Descriptive Analysis - 副本1
1010_Analytical_data_interpretation_and_treatment_分析数据解释及处理
1010_Analytical_data_interpretation_and_treatment_分析数据解释及处理<1010>Analytical data interpretation and treatment 分析数据解释及处理IntroductionThis chapter provides information regarding acceptable practices for the analysis and consistent interpretation of data obtained from chemical and other analyses.Basic statistical approaches for evaluating data are described,and the treatment of outliers and comparison of analytical methods are discussed in some detail.序论这一章节提供了对从化学和其他的实验中获得的信息如何进行合理分析和一致解释的信息。
评估数据的基本统计方法，如何处理极端数据及分析方法的比较在一些章节中进行讨论。
NOTE---It should not be inferred that the analysis tools mentioned in this chapter form an exhaustive list .Other ,equallyvalid,statistical methods may be used at the discretion of the manufacture and other users of this chapter.注意---没必要从一个详细的清单中推断这一章节提到的分析工具。
其他等效的统计方法也可能被用于慎密的制造或被其他用户使用。
Unit5DescriptiveWriting(areport)人教新课标必修三
Ocean ships can come all the way to the top of the
Great Lakes.
5.Sample
Body:
3rd
In Toronto, we went up the CN Tower and saw thing
the mist from Niagara Falls.
eful expressions
... be known for ... ... be worth visiting. ... be located / situated in ... ... cover an area of ... ... have a history of ... ... pay a visit to ... I really enjoyed the trip to ... The trip to ... impressed me greatly.
We visited the covered stadium, which is the home of the famous basketball team. We saw
Body: 4th
thing
Chinatown and had dinner at the Pink Pearl
restaurant.
PPT模板下载：/moban/ 节日PPT模板：/jieri/ PPT背景图片：/beijing/ 优秀PPT下载：/xiazai/ Word教程： /word/ 资料下载：/ziliao/ 范文下载：/fanwen/ 教案下载：/jiaoan/ 字体下载：/ziti/
3.Planning
Organization:
报告写作的结构分为以下几个部分： 1. 标题。标题应简要地说明报告所提及的事项, 例如本题 中所要求的“impressive things during the trip across Canada” 2. 正文。正文又可具体分为三部分：
易用描述性分析工具-easyDes V6.0说明书
Package‘easyDes’October13,2022Type PackageTitle An Easy Way to Descriptive AnalysisVersion6.0Author Zhicheng Du,Yuantao HaoMaintainer Zhicheng Du<*****************>Description Descriptive analysis is essential for publishing medical articles.This package provides an easy way to conduct the descriptive analysis.1.Both numeric and factor variables can be handled.For numeric variables,normal-ity test will be applied to choose the parametric and nonparametric test.2.Both two or more groups can be handled.For groups more than two,the post hoc test will be ap-plied,'Tukey'for the numeric variables and'FDR'for the factor variables.3.T test,ANOV A or Fisher test can be forced to apply.4.Mean and standard deviation can be forced to display.License GPL-3Imports PMCMRplus,multcomp,stats,utilsNeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2021-11-1910:30:02UTCR topics documented:easyDes (1)Index5 easyDes An Easy Way to Descriptive Analysis1DescriptionDescriptive analysis is essential for publishing medical articles.This package provides an easy way to conduct the descriptive analysis.1.Both numeric and factor variables can be handled.For numeric variables,normality test will be applied to choose the parametric and nonparametric test.2.Both two or more groups can be handled.For groups more than two,the post hoc test will beapplied,’Tukey’for the numeric variables and’FDR’for the factor variables.3.T test,ANOV A or Fisher test can be forced to apply.4.Mean and standard deviation can be forced to display. UsageeasyDes(nc.g,nc.n,nc.f,nc.of,dataIn,fisher,aov,t,mean,mcp.test.method,mcp.stat,mcp.t.test,mcp.t.test.method,table.margin,decimal.p,decimal.prop)Argumentsnc.g integer,the column number of the grouping variable,length of’nc.g’must be1 nc.n numeric vector,the column number of the numeric variable,length of’nc.n’can be more than1nc.f numeric vector,the column number of the factor variable,length of’nc.f’can be more than1nc.of numeric vector,the column number of the ordinal factor variable,length of ’nc.of’can be more than1dataIn data frame including variables abovefisher logic,whether to apply Fisher test by force,the default is’TRUE’aov logic,whether to apply ANOV A test by force,the default is’FALSE’t logic,whether to apply T test by force,the default is’FALSE’mean logic,whether to disply the mean and standar deviation for the numeric variables by force,the default is’FALSE’mcp.test.methodcharacter,specific for ANOV A,the method for the multiple comparisons in’multcomp’package,’Tukey’or’Dunnett’mcp.stat logic,whether to display the statistic for the multiple comparsionsmcp.t.test logic,specific for ANOV A,wether to use the pairwise t tests as the multiple comparsions instead of that in’multcomp’packagemcp.t.test.methodcharacter,specific for’mcp.t.test’==TRUE,the method for the pairwise t tests,’holm’(Holm,1979),’hochberg’(Hochberg,1988),’hommel’(Hommel,1988),’bonferroni’,’BH’(Benjamini&Hochberg,1995),’BY’(Benjamini&Yeku-tieli,2001),’fdr’,’none’table.margin1or2,which margin of the table should be calculated the proportion,1=row, 2=columndecimal.p integer,the number of decimals of the p valuedecimal.prop integer,the number of decimals of the proportions for factor variablesDetails1.Nemenyi test was used as a Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc test.2.FDR(False Discovery Rate)was used to adjust the p values after pairwise comparision of Chi-square test or Fisher test.3.Tukey test was used as a ANOV A(Analysis of Variance)post-hoc test.4.Shapiro-Wilk test was used as normality test if the sample size was between3~5,000,whileKolmogorov-Smirnov test was used if the sample size was greater than5,000.Valuetotal the descriptive statistic for all datagroup names the descriptive statistic for data of each groupmethod the method applied to test between groups,i.e.ANOV A and Tukey,Fisher and FDRstatistic the statistic of test,i.e.,the’W’to Wilcoxon test,the’chi-squared’to Kruskal-Wallis,the’t’to t test,the’F’to ANOV A testp.value the p value derived from the test between groupsstat.*_va_*the statistic derived from the post hoc test,the’t’of Tukey for ANOV A,the’q’of Nemenyi for Kruskal-Wallisp.*_va_*the p value derived from the post hoc testNotePlease feel free to contact us,if you have any advice andfind any bug!Update description:Version2.0:1.T test can be forced to apply.Version3.0:1.Fixing the wrong colnames in Chi-squre test.2.Limiting the number of the decimal digits of the statistic in Chi-squre test to three.3.The number of decimal digits of the propotion for the factor variables can be set free.Version4.0:1.Mean and standard deviation can be forced to display.2.The help document has been revised.3.Fix the problem with more than5,000samples in the normality test.Version5.0:1.Unify the number of decimal digits(i.e.,output"0.010"rather than"0.01"for p value).2.Add the’nc.of’to analyze ordinal factors.Version6.0: 1.Add the pairwise t tests for the the multiple comparsions. 2.Fix the error of "Increase workspace or consider using’simulate.p.value=TRUE’"infisher test. 3.Add the’ta-ble.margin’argument.4.Add the’decimal.p’argment.5.Fix the bugs caused by the names with specific characters in numeric variables.Author(s)Zhicheng Du<*****************>,Yuantao Hao<***************>Examplesgroup=rep(c(0,1),each=30)nx1=rnorm(60)nx2=rnorm(60)fx1=rep(c(1:3),20)fx2=rep(c(1:5),12)fx3=factor(fx2)data=data.frame(group,nx1,nx2,fx1,fx2,fx3)easyDes(nc.g=1,nc.n=2:3,nc.f=4:5,nc.of=6,dataIn=data,fisher=TRUE,aov=FALSE,t=FALSE,mean=FALSE,mcp.stat=FALSE) easyDes(nc.g=4,nc.n=2:3,nc.f=c(5,5),nc.of=6,dataIn=data,fisher=TRUE,aov=FALSE,t=FALSE,mean=FALSE,mcp.stat=FALSE) easyDes(nc.g=4,nc.n=3,nc.f=5,nc.of=6,dataIn=data,fisher=TRUE,aov=FALSE,t=FALSE,mean=FALSE,mcp.stat=TRUE)Index∗Descriptive analysiseasyDes,1easyDes,15。
descriptive statistics and correlation analysis
descriptive statistics and correlation analysisDescriptive statistics and correlation analysis are two important statistical techniques used to analyze and summarize data. Descriptive statistics involves the use of numerical measures to describe and summarize the main features of a dataset, such as central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (standard deviation, range). On the other hand, correlation analysis is used to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more variables. Descriptive statistics is the first step in analyzing data as it provides a clear understanding of the dataset's characteristics. It allows researchers to identify patterns, trends, and outliers within the data. For example, by calculating the mean and standard deviation of a dataset, we can determine the average value and the spread of the data points.Correlation analysis, on the other hand, focuses on examining the relationship between variables. It measures the degree to which changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable. Correlation coefficients range from -1 to +1, where a positive correlation indicates a direct relationship, a negative correlation indicates an inverserelationship, and a correlation close to zero indicates no relationship.By conducting correlation analysis, researchers can determine if there is a significant relationship between variables. This information is crucial in many fields, such as finance, social sciences, and healthcare. For example, in finance, correlation analysis is used to assess the relationship between different stocks or assets to build diversified portfolios.In addition to measuring the correlation between two variables, correlation analysis can also be extended to examine multiple variables simultaneously through techniques like multiple regression analysis. This allows researchers to identify the independent and dependent variables and predict the outcome based on the relationship between them.Overall, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis are valuable tools in statistical analysis. They provide researchers with a deeper understanding of the data and help draw meaningful conclusions. By utilizing these techniques, researchers can make informed decisions, detect patterns, and identify relationships between variables.。
the descriptive abstract结构
Descriptive abstract是科技论文中的一种常见结构，用于对研究结果进行简洁、准确的描述。
其基本结构包括以下几个部分：
1. 背景介绍：简要介绍研究领域的背景和现状，说明研究的重要性和意义。
2. 目的和方法：明确研究的目的和采用的方法，包括实验设计、数据采集和分析等。
3. 结果：简明扼要地呈现研究的主要结果，可以使用图表或数据来支持描述。
4. 讨论：对研究结果进行解释和分析，探讨其与已有研究的异同之处，指出研究的局限性和未来发展方向。
5. 结论：总结研究的主要发现和贡献，强调研究的意义和应用价值。
在撰写descriptive abstract时，需要注意以下几点：
1. 突出重点：将研究的重点和亮点放在摘要的前面，让读者能够快速了解研究的核心内容。
2. 简洁明了：使用简洁、明了的语言表达研究的结果和结论，避免使用过多的专业术语和复杂的句子结构。
3. 逻辑清晰：按照研究的逻辑顺序组织摘要的内容，确保读者能够理解研究的整个过程。
4. 准确无误：确保摘要中的数据和结果准确无误，避免出现错误或误导性的信息。
酒店业服务质量管理研究-外文文献翻译
毕设附件外文文献翻译原文及译文(3500 字)原文Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel IndustryBorkar; SameerAbstractIt is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well.Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process.IntroductionIt has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques and methods of handling various processes. Awareness among the hoteliers and the guests has fuelled the inventions focused on operations. The increased sagacity of customer satisfaction led to the use of high standards of service in industry. The new service parameters made the hoteliers to implement quality management as an effective aid. It has significantly affected hotels' ability to control and adapt to changing environments. The use of new techniques began with the simple motive of sophistication and precise activities in the given field of operation which may result in high standards of service in global economy and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.Conceptual Framework This study of Service quality management in hospitality industry is an attempt to understand the presence of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations safer, focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations.As the hospitality industry becomes more competitive there is an obvious need to retain clientele as well as increasing profitability and hence management professionals strive to improve guest satisfaction and revenues. The management professionals whom are striving for these results however often have limited understanding of research surrounding the paradigms of guest satisfaction and loyalty and financial performance. This research paper shall enlighten some of the variables and important facts of service quality resulting into guest satisfaction.Review of LiteratureCustomers of hospitality often blame themselves when dissatisfied for their bad choice. Employees must be aware that dissatisfied customers may not complain and therefore the employees should seek out sources of dissatisfaction and resolve them. (Zeithaml V., 1981, p.186 -190)It is said that service quality is what differentiates hospitality sector, however there is not an agreed definition of what service quality is. There is however a few different suggestions of how to define service quality. Dividing it into technical, functional and image components; (Greenrooms C., 1982) another is that service quality is determined by its fitness for use by internal and external customers. It is accepted that service quality is depends upon guest's needs and expectations. A definition of service quality state that quality is simply conformance to specifications, which would mean that positive quality is when a product or service specific quality meet or exceed preset standards or promises. This however seems like an easy viewwithin the hospitality industry. The alternative definitions read as follows: 1) quality is excellence; 2) quality is value for money; 3) quality is meeting or exceeding expectations. This appears better aligned with ideas which exist within hospitality management than the first mentioned simplistic approach. Service quality and value is rather difficult to calculate, companies must therefore rely on guest's quality perceptions and expectations to get consistent results which is best achieved by asking guest's questions related to expectations and their perceptions of the service quality, which can effectively be achieved through carefully designed surveys.A major problem with service quality is variability and limited capability and robustness of the service production process. (Gummesson E., 1991) Hotels consumers have well-conceived ideas about service quality and quality attributes are considered important for most types of services, the absence of certain attributes may lead consumers to perceive service quality as poor. The presence of these attributes may not substantially improve the perceived quality of the service. Most customers would be willing to trade some convenience for a price break, and that the behavior, skill level and performance of service employees are key determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992)Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality. The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures.(Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments.Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts – the leverage synergies – between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)A key activity is to conduct regularly scheduled review of progress by quality council or working group and management must establish a system to identify areas for future improvement and to track performance with respect to internal and external customers. They must also track the changing preferences of customer. Continuous improvement means not only being satisfied with doing a good job or process. It is accomplished by incorporating process measurement and team problem solving an all work activities. Organization must continuously strive for excellence by reducing complexity, variation and out of control process. Plan-D-Study-Act (PDSA) developed by Shewhart and later on modified by Deming is an effective improvement technique. First Plan carefully, then carry out plan, study the results and check whether the plan worked exactly as intended and act on results by identifying what worked as planned and what didn't work.Continuous process improvement is the objective and these phases of PDSA are the framework to achieve those objectives. (Besterfield D. et al 2003) The 'servicescape' -is a general term to describe the physical surroundings of a service environment (Reimer 2005, p. 786) such as a hotel or cruise ship. Guests are sometimes unconsciously trying to obtain as much information as possible through experiences to decrease information asymmetries This causes guests to look for quality signals or cues which would provide them with information about the service, which leads us to 'cue utilization theory'. Cue utilization theory states that products or services consist of several arrays of cues that serve as surrogate indicators of product or service quality. There are both intrinsic and extrinsic cues to help guests determine quality. Consequentially, due to the limited tangibility of services, guests are often left to accept the price of the experience and the physical appearance or environment of the hotel or cruise ship itself as quality indicators. Though there are many trade and academic papers discussing guest satisfaction has been published, one can note that limited attention has been paid to the value perception and expectations guests have towards product delivery and influence price guests pay for an experience has on satisfaction and future spending. Furthermore it is also known that the role of pricing in relation to guest determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992) Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality.The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures. (Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments. Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts –the leverage synergies –between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)Telephonic conversation with peers and friends in hospitality industry worked a wonder giving lots of inputs in drafting this paper. Secondary data sources- For this study, data sources such as hospitality journals, Books on service quality management, organization behavior, URL on internet of various hospitality majors. Referring hospitality publications were helpful in knowing the current inventions in industry.Research Tools: Descriptive research design is used to know the attributes of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented in tables. The hypothesis is tested against the collected data.Hypotheses: The hypotheses framed for the subject areHypothesis 1: Implementing service quality management as a tool for improvement in Customer Satisfaction.Hypothesis 2: Practicing Continuous Improvement program has benefited hotel. Limitation & Scope of the Study: Though there was a specific questionnaire used for collecting information, the objective of the paper was well discussed with the every contributor and whatever the information was provided by these sources is arranged for further analysis. The analysis of the available data is done on the relevance to the topic. The effectiveness of the technology in conservation of resources was always a point of consideration. The data is sifted for making it as precise as possible.Analysis and DiscussionsThere is a significant relationship between service quality management and customer satisfaction. In hospitality industry, the customer satisfaction variables such as Availability, Access, Information, Time, delivery of service, availability of personal competence, Comfortable and safer atmosphere and pollution free environment are of prime concern to every hotelier. The industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction.The intangible nature of the service as a product means that it could be very difficult to place quantifiable terms on the features that contribute to the quality and measurement of the quality of the product is a problem for Service quality management.The customer is frequently directly involved in the delivery of the service and as such introduces an unknown and unpredictable influence on the process. The customer variability in the process makes it difficult to determine the exact requirements of the customer and what they regard as an acceptable standard of service.This problem is magnified as it is often judgmental, based on personal preferences or even mood, rather than on technical performance that can be measured. Every hotel has a target market to cater which has very specific requirement in terms of expected and perceived quality of service.The customers come with different perception of quality every time they come to hotel and this makes it quite difficult to define quality and set the level of it. It requires hotel to continuously compare their perception against customer perception in terms of satisfaction measurement with performance measurement. The study has shown that the effective tools which management of various hotels uses for continuous improvement process and how it is dissipated amongst all the stake holders.译文酒店业服务质量管理研究博卡;萨米尔摘要本文旨在研究酒店业中质量改进过程的作用以及如何有效地推动企业的可持续发展。
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。
Statistical Analysis of Data
1.3. Descriptive and inferential statistics
– Descriptive statistics is devoted to the summarization and description of data (population or sample) . – Inferential statistics uses sample data to make an inference about a population .
1.4. Brief history of statistics 1.5. Computer softwares for statistical analysis
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Chapter 2 Data presentation
2.1 Introduction
•
•[Contents] •[Back]
The objective of data description is to summarize the characteristics of a data set. Ultimately, we want to make the data set more comprehensible and meaningful. In this chapter we will show how to construct charts and graphs that convey the nature of a data set. The procedure that we will use to accomplish this objective depends on the type of data.
2.2 Types of data
研究生写作4 types of paragraphs
• 4. Specific details always help a story, but so does interpretive language. You don't just lay the words on the page; you point them in the direction of a story.
• • • • • • • • • • •
• New words and expressions: 1. cricket: 蟋蟀 2. chirrup ['tʃirəp]: 反复不断的唧唧叫声 3. muffle [ ˈmʌfl ]: 压抑; 捂住; 消音 4. hoot [ hu:t ]: 猫头鹰叫声; 汽车喇叭声 5. a barred owl: 胸部有条纹的猫头鹰 6. glow： 辉光，弱光 glow stick 萤光棒 ; 荧光棒 7. canopy: 树冠；天篷；华盖；苍穹 8. bunk: 铺位；床铺 9. rustle: vi. 发出沙沙声 10. stifle: vt. 使窒息; 扼杀
• Example:
• Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat. He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix (咪咪乐) and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food commercials has led him to reject generic (一般的;仿制的）brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands. Gregory is as finicky （苛求的） about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He may snuggle（偎依） up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk（黄鼠狼） and stain your favorite trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me because he is jealous of my friends. After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing（打 盹） and smiling to himself in front of the television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious（讨厌的；可憎的）, but endearing, habits.
Analysis-of-the-text unit1
Analysis of the text1. ThemeThe text concerns about the controversy surrounding affirmative action’s effectiveness. Inthis article , Rodriguez felt uneasy about the ethnics of Affirmative Action even while hewas receiving the benefits of this social policy. As he explains, he finally made themoral decision to refuse teaching offers from Yale and other prestigious universitiesbecause he thought those offers were made mainly because of his ethnic ancestry. Thetext describes the phenomenon with the hope of invoking more thinking on it.2. Writing StyleThe text is later incorporated into Hunger of Memory, which is the first memoir of Mexican-American Rodriguez, who began his schooling in Sacramento, Californiaknowing just 50 words of English. Here is the poignant journey of a "minority student"who pays the cost of his social assimilation and academic success with a painfulalienation--from his past, his parents, and his culture. Rodriguez's awards for Hunger ofMemory include the The Christopher Prize for Autobiography. An autobiography is asummary of a person’s life. In a concise narrative the writer attempts to tell the readerwho he is, selecting and presenting , usually in order of occurrence in his life ,thoseevents that will give the reader a clear understanding of him. In a completeautobiography it is necessary to include the principal happenings from infancy to thetime of writing. In a partial autobiography the writer usually confines humself to (a )limited period(s) which may be indicated in the title.A combination of narration and argumentationThe argument is carried out in a narrative wayStylistic characteristics:Tone: ironicUses a lot of descriptive words to indicate his thoughts and feelingse.g. embarrassment, guilt, extravagant, gaudy3) StructurePart One (Paragraph 1): introdution and revelation of the themePart Two (Paragraphs 2-3): description of the extravagant chances to a range of benefits brought forward his thinking on Affirmative ActionPart Three (Paragraphs 4- 8): the author’s experience of his job searching furthered his thinkingPart Four (Paragraphs 9-19): the author’s conversation with a teaching assistantPart Five (Paragraphs 20-21): further thinking of affirmative action after the conversation。
Stata II-1 Descriptive and Hypothesis test
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《STATA应用方法高级培训教程》 南开大学数量经济研究所 王群勇
2 参数检验 ——总体方差的假设检验
Levene (1960) 提出了在非正态分
布下的同方差检验；Brown and
Forsythe (1974)提出了Levene (1960)检验的两种替代形式，分布 W 用中位数和截断均值替换Levene (1960)检验统计量的均值，对于有
2 参数检验 ——总体方差的假设检验
例 （1）检验发达国家dcpi的方差 12 = 5是否可信
（2）检验发达国家dcpi的不确定性与发展中国家dcpi的不确定性 是否相同：即12 = 22
Stata syntax：
. sdtest dcpi == 5 if dum==1, level(95vel(95)
. tabstat dcpi, by(dev) stat(mean median skewness kurtosis) column(var/stat) 观察不同年份、不同类别的国家的dcpi统计指标： . tabulate dev year, summarize(dcpi)
描述统计指标
单因素分类表：Sec 6.2, P64 案例：观察不同类别的国家的频数分布： . use depr,clear . tabulate dev, plot 双因素列联表：Sec 6.3, P65 案例：
分布图形的考察
对称图：Graphics -> Disributional graphs -> Symetry plot
. use depr, clear
. symplot dcpi 分位数作图： Graphics -> Disributional graphs -> Quantile plot
SPSS因子分析法很全面很全面
实验课：因子分析实验目的理解主成分（因子）分析的基本原理，熟悉并掌握SPSS中的主成分（因子）分析方法及其主要应用。
因子分析一、基础理论知识1 概念因子分析（Factor analysis）：就是用少数几个因子来描述许多指标或因素之间的联系，以较少几个因子来反映原资料的大部分信息的统计学分析方法。
从数学角度来看，主成分分析是一种化繁为简的降维处理技术。
主成分分析（Principal component analysis）：是因子分析的一个特例，是使用最多的因子提取方法。
它通过坐标变换手段，将原有的多个相关变量，做线性变化，转换为另外一组不相关的变量。
选取前面几个方差最大的主成分，这样达到了因子分析较少变量个数的目的，同时又能与较少的变量反映原有变量的绝大部分的信息。
两者关系：主成分分析（PCA）和因子分析（FA）是两种把变量维数降低以便于描述、理解和分析的方法，而实际上主成分分析可以说是因子分析的一个特例。
2 特点（1）因子变量的数量远少于原有的指标变量的数量，因而对因子变量的分析能够减少分析中的工作量。
（2）因子变量不是对原始变量的取舍，而是根据原始变量的信息进行重新组构，它能够反映原有变量大部分的信息。
（3）因子变量之间不存在显著的线性相关关系，对变量的分析比较方便，但原始部分变量之间多存在较显著的相关关系。
（4）因子变量具有命名解释性，即该变量是对某些原始变量信息的综合和反映。
在保证数据信息丢失最少的原则下，对高维变量空间进行降维处理（即通过因子分析或主成分分析）。
显然，在一个低维空间解释系统要比在高维系统容易的多。
3 类型根据研究对象的不同，把因子分析分为R 型和Q 型两种。
当研究对象是变量时，属于R 型因子分析； 当研究对象是样品时，属于Q 型因子分析。
但有的因子分析方法兼有R 型和Q 型因子分析的一些特点，如因子分析中的对应分析方法，有的学者称之为双重型因子分析，以示与其他两类的区别。
统计学常用表格
统计学常用表格在统计学中，有许多不同类型的表格用于呈现和总结数据、分析结果以及实验设计。
以下是一些常用的统计学表格类型：交叉表（Cross Tabulation）：实验设计表（Experimental Design Table）：说明：统计学表格类型：1.频数表（Frequency Table）：描述变量各个取值的出现频率。
2.交叉表（Cross Tabulation）：将两个或多个变量的频数列在一个表格中，用于观察它们之间的关系。
3.描述统计表（Descriptive Statistics Table）：包括均值、中位数、标准差等描述性统计指标，用于概括数据分布的特征。
4.相关系数表（Correlation Table）：展示变量之间的相关关系，通常包括皮尔逊相关系数或斯皮尔曼等级相关系数。
5.回归分析表（Regression Analysis Table）：呈现回归模型的系数、标准误差、t统计量等信息。
6.方差分析表（Analysis of Variance Table）：用于展示方差分析的结果，包括组间方差、组内方差、F统计量等。
7.卡方检验表（Chi-Square Test Table）：展示卡方检验的结果，通常用于分析分类变量之间的关联。
8.生存分析表（Survival Analysis Table）：包括生存曲线、中位生存时间等，用于描述时间至事件发生的分布。
9.混淆矩阵（Confusion Matrix）：用于评估分类模型的性能，特别是在分类问题中。
10.ANOVA表（ANOVA Table）：用于分析方差，通常与方差分析一起使用，包括平方和、自由度、均方等。
11.正态性检验表（Normality Test Table）：用于检验数据是否符合正态分布。
12.实验设计表（Experimental Design Table）：描述实验设计中的因子水平、处理组合以及实验结果。
projectr语言点讲解 - 副本
2.他向我表示我们再也不可能成为好朋友了。
He indicated to me that we could never be good friends again.
合作探究5
(9) 1.方便的时候请随时来。 2.如果方便的话请给我回电话.
(10) 1.今天的会议非常重要。 2.他的建议对我有很大的价值。
合作探究3
(5) 1.并不是所有的鸟都会飞。 2.并不是所有的学生都完成了任务。
(6) 1.Theory should be the practice. 2.Failure does not come alone, and it usually comes in (combine)with misfortunes.
2.他的建议对我有很大的价值。
His advice is of great value to me. =His advice is valuable to me.
Homework
1.他表达想法的方式与我的不同。 2.去年运动会他被选出来代表我们班. 3.我们应该把他的观点作为整体来分析。 4. 学生应该把在学校所学到的知识和实际结合起来。
2.他以其幽默感著称。
He is distinguished for his sense of humor.
3.他在英语方面变现突出。
He distinguished himself in English.
(8) 1.这场雪表明冬天的来临。
The snow indicates the coming of the winter.
(3) 1.How many Asia 2015.
合作探究key2
representatives
(represent) have been to Boao Forum for
results.xls
Results.xlsIntroductionThe results.xls file contains the results of an experiment conducted for data analysis purposes. The experiment aimed to understand the relationship between variables X and Y. This document presents a detailed analysis of the data collected, highlighting the key findings and insights derived from the results.xls file.Data DescriptionThe results.xls file consists of a single sheet with the following columns:1.ID: A unique identifier for each data entry.2.X: The values of the independent variable X.3.Y: The corresponding values of the dependent variable Y.Data AnalysisTo analyze the relationship between variables X and Y, various statistical measures and visualization techniques were employed. The analysis includes:1. Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive statistics provide insights into the central tendency, variability, and distribution of the data. The following descriptive statistics were computed for variables X and Y:•Mean•Standard Deviation•Minimum•Maximum•Median•Quartiles•Skewness•Kurtosis2. Scatter PlotA scatter plot was used to visually examine the relationship between X and Y. The plot allows us to identify any potential linear or non-linear relationships, patterns, or outliers in the data.3. Correlation AnalysisCorrelation analysis measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation between X and Y. The coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, with a value of 0 indicating no correlation, -1 indicating a perfect negative correlation, and +1 indicating a perfect positive correlation.4. Regression AnalysisRegression analysis was performed to determine the functional relationship between X and Y. A simple linear regression model was fitted to the data, which estimates the equation of a straight line that best fits the relationship between X and Y.5. Hypothesis TestingTo validate the statistical significance of the relationship between X and Y, a hypothesis test was conducted. The null hypothesis assumed no relationship between the variables, while the alternative hypothesis proposed a significant relationship. The p-value was calculated to determine the probability of observing the given data under the null hypothesis. The significance level was set at 0.05.ResultsThe analysis of the results.xls file yielded the following key findings:1.Descriptive statistics:–Mean X: \<Mean X value\>–Mean Y: \<Mean Y value\>–Standard Deviation X: \<Standard deviation X value\>–Standard Deviation Y: \<Standard deviation Y value\>–…2.Scatter plot:–The scatter plot reveals a positive linear relationship between X and Y.– A few outliers were identified, indicating potential anomalies in the data.3.Correlation analysis:–The Pearson correlation coefficient between X and Y is \<correlation coefficient value\>, indicating a strong positivecorrelation.–The p-value of the correlation test is \<p-value\>, which is significantly lower than the significance level of 0.05.4.Regression analysis:–The linear regression equation for predicting Y based on X is: Y = \<intercept\> + \<slope\> * X.–The coefficient of determination (R-squared) is \<R-squared value\>, implying that \<percentage\>% of the variation in Y can beexplained by the variation in X.5.Hypothesis testing:–The p-value of the hypothesis test is \<p-value\>, which is significantly lower than the significance level of 0.05.–Hence, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there isa significant relationship between X and Y.ConclusionBased on the analysis of the results.xls file, it can be concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between variables X and Y. The findings provide valuable insights into the factors influencing Y and can be utilized in further research, decision-making, or predictive modeling.。
SPSS操作步骤汇总
SPSS学习第一章数据文件的建立数据编码Type：Numeric：数值型 string：字符串型Missing：Measure：scale定量变量 nominal定性变量根据已有的变量建立新变量1、对于数据进行重新编码Transform—recode into different variables—选择input variable output variable –定义新变量的名称—change—开始定义新旧变量—continue2、通过SPSS函数建立新变量Transform—compute variable –从function group中选择公式范围下面选择具体的公式—if中设置要改变—continue—OK(可以对变量进行各种计算)第二章清除数据与基本统计分析1、对不合理的数据检查并清理检查：analysis-description statistic-frequencies—选入要检查的数据—OK结果：频数统计表—看是否有错误—missing system清理：1.对系统缺失值的清理Data—select case—if condition is satisfied—if—function group（missing）--下面选（missing）--continue—output（delete unselected cases）--OK—对num为哪一位的进行修改2.对sex=3的清理（直接就清除了）Data—select case—if condition is satisfied—if—sex调入再输入=3—continue-- output（delete unselected cases）--OK—对num为哪一位的进行修改2. 对相关变量间逻辑性检查和清理Data—select case—if condition is satisfied—if—输入表达式（前后逻辑不相符合的表达式）-- continue-- output（delete unselected cases）--OK—对num 为哪一位的进行修改3.统计描述正态分布统计描述1、正态性检验：Analysis—nonparametric tests—legacy dialogs—1-sample K-S—one-sample Kolomogorov Smirnov test –normal—ok/2、统计描述：Analysis—descriptives--time选入—options—ok3、按照男女统计描述：data—split file –compare group –sex调入—okAnalysis-descriptive statistic –descriptive—time 调入—options选择—OK非正态分布资料统计描述1、正态性检验nonparametric2、Analysis—descriptive statistics—frequencies 选入-- statistics选择—OK第三章T检验1、单样本t检验正态性检验—analyze—compare means—one-sample t test—test value选择要对比的数值—OK2、配对样本t检验建立数据文档—两列（前和后）--正态性检验—analysis- compare means—paired sample t test –调入—ok3、两独立样本t检验（正态性检验的时候采用分开组，其他都要合并在一起）建立数据库—第一列（group）第二列（数值）-- data—split file –compare group—调入group—ok-正态性检验—OK-- data—split file—选择analysis all—analyze—compare means—independent sample t test—选入，分组—OK结果分方差齐与否第四章方差分析（前提正态）1、单因素方差分析（就是平常的三个组比较）建立数据库—第一列（group）第二列（数值）- data—split file –compare group—调入group—ok-正态性检验—OK-- data—split file—选择analysis all--analyze—compare means—one-way-anova—数据调入dependent list—分组调入factor------options—descriptive基本统计描述—homogeneity of variance做方差齐性分析—OK2、方差分析两两比较analyze—compare means—one-way-anova---数据调入dependent list—分组调入factor—点post hoc—选择SNK LSD3、随机区组设计方差分析建立数据库—第一列（group）第二列（block）第三列（数值）--按照group split开，进行正态性检验—OK—general liner model—univairate—数值调入dependent variable—group和block调入fixed factor—model—custom—build terms（main effects）再把group和block调入model下的矩形框---continue—OK如果区组间无差别，组间进行两两比较。
quantitative descriptive analysis -回复
quantitative descriptive analysis -回复什么是[量化描述性分析]？量化描述性分析是一种统计方法，用于描述和总结数据集中的各种变量和其属性。
它涉及到对数据收集、整理和分析，以揭示数据集的特征和趋势。
这种方法的目的是通过数值和图形的方式，使数据更易于理解和解释。
第一步：数据收集在进行量化描述性分析之前，需要收集数据集。
数据可以通过各种途径获得，如实地调研、问卷调查、观察、实验等。
收集数据的过程应该尽可能地减少误差和偏差，以确保数据的准确性和可靠性。
第二步：数据整理一旦数据被收集，就需要进行整理和清洗。
这包括检查数据的完整性、准确性和一致性。
数据整理还包括删除缺失值、处理异常值、标准化数据等步骤。
通过数据整理，可以确保数据集的质量，并准备好进行下一步的分析。
第三步：数据分析在进行量化描述性分析时，可以使用各种统计方法和指标来描述数据的特征和趋势。
以下是一些常见的指标：- 中心趋势测量：如均值、中位数和众数，用于描述数据集的集中程度。
- 分散趋势测量：如标准差、方差和极差，用于描述数据的分布范围和离散程度。
- 百分位数：用于描述数据集中的特定位置的值。
- 频数分布表和直方图：用于展示数据的分布情况。
此外，还可以使用其他图表和图形，如箱线图、散点图和折线图，来更直观地展示数据集的特征和趋势。
第四步：数据解释在完成数据分析后，需要对结果进行解释和总结。
这部分通常包括对数据集中各个变量的描述、数据的特征和趋势的总结，以及对结果的进一步解释和解读。
解释和总结应该清晰、准确，并与数据分析的目的和问题相一致。
最后，值得注意的是，量化描述性分析只是统计学中的一部分，它可以为决策者提供对数据集的初始认识和洞察。
对于更深入的分析和推断，可能需要使用其他统计方法和模型，如回归分析、方差分析和假设检验等。
通过量化描述性分析，我们可以更好地理解和解释数据集中的各种变量和趋势，从而为决策制定者提供有关数据的有用信息和见解。
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一.满足正态分布资料的统计学描述
例1 某地测量了120名正常成年男性红细胞（万/ 立方毫米）的数据，试检验其正态性，并做基本 描述性统计分析。
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1.1 数据库的结构与建立
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1.2.绘制直方图
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Gallery 图库 Interactive 交互式的 Bar 条形图 Line 线图 Area 面积图
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3.1 Frequencies
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茎叶图
茎叶图---用数字组成的直方图 茎叶图由三部分构成：频数、茎和叶 茎（Stem）：表示数值的整数部分 叶（Leaf）：表示数值的小数部分
茎叶所代表的数值近似为：（茎+叶）*茎宽（stem width） 茎叶图是一个与直方图相类似的特殊工具，但又与直方图不同，茎叶图保 留原始资料的资讯，直方图则失去原始资料的讯息。将茎叶图茎和叶逆 时针方向旋转9O度，实际上就是一个直方图，可以从中统计出次数，计 算出各数据段的频率或百分比
计量/定量资料 (quantitiative data)
• 为观测每个观察单位某项指标的大小而获得的资料。 如：身高、体重、血压、血色素。
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计量资料统计描述指标
描述集中趋势指标:
算术均数(简称均数)( X ) 几何均数(G) 中位数(M) 众数(Mode) 调和均数(H)
描述离散程度指标：
极差（R） 方差（S2） 标准差（S） 四分位数间距（Q） 变异系数（CV）
输出5个最大值与最小值 输出5%、10%、25%、50%、 75%、90%以及95%的百分位数百分位值
所有分析均忽略缺失值个体 分析中检验变量 含缺失值个体被忽略 缺失值作为分组之一
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结果分析
P值大于0.1或0.05表 示可认为近似正态分 布，反之不能认为近 似正态分布
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S
期望正态分布直线
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描述性统计 (descriptive statistics)
• 运用一些统计学指标（如均数、标准差、率以及统计 表和统计图等），对数据的数量特征及其分布规律进 行整理和汇总，并客观的描述和表达。 • 计量/定量资料（quantitative data）的统计学描述 • 计数/定性资料（ qualitative data）的统计学描述 • 描述性统计相对应的概念是推断性统计(inferential statistics)。
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Contents
Descriptive statistics for quantitative data Descriptive statistics for symmetric data Descriptive statistics for asymmetric data Samples and exercises
集中趋势指标和离散趋势指标分别反映资料的不同特征, 常配套使用,根据资料类型不同有不同组合, 如 正态分布 - 均数、标准差； 偏态分布 - 中位数、四分位数间距。
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计量资料的统计描述步骤
绘制直方图 正态性检验 描述性统计
对数据是否满足正态性的检验
根据正态性检验所 得数据满足的条件 选择统计指标。
3.正态性检验
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P<0.001,该资料类型为非正态性资料
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4.统计描述
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M=13.71
四分位间距=P75-P25=11.38
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正态性资料的统计描述:
集中趋势：均数 离散趋势：标准差
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结果分析
Statistics对话框用于定义需要计算的其他描 述统计量,各部分解释如下：
Percentile Values复选框组 定义需要输出的百分位数，可计算四分位数 (Quartiles)、每隔指定百分位输出当前百分位数(Cut points for equal groups)、或直接指定某个百分位数(Percentiles)，如直接指定输出P2.5 和P97.5。 Central tendency复选框组 用于定义描述集中趋势的一组指标：均数 (Mean)、中位数(Median)、众数(Mode)、总和(Sum)。 Dispersion复选框组 用于定义描述离散趋势的一组指标：标准差 (Std.deviation)、方差(Variance)、全距 (Range)、最小值(Minimum)、 最大值(Maximum)、标准误(S.E.mean)。 Distribution复选框组 用于定义描述分布特征的两个指标：偏度系数 （Skewness）和峰度系数(Kurtosis)。 Values are group midpoints复选框 当你输出的数据是分组频数数据，并且 具体数值是组中值时，选中该复选框以通知SPSS，免得它犯错误。
•Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore •Analyze Nonparametrห้องสมุดไป่ตู้c tests One sample K-S test
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2.1 Explore过程的正态性检验
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2.1 Explore正态性检验
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描述性统计指标
反映集中性趋势的极大似然稳健估算量
DISCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Schl. Public Health & Family Medicine Dept. Epidemiology & Health Statistics Da HUO (霍达) (PhD Cand.) E-mail - howardhuo@ Office - I 225
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3.描述性统计
Analyze Descriptive Statistics 主要包括以下5个模块： • Frequencies - 产生频数表，描述数据的 分布特征。 • Discriptives - 进行一般性的统计描述。 • Explore - 数据概况不清时的探索性分析。 • Crosstabs - 计数资料统计描述和检验。 • Ratio -对两个连续性变量计算相对比指标。
3.2 Descriptives
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• 如图选中要分析项目．点击Continue, 点击OK.
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结果分析
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3.3 Explore
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二.不满足正态分布资料的 统计学描述
例2 测量146例粪链球菌食物中毒病人潜伏期的 测量值，试检验其正态性，并做基本描述性统 计分析。
潜伏期 0~ 6~ 12~ 18~ 24~ 30~ 36~ 42~ 48~ 频数 17 46 38 32 6 1 3 2 1
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潜伏期组中值 3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 51
频数 17 46 38 32 6 1 3 2 1
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1.建立数据库
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2.对频数表资料进行加权
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建立数据库
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1.绘制直方图
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2.正态性检验
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P=0.014，该资料类型为非正态性资料
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3.统计描述
非正态性资料的统计描述: 集中趋势：中位数 离散趋势：四分位数间距
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M=14.00 Q=P75-P25=12
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三、频数表资料的统计学描述
例3 测量146例粪链球菌食物中毒病人，其潜伏期的测量值 的频数表资料如下表：
本行茎叶图表示频度为3，茎为2 ，叶子为555，就说明这一行有 3个数值，为三个2.5*10=25 有4个极值或奇异值，其数值大于或等于39 茎宽为10，每个叶子表示一个样本
2.2 K-S法正态性检验
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结果分析
正态性 检验统 计量Z值
P值大于0.1或0.05表示可 认为近似正态分布， 反 之不能认为近似正态分布
Pie 饼图 High-Low 高低图 Pareto 帕雷托图 Control 控制图 Box Plot 箱图
Error Bar 误差图 Scatter 散点图 Histogram 直方图
将要分析变量调入Variable框中,选中Display normal curve,点OK
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SPSS中正态性检验的方法
奇异值
P50
P25-P75
均数箱图
茎叶图
茎叶图---用数字组成的直方图 茎叶图由三部分构成：频数、茎和叶 茎（Stem）：表示数值的整数部分 叶（Leaf）：表示数值的小数部分
茎叶所代表的数值近似为：（茎+叶）*茎宽（stem width） 茎叶图是一个与直方图相类似的特殊工具，但又与直方图 不同，茎叶图保留原始资料的资讯，直方图则失去原始 资料的讯息。将茎叶图茎和叶逆时针方向旋转9O度，实 际上就是一个直方图，可以从中统计出次数，计算出各 数据段的频率或百分比
图中的直线为正态分布的标准线，如果数据呈正态分 布，则图中的数据点应和理论直线基本重合
期望正态分布直线
去势Q‐Q图可以更加仔细地表达出正态性情况。该图反映的是按 正态分布计算的理论值和实际值之差的分布情况。如果数据服从 正态分布，则数据点应较为均匀地分布在Y=0这条直线上下
奇异值用“0”标记，分大小两种，其变量值大于或小于（P75-P25）*1.5 •极端值，使用“*”标记。其变量值大于或小于（P75-P25）*3.0