自考英语词汇学 第六章课件
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
英语词汇学Chapter6公开课获奖课件
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Analysis: ③ is far removed from ①, whose original meaning has be e obsolete. candidate：穿白袍人→身着白袍 申请职位人→候选人
Bread is a slang word when its meaning is “money”, yet it is stylistically neutral in
other senses.
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Think:
Why are there many polysemic words in English?
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• Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.
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2. Homonymy
(同音异义，同形异义)
• Homonyms are words different in meaning but either
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Relationship between the primary and the central
meaning:
– The two may coincide,
– e.g. hand: terminal part of the human arm beyond the wrist --both primary and central
6.现代英语词汇学(第六章)
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘ emotion’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘color’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as “an integrated system of lexemes (词位) interrelated in sense”. Therefore, the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields. For example, peach, apricot, mango, pineapple, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of fruits; celery, lettuce, leek, onion, cucumber, pumpkin spinach, carrot,
e.g. There was a fine rocking-chair that his father used to sit in, a desk where he wrote letters, a nest of small tables and a dark, imposing bookcase. Now all this furniture was sold, and with it his own past. In this piece of discourse, the writer uses a set of hyponyms under furniture, which gives the writing coherence and provides the key to understanding the text. In production, knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms, and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness. Consider the following two pairs of sentences: (1.a) Trees surrounded the water near our summer place. (1.b) Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
英语词汇学6-2
The two kinds of meaning can be demonstrated by nonsense verse:
Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky", in "Through the Looking Glass", 1871 .(first stanza) "Twas brillig,and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome rath outgrabe."
b. The connotative meaning is not limited to one speech community or one language. e.g. white-- to most Chinese and westerners, certain similar favorable connotations: morally or spiritually pure; spotless, innocent.清白无暇,结白. fox-- cunning lamb-- docile, gentle and obedient
英语词汇学 Chapter6 Word Meaning and Semantic Feature ppt
bow-wow or woof-woof , miaow , baa-baa moo , roar, coo, hiss, hum , quack; 阿嚏！ 布谷！boom, crack ,clang , clash, bang, rumble
Sample
"
The ice was here, the ice was there, The ice was all around: It cracked and growled, and roared and howled Like noise in a sound!“
Some special cases
Metaphor Metonymy Euphemism
3.1 Metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. A metaphor is similar to a simile in that they both make a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, the comparison in a metaphor is implied rather than stated. 1) Jim was as cunning as a fox. 1a) Jim was a fox. 2) The world is like a stage. 2 b) The world is a stage.
英语词汇学6PPT课件
a. Beauty is but skin deep.
(abstract ) 美貌
b. She is a real beauty. (concrete
) 美人
a. Worry and suffering have
turned her hair white. (abstract ) 忧虑
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There are also instances in which the primary meaning became either obsolete or disappeared, while the derived meanings become prevalent, such as “harvest” and “pain”.
(木板) wall, floors, boats, ship’s deck , etc.”
The last meaning is “a committee, group of persons controlling a
(董事会) business or a government depar tment”.
(Example whereas the derived meaning is widely used instead. on next page)
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pen→ originally from pinna
(Latin), meaning “feather”; derived meaning “an
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The primary meaning of the
word harvest was “autumn”,
because of the borrowing word “autumn” from French, people only use its derived meaning “reaping or cutting” in later time.
英语词汇学课件1-6章
1) Old English
族
古英语
vocabulary(450—1150 AD公元)
日耳曼语
After Romans罗马, 3 Germanic tribes called Angles , Saxons and Jutes controlled England. Their language—Anglo-Saxon also dominated 支 配 the land. Common practice : combine 2 native words to create new words. It was a highly inflected language with about 50000-60000 words.
3) Modern English 近代英语(1500---now) 2 sub-periods 子周期can be divided: a. Early Modern English (15001700) Because of the Renaissance , many Latin and Greek words entered English and English began to have a Latinate flavor拉丁味.
• C. Productivity衍生(can form new words) • D. Polysemy 一 词 多 义 (various meanings, “book”; “man”: to man a dove) • E. Collocability搭配( form idioms方 言, proverbs谚语)
It has something to do with与有关 the following subjects:
英语词汇学课件chapter 6
6.1.3 Two Processes of Development The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses which are called radiation and concatenation.
(3) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /diə/ n. a loved person deer /diə/ n. a kind of animal
6.2 Homonymy
They are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
6.2.1 Types of Homonyms Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three types: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. (1) Perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling, e.g. bank n. the edge of the river, lake, etc. bank n. an establishment for money business
新编英语词汇学教程第二版Chapter6Major ApproachestoWord Meaning
6.1 The naming theory
Problems
• This theory seems to apply to nouns only. • Even within the category of nouns, this theory cannot account
for the meaning of some fictional, mythical, or abstract entities, let alone the meanings of polysemous words. • This theory cannot be used to account for the phenomenon that the same object in the real world can be referred to by different expressions which are both meaningful.
6.2 Componential analysis
Componential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features or sense components. This analysis is based on semantic contrast. These minimal components can be symbolized in terms of binarity or binary opposition, i.e. they can be X or not X (indicated by +/–) such as [+ADULT] for “adult”, [–ADULT] for “young”.
英语词汇学第6章
➢Synchronic approach共时研究方法
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。
• 2） Relative synonyms
Synonyms which denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality are called relative synonyms.
3. Sources of synonyms同义词的来源
➢ The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型 2) Concatenation连锁型
Ask
commenceascendFirefirm
conflagration
Fear
question
secure
Fast
mount
initiate
2) Dialects and regional English 地域性语言和方言
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 词的比喻和委婉用法 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 单词与习惯表达在意义上的偶合
自考英语词汇学第六章-PPT
6、2、3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同形 同音异义词与多义词得区别
❖ Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning、 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most mon、同音异形异 义词就是读音相同但拼写与词义不同得词。
自考英语词汇学第六章
sense relations 语义关系
❖ A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense, hence sense relations、一个与其她单词关联得词就是在 语义上与她们相关得, 因而有了语义关系。
6、1 Polysemy 多义关系
❖ When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic、 当一个词最初被创造出来得 时候,一律就是单语义词。
6、1、1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 两种多义关系得研究方法
❖ The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach、 同一词得各种意义之间相互关 联得问题可以从历时方法与共时方法两个角 度来研究。
英语词汇学第六章解析
第六章词汇：Polysemy n. 一词多义peculiar n. 特权；特有财产adj. 特殊的Diachronic 历时性Synchronic 共时性Radiation 放射法garments n. [服装] 服装，衣着Concatenation n. 串联，连结tern 三个一组的candidate n. 候选人preceding v. 在...之前Homonyms n. [语] 同形同音异义词identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的Homographs同形异义词Homophones 同音异形异义Rhetoric 修辞puns n. 双关语sarcasm n. 讽刺ridicule n. 嘲笑embrace vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含connotation n. 内涵Antonymy 反义词predecessor 前任vice versa 反之亦然Hyponymy 上下位关系要点一. 1.Polysemy—polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. When a words is first coined, it always monosemic, butin the course of development , the same word may have two or more different meanings.e.g. The word "flight" may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.2.Two approaches1).( Diachronic approach –Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word.This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of timeand the development of language, it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.E.g. faceThe primary meaning gave birth to new meaning.The primary meaning become either absolute or disappeared altogetherE.g. harvesttime of cutting reaping and gathering the cropsa season‘s yield of grain or fruitPain penalty or punishment pains and penaltyupon/under pain of suffering2).Synchronic approach –synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time.The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning.The core of word meaning called the central meaning (secondary meaning).The central meaning has gradually dimished in currency with the changes and one ofthe derived meanings has become dominant.E.g. gay3.Two process of development1). Radiation-a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be tracked back to thecentral meaning.e.g. Neck1) That part of a man or animal jointing the head to the body2) That part of the garments3) The neck of an animal used as food4) A narrow part between the head and body or base of any object5) The part of anythingOf the 5 meanings 1) is the primary and all the rest are derived but each of the otherfour is directly related to 1).Therefore, we say neck has developed through the process of radiation.2).Concatenation –meaning ―linking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until,in many cases, there is not a sign of connectionbetween the sense that is finally developed and that which the term hadat the begining.e.g. candidate1) White-robed adj. 穿白色长袍的2) Office seeker in white gouns3) A person who seeks an office4) A person proposed for a place, award, etc.Of the 4 meanings, 1) is the primary meaning and the other three are derived, but each of the derived meaning isonly directly related to the preceding one and there is no direct connection between 1) and 4). Therefore, we saycandidate has developed through the process of concatenation.3).DifferenceRadiation and concatenation is closely related, being different stages of thedevelopment leading to polysemy.Radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning.Concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one likechains. Though the latest sensecan be tracked to the original, there‘s no direct connection in between.The two processes work together, complementing each other.Radiation precedes concatenation.1.Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both i n s ound and spellingor identical only in sound or spelling.2.1).Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.e.g. bank/bank ,bear/bear ,date/date2).Homographs--are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.e.g. Bow/bow ,Sow/sow3).Homophones (most common)--are words identical only in sound but different in spelling a nd meaning.e.g. Dear/dear ,Right/rite ,Son/sun3.Origins of Homonyms1). Change in sound and spelling(homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in OldEnglish. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modernEnglish.)e.g. ear/ear ,long/long2). Borrowing (many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling withthose of native origin with those of other foreign origin.)e.g. fair/fair,ball/ball3). Shortening (many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with otherwords in spelling or sound)e.g. ad/add,rock/rock ,NOW/now4.Differentiation of Homonyms and polysemants(Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical regard to spelling and pronunciation. )Homonyms refer to different word, which happen to share the same forms.Polysemant is the one and some word, which has several meanings.1).One important criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from differen tsources. A polysemant is from the same source,which has acquired different meaning in the course of development.2). The second principle is semantic relatedness.The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated andconnected to some central meaning to a greater or less degree. Meanings of different homon yms have nothing to do with one another.5.Rhetoric featureThey create puns for desired effect of, say, humour, sarcasm or ridicule.三.1.Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in mean ing.Synonyms share a likeness in denotation and in part of speech.2.Types of Synonyms1).Absolute (Complete) Synonyms--are words, which are identical in meaning inall its aspects, both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning,including c onceptual and associative meanings.Absolute (Complete) Synonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary.For instance, composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaningin Lexicology.2).Relative (Near) synonyms--are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.e.g. Change/alter/varyTake stagger/reel/totter for example.Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintai n a fixed course.E.g. stagger under a heavy load;Reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling.E.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall;Totter indicates the uncertain, faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk.3.Sources of Synonyms1).Borrowing: (the most important source)2).Dialects and regional English:eg.Railway (BrE) railroad (AmE)Mother (BrE) minny (ScotE)Charm (BrE) glamour (ScotE)Ranch (AmE) run (AusE)Job (StandE) gig (BlackE)Jim (BlachE) mal person (StandE)3).Figurative a. 比喻的，象征的and euphemistic a.委婉的use of words:Occupation walk of life (fig.)Dreamer star-gazer (fig.)Drunk elevated (euph.)Lie distort the fact (euph.)4).Coincidence with idiomatic expressions:Win gain the upper handDecide make up one‘s mindFinish get throughHesitate be in two mindsHelp lend one a hand4.Discrimination of Synonyms1) Difference in denotation: differ in the range and intensity of meaning.Range (some words have a wider range of meaning than others)e.g. timid--timorousTimid is applied to the state of minds in which a person may happen to be at the moment, ant to the habitual disposition.Timorous is only to the disposition.Comprehend/ understandextend—increase—expandThe owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year. The company has decided to increase its sales by ten percent next year.The metal will expand if heated.Extent increase expand Differ in degree of intensitye.g. wealth—richThe wealth person is to posses more money and property than a rich man.work – toilWork is a general term having no special implications as ‗light‘ or ‗heavy‘, and‗mental‘ or ‗physical‘.Toil suggests ‗heavy and tiring work‘, associated with more with manual thanmental labor.want—wish—desireWant is the most general and has the widest range of meaning.Wish and desire are much narrow in sense2) Difference in connotation: differ in the stylistic and emotive coloring.Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness.E.g. The words borrowed from French and Latin are more formal than native words.These borrowings are more appropriate formal and technical writing.policeman – constable – bobby – coppoliceman(neutral) – constable(neutral) – bobby(colloquial) – cop(slangy)ask -- beg -- requestask (neutral); beg (colloquial); request (formal)archaic and poetic, which are self-suggestive.e.g.ire/anger,bliss/happiness,forlorn/distressed,dire/dreadful,list/listen,enow/enough,save/exp ect,mere/lake andsuch like are all synonyms, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first on e is old-fashioned and archaic, only found in poetry, earlier writing, etc.Many synonyms have clear affective valuesresult – consequence result(neutral ) – consequence(negative implication)big –greatbig(the bigness of size, volume and so on, without any emotive coloring) -great(suggest distinguished, eminent, outstanding)little – small – tinylittle (attractiveness, pleasantness)– small(not big),tiny(abnormal growth of the child)3) Difference in application: differ in usage.Many words are synonyms in meaning but different in usage in simple terms.They form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns.E.g. allow – letallow sb to so sth. – let sb. do sth.answer – replyanswer(transitive v.) the letter – reply(intransitive v.) to the lettersense –meaningHe is a man of sense.empty -- vacantempty box/street/room (no one or nothing inside) vacant seat/chair/apartment(not occupied) lump –slice – chunk – sheet –cakea lump sugar– a slice of meat – a chunk of wood – a sheet of paper –a cake of soap四.1.Antonymy--is concerned with semantic opposition.Antonyms--are words which are opposite in meaning.2.Types of Antonyms (according to the semantic opposition )1) Contradictory terms –these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed toeach other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.They assertion of one is the denial of the other.E.g. alive—dead, present--absent, male – female, boy – girl, true – false,same – different, imperfect –perfectSuch antonyms are non gradable.They can not be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs like―very to qualify them. (single/married)特点:对立的/不可分级2) Contrary terms- a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gra dable and one exists in comparison with the other.E.g. rich--(well-to-do)--poor; old –(middle-aged)-- young,open –(ajar)—close,beautiful –(good-looking) –(plain) –ugly,hot--(warm, cool)--coldverbs. E.g. love – (attachment) – (liking) – (indifferent) –(antipathy) -- hate3) Relative terms–consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a socialrelationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other,the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent.E.g. parent--child; husband--wife; predecessor –successor, employer -- employee sell—buy, give –receive3.difference between relative terms and contradictory termsthere is an absolute opposite between relative terms and contradictory terms. In the case of relative terms, the opposition is only relational.contradictory terms –e.g. if the adult is not a man, then the adult must be a woman.4.the characteristics of antonyms1). Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.形容词(most) -- 动词–名词(least)There are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.Words denoting nature, quality or state of things have many antonyms. This accounts for the large number of antonyms are adjectives.2). A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.e.g. fast – firm/secure loose quick slowpleasure-seeking/wild soberdull -- boring interestingShe became dull and silent during the last part of the journey.lively dull weather sunny ,dull noise sharp,dull pain acutethese factors affect both intelligent and dull children. Intelligent3).Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms. One member is morespecific than the other and the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general.e.g. man–womanThere has been no man in the island. (man signifies human being, including women, but not v ice versa).dog-male/ female dogtall—shortHow tall is his brother? (includes the meaning of next one)How short is his brother? (more restricted in sense)4). Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each hasits own corresponding opposition.e.g. hot – cold, warm – cool, rich – poor, destitute – opulentSome words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being negative and the other opposite.e.g. happy—unhappy-sad,productive—unproductive—destructivefree--unfree-enslaved5.the use of antonymsAntonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable indefining the meanings of words.fresh bread –stale bread, fresh air –stuff air, fresh flower -faded flower,fresh look – tired lookAntonyms are useful to express economically the opposition of a particular thought,often for the sake for contrast. They look neat and pleasan t, and sound rhythmicMany idioms are formed with antonyms.Rain and shine无论如何Here and there到处Weal and woe祸福Friend and foe敌友Now or never机不可失Thick and thin不顾艰难，险阻High and low到处Give an take互让，平等Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by puttingcontrasting idea together.Easy come, easy go. 来的易，去得快。
英语词汇学自考题-6_真题-无答案
英语词汇学自考题-6(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that **pletes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Lexicology inquires into the ______ and meanings of words.A. relations B. disciplines C. origins D. development2. The reason for that more and more differences occur between sound and form is that the English alphabet was adopted from the ______.A. Pacifics B. Germanics C. Celtics D. Romans3. ______ are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. Neologisms B. Archaisms C. Jargons D. Terminologies4. It is assumed that the world has approximately 3000 (some put it 5000) languages, which can be grouped into roughly ______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500 B. 4000 C. 300 D. 20005. The introduction of ______ at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. printing B. Christianity C. French words D. all the above6. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. ______ of them are still in use today.A. Eighty-five percent B. Fifty-six percent C. Seventy-two percent D. Seventy-five percent7. ______ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.A. Creation B. Semantic change C. Borrowing D. Derivation8. Chiefly found in derived words, bound morphemes include ______.A. bound roots B. inflectional affixes C. derivational affixes D. all the above9. Of the following word-formation processes, ______ is the most productive.A. clipping B. blending C. initialism D. derivation10. Which of the following prefixes can not be used to indicate time and order?______A. Ex-. B. Fore-. C. Post-. D. Para-.11. The differences **pounds and free phrases show in ______ aspects.A. phonetic features B. semantic features C. grammatical features D. all the above12. Which of the following words is not formed through clipping?______A. Dorm. B. Motel. C. Gent. D. Zoo.13. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of ______.A. prefixation B. suffixation C. acronymy D. conversion14. Unlike reference, "sense" denotes the relationships ______ the language.A. inside B. outside C. between D. out of15. ______ refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates the following relationships such as word-class, tense meaning, etc.A. Lexical meaning B. Conceptual meaning C. Grammatical meanings D. Associative meaning16. Normally, we classify styles into ______.A. general, neutral, informal B. formal, neutral, informal C. frozen, casual, intimate D. poetic, colloquial, slang17. In diachronic approach, other meanings apart from the primary meaning of a word were acquired by ______.A. extension B. narrowing C. analogy D. all the above18. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is whether ______.A. **e from the same source B. they are correlated with one central meaning C. they are listed under one headword in a dictionary D. all the above19. The way to define an antonym is based on ______.A. contradiction B. contrariness C. oppositeness D. relativeness20. The meaning of picture changed by the mode of ______.A. extension B. narrowing C. degradation D. elevation21. The meaning of "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mode of ______.A. extension B. narrowing C. elevation D. degradation22. Extra-linguistic factors of word-meaning change include ______.A. historical reason B. psychological reason C. class reason D. all the above23. Extra-linguistic context excludes ______.A. people B. time C.place D. clauses24. ______ may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words.A. Grammar B. Context C. Pronunciation D. Ambiguity25. Which is not true of idioms?______A. They are grammatically analyzable. B. Their word order can not be inverted. C. An idiom is a semantic unity. D. The structure of an idiom is usually unchangeable.26. ______ are mainly proverbs and sayings.A. Idioms nominal in nature B. Idioms verbal in nature C. Idioms adverbial in nature D. Sentence idioms27. Idioms manifest apparent rhetorical colouring which doesn't include ______.A. phonetic manipulation B. lexical manipulation C. stylistic manipulation D. figures of speech28. The changes in constituents of idioms exclude ______.A. replacement B. addition or deletion C. repletion D. dismembering29. The best-known unabridged dictionary is ______.A. Webster's Third New International Dictionary B. The Word Book Dictionary C. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology D. The Encyclopedia Britannica30. American dictionaries contain more ______ information in the main body than the British.A. grammatical B. encyclopedic C. structural D. lexicalⅡ.Complete the following statements with words or expressions according to the course book.1. From a ______ point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.2. As the invading tribes took over and settled in Britain, the Celtic languages gradually ______.3. Most morpheme are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green, sad, want, etc. Words of this kind are called ______ words.4. The open ______ are the same in form as free phrases.5. A word is the ______ of form and meaning.6. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its ______.7. The vocabulary of a language is in constant change: old items drop out, new **e in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal ______ of the whole set alter.8. Observation shows that it is much **mon for word meanings to change in ______ from neutral to pejorative than it is for them to go the other way.9. The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in ______ relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom.10. Dictionaries are closely related to ______, which explains why we make a general survey ofEnglish dictionaries in this course.Ⅲ.Define the following terms.1. terminology2. free morphemes3. acronyms4. homonymy5. grammatical contextⅣ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.1. Words of the basic word stock denote the **mon things and phenomena of the world around us. Illustrate with examples the respects the words relating to.2. How do you **pounds from free phrases? Give examples to support your point.3. Use examples to illustrate the similarity and difference between absolute synonyms and relative synonyms.4. Why is context very important for the understanding of word-meaning?Ⅴ.Analyze **ment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.1. He has been sick since this fall. Tell what "sick" and "fall" mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2. Explain the rhetoric use of homonyms in B's speech. Give the two possible Chinese translations: A: "What colour would you paint the sun and the wind?" B: "The sun rose and wind blue. "。
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
02 03
பைடு நூலகம்
Cultural studies
English vocabulary and cultural studies are also closely related, and the origin and development of many vocabulary are closely related to cultural backgrounds.
Functional classification
Dividing words based on their function in the presence, such as nouns, verbs, objections, or advertisements
Context classification
Etymological classification: Organizing words according to their physiological origin, such as Latinate or German words
Classification methods for English vocabulary
The Development of English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology research mainly focused on word origins and meanings, with less attention paid to the composition and changes of vocabulary.
Classifying words based on the context in which they are used, such as formal or informational language
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第六章
第六章 1. Polysemy（识记） —polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. When a words is first coined，it always monosemic， but tin the course of development ， the same word may have two or more different meanings. e.g. The word “flight” may mean “passing through the air”， “power of flying”， “air of journey”， etc. Two approaches（识记） Diachronic approach – Diachronically， polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language， it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings. E.g. face The primary meaning gave birth to new meaning. The primary meaning become either absolute or disappeared altogether E.g. harvest time of cutting reaping and gathering the crops a season’s yield of grain or fruit Pain penalty or punishment pains and penalty upon/under pain of suffering Synchronic approach – synchronically， polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning （secondary meaning）. The central meaning has gradually dimished in currency with the changes and one of the derived meanings has become dominant. E.g. gay Two process of development（领会） Radiation – a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another， but can all be tracked back to the central meaning. e.g. Neck 1） That part of a man or animal jointing the head to the body 2） That part of the garments 3） The neck of an animal used as food 4） A narrow part between the head and body or base of any object 5） The part of anything Of the 5 meanings 1） is the primary and all the rest are derived but each of the other four is directly related to 1）. Therefore， we say neck has developed through the process of radiation. Concatenation – meaning “linking together”， is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until， in many cases， there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining. e.g. candidate 1） White-robed 2） Office seeker in white gouns 3） A person who seeks an office 4） A person proposed for a place， award， etc. Of the 4 meanings， 1） is the primary meaning and the other three are derived， but each of the derived meaning is only directly related to the preceding one and there is no direct connection between 1） and 4）. Therefore， we say candidate has developed through the process of concatenation. Difference Radiation is concatenation is closely related， being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Radiation， each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning. Concatenation， each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be tracked to the original， there’s no direct connection in between. The two processes work together， complementing each other. Radiation precedes concatenation. 2.Homonyms——are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. Perfect Homonyms——are words identical both in sound and spelling， but different in meaning. e.g. bank/bank bear/bear date/date Homographs——are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. e.g. Bow/bow Sow/sow Homophones （most common）——are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. e.g. Dear/dear Right/rite Son/sun Origins of Homonyms （识记） 1. Change in sound and spelling （homonyms are native by origin， derived from different earlier forms in Old English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made then identical in modern English.） e.g. ear/ear long/long 2. Borrowing （many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with those of native origin with those of other foreign origin.） e.g. fair/fair ball/ball 3. Shortening （many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or sound） e.g. ad/add rock/rock NOW/now Differentiation of Homonyms and polysemants （领会） Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical regard to spelling and pronunciation. Homonyms refer to different word， which happen to share the same forms. Polysemant is the one and some word，which has several meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from different sources. A polysemant is from the same source， which has acquired different meaning in the course of development. The second principle is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to some central meaning to a greater or less degree. Meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. Rhetoric feature They create puns for desired effect of， say， humour， sarcasm or ridicule. 3.Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Synonyms share a likeness in denotation and in part of speech. Types of Synonyms 1.Absolute （Complete） Synonyms——are words， which are identical in meaning in all its aspects， i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning， including conceptual and associative meanings. Absolute （Complete）Synonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary. For instance， composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaning in Lexicology. 2.Relative （Near） synonyms——are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. e.g. Change/alter/vary Take stagger/reel/totter for example. Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course. E.g. stagger under a heavy load； Reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling. E.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall； Totter indicates the uncertain， faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk. Sources of Synonyms 。
英语词汇学_Unit_06_Sense_relations
Synonyms Different In Collocation
accuse…of… vs. charge …with… Rancid vs. addled Rancid bacon/ butter Addled eggs or brains
1.2. source of synonyms
English has the most synonyms of any language in the world. Why are there so many synonyms in English?
Why are there so many synonyms in English?
Example
They made a decision to abandon the project. They decided to walk out on the project.
Synonyms with different connotative
meanings
Synonyms may have different emotive associations (connotative meanings). famous notorious misuse (disreputably) ambiguous equivocal new (deliberately) hate loathe obtain (with disgust) abuse (of privilege or power) novel (strikingly) procure (with effort)
英语词汇学教案第6章词的语义分类 (1)
理论教学教案（总第 13- 14学时）项目名称第六章词的语义分类授课学时2任务名称理解词的语义分类教学目标1. 词与词的上下义关系2. 词与词的同义关系3.词与词的反义关系4. 词与词的同形或同音异义关系教学重点词与词的上下义关系教学难点词与词的同义反义关系教学资源PPT教学过程设计教学内容时间分配教学活动设计Step1: 引入复习上一次学习内容Step2: 新课讲授-词的语义分类l.词与词之间的上下义关系概念：语义场 Semantic field类概念（genus）种概念(species)探讨词所表达的类概念与词所表达的种概念之间的关系。
词可以在一个共同的概念下的支配下结合在一起形成语义场。
上下义关系或语义内包指表示个别类概念的词内包在表示一般概念的词中。
关系：互为依存2.词与词之间的同义关系概念：词与词可以因表达同一的逻辑概念而结合在一起，这些词称之为同义词。
特点：1. 同义词意义相同，但形位结构,音位形状和用法不同。
2. 一对一组同义词并不是一成不变的，一个词可以和一部分词构成同义词，也可与另外一部分词构成同义词。
如：look: see; watch; observe seem; appear.同义词之间的差异1. 语义上的差异eg: A teacher was amazed to find that a lazy student had gained a mark of 100 in an important testamaze:难以相信astound:难以相信的程度更高。
escape: flee: 紧急情况下的仓促逃跑2. 感情色彩和语体色彩上的差异感情色彩上：高雅（elevated)、中性（neutral）、粗俗（Vulgar）单词————感情色彩——使用场合horse———中性——----一切场合charger/steed——---高雅——-----诗歌小说plug/nag-----粗俗—-----—口语3. 词与词之间的反义关系词与词之间存在着相反或对立的语义关系——反义关系（antonymy).词义相反或对立的词叫做反义词（antonyms）1. 以词根和派生为依据所形成的的反义关系Clear——vague Large—— smallUp——down （词根反义词）Pleasant ——unpleasantPolite —— impoliteHonest —— dishonest（派生反义词）作业布置复习所学内容授课日期及授课地点明德楼205 第8周下午67节课后反思词与词的上下义关系稍难理解，建议增加案例讲解。
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homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in Old English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modern English.语音和拼音的 变化。有些同形同音异义词来源于本族语词，派生 自古代英语中的不同早期的形式。语音和拼写方面 的变化使得它们在现在英语中逐渐变得相同起来。
Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. 不像辐射中每 一个派生意义直接地与主要的意义相关，连 锁型描述的是这样一种发展过程，其中每一 个后来的意义仅与前一种意义相关联，就如 同链条一样。
Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.完 全同形同音异义词是拼写和读音相同但词义不同的 词。 Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning同 形异音异义词是拼写相同但读音和词义不同， Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.同音异形 异义词是读音相同但拼写和词义不同的词。
6.1.2 Two Processes of Development 多义词的两种发展过程
The
development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as radiation and concatenation. 词义从单义像多义发展遵循两种模式：辐射 型和连锁型。
Radiation
and Concatenation are closely related being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. 辐射型和连锁型有着密切的联系， 他们分别 是词义像多义发展的不同阶段。 Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other. 一般来说， 辐 射型在连锁型之前。 在许多情况下，这两大 类互相影响，互相补充。
1)
Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. 辐射型以原始意义为中心， 从原 始意义发展而来的次要意义就像射线那样四 处散去， The meanings are independent of one another ,but can all be traced back to the central meaning. 意义之间互不关联，但都 可追溯到核心意义。
6.2.3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同形同音异义词和 多义词的区别
The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. 同形同音异义词与 多义词的基本区别在于：前者指在形式上偶尔相同 但并不是一个词的词，而后者有几个区 别义项的同 一个词。
Diachronic approach 历时方法 From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.从历时 的角度来看，多义关系是一个词的语义结构发展变化的结果。 At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning. 一个词在创造之初只有一个 意义， 这个意义称为原始意义。 With the advance of time and the development of language, it took on more and more meanings. These later meanings are called derived meanings as they are all derived from the primary meaning. 随着时间的推 移和语言的发展，该词逐渐取得了愈来越多的意思。这些后 来获得的意义叫派生意义，因此他们都是从原始意义中派生 出来的。
6.2.2 Origins of 形同音 异义词的起源
There are various sources of homonyms: change in sound and spelling, borrowing, etc. 同形同音异义词的起源有多种：读音的 变化、拼写的变化、借词等。
Concatenation, meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until.in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. 连锁型 连锁型 即连接在一起，连锁型是词义 发生关联变化的过程。在种个过程中，一个 词的词义逐渐从原始意义连续转化，以致在 很多情境况下，后起的意义项与原始意义已 没有任何联系。
6.1 Polysemy 多义关系
When
a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. 当一个词最初被创造出来的 时候，一律是单语义词。
6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 两种多义关系的研究方法
The
problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach. 同一词的各种意义之间相互关联 的问题可以从历时方法和共时方法两个角度 来研究。
2）Borrowing.
As a result of heavy borrowing from other languages, many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with those of native origin or with those of other foreign origin.借用。由于从其他语言中大量借用， 很多源自外语中的词的语音和/ 或拼音与源自 本族语的词，或与源自其他外语中的词趋于 一致。 3）Shortening. Many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or sound.缩略法。很多 缩略词的形式正好与其他词的拼写或语音雷 同。
Synchronic
approach共时方法 Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time, say，Modern English. 从共时的角度来看，多义关系可以认为是一 个词的各种意义在某一历史时期（比如现代 英语时期）的共存。 In this way, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. 从这个角度来看，一个词 的基本意义就是词义的核心，叫核心义。