美国文学作业—对美国浪漫主义文学的分析

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美国文学之二：美国浪漫主义文学

美国文学之二：美国浪漫主义文学美国文学之二：美国浪漫主义文学在殖民地时期，美国文学基本上扮演着欧洲文学附庸的角色。

经过1775至1783年的战争，美国摆脱了英国的殖民统治而宣告独立。

独立的国家在呼唤着独立的民族文学。

因此，进入19世纪之后，伴随着整个社会政治、经济、文化的全面发展，美国民族文学破土而出，并很快就达到了繁荣发展的第一个高峰期。

这一阶段的美国民族文学，从新大陆蓬勃向上的资本主义社会现实中汲取了充沛的热情和理想，与浪漫主义的基本精神正相吻合，故而十分自然地汇入了席卷西方的浪漫主义文学潮流之中。

30年代以前，是美国浪漫主义文学发展的前期。

从这时开始，美国形成了比较成熟的民族文学，并逐渐产生了世界性的影响。

散文作家欧文和小说家库珀，同被视为美国民族文学的奠基者。

他们以生动的民族语言表现地道的民族题材，显示了鲜明的民族风格。

欧文的散文故事集《见闻札纪》使一贯自大的欧洲人对美国文学不得不刮目相看。

库珀的长篇小说更是" 纯粹美国式" 的。

他的" 皮袜子故事" 五部曲和《舵手》、《间谍》等作品，分别为美国文学开创了边疆生活小说、航海冒险小说、革命历史小说三种类型。

此外，诗人威廉.柯伦.布莱恩特(1794-1878)也为美国民族诗歌的诞生，作出了积极的贡献。

他在1821年出版了《诗选》，将美国乡土的自然景色融入优美的诗句，并借此表达了对美好、和谐生活的由衷向往。

30年代以后，美国浪漫主义文学转入了发展的后期。

与前期相比，其理论上更为成熟，创作上的成就也更为卓著。

由散文作家爱默生等人倡导的超验主义学说，构成了后期浪漫主义的重要理论基石。

超验主义在当时集中代表了文化领域中思想解放的时代要求。

它充分肯定人的自我价值，肯定人与真理沟通的直接性，从而具有反对宗教、反对权威、反对传统的特殊意义。

爱默生在《论自然》等著作中，对超验主义做了精辟的阐发。

超验主义以其强大的思想魅力，将散文作家梭罗(1817-1862)以及杰出的小说家霍桑和麦尔维尔都吸引到了自己的旗帜之下。

美国浪漫主义文学特色及其影响

表现。
三、美国浪漫主义文学的社会影响随着社会和科技的发展，人们开始崇尚理性，认识到自身权力和地位，讲科学、注重理性思维，铲除社会不公平、特权和压迫等不良风气。１８世纪末，人们强烈要求自发情感的流露，追求政治独立、民主和平等思想，促进了美国文学的发展，超验主义代表人物之一爱默生、雪莱和济慈开始对美国神教表示反对，强调上帝、人和自然融为一体，这些作家推崇人的至高无尚，呼唤人们走向大自然，日益成为美国浪漫主义文学的重要组成部分，影响了美国当时社会的理想
美国内战爆发导致了浪漫主义文学的衰落之后美国政治经济发生了巨大变化特别是杰弗逊采取的政治平等氛围使大批移民涌入美国促进了美国浪漫主义的发展文学作品也基本是关于美洲大陆的开发殖民以及宗教生活尚未形成文学创造的风气独立革命才真正促进了美国民族文学的诞生政治上的独立产生了大量的革命文学作品和大批的散文家和诗人如伯特里克?亨利托马斯?潘恩托马斯?杰斐逊菲利普?弗瑞诺等战争结束后美国作家们对历史传说和现实社会进行精心描绘涌现了大量的文学作品
关键词：浪漫主义文学；小说；美国
一、美国浪漫主义文学的发展美国浪漫主义文学时期指从１８世纪末到美国内战爆发这段时期，以华盛顿 ·欧文（ＷａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎＩｒｖｉｎｇ）的《见闻札记》（ＴｈｅＳｋｅｔｃｈＢｏｏｋ）与惠特曼（ＷａｌｔＷｈｉｔｍａｎ）的《草叶集》（ＬｅａｖｅｓｏｆＧｒａｓｓ）为标志，称为 “美国的文艺复兴时期 ”。美国浪漫主义文学重在描写个人主观世界和内心感受，抒发对大自然的感受和离奇情节，以及异域色彩。最初来到美洲大陆的英国移民都是受宗教迫害的清教徒，坚信上帝为了某一特定目的派他们到这里，清教徒们梦想着通过不懈的努力和虔诚的信仰，因此，美国民族文学一开始就具有浪漫主义的色彩。１９世纪前期是美国进入领土扩张、西部开拓、工业化和城市化的发展时期，美国经济发展、地域扩张，以及国内崇尚自由和民主的风气日益促成美国在文学和文化领域的浪漫主义倾向，开创了美国独立的文学时期。美国内战爆发导致

美国浪漫主义分析

（）教思想的影响。这里，们可以把美国的清教主义当３清在我
作文化遗产来看待。美国的道德观继承了清教主义的传统，众公
的观念也大都受清教思想所影响，个环境极大的影响了社会生这
活和文学品位。清教主义对美国浪漫主义文学的影响也可见一斑．先．国浪漫主义时期的作家比同时期的英国和欧洲的作首美家更倾向于在作品里说教，有一些作家善于宣扬美和善良。另还
文謦导・文学译嚣
美国浪漫主义分析
谢字辰
（陕西师范大学外国语学院，西西安７０６）陕１０２
摘要：篇论文主要对美国浪漫主义流派进行了分析，要这主
们的浪漫主义。
（）历史和文化背景。随着美国社会历史和文化的发展，２美国这一年轻的国家成为了一个文学强国。这一年轻的共和国，没有历史与过去遗留下来的沉重的负担，政治，济，化等方面在经文都成熟了起来，成为一个在这些方面都相对独立的国家。在历并史方面．国浪漫主义时期是美国历史上西部扩张的时期。在经美
３美国浪漫主义时期的文学特色
（）人主义价值观。美国独立战争前，漫主义价值观深１个在浪

美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学

美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学摘要：浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一。

当美国人在大刀阔斧地建设自己的国家时，也开始逐渐意识到逐渐与欧洲的不同。

随着不断增强的民族主义意识及民族自豪感，美国人开始希望见到自己的不同与欧洲模式，能表达他们字的美国风情的文学。

这个时代伟大的作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。

随后美国文学进入了超验主义时代。

超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。

它实际上是对浪漫主义的发展。

然后，美国的国家自信心受到了内战的动摇。

内战过后，美国处在迷茫中。

在1900年前后这段时期的文学由于美国国内环境的变化而由浪漫主义和超验主义乐观精神转向对社会和人类本质更直接的探讨。

从某种角度，现实主义反对浪漫主义的理想主义和怀旧情绪。

它主要关注中下层人民的日常生活，而在这种情况下人物性格是社会因素作用的结果，环境是整个事件发展不可分割的部分。

关键词：美国文学史；浪漫主义；文学特点The Romantic Period Literature in the history of AmericanLiteratureAbstract: Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Later，American literature came to Transcendentalism Period which emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of tradition authority. It was actually greatly influenced by romanticism. However, the country’s confidence was waved by the Civil War. After the war, Americans got lost. At about 1900s, American literature came to another entirely different age—the age of Realism. Realists searched for the social and human nature more directly. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. It has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications.Keywords: American Literature History; Romanticism; Literary characteristics1、American RomanticismRomanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil.1.1The unique characteristics of American RomanticismAlthough greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams.and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and，later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesserwriters.historical reasonsWith the independence of the United States of America, political autonomy, the rise of the economy, and cultural independence, the largest land expansion in American history began during the Romantic period of the United States. As of 1860, the Civil War began, the territory of the United States extended to the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. No one could have predicted the middle of 19th century. The United States expanded from just 13 states in her early days to 21, with a nearly eightfold increase in the number of citizens from 4 million in 1790 to 1860. The total population of the country reached 30 million. At that time, the European bourgeois revolution and technological revolutionThe influence of life, this young country has experienced the rapid industrialization of baptism, the affected area in addition to the United States at each city area, including the vast rural areas. Whether industrial or agricultural development are the extensive use of the steam engine, in the vast continent of the United States, many factories such as a large number of factories set up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, the establishment of the inevitable with the demand for labor force increase, at the same time, when the United States appeared a lot of new inventions, these results quickly applied to the life, the production efficiency is greatly improved. In the romantic period, along with the rapid development of American politics, economy, culture, more and more around the worldImmigrants come to the United States, provide good human resources the arrival of immigrants to the industrial and agricultural development.epilogueThe peak period of Romanticism in American literature was the transcendentalism which appeared later.The concept of transcendentalism was first put forward by the New England Transcendentalism Club in 1830s.For the people of the New World,the idea was gradually accepted by American culture,the two most important writers were Emerson and Thoreau.They are regarded as the archetypal figures of American transcendentalism.Their works play an important role in thespiritual independence of American literature.Transcendentalism emphasizes the help of heaven to help the self-help.Strive to achieve the goal of self-improvement.Two other important writers,Hawthorne and Melvil,insisted on the original sin in the period of the moralism.They believed that only through moral constraints could human nature be promoted.reference documentation[1]Leslie A Fiedler. Love and Death in the merican Novel [M]. Harmondswort: Penguin Books, 1984.[2]Zhang Deming . Huckleberry. Adventures > and adult ceremony [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 1999. (4):91-97.[3]Jung .C.G.Conception of Collective unconsciousness [A] .trans by Wang Ai, selected by Ye Shuxian. Myth-archetypal criticism [C] .Xi 'an: Shaanxi normal University Press, 1987.101.[4]Bakhtin. Theory of novels [M] .translated by Bai Chunren, Xiao he .Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Press, 1998.。

美国浪漫主义文学的特征

美国浪漫主义文学的特征
1 强烈的主观色彩，偏爱表现主观思想，注重抒发个人的感受和体验。

重主观，轻客观和重自我表现，轻客观模仿。

2 喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。

(尤为突出)
作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大自然中，衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。

3重视中世纪民间文学。

想象比较丰富、感情真挚、表达自由、语言朴素自然。

4注重艺术效果：异国青岛情调、对比、夸张、人物形象的超凡性。

什么是浪漫主义文学
浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一，时间从18世纪末延续到美国内战爆发。

从华盛顿.欧文的《随笔》的发表为开端，以惠特曼的《草叶集》结束，作为美国文学的一个伟大兴盛时期，它又被称为“美国的文艺复兴”。

作为一种文化遗传的美国清教对美国浪漫主义作家的影响是惹人注目的。

其中一种现象就是美国的浪漫派作家跟他们的英国同行比起来更容易在道德上说教。

浪漫主义文学的一条重要线索是新英格兰先验论。

基本地讲，先验论在哲学上被定义为：“对人们直觉认识真理能力的认识，或对人们超越感官达到而得到知识的能力的认识”。

爱默生在一次演说中讲到：“最终神圣的只有你思想的完整。

”伴随先验论的其他概念包括自然崇高的思想和个人神圣因而自立更生的思想。

而加尔文派原罪观点和邪恶神秘的先导等则成了霍桑，麦尔维尔等浪漫派作家作品中的标志。

美国文学题 1

第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学What are the characteristics of Colonial America?All of the works written during this period are utilitarian , polemical , or didactic .The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness . It should teach some kond of lesson . In content , the literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both . The literary style of the earliest American writers , in fact seems to have been determined by a practical consideration of the sort of impression each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers . Puritans’metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical world a symbol of God . Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice in writing . The Piritans placed unusual stress upon plainness in writing because they were unusually interested in influencing the simp;e-minded people . Bearing the direct influence fo the Christian Biblical poetics , the Puritan writings are fresh , simp;e ,direct , and with a touch of nobility . As it faithfully imitated and transplanted European forms to the new experience , early American literature was as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学1 As we have seen , theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing . Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.2 From 1732 to 1758 , Franklin wrote and published his famous Poor Richard’s Alman ac , an annual collection of proverbs .3 EnlightementThe eighteenth –century England is also , and better , known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age fo Reason . The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time , with France in the vanguard . The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality) , equality , science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society . The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age , which ranged from John Locke’s materialism , Lord Shaftsbury’s deism , and George Berkeley’s immaterialism to David Hume’s skepticism . Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have , they held the eommom faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education . They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and social relations , superstition , injustice , privilege and oppression were to yield place to “eternal truth” ,”eternal justice” , and “natural equality” or inalienable rights of men . Everything was put under scrutiny , to be measured by reason . No authorities , political or religious or otherwise , were acepted unchallenged while almost allthe old societies and governments and all the traditional concepts , including Christianity , were examined and criticized . The belief provided theory for the French Revolution in 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .Alexander Pope (1688~1744) , Joseph Addison (1672~1719) , Richard Steele (1672~1792) , Jonathan Swift (1667~1745) , Daniel Defoe (1660~1731) , Henry Fielding (1707~1754) , Richard B. Sheridan (1751~1816) , Oliver Goldsmith (1730~1774) , Edward Gibbon (1737~1794) , and Samuel Johnson (1709~1784) were among the famous enlighteners in England . As England had already gone through its bourgeois revolution , what the English enlighteners were lege to do was to strive the bring the revolution to and end by clearing away the feudal remnants and rep;ace them with bourgeois ideology .第三部分美国的浪漫主义文学1 In 1828 the election of the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents .2 Wsahington Irvi ng’s Skwtch Book bacame the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic .3 Washington Irving was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism , and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such eontemporaries as Acott and Cooper ,and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative fo the future .4 What are the unique features of American Romanticism? Although foreign influnences wre strong,American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own.It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else.American romanticism was in essence the e xpression of”a real new experience”and contained”an alien quality”for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alen.Foe instance ,the American national experience of “pioneering “ into the west proved to be a rich fund of material for Ameican writers to draw upon.The wilderness with its virgin forests ,the sound of the axe cutting its way westward, the exotic landscape with its different sights, smells,and sounds(the robin rather than the nightingale is Emily Dicckinson’s “criterion of tone,”for example), and the quaint,picturesque civilization of a primitive race—all these constituted an incomparably superior source of inspiration for native authors.A rude Natty Bumppo in buckskin, dweling in a fromtier blockhouse, treading a solitary bridle path through virgin forests was ,perhaps , matter enough for any romantic genius.And indeed, American authors were quite responsive to thestimulus which American life offered.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s tentive treatment of the frontier and the Indians in his works such as Hudson valley, William Cullen Bryant’s sketches of the wild west prairie where no human being had ever set foot and James Fenimore Cooper’s five Leatherstocking tales with”their majestic descriptions of American’s limitles s forests and broad blue inland lake”—these are but aafew instances whereby the new American sensibility began to make itself felt.And ,of course , we should not forget to mention Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville and Whitman, all people who were instrumental ,in one way or another ,in creating an indigenous American literature.Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan;social life and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan atmosphere of the nation.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did Puritanism;no one has been so successful in imposing his way of thinking on the continent as the American Puritan.puritanical influence over Ameican romanticism w3as conspicuously noticeable.One of its palpable manifestations is the fact that American romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers.It is true that Edgar Allan poe fought vehemently against “the heresy of the didactic”,and writers like John Greenleaf Whittier tried to advocate both beauty and goodness.But the fact remains, nonetheless ,that many American romantic writings intended to edify more than theyentertained.There seemed to be areas of life which it was better for them to leave alone, taboos of a kind that most of the literary world agreed,however tacit it may have been, on not breaking.Sex and love werem for instance, subjects American authors were particularly careful in approaching.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter talks eloquently about the sin itself ,and Whitman was for a long time misunderstood by his own countrymen because Leaves of Grass contains lines and passages not at all palatable to their “genteel” taste.练习二1.Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leaderof_________ movement, yet he never applied the term to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.2.Emerson’s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many ofEmerson’s theories, was_________.Define the literary terms listed belowAmerican TranscendentalismKeys: 1. Transcendentalist, 2, H.D ThoreauTerm: American Transcendentalism or “New English Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance” is more of a tendency, an attitude, than the philosophy of Transcendentalists.To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, from new-Platoism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations of Oriental-mysticism. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as the follows.Firstly, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. Secondly, they stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. Thirdly, they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spi rit or God. Nature was , to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” an d his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence.” Thoreau built and went to live in a small cottage on Walden Pond for a little over two years, and then came back to write about his experience there in his famous book Walden. To later generations, scarred by the horrors of the Civil War, the transcendentalist persuation that humanity was godlike and that evil was non-existent appeared to be an optimistic folly. As a philosophy, Transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. Yet Transcendentalism wasa powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age, and theideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.练习31．_________deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.2. Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly_________stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, _________.3. _________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage inpursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.Define the literary terms listed belowSymbolismKeys:1.The House of the Seven Gables 2, symbolic The scarlet letter3. Moby-Dick.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. A symbol is something that conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. People, places, things and even events can be used symbolically. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. Hawthorn and Melville were the two masters of symbolism. For example, the scarlet letter “A” on Hester’s breast can give you symbolic meanin gs. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story.Answer the following questions.1.Give a brief analysis of the main characters in The scarlet Letter2.Give a brief analysis of the character Ahab in Moby-Dick.3.What is the theme in Moby-Dick?4.What is Hawthorn’s style?Keys:2, The way in which Hawthorn wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism. The load of didacticism is nowhere heavier and the desire to elevate nowhere stronger than it is, perhaps, in this 19th American classic. Reading it, one wonders whether it is a story of love. The answer is yes, but then no, because the love part of the story is long over before the book begins. One wonders whether it is a story if sin. The answer is yes, but then no, for the sinning part is long over before the book opens Modern and contemporary authors would have written pageswhere Hawthorn uttered not a word, What he was predominantly concerned was the moral, emotional, and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general and those complicated in it in particular. In the strong character of Hester Psynne we see the tension between society and solitude which, as Marius Bewley put it, lies near the center of all Hawthorn’s art, The Scarlet Letter is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Hawthorn’s female characters tend to fall into two broad categories. (答案未完)4．Ahab may have been Melville’s portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual. Melville lost no opportunity in his criticism of New England Transcendentalism. Constantly under his attack is its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. To say that the whole of Moby-Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism is not in fact an exaggeration. Take Emerson’s self-reliance for instance. Ahab is too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human being. He stands alone on his own one leg among the millions of the peopled earth, For him the only law is his own will. To him the world exists for his sake. His selfhood must be asserted at the expense of all else: lives may be sacrificed, and nature may have to be vanquished in order that he may do what he will. He never stops to think---and he never bothers about it---that, in asserting his private personality, he denies ruthlessly the humanity and individuality of his fellowmen. Ahab is no Odysseus, and this crew seems to be a ship of fools too much under the captain’s evil spell to exercise their discretion. Between them, they encompass their own undoing. Richard Chase is right when he says that the idea Melville conveys in Moby-Dick is “Death-spiritual, emotional, physical,” which is the p rice of self-reliance when it is pushed to the point of solipsism. Ahab is, to be more exact, a victim of solipsism, his tragedy stemming in the main from extreme individualism, selfish will, a spirit too much withdrawn to itself to warrant salvation, Moby-Dick thus reveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled democracy,5. One of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. He cuts himself off from his wife and kid, and stays away most of the time from his crew, and he hates Moby---Dick which is am embodiment of nature. He is angry because his pride is wounded. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, he seems to hold God responsible for the presence of evil in the universe. Thus his anger assumes the proportions of a cosmicnature. He is bent on avenging himself. He hears of no objection. In his egocentric obsession within “the masoned, walled town of a captain’s exclusiveness,” he loses his sanity and humanity and becomes a devilish creature rushing headlong toward his doom. And he know s it most clearly of all. When D.H Lawrence remarks,”“he {Melville}records also, almost beyond pain or pleasure, the extreme transitions of the isolated, far-driven soul, the soul which is now alone, without any real human contact” he had Ahad topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby-Dick9. A. Hawthorne wrote romance because he thought it the predestined form of American narrative. He presented material on the alienation between fact and fancy. The purpose of a novel, as it developed in 18th century Europe, was to record the actual events of life, to stick to what actually happened, but Hawthorn explained that the purpose of romance was to present the truth of the human heart by the writer’s own choice or cre ation. He wanted to reveal reality and satirize it but not to offend the Puritan conventions, For Hawthorne, romance, unlike the novel, was not tied to conventional reality. Romance had the freedom to depart from novelistic realism. Hawthorne felt that the literary artist was justified in changing events around if that could better get to the truth of the individual psychology. Psychological truth was more important than actual truth. Hawthorne used atmosphere to help reach the truth of the heart. Often he would use shadow to create effect. He used this because the world of light and shadow was the world of imagination. Therefore, for Hawthorne romance was the meeting place of the actual and the imaginary. In this stories, there is a strong fairytale element, He would use his imagination to change the actual events, but the purpose was to reach psychological truth. Hawthorne mingled the supernatural with the actual and developed analytic, psychological romanticism.B, Hawthorne used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. It is characteristic of Hawthorne. He used masks, veils, shadows, emblems to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemmas of humanity. A black veil stands for the wickedness of man; a marble heart symbolizes an indivi dual’s unpardonable sin; and a garden of poisonous flowers represents hell.C. He wrote stories with narrative interest, ease in transition, coherence, and complexity, One of the means he adopted is making stories parable in form and symbolic in style.D. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his observation is somber.E. He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty. Important questions are never fully resolved. The simple word “or”enjoys high frequency in his stories. Hawthorne gave the reader many ways to interpret the story and then he stopped without telling the reader which one he wanted the reader to choose. To create ambiguity, the author often employed the technique of multiple views.。

美国浪漫主义文学评论

一、文学特征：1、environment：①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3、romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

★4、transcendentalism超验主义：①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。

概述美国浪漫主义文学

概述美国浪漫主义文学经历了独立战争、南北战争的美国，到19世纪末，已完成了向帝国主义的过渡。

1．浪漫主义文学19世纪初，美国希望通过浪漫主义文学的努力建立民族文学，开始了约半个多世纪的浪漫主义运动，一般以1829年为界分为前后两期。

（1）前期浪漫主义①欧文有“美国文学之父”之称，他的代表作是一部包括散文、随感、故事等在内的《见闻札记》，其中最著名的是《隔普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷的传说》等短篇小说。

②詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀因创作了一批“纯粹美国式”的长篇小说而在文学史上占据重要地位。

他开创了美国文学史上三种不同的小说形式，即以《间谍》为代表的革命历史小说，以《开拓者》为代表的边疆题材小说和以《水手》为代表的航海生活小说。

（2）后期浪漫主义①以超验主义为思想基础的后期浪漫主义文学的出现，标志着美国文学逐步进入了成熟阶段。

宣扬人的本性、人的智慧和创造力、人的个人意志和绝对自由，是后期浪漫主义的基本内容。

②后期浪漫主义在理论和创作上的最早代表是拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生，影响最大的浪漫主义小说家是纳撒尼尔·霍桑。

霍桑的思想偏于保守，常以抽象的善恶观点来观察分析社会现象，长篇小说《红字》被认为是他的代表作。

③朗费罗，是浪漫主义诗歌的代表。

19世纪最杰出的民主诗人惠特曼的诗作的出现，代表着浪漫主义文学的最高成就，也使美国文学真正获得了世界性的声誉。

2．现实主义文学现实主义文学在反对南方蓄奴制的斗争中形成的废奴文学，对残酷反动的蓄奴制进行了深刻的揭露和批判，表现了强烈的民主倾向，这方面的重要作品有理查·希尔德烈斯的《白奴》和哈里叶特·比彻·斯托夫人的《汤姆大伯的小屋》。

3．象征主义文学（1）南方作家艾德加·爱伦·坡是象征主义文学的鼻祖。

（2）他把创作视为脱离现实和超感觉的纯粹主观思维的过程，提倡“纯艺术”、“纯诗歌”。

从美国浪漫主义文学特点看其产生原因

The characteristics of the American Romanticism——from the aspect of the cause of American RomanticismAs one of the important periods of American literature, romanticism period starts from the end of the 18th century until the civil war. During this period, America has experienced lots of changes, which involves society, politics, and culture. All these changes not only affect the development of America, but also show themselves in the literature. Therefore, we can find something through the cause of this period ——romanticism ——in order to explain its characteristics.America, as a new country, has to start from the beginning, which means it has to set its own rules and makes the best of the resources of the new land. People in this new land make their own homes with confidence and independence. The ambition of establishing the best country in the world makes them feel proud. The expectation exists not only in their hard work, but also in the literature. They want to make their own style of writing that shows their positive attitude to the new life and record how they make the new land powerful. Spontaneously, the romanticism starts.American romanticism, different from the one from Britain, has its own unique features, which include: (1) rich source of material from pioneering into the west; (2) the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature; (3) frequent use of local dialects in poetry and fiction;(4) great influences exerted by American Puritanism as a cultural heritage over American moral values and American Romanticism. This passage will explain how the characteristics are formed from the perspectives of the cause of American Romanticism.Around the period of the end of 18th century, the new-bored America makes efforts to stretch its territory that nearly reaches the west shore of the Pacific Ocean. In the movement, people act as the explorers, holding the will of success and marching to the deserted west. They believe that they can be successful if they are thrifty and hardworking. As a result, it provides abundant source of writing material which becomes the main theme of American romanticism. In the works about the west, the writers use lots of beautiful words to describe the rich virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. Through admiring the landscape of the west, these works show the spirits of American people. These are frankness, passion, modesty and justice. They praise the power and creation of people as the role of explorer.On the other hand, as the country are becoming stronger and stronger, patriotism rises naturally in the hearts of American people. They can feel that America, their own country, is developing through the efforts made by them. The national consciousness also reflects in the works of the writers. They tend to use American dialects to narrate their stories. Between the dialect words, the authors express their pride and love to the strengthening nation.At the same time, people’s power and creation have been recognized through their efforts to change the rough living environment. The status of people has been raised. The importance of human has reached unprecedented heights. Therefore, transcendentalism prevails in this land. Transcendentalists think that there is a ubiquitous power between nature and human that punishes evil-doers and praises good-doers. Moreover, human play an important role in the development of the society. Human can perfect the society via perfection of themselves. Another belief of transcendentalism is that nature has life and people should return to the nature to feel the true meaning of life. All the above are the main idea of American romanticism. That is the reason ofthe desire for an escape from society and a return to nature.Apart from transcendentalism, considering the main value of that time, it is mainly dominated by Puritanism，which was banned in Britain. The puritans, dominating the first group of people stepping onto the new land, then crossed the ocean and developed in America. They led a practical and hard life and believed in faith, humility, strictness, honesty, diligence and thriftiness. All these characters support them to overcome difficulties and harvest flourish, which strengthens their loyalty to Puritanism. As the result, American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism.In brief, all the changes caused by people and the nation can be found in the works of this period and finally form the main characteristics of American Romanticism.。

对美国浪漫主义文学的几点思考

摘要：纵观世界文学史，美国这样只有二百多年历史的国家为数不多，像在这么短的历史时期内，能够创作出卓越文学作品的国家更是凤毛麟角，美国文学在世界文学史上占有举足轻重的地位。美国人务实开放的民族性
格使他们在寻求自身发展的过程中，易于接受别国的影响。美国作家们一方面积极地向外国大师们学习。更一方
面勤勤恳恳地耕耘着自己本民族的文化。美国的浪漫主义文学以本国为背景，以美国人乐于接受的手法进行创作，使得这一时期的文学享有“ 美国的文艺复兴 ” 美誉。美国的浪漫主义文学时期，之更是具有美国特色的美国文
学的形成时期。
关键词：漫主义；浪象征；直觉；超验主义
最初来到美洲大陆的英国移民，是些在本国受宗多教迫害的清教徒。他们坚信上帝是为了某一特定的目的才派他们来到这里的，作为上帝的选民，他们注定要建立个新国家，复失去的天堂，恢并把大片的荒地变成伊甸园。最初的美国人就是这样乐观、豁达，喜做各种各样的“ 国梦 ” 美。清教主义也同清教徒一起来到了这块新大陆，成并为美国生活的一个起主导作用的因素。它已积淀在美国人的头脑中，为了美国人日日呼吸的一种民族文化空成气。清教徒接受了法国神学家加尔文的理论，信命定相论、罪说和上帝只帮助他的选民。怀着这样的信仰，原他们人人都苦心经营，图赎罪，竭力成为上帝的选民。企并西部边疆的不断推进，使他们对生活充满了信心，美更 “

美国浪漫主义反思报告

美国浪漫主义反思报告引言美国浪漫主义是19世纪初兴起的一股思潮，自十九世纪30年代到70年代盛行于美国文学、艺术和哲学领域。

它强调个体的直觉、情感与自由，批判社会的机械化和实用主义的价值观。

然而，时至今日，我们需要对美国浪漫主义进行一次深入的反思。

本报告将从矛盾性、个人主义至极和片面性三个方面进行探讨。

矛盾性美国浪漫主义走进大众视野时，正值美国历史上发展最为迅猛的工业化时期。

而浪漫主义所强调的自然、感性和反对社会机械化的理念与当时工业社会的现实相对矛盾。

浪漫主义在揭示社会问题和批判现实中具有一定的积极意义，但人们过分追求感性和个体主义时，往往会忽视现实的复杂性和个人的责任。

这种矛盾性造成了浪漫主义理念在实践中的困境。

个人主义至极美国浪漫主义强调个体的价值和独立思考的重要性，但过分追求个人自由和满足个人欲望，往往会忽略他人的需求和社会责任。

社会需要合作与互助，但浪漫主义强调的是个体的天赋和独特性。

这种在个人主义至极的情况下容易导致社会纷争、利己主义的问题。

个体的自由以及个人追求自我实现的权利应该被尊重，但这并不意味着可以将他人置于无视之地。

片面性美国浪漫主义过于追求理想化的东西，对于现实中的问题并没有给出有效的解决方案。

它诗意化了自然，却忽略了自然的残酷和无情。

它强调个体主义和创造力，但忽视了社会的复杂性和制约。

片面化的追求理想造成了浪漫主义在现实生活中无法立足的问题。

现实世界中既有美好的一面，也有丑恶的一面，浪漫主义只看到后者容易导致对现实的逃避。

结论美国浪漫主义作为一场思潮提供了对现实的批判和对人性的思考，但矛盾性、个人主义至极和片面性是其在实践中面临的挑战。

我们在借鉴浪漫主义的启示时，应当保持理性和客观，不仅追求个人的自由与幸福，同时也关注社会的和谐与公正。

只有在理想与现实的相互促进下，我们才能达到一个更加完善和美好的社会。

美国的浪漫主义文学

美国的浪漫主义文学
浪漫主义文学产生于18世纪末，在19世纪上半叶达到繁荣时期，是西方近代文学最
重要的思潮之一。

以现实为基础，用热情奔放的语言、绚丽多彩的想象和直白夸张的表现
手法，抒发对理想世界的追求。

在纵向上，浪漫主义文学是对文艺复兴时期人文主义理念的继承和发扬，也是对僵化
的法国古典主义的有力反驳；在横向上，浪漫主义文学和随后出现的现实主义共同构成西
方近代文学的两大体系，造就19世纪西方文学盛极一时的繁荣局面，对后来的现代主义
和后现代主义文学产生了深远的影响。

以现实为基础——现实为文学创作的土壤，浪漫主义的创作源泉和启发都源自于现实，并非脱离现实。

热情奔放的语言——浪漫主义抒发感情的文字特点。

浪漫主义文学的字句极其考究，
力求完美，因为此特点，浪漫主义文学许多作品成为“唯美主义”的代表作。

绚丽多彩的想象——在形象刻画上，浪漫主义文学常用比喻、寓意等手法。

直白夸张的表现手法——浪漫主义文学通篇看似脱离现实，因为其塑造的形象极其夸张，但仔细品读，会发现自己身边就存在相似的人或事。

抒写对理想世界的崇尚——浪漫主义文学创作目的。

“对理想世界的崇尚”其实就是
期望社会更幸福，所以浪漫主义文学的创作目的和其他文学创作的目的就是相同的。

浪漫主义作为一种文学创作方法，与其他文学创作方法相比，并无优劣之分，只是表
现手法不同而已。

浅谈英、美国浪漫主义文学

１．英国浪漫主义文学发展及特点
英国浪漫主义文学作品数量宏大．为全欧洲乃至全世界的文学发展奠定了重要地位和思想影响。英国的浪漫主义文学始于１８世纪中后期．是由１８世纪末和１９世纪初欧洲的社会政治情况决定的。同时１８世纪英国的感伤主义文学、哥特式小说等。都推崇和主张主观情感的抒发．为浪漫主义文学的出现和诞生提供了相应的条件。而康德哲学的“ 唯心主义哲学 ” 也为浪漫主义文学所提倡的主观色彩和个人主义奠定了相应的哲学基础。在漫长的发展历程中．，英国浪漫主义文学出现过两次高潮。第一次是在１８０５年左右，这一时期是英国的湖畔派诗人创作的高峰期，众所周知．湖畔诗人的代表人物是华兹华斯、柯勒律治，骚塞．其中最重要的代表是华兹华斯。威廉？华兹华斯是英国ｌ９世纪著名的浪漫主义诗人．他的诗歌体现了浪漫主义文学的特点。并且其中有浓重的哲理思维的体现。他曾经对诗歌做出了著名定义： “ 好诗是强烈感情的自然流溢” 。体现了其创作思想，即强调人的主观心理和主观感受。从诗人拜伦开始出现了第二次高潮．他的作品曾经轰动欧洲．风靡一时。在他之后，又出现了雪莱和济慈，这两位诗人的诗篇同样给当时的文学界注入了新鲜的血液。拜伦、雪莱以及济滋是继“ 湖畔派 ” 诗人之后英国的第二代浪漫主义诗人．但他们和“ 湖畔派 ” 的思想倾向却有着不同之处．他们虽然同是主张抒情主义、理想主义．但是他们所表现的感情不是消极颓废的而是积极向前的、勇往直前的、反抗暴力的。他们的理想不是停留在提倡返回自然．返回中世纪，而是要立志创造一个人人平等、没有暴政的新环境、新世界。到１８４８年以后．浪漫主义文学运动基本接近尾声．但是浪漫主义的思想却并没有随着运动的结束而销声匿迹．这种思想一直保持持续发展，直至今日。英国的浪漫主义历时一百五十年之久，其思想影响了一代又一代人，可谓是源远流长．影响颇深。

美国文学

美国浪漫主义文学特点及发展摘要本文旨在阐述美国浪漫主义文学的特点。

美国浪漫主义文学在一定程度上与欧洲浪漫主义文学之间有衍生性:与启蒙思想相悖,强调感情、想象和主观性。

但大部分美国浪漫主义文学作品还是典型的美国化的作品[1]。

本文结合美国浪漫主义文学产生的特定的社会、历史、文化背景探讨了美国浪漫主义文学的特点：反映了美利坚民族一个“真正全新的经历”、深受美国清教主义运动的影响、信仰个人主义和直觉的价值、追求民主与政治上的平等、强调"使命感"以及多样化的创作形式。

关键词浪漫主义文学美国浪漫主义文学文化背景浪漫主义思潮于1820年至1860年间在美国盛行．而此时欧洲的浪漫主义思潮已经趋于衰微。

逐渐被现实主义思潮所代替。

浪漫主义思潮在欧洲各国的发展也不尽相同，美国作为后起之秀对欧洲各国浪漫主义的吸纳表现出综合性的特征。

在19世纪初期，英国浪漫主义诗歌曾在美国掀起一阵狂热，但是持续时间较短。

20年代末德国浪漫主义思想经斯塔尔夫人、柯勒律治、托马斯•卡莱尔的过滤介绍被美国大学学子视为经典，催生出美国浪漫主义的新生儿超验主义。

然而超验主义对散文和诗歌的偏爱、对小说的排斥虽然代表了清教主义的正统思想，却不符合浪漫主义崇尚自由的思想。

也厄法吸引大众读者。

此时随着美国经济的迅速发展。

大众读者需要的是轻松、娱乐、想象性的读物。

小说是他们的首选。

美国作家面临艰难的处境：他们的作品既要拥有大量的读者，又要符合批评界的常识标准——真实。

从洛克的经验哲学发展而来的常识哲学使得维护清教传统的美国人越发将事实和想象看成对立的两极，无法调和共存。

美国小说家在创作过程中发现。

他们无法创造绝对的真实，所以只能借助罗曼司已经获得的想象的诗学许可进行自由的创作。

美国小说家对中世纪罗曼司中的爱情故事和超自然现象丝毫不感兴趣，他们唯一需要的是浪漫主义所崇尚的想象力和罗曼司所具有的自由表达想象的特权。

浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，是美国文学史上最重要的时期。

19世纪美国的浪漫主义

美国浪漫主义文学的宗教色彩
西方宗教神话一方面为美国浪漫主义作家提供了创作的母题; 另一方面, 又激发了作家们的想象, 触发了诗人的灵感。因此, 在美国浪漫主义文学史上对西方宗教传说进行再创作是美国浪漫主义文学实践的家常便饭。其中, 有的直接取自《圣经》的人物和故事原型, 加之以发展创造, 赋予新的时代内涵, 如霍桑的《新亚当和夏娃》; 而有的则在旧有的宗教人物和传说的基础上, 进一步扩展补充, 如麦尔维曼的《白鲸》。
浪漫主义一词的含义从德国传入了英国和法国。从此，浪漫主义时期成为英国文学史上的一个伟大时期，在这一时期，英国涌现出了许多有名的诗人和小说家。当然，这些诗人与小说家对新世界的作家们产生了令人难以想象且深远的影响，因此，美国浪漫主义应运而生了。从某种程度上说，美国浪漫主义沿袭了其英国先辈们的浪漫主义。
在哲学领域,西方宗教文化培养了19世纪美国浪漫主义的超验唯心主义思想和19世纪美国人独立自主的民主和自由意识。
在文学领域,西方宗教文化为19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮提供了精神支柱和表现素材。19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮通过宣传平等、博爱的基督教思想和观念来倡导由浪漫主义思潮衍生出来的民主、自由的西方人文精神和道德准则,并为美国文学摆脱欧洲文学模式的羁绊和束缚以及独立美国文学的产生做出了贡献。美国浪漫主义时期的文学特色
（1）个人主义价值观。在美国独立战争前，浪漫主义价值观深刻的影响了美国政治，艺术和哲学。浪漫主义强调个人主义观念必须同传统的革命理念和边疆平等的理念一致。浪漫主义强烈反对传统的艺术形式，深受新古典主义艺术限制的人士强烈要求在文学，绘画，建筑等方面创造出新的形式。浪漫主义时期强调的个人主义反对集体主义，反对权威，把个人看成是生活和艺术的中心。此外，美国浪漫主义还强调个人从形式主义，传统和顺从中获得自由，他们乐于自我分析，检测和揭露灵魂。

美国浪漫主义文学的特点是什么

美国浪漫主义文学的特点是什么(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.(5)Romanticism frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.Romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.Among the characteristic attitudes of Romanticism were the following: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities; a preoccupation with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles; a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures; an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic.。

美国浪漫主义文学分析

美国浪漫主义文学分析摘要：本文旨在阐述美国文学的浪漫的特点。

美国浪漫主义文学和欧洲浪漫主义文学之间有衍生相反，启发思路，强调情感，想象力和主观性。

但最重要的美国文学的浪漫作品是典型的美国化产品。

是特定的社会，历史和文化背景下的美国文学的产品。

本文探讨了美国文学的浪漫特征，反映了合众国的“新体验”精神，信仰，个人主义和直觉的价值，追求民主政治上的平等，强调“使命感”。

关键词：浪漫主义文学，美国文学的浪漫主义，文化背景浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。

华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。

浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为“美国的文艺复兴。

”如果你想了解美国浪漫主义文学，必须首先了解美国当时的社会背景，十九世纪美国资本主义迅速发展，经济得以迅速发展，贫富分化日益加剧。

浪漫主义文学就是在此背景下诞生的。

由于作家对于现实社会感到不满，他们往往用更多的笔墨，着重描述自己的理想，并作为反衬，显示出理想与现实之间的差距，用以批评现实社会。

首先，浪漫主义作家不注重创造典型环境和典型人物。

他们强调描述个人的主观世界和内心的感受，并表达强烈的个人感情。

二，浪漫的文学创作大多集中在自然风光的描述，表达了作者内心世界的各种感受。

此外，浪漫主义大多推崇描写特殊情况和异域色彩。

至此，我们可以总结美国浪漫主义文学和欧洲浪漫主义文学之间的关系。

一方面，美国文学的浪漫和欧洲文学的浪漫之间有很多共同点，与启蒙思想相反，浪漫主义文学强调情感，想象力和主观性。

因为在语言方面，美国文学和欧洲文学的母语都是英语，具有相同的文化底蕴，浪漫的美国文学在一定程度上，是欧洲浪漫主义文学的衍生。

另一方面，虽然美国浪漫主义文学深受欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响，但是最典型的美国浪漫主义文学作品是美国本土化的产品。

这是基于具体的社会，历史和文化背景的缘故基于一个新的起点上，没有厚重的历史和传统的束缚，美国这个年轻的国家，迅速发展成为一个政治，经济和文化的独立国家。

美国文学中的浪漫主义思潮

美国文学中的浪漫主义思潮浪漫主义是一种欧洲文化上升期的思潮，在艺术和文学中得到了广泛的应用。

第一次浪漫主义运动在18世纪末和19世纪初达到高峰，而美国的浪漫主义思潮在19世纪初期也开始流行。

美国文学中的浪漫主义思潮源远流长，不仅影响了美国的文学，也影响了全世界的文学。

一、美国浪漫主义文学的形成背景美国的浪漫主义文学在十九世纪初期形成，那个时期正是美国独立后的商业和工业发展时期。

美国社会开放、自由、富有创造力的气氛滋生了一种民族精神。

在美国，与欧洲浪漫主义运动相似的思潮组织被成立，通行的思想是人应该拥有自由的生活与自由的精神。

二、美国浪漫主义文学的特点1. 对自然的崇拜浪漫主义文学中，自然是一种重要的元素，它给人以启示和力量。

这种对自然的推崇和崇拜是美国浪漫主义文学初期发展的一个特点。

由此可以看出，在浪漫主义文学中，自然被视为医治人心灵创伤的办法。

美国作家们喜欢在他们的作品中描绘大自然的恢弘之美，来体现他们对大自然的敬畏与推崇。

2. 主人公的内心在美国浪漫主义文学中，个体主义和内省被视为非常重要的因素。

这个时期的作家们试图在他们的作品中刻画主人公的内心和感情状态。

在这个阶段，个人的独立与自主被视作非常重要的。

因此，在作品中主角的成长和个性的塑造已成为美国浪漫主义文学最重要的特点。

浪漫主义文学强调人的内心感受，尤其是对理想和崇高的感受。

3. 对过去的回归美国浪漫主义文学中，对传统的看法变得与众不同，没有从传统中快速觉醒的信念，但是，它强调去初探传统的形态，或通过重新审视旧的文化传统来创新。

美国浪漫主义文学中的作家们由于对旧有的文化复兴的追求，因而创造了许多历史题材的作品。

三、美国浪漫主义文学的代表作家及其作品1. 华盛顿·欧文欧文是19世纪美国浪漫派文学的代表人物，他的作品充满了清新的浪漫主义情调，并获得了广泛的认可。

最具代表性的作品包括《河谷传说》、《狄德里克小教堂》和《伊斯特里比地区的传说》。

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The American Literature of Romantic Abstract: This paper aims at elaborating the characteristics of the American literature of romantic. Between the American literature of romantic and the European literature of romantic have derivative, contrary to enlightenment ideas, and emphasis on emotion, imagination and subjectivity. But most of the American literary of romantic works is typical Americanization work. This paper according to the produce of American literature of romantic under the specific social, historical and cultural background explored the American literature of romantic characteristics, reflects the united nation a "real new experience", beliefs, individualism and intuition value, the pursuit of democracy and political equality, emphasize "mission".Key words: the literature of romanticism, the American literature of romanticism, the background of cultureAmerican literature of romantic period refers to from the end of the eighteenth century to the American civil war broke out during this period, its start-stop respectively by Washington Irving "The Sketch Book" and Walt Whitman "Leaves of Grass" for mark. This period of American literature prosperity, also known as "America's Renaissance". If you want to understand the American literature of romantic, it is necessary to review the general characteristics of literary works in the European romantic period at first. Due to the writer resent to reality, they often use more words on describe their own ideal emphatically, and serve as a foil to the gap between the ideal and the reality, so as to criticizing reality. First of all, the romantic writers do not pay attention to create typical environment and typical character. They emphasized on describing personal subjective world and inner feelings, and expressing strong personal feelings. Second, the romantic literary creations mostly focus on the description of nature scenery, to express the author to the nature of the various feelings. In addition, the romanticism pursues the extraordinary circumstancesand exotic color. We can summarize the relationship between the American literature of romantic, and the European literature of romantic. On the one hand, between the American literature of romantic and the European literature of romantic have a lot in common, contrary to enlightenment ideas, and emphasis on emotion, imagination and subjectivity. Because the American literature of romantic and European master in literature, especially English romantic master, have the same cultural heritage, the American literature of romantic must be in a certain extent and they have derivatives. On the other hand, although the American literature of romantic influenced by the European literature of romantic is very big, most of the works of American literature of romantic are typical Americanization work. This is decided by the produce of American literature of romantic under the specific social, historical and cultural background explored the American literature of romantic characteristics.Based on a new starting, there is no heavy history and traditional fetter, this young country—America, quickly developed into a political, economic and cultural independent country. And based on the nation's strong optimism, as well as to their national strong superiority and pride, the American literature of romantic period came to. First of all, the American romantic literature reflects the united nation a "real new experience". West movement becomes an inexhaustible unique style of writing material to this period writer. The vast undeveloped land, Europe and England different natural scenery, and the original Indians singular civilization - this all constitute this period American writer's creation source. In the Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s The Song of Hiawatha, there are a lot of about the border and Indian description. Washington Irving’s works talk a lot about the description of the Hudson River valley scenery. William Cullen Bryant writes about the western desert savage prairie description. And in the “Leather - Stocking Tales”,James Fennimore Cooper’s description for the United States the vastness of forest and blue vast inland lakes aura. All of this is a record and representation about the period of history, the experience which strikes up wave in the writer’s hearts.And the American literature of romantic focuses on the dash of show the united as a nation of "new". They believe in individualism and intuition value, the pursuit ofdemocracy and political equality, abide by this new continent built a new the "garden of Eden" the American dream, emphasize on their shoulders "mission". Individualism is concerned, due to the different individual existence and out of respect for the individual within and beliefs, in the typical American romantic works, the different author’s understanding of the human nature shows the significant individual characteristics. For the Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thor eau speaking, people essentially is sacred, they stressed the perception of the universe to master absolute truth, and make the divine realm. For the Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville speaking, every man has the evil side, it may never lurk, but sometimes environment will put the evil side from one's inner stir up. Based on for individualism beliefs, the American romantic another’s obvious trend is for the individual highly praise and the value of the ordinary people. Walt Whitman in the Leaves of Grass for working people paid great attention. He especially pays attention to extol the realization of personal value.Based on for individualism beliefs, American romantic writer pay more attention to the feelings of freedom of expression and character's innermost characterization. Nathaniel Hawthorne in the Scarlet Letter use lots of psychological activity, showing the Hawthorne special psychological insight. In this work, Hawthorne explores the human behavior, mining the hidden in a sense of guilt and anxiety ulterior motives behind. At the same time, based on for individualism beliefs, American romantic writer think that the natural world is the source of good, and the human society is the root of all evil. Thus produce "escape from society, return to nature" the American litera ture program. These are reflected in James Fennimore Cooper’s "Leather - Stocking Tales”, Henry David Thoreau’s The Walden "and then Mark twain "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”.In a word, in particular social, historical and cultural background, the American literature of romantic produced. It reflects the characteristics of that time, reflects the time the United States, the United States national people's ambition and spirit. On one hand, it shows derives with the European romantic literature. On the other hand, most of which reflect the American romantic spirit works or typical Americanization works.They reflect the united nation a "real new experience". And American romantic writer in their works reflect on individualism and intuitive belief, to the pursuit of democracy and political equality.The American LiteratureOf Romantic。