCLC:non small cell lung carcinoma.
Clinical Features
(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face.
(3) Neuropathic or myopathic disorders including polyneuritis ,cerebellar degeneration,mental abnormalitis etc
(4) others.
Radiographic Findings
The appearance on the x-ray film depends on the position ,size and stage of the tumor 1.Peripheral type :It may be various such as infiltrative or nodular, lobulated or umbilicus sign,liner protrusions from the shadow into the surrounding lung, cavitation which is often eccentric irregular in the inner wall owing to the necrosis of the neoplasm.
Bronchoscope
Bronchoscope may verify the existence of tumor , of Central type, and cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer should be obtained though FBC
.Blind biopsy may be help to the diagnosis of the tumor beyond the range of bronchoscope vision
(1) Collagen tissue disorder such as finger clubbing , hypertrophic pulmonray osteoarthropathy 。
Clinical features
(2)Endocrine disorders including Cushing’s syndrome ,syndrome of inappropriate antiduretic hormone secretion(SIADHS),
3.Symptoms caused by metastasis.liver, skeleton,brain, supra clavicle lymph nodes.
Clinical fetures
4.Paraneoplastic syndrome.Because tumor cell can secrete ectopic hormone，antigen or enzyme the patients with Lung Cancer sometimes may have some paraneoplastic syndrome Including:
Incidence and mortality
Bronchogenic carcinoma has increased remarkable in incidence and mortality during half of the century and has become the most frequent visceral malignant diseases of men.The mortality of lung cancer hold the first place among all kinds carcinomas.
Etiology
The cause of lung cancer is unknown.It is believed that there are following related factors.
1. Excessive cigarette smoking:Smoking index(Brinkman Index) is equal to cigarettes per day smoking time(years).
(5)Cardiac effusion