第五章 英语科技论文写作2

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在组织段落时,除了要注意各段落的相互衔援外,还 必须明确每一段落都是论文中心思想的一个环节,它只 能表达一层意思,反映一个翰落主题。根据这个要求, 一个好的段落都应在段头或段中或段尾包含一个主题 句。通常,推演段和辩论段的主题句放前面,归纳段的 主题句放后面。下面这个段落的主题句就位于段首,它 说明了接收端的计算机是如何识别再生器输出的。
4. Burst Properties 5.Error-Free Intervals 6.Block Error Statistics 7. Carrier Fai1ures 8.Conclusions 9. Acknowledgements
这篇论文主要是按逻辑顺序来组织的。首先在引言 部分交代了进行本项测量工作的起因及与测量有关的几 个问题,然后介绍了测量方案、数据收集及数据处理等 技术问题,后面儿部分内容主要根据测试结果对交换线 电话网络的低速数据传输特性的各项指标进行统计分析 并得出相应的结论。整篇文章中心突出,结构严谨,条理 清楚。
(三)分类与比较 根据事物的特点、属性进行归类以及对两种以上 同类事物的异同点或优缺点进行比较对比,以深刻认 识事物特性的方法是一种非常重要的科研方法,在科 技论文写作中经常遇到。分类与比较的常见表达方法 如下:
(1) … can (may,might) be classified into … be categorized into … grouped into (2)Both … and … are … (3) A comparison between … and … demonstrates … results in reveals suggests shows
下 面 是 题 为 “ Low-speed Data Transmission Performance on the Switched telecommunication Network”的论文结构。
1.Introduction Reasons for Measuring Low-Speed Data Performance Design of Survey Start-Stop Transmission 2. Implementation。 Test Arrangement Data Collection Data Processing 3. Distribution of Character Error and Lost Character Rates of Calls Calls included In Analysis Magnitude of Lost-Speed Data Survey Overall Average Rates Weighting of Data for Calls Cumulative Distributions
例: (1)讲话的声音可分为两类:对一肺部发出的气流有 阻碍的声音和没有阻碍的声音。 Speech sounds may be divided into two types : those in which the air stream from the lungs is impeded and those in which the air stream is not impeded. (2) IBM PC在运行速度、内存容量及外设类型上等 诸方面都与AppleII机有差异。 The IBM PC is different from Apple II in many aspects . such as speed , memory capacity and peripheral equipment type etc。 (3)袖珍计算器远小于算盘。 A pocket calculator is far smaller than an abacus。
experiments study investigation observations
(5) What we assumed is in agreement with … contradicts with … is not consistent with …
例 (1)此假说于70年代未提出。 This hypothesis was advanced in the late 70’s. (2)假定x0=-1.则可以证明f(R)≤0。 Assume x0=-1,it can be shown that f(R)≤0. (3)我们的假定与实验结果相符合。 What we assumed is in agreement with the experimental result。
三、正文的内容表述 论文正文所涉及的内容一般包括:理论分析和原理 叙述,所用材料和方法的说明,实验结果的分析与比较 以及结果的讨论等等。要正确无误地叙述这些内容,必 须熟悉一些常用的写作表达方法。限于篇幅,下面仅介 绍几个最常见的写作表达方法。 (一)定义的表述 定义是对一种事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵和 外延作确切而简要的说明。英文科技论文下定义的常用 句型有: (1) … means signifies is considered to be … is taken to be refers to
(二)科技描述 科技描百度文库一般是指对某个概念、某对象的功能、某 装置的组成和使用方法或某种自然现象进行说明。在科 技描述中,常常辅之以图表。图表不但能作为文字论述 的必要补充,而且可以表达难以用文字叙述的内容,产 生直观易懂的效果。另外,恰当的示例可用于说明难以 直接理解的抽象概念,使论点更有说服力。
(4)… and … are basically the same. seem to be happen to be essentially (5)… differs (is different)from … (6)There are some differences between … and … (7) … is smaller far smaller than … slightly smaller than … more efficient much more efficient
The computer at the receiving site interpreted the regenerator output in terms of ASCII character in the same manner that a teletypewriter would in most instances,The computer detected and recorded characters received in error and carrier failure indications,which occur when the received line signal level drops to a very low value。
(2 ) Figure 1 is a diagram which shows , quite clearly , alternating current which flows backwards and forwards along the wire。 (3) in 1676 Romer discovered that light travel at a determined speed. observed noted calculated found
这是一个描述一项发明或发现的常用句型。下面再给出几 个用于举例的句型。
(4) Common examples are … Typical example are … Main types are … Such as … …, for example, … for instance as an illustration This can be illustrated by … An example of this involves …
(2) In this article, … will be taken to mean be used in be considered to be (3)An … is … which is verb-ed … (4)An … is a kind of … which … (5)An … is … for verb-ing … (6) … is defined as … if (and only if) is called is said to be
(2)The hypothesis proved by further has been tested was supported confirmed verified (3)It is assumed that … believed thought supposed (4) Assume … Suppose If
(四)假说与假设 假说是在事实的基础上根据类比推理、归纳推理 和演绎推理提出的,是科学研究的重要方法,假设同 假说一样可以用来提供说明事物规律的可能性,以简 化分析和计算过程。下面是表达假设和假说的常用的 方法。 (1) The assumption implies that … indicates shows claims suggests explains states
二、正文的组织和结构 科技论文的写作目的是介绍作者的科学研究成果, 而正文则是展现研究工作成就和学术水平的主体。一 篇好的论文应该具有准确、鲜明、生动的特点,这就 要求论点明确、论据充分、论证严密。要做到这一点, 除进行大量的阅读练习和写作练习外,还必须掌握- 些基本的写作规律。 论文的写作,首先应确定中心内容并拟定一个写作 提纲,把要用的材料和观点组织好。正文的组织,一 方面是要将整个内容划分成几大部分,每部分既相对 独立,又有机联系,服从于论文主题的要求;另一方 面是对每一部分进行恰当分段,每段包括一个以上句 子,表达一个意思,讲明一个观点,环绕一个主题。 论文材料的组织,既可以按时间顺序或空间顺序进 行安排,也可以按逻辑顺序进行安排。
计算机名词解释
ASP(Active 活动服务器页面) ASP(Active Server Page, 活动服务器页面)
A document that contains embedded server-side scripting(嵌入式服务器方脚本). ASP-compatible Web servers can execute these scripts. On the client(客户机) side, an ASP is a standard HTML document that can be viewed on any platform using any Web browser.
下面给出几个科技描述的写法实例: A computer system consists of a number of interconnected machines : an input device , a central processor,a memory unit and an output device. The input device converts information into electric pulse. The central processor performs the necessary calculations . The memory unit stores the information and the programme. The output device presents the information to the user. 这段短文的第一句描述了计算机的结构,后面四句 分别说明了各部分的功能。
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