非谓语和独立主格
独立主格和with的复合结构和非谓语的区别
独立主格和with的复合结构和非谓语的区别独立主格和with的复合结构以及非谓语动词是英语语法中常见的三种结构。
独立主格是指包含一个名词或代词和一个动词分词的结构，该结构通常用于修饰整个句子的一部分。
例如，“天空阴沉着，他走进了房间”，其中“天空阴沉着”是独立主格，用来描述整个句子的气氛。
与独立主格类似的是with的复合结构。
它由一个名词或代词和一个带有介词with的短语组成，通常也用来修饰整个句子的一部分。
例如，“与他一起工作的人都很聪明”，其中“与他一起工作的人”是with的复合结构。
非谓语动词则是指动词的一种形式，不带有主语和谓语，通常用于修饰名词或代词。
例如，“我喜欢看漫画书”，其中“看漫画书”是非谓语动词。
虽然这三种结构相似，但它们之间还是有区别的。
独立主格和with的复合结构通常用来修饰整个句子或一个名词或代词，而非谓语动词则通常用来修饰名词或代词。
同时，非谓语动词还可以用来表示时间、原因、目的等概念。
因此，在使用这些结构时，需要根据具体的语境和需要来选择合适的结构。
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高考英语二轮复习非谓语独立主格结构课件(25张)
3._____ a great leader, his words carry more weight than anybody else’s.
A. Being
B. He is
C. For he is
D. He being
练习
4.There are various kinds of metals, each____ its own properties.
A. them
B. which
C. that
D. whom
11.He wrote a lot of novels, none of _____ translated into a foreign language.
A. them
B. which
C . it
Hale Waihona Puke D. what12.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of _____ are beyond our control.
4.More time and money __g_i_v_e_n_(give) , we can finish the work in
advance.
条件状语
△正在讨论这个问题时，他想出了一个实际的解决方法。
The question _b_e_in_g__d_is_c_u_ss_e_d___(discuss), he came up with a practical
2.If time permits, I will go with you. 条件状语从句 独立主格：__T_im_e__p_er_m_i_tt_in_g______, I will go with you. 3.As the girl stared at him, he didn’t know what to say. 时间状语从句 独立主格：__T_h_e_g_ir_l_st_a_ri_n_g_a_t_h_im__, he didn't know what to say.
非谓语动词与独立主格结构.ppt
非谓语动词 & 独立主格结构
By Gordon
一、非谓语动词 1. 定义： 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形 式叫做非谓语动词，它不受人称和数的限制。
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二、形式：
省略to的情况：
1. 在使役动词和感官动词后：（一感二听三看四让） feel / hear, listen to / loot at, see, watch / let, make, have, get
2. had better (not) do sth. 最好（不）做。。。 3. why not / why don't you do sth. 为什么不做。。。？ 4. help sb. (to) do sth. 5. would rather do...宁愿做。。。 6. would you (please) do ... 情态动词 + do； 助动词 + do
独立主格特点： A: 用逗号 “,” 与主句分开，没有 “and”。 B: 介词with可省。 C: 在句中作状语，可改为相应的状语从句。
With one more chance given, I will make it. （独立主格）
If I am given one more chance, I will make it. （状语从句）
区别： Remember / forget / + doing(to do) Stop + doing (to do) Go on + doing (to do) Try + doing (to do)
Hale Waihona Puke 二、独立主格形式：
1. With + N + adj. 2. With + N + adv. 3. With + N + prep. 4. With + N + doing 重点 5. With + N + done 重点 6. With + N + to do 重点
高考独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构〔Absolute Construction〕.其实,所谓“独立主格结构〞也并非真正独立,它还是一种附属的结构.一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系.Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的.〔such an able man和to help you之间存在着主谓关系〕=Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事.〔seating himself at the desk 拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格〞〕=When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校.〔lost的逻辑主语是the key,lost也可以用完成式having been lost〕= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A不定式“独立主格结构〞在“逻辑主语+动词不定式〞结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系.这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达.1.动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜.〔=As his mother is to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.)will you go to the comcert tonight你今晚去听音乐会吗many exerise-books to check,I rially can,t afford any time.对不起,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间.(=Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.)The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干,每人译全书的四分之一.(=The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.)Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树,花和草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美.(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B.-ing形式“独立主格结构〞动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致.Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了. (=As he was very ill, he went home.)Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后,他开始看杂志.(二When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.)1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课.(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后,主席开始开会.(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated〕2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞.〔相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way〕Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张.〔相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him〕必背：含有being的独立主格结构.It being National Day today, the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤.= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有另U 的事可讨论,我们都回家了.=As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊.〔相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits〕My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜.〔相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows〕4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构〞The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡.〔相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest〕The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空.〔相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky〕C.-ed形式“独立主格结构〞与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构.The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂.=As the book was written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提升,他们工作得更起劲了.=As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板.=He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed,he had two months, leave.任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假.(=When the task had been completed,he had two months, leave.)比拟:动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束, 动词-ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行.The manager looks worried, many things to settle.经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理.〔事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle〕The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了, 经理看上去很轻松.〔事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束〕The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭,一边看电视.〔两个动作同时进行〕The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了,小孩去睡了.〔两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的〕一、动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他〞是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式〞的一种形式.在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构, 称之为无动词“独立主格结构〞.A.逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩.〔the youngest 和a boy of 12之间省去了being〕注意：独立主格结构中的being在以下两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“There being +名词〞结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下.There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家.It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 由于是星期日,所有办公室都关门.B.逻辑主语+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺松地转向我.〔his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being〕=He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.He stood there, his mouth wide open.他站在那里,嘴张得大大的.〔his mouth和wide open之间省去了being〕= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.C.逻辑主语+副词School over, we all went home.放学了,我们都回家了.〔school和over之间省去了being〕=School was over, and we all went home.He sat at his desk, his shoes off.他坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子.〔his shoes和off之间省去了being〕=He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D.逻辑主语+介词短语He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.他站在黑板面前,背对着我们.=He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.新老师面带微笑走了进来.=The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom, a rule in his hand.老师走进教室,手里拿着一把直尺.=The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语〞构成的独立主格结构里,如果名词用单数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略.The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴.〔=The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.〕二、withwithout引导的独立主格结构介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能表达.A.with+名词代词+形容词He doesn 鼓like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉.=He doesn 鼓like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中,衣服湿透了.=He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词〞构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式.With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐.With his father well-known, the boy didn 鼓want to study.父亲如此知名,儿子不想读书.B.with+名词代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的灯都翻开时,我们的学校看上去更美.= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前,小孩在后走着.=The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C.with+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑.=He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前,嘴里衔着一支笔.=Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作业做好了,彼得出去玩了.= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了,火车开始起动了.=After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn 鼓dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成,我不敢回家.=I wouldn 鼓dare go home because the job was not finished.E.with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很快乐.=The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里.=The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候,从窗口溜走了.=When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F.with+名词代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做,小男孩看上去很不开心.=The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很冲动.The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在withwithout的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但without不能省略.Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说一句话,就离开了会议室.四独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外, 还能作定语.在形式上,“独立主格结构〞可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开.A.作状语独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句.1.表示时间Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来.(=When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.)All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后,他们才开始吃饭.(=When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.)With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都买好后,格雷斯打的回家了.(After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.)2.表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有许多难题要解决,新中选的总统日子不好过.(= As he has alot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.)There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了,他只好步行回家.(=As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3.表示条件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. 如果天气允许的话,我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会.(=If weather permits, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.)All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后,你可以休息.(=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.)Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果从各方面考虑,你的方案似乎更实际些.(=If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.)提示：表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保存连词.【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom.下课了, 学生都离开了教室.【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了,他们继续赶路.4.表示伴随情况或补充说明The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖.(=The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.)The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来,手被捆在背后.〔=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.〕Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有两百人在事故中丧生,其中许多是儿童.〔Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.〕B.作定语独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句.He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. 〔with的复合结构作定语,修饰the student〕他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人.= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. 〔with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle〕你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶.=You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上.〔without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road 〕=He was walking along the road that didi! 弦have any street lights on its both sides.提示：在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况.需要提示的是,不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构.If you stand on the top of the mountain, the park looks more beautiful. 如果你站在山顶上,公园看上去更美.〔不要改为独立主格结构〕If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔细检查试卷的话,有些错误是可以防止的.〔不要改为独立主格结构〕说什么话就离开了会议室.〔without不能省略〕。
独立主格结构和非谓语动词的区别
独立主格结构和非谓语动词的区别
独立主格结构不是主谓完整的简单句，而只是一个短语。
其公式为：名词/名词短语/代词+不定式/ing分词/ed分词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
名词前也可以加with。
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其它成分。
独立主格结构和非谓语动词的区别
非谓语动词和独立主格是两个不同的概念，但有交集：非谓语动词可以用作定语、状语和补语，独立主格结构是状语，二者的交集在状语。
例：1. Seen from the top of the hill, the city is beautiful.seen from the top of the hill是状语，句中is是谓语，seen是过去分词，属于是非谓语动词。
2. Book in hand, he came in.Book in hand是状语，in hand的逻辑主语是book而不是句子的主语he，这种状语就是独立主格结构。
独立主格，是带有主语的状语。
英语中状语的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，所以状语通常不会自带主语。
但有时出于表达的需要，状语就要带有自己的主语，这种有自己的主语的状语就是独立主格结构。
如果独立主格结构中有动词，这个动词就一定是非谓语动词，因为独立主格结构是状语，不是谓语。
如：Eyes fixed on the ground, the boy said nothing.
Eyes fixed on the ground是状语，也是独立主格，其中的fixed是非谓语动词。
独立主格结构-非谓语-定语从句
一、独立主格结构：关于“独立主格结构”现在还没有准确的定义，简单的说独立主格结构就是一句话里除了主句还有单独的主谓关系，但是谓语部分是不完整的。
独立主格结构是传统的叫法，英语是Nominative Absolute Construction，又叫独立分词结构(Nominative Absolute Participial Construction)。
分为非限定分句和无动词分句。
像分词、不定式、ed形式的属于非限定分句；而名词词组+形容词/副词/介词短语等，没有任何形式的动词词组，属于无动词分句。
（一）：独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二）独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
非谓语动词独立主格知识点讲义2023届高考英语复习
非谓语动词独立主格非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该和句子主语保持一致。
但是有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中做状语，我们称之为独立主格。
它的结构特点是：①独立主格中的状语有自己独立的主语，与主句的主语不同，前后主语不一致；②在独立主格中的状语中，不定式表示还未作，过去分词表示被动；现在分词表示主动③独立主格结构一般都有逗号与主句分开。
独立主格的结构为：(with)主语+V+ing/v+ed/ to do sth/ adj/ 介词结构/ 副词1). 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。
如：The girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say.= With the girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.= _______________________________________________________如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2). 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。
如：The problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.= With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= because her glasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. =__________________________________________________________________. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
独立结构
高中语法精讲之独立主格结构和非谓语动词独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。
独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式独立主格结构的构成方式为：名词普通格或代词主格＋现在分词／过去分词／不定式／名词／形容词／副词／介词短语等。
使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。
1．名词或代词＋现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
如：The man lay there, his hands trembling.那个男子躺在那儿，双手在颤抖。
有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
如：The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。
2．名词或代词＋过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
如：The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.这姑娘一声不响，低着头坐在那里。
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的论文更要有价值一些。
3．名词或代词＋不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。
如：He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.他建议去野餐，由玛丽负责提供食物。
独立主格结构和非谓语动词的形式
独立主格结构和非谓语动词的形式独立主格结构和非谓语动词形式是英语语法中常见的结构形式，虽然不是很复杂，但是很多学习者在使用中容易出现错误或混淆。
下面是对这两种结构进行详细的讲解。
一、独立主格结构1. 定义：独立主格结构指由名词、代词或形容词等词作主语，和一个动名词或不定式构成的句子结构，该结构可以单独存在，不与句子其它成分有句法关系，也不影响句子的主谓结构。
2. 例句：- 她在听音乐的时候，看到我的到来。
(When she was listening to music, she saw my arrival.)- 我们惊讶地看着他赢得比赛。
(We watched him win the game with surprise.)3. 特点：- 独立主格结构可以放在句首、句中或句尾。
- 独立主格结构与主句之间用逗号隔开；但如主语为 it 或 there 等形式，就无需加逗号。
- 独立主格结构表示的动作或状态是时间上或原因上与主语的动作或状态同时或先于主语的动作或状态产生的。
二、非谓语动词形式1. 定义：非谓语动词指动词的一种形式，与实意动词一样有时态和语态之分，但不具有主谓关系的特征，可以作名词、形容词、副词的修饰语或状语。
2. 例句：- 他很喜欢跑步。
(He likes running very much.)- 我已经看过这本小说。
(I have read this novel.)3. 特点：- 非谓语动词可以表示动作或状态，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
- 不定式用于表示未完成的动作或目的，常用 to + 动词原形的形式。
- 动名词常常与进行时态连用，常用动词 + ing 的形式。
- 分词可作形容词使用，分现在分词和过去分词两种形式，有状语和定语的双重作用。
总之，在使用独立主格结构和非谓语动词形式时，需要注意它们所代表的中心意思和句子结构的要求。
正确使用这两种结构形式会让英语表达更加丰富和具有表现力。
独立主格与非谓语的关系
独立主格与非谓语的关系
独立主格和非谓语动词短语（如动词不定式、动名词、分词短语等）是语法结构中的两个不同概念，它们在句子中有着不同的语法功能和表达方式。
1.独立主格：
•独立主格是一种结构，通常由名词（主要是名词或代词）和附加的修饰语构成。
•独立主格的作用是在句子中表示一种补充、解释或对比的关系，与主句之间是独立的，不受主句的语法结构限制。
•例子：天气晴朗，小鸟在树上歌唱。
这里的“天气晴朗”就是一个独立主格，它与主句“小鸟在树上歌唱”之间是并列
关系。
2.非谓语动词短语：
•非谓语动词短语是一个包含动词的短语，但它在句子中通常不充当主语或谓语，而是作为其他句子成分的一部分。
•非谓语动词短语包括动词不定式、动名词、分词短语等形式。
•例子：
•动词不定式：他喜欢读书。
这里的“读书”是一个不
定式短语，作为宾语。
•动名词：游泳是一项健康的运动。
这里的“游泳”是
一个动名词短语，作为主语。
•分词短语：被雨淋湿的他看起来很狼狈。
这里的“被
雨淋湿的”是一个分词短语，作为定语。
独立主格与非谓语动词短语在句子中的作用和结构有所不同，但它们都可以用来增加句子的表达能力。
在构建句子时，根据语境和表达需要，可以巧妙地运用独立主格和非谓语动词短语，使语言更加生动、灵活。
非谓语动词作状语和独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语和独立主格结构在英语学习中，有两个小伙伴总是默默无闻，却又不可或缺，它们就是非谓语动词和独立主格结构。
听起来有点复杂？别担心，今天咱们就轻松聊聊这些家伙，保证让你明白得明明白白。
咱们先来说说非谓语动词。
它们就像那些在派对上总是被忽视的朋友，虽说不太引人注目，但可有意思了。
想象一下，你正在公园里散步，看到一个小孩在追逐着一只蝴蝶。
这个小孩，咱们可以说他“chasing a butterfly”，这个“chasing”就是非谓语动词。
它不是主句的动词，却能让整个场景活灵活现。
非谓语动词有几种类型，像不定式、动名词和分词。
它们都能当状语，给句子加点料。
动名词真是个好玩意儿。
你知道，很多人爱喝咖啡，有时候一杯咖啡就能唤醒他们的生活。
而咱们也可以说，“Drinking coffee makes me happy”，这“drinking”就像一块糖，让句子更加甜蜜。
想象一下，一个阳光明媚的早晨，捧着热腾腾的咖啡，嘴边挂着微笑，这就是动名词的魔力。
它让我们在说话时，不知不觉中把生活的乐趣融入句子。
还有分词，这玩意儿就像个变色龙，既可以当形容词，也可以当状语。
比如，“The dog barking loudly”里的“barking”像个活泼的小家伙，给狗狗的形象增添了不少色彩。
想象一下，一只在院子里欢快地吠叫的狗子，简直太可爱了。
分词还可以告诉我们事情的先后顺序，比如“Feeling tired, I decided to take a nap”。
这个“feeling”让我们能感受到那种困倦，就像在午后小憩时的那种慵懒。
说完非谓语动词，咱们再聊聊独立主格结构。
这个结构可有意思了，像个幽默的小插曲，让句子更加生动。
想象一下，你和朋友们在户外烧烤，阳光明媚，大家欢声笑语。
这时，你可以说：“The sun shining brightly, we decided to play frisbee.” 这“the sunshining brightly”就像是背景音乐，让整个场景更加活泼。
非谓语动词与独立主格结构
非谓语动词与独立主格结构非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive ）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。
其特点是：1. 不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。
2. 它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
3. 不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。
但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。
4. 分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。
它也不受主语人称和数的限制。
一.不定式（一）形式1. 完成式不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生•假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发生，就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have see n your mother （= I am glad I have see n your mother）.（比较：I am glad to see you.）He is said to have written a new book about workers.He prete nded not to have see n me.2. 进行式如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You haven 't quitr e covered yet.We didn ' t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.3. 完成进行式在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4. 被动式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.【例】Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _____ to the nation.A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 结合选项来看，全句的意思：“ 78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家" 。
独立主格和非谓语动词的辨析
独立主格和非谓语动词的辨析当我们学习英语语法时，经常会遇到一些比较复杂的结构，其中包括独立主格和非谓语动词。
这两个结构看起来很相似，但其实有着不同的用法和功能。
在本文中，我们将详细讨论独立主格和非谓语动词的辨析，并展示如何正确运用它们。
一、独立主格的定义和用法独立主格是指一个名词或代词短语，在句子中作为独立成分，与其他成分相对独立，不与谓语动词直接相连。
1.1 独立主格的结构独立主格由一个名词或代词作为主体，加上一个现在分词或过去分词构成。
例如：“Tom reading a book, his sister was watching TV.”（汤姆读书时，他的妹妹在看电视。
）1.2 独立主格的用法独立主格用于表示一个同时或相对于主句发生的情境或条件。
独立主格起强调或补充的作用，为句子增添信息。
1.3 独立主格的例子- Weather permitting, we will go hiking this weekend.（如果天气允许的话，我们这周末会去远足。
）- The test finished, the students left the classroom.（考试结束后，学生们离开了教室。
）二、非谓语动词的定义和用法非谓语动词是指在句子中充当动词的功能，但不具备时态和主语的形式，不能独立构成谓语动词。
非谓语动词有分词、不定式和动名词三种形式。
2.1 非谓语动词的结构2.1.1 分词：分为现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词通常以-ing结尾，过去分词通常以-ed、-en、-d、-t、-n等结尾。
2.1.2 不定式：不定式的一般形式为“to + 动词原形”。
2.1.3 动名词：动名词的一般形式为动词原形 + -ing。
2.2 非谓语动词的用法2.2.1 分词用作定语：分词可以修饰名词或代词，充当定语的作用。
例如：“The broken window needs to be repaired.”（这扇坏了的窗户需要修理。
非谓语动词和独立结构
非谓语动词动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词．(一)不定式不定式由“to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”．不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化．不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语．不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for十名词或代词宾格”构成．1．不定式的用法：l)作主语．不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it 作形式主语．例如：To see is to believe．It is right to give up smoking．2)作宾语．不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语。
往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语．例如：He wanted to go．I find it interesting to study work with him.3)作宾语补足语．例如：He asked me to do the work with him.注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have，let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to．但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to．例如I often hear him sing the song．He is often heard to sing the song．注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to．如：She could do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go．4)作定语．例如：I have some books for you to read．注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词．例如：He is looking for a room to live in．There is nothing to worry about．Please give me a knife to cut with．但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去．例如：He had no money and no place to live.8)不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等．例如：He didn’t know what to say.(宾语)How to solve the problem is very important．(主语)My question is when to start. (表语)注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to.例如: Why not have a rest?9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。
独立主格结构和非谓语动词
独立主格结构和非谓语动词一、独立主格结构（1）独立主格结构是一种短语，而不是句子。
它有自己的主语，所以相对独立。
我们将其主语称为小主语，将主句的主语称为大主语，小主语和大主语是不相同的。
独立主格结构包括含有with的独立结构结构和不含有with的独立主格结构。
With独立主格结构主要做状语，偶尔作后置定语。
不含有with的独立主格结构主要做状语。
（2）独立主格结构的基本形式有：（with）+小主语+现在分词（doing）:表示主动（with）+小主语+过去分词（done）:表示被动和完成（with）+小主语+不定式（to do）:表示将要被做，没有被动形式（with）+小主语+形容词/副词/介词短语/名词：表示状态（3）独立主格结构的作用：独立主格结构在主句之前做原因或者时间状语，在主句之后做伴随状语。
With独立主格结构偶尔做后置定语。
（4）独立主格结构、从句、主句、分词短语之间的关系：如果一个原因或者时间状从的主语与主句的主语相同，可以将该从句转化为分词短语；如果一个原因或者时间状从的主语与主句的主语不相同，可以将该从句转化为独立主格结构；（5）特殊的独立主格结构：There being many strangers there(表原因), he hesitated to speak.It being a fine day(表原因), let’s have an outing.二、非谓语动词谓语动词就是不能做谓语的动词形式，包括现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）、动名词（doing）和动词不定式（to do）。
非谓语动词要和系动词（be, become, get, grow, turn等）、助动词（be, have, do）、情态动词（can, may, must, will, shall等）一起构成谓语部分，表示时态等。
独立主格结构和非谓语动词总结
独立主格结构和非谓语动词游航Teaching aims:a)了解独立主格结构和非谓语动词的区别及联系b)掌握独立主格结构的形式和用法c)掌握非谓语动词(to do, doing, done)的用法Language points：a) New Vocabulary: No formal focusb) New Structure:①with/ without/ like +n/pron + prep②n + to do/ doing/ done/ adj.Teaching Procedure:Stage 1, 独立主格结构：独立主格结构，顾名思义，指独立于主句之外的结构，用于修饰整个句子，相当于状语，可以用于表示时间、原因、条件，也可描述伴随的状态或起补充说明的作用，但不和主句发生句法上的联系，位置灵活（句首，句末，句中），常用逗号将其与主句隔开，主要有以下种构成：a) prep+复合宾语，即with/ without/ like + n/pron主格+ 非谓语动词/ adj/adv/ 介词短语(可以省略with/ without)The cleverest housewife can’t cook a meal without rice.巧妇难为无米之炊No smoke without fire.无风不起浪.The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.I can’t go out with you, with a lot of homework to do.Xiao Li can’t pass the final exam, without you helping him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.Without a word spoken, she committed suicide.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.With his son so clever, the old man felt very proud of him.b) n/ pron(主格) + doing/ to do/ done (非谓语动词)eg: Spring coming on, the trees turned green.It being Sunday, children had no classes.The teacher to help us, we will succeed.All things considered, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.He sat silently, eyes closed.c) n/ pron(主格) + adj/ adveg: Everything ready, they started out. (也可用Everything being ready,…) The meeting over, the students were dismissed.Computers very small, we can use them widely.The lights off, we could not go on with the work.d) n/ pron(主格) + 介词短语eg: The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth.非谓语动词：1._______, you must be well-prepared for the interview.A. Getting this jobB. To get this jobC. having gotten this jobD. have the job gotten2._______ the final exam, Mary studies day and night.A. To passB. PassingC. PassedD. Past3.Their wedding, _________ next week, will be very ceremoniously, with lots ofcelebrities ______ here.A. be held, comingB. to be held, comingC. holding, to comeD. to be held, to come4.“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ______out of the window.A. lookingB. lookC. to lookD. looked5.The old man, ______ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to hismotherland.A. to workB. workingC. to have workedD. having worked6. _______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not completingB. Not completedC. Not having completedD. Having not completed7. ________ by the beauty of nature, the girl decided to stay another two days on the seaside.A. AttractingB. AttractedC. To be attractedD. Having attracted8. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.A. KnowingB. being knownC. knownD. to be known9. ________with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t seem big at all.A. CompareB. When comparingC. ComparingD. When compared Stage 2, 非谓语动词—不定式(to do)动词不定式(to do)具有n, adj, adv 的特征，它在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
非谓语动词与独立主格结构
二、独立主格
形式：
1. With + N + adj. 2. With + N + adv. 3. With + N + prep. 4. With + N + doing 重点 5. With + N + done 重点 6. With + N + to do 重点
特点： A: 用逗号 “,” 与主句分开，没有 “and”。 B: 介词with可省。 C: 在句中作状语，可改为相应的状语从句。
【专升本 英语 语法基础】
非谓语动词 & 独立主格结构
By Gordon ☺
一、非谓语动词 1. 定义： 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形 式叫做非谓语动词，它不受人称和数的限制。
返回
二、形式：
区别： Remember / forget / + doing(to do) Stop + doing (to do) Go on + doing (to do) Try + doing (to do)
e.g.: Given one more chance, I will make it. (With one more chance given, I will make it.)
(If I am given one more chance, I will make it.)
End of the Class To be Continue
独立主格和非谓语动词的用法和练习
独立主格和非谓语动词的用法和练习一、独立主格的用法独立主格是英语中一种常见的语法结构，它由名词、代词或动名词作为主语，后面接上介词短语，起到强调、补充或状语的作用。
独立主格可以出现在句首、句中或句尾，用于修饰整个句子或表达句子的时间、原因、条件等。
1. 独立主格的形式独立主格的形式有两种，分别是名词短语和动名词短语。
名词短语独立主格由名词或代词充当主语，后面接上介词短语或从句。
动名词短语独立主格由动名词充当主语，后面接上介词短语或从句。
例句1：His hands in his pockets, Tom strolled down the street.例句2：Seeing the movie, she burst into tears.2. 独立主格的功能独立主格的功能包括强调、补充或状语的作用。
强调的作用：独立主格通常用于句首，用来强调主句中的内容。
这种结构使得重要信息更加突出，给读者强烈的印象。
例句3：The weather being fine, we decided to have a picnic.补充的作用：独立主格可以补充主句中的信息，进一步丰富句子的意思。
例句4：The test over, the students left the classroom.状语的作用：独立主格可以用来表示时间、原因、条件等，在句子中起到修饰或状语的作用。
例句5：The door being locked, we had to find another way in.二、非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词指的是不带有动词个人形态的动词形式。
在英语中，非谓语动词主要有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式，具有名词、形容词或副词的特点。
1. 动词不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式，一般由"to + 动词原形"组成。
动词不定式可以作为句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
主语：例句6：To learn a foreign language is not easy.宾语：例句7：She wants to visit her grandparents next week.表语：例句8：The most important thing is to believe in yourself.定语：例句9：I have a book to read tonight.状语：例句10：He left the office to catch the last train.2. 动名词动名词是以动词加-ing形式构成的名词，具有名词的性质。
非谓语动词和独立主格结构
非谓语动词和独立主格结构(一)【专题要点】非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下：1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语；2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语；3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词；4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语；5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别；6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别；7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别；8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语；9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式；10.独立主格结构在句中作状语；11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。
【考纲要求】非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。
动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。
对于独立主格结构考纲要求掌握独立主格结构的构成方式；在句子中的作用以及with复合结构。
【教法指引】非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。
高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点，教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习：1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别；2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式；3.非谓语动词完成式的用法；4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语；5.非谓语动词用作目的状语；6.非谓语动词用作结果状语；7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题；9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题；10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构；11.动名词的复合结构和there be 结构的非谓语动词形式。
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非谓语动词1. _________ and guilty, Maggie put the book back on the shelf she had secretly placed in her schoolbag.A. FrightenedB. FrighteningC. Being frightenedD. To be frightening2. When I got off the bus, I found my pocket _________ and the money gone.A. pickedB. stolenC. missingD. lost3. John is the only one of the students in the class that never ________ a mistake even when it is pointed to him.A. admit makingB. admits makingC. admit to makeD. admits to make4. My grandma still treats me like a child. She can’t imagine me _________.A. grow upB. grown upC. growing upD. to grow up5. ________ little of each other’s language, so they have to express themselves with the aid of all interpreters.A. KnowingB. Having knownC. That they knowD. They know6. _________ what would happen, none of them could find a way out.A. Having left wonderingB. Leaving to wonderC. Having left to wonderD. Left wondering7.I was calling because of a problem that needed __________.A.solveB.solvedC.to solveD.to be solved8. Dinosaurs have completely died out on the earth，never _________ again.A. to be seenB. being seenC. seenD. having been seen9. We must take all possible measures ___________ to improve working conditions.A.tendB.tendingC.tendedD.being tended10. I feel upset，for there are so many troublesome problems __________.A. remaining to settleB. remained to settleC. remaining to be settledD. remained to be settled11. As I will be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate from you now and then __________ me how everyone is getting along.A. hearing; tellB. to hear; tellC. hearing；tellingD. to hear; to tell12. An offer of a reward has caused many students in our school _________ actively in the competition.A. participateB. participatedC. participatingD. to participate13. With two children _________ middle school in the nearby town now, the parents are working hard.A.to attendB.attendingC.attendedD.having attended14. It’s said that George had a bad accident this morning on his way to school, ________ in the left leg.A. hurting badlyB. being injuredC. badly hurtD. to be damaged15. __________ and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.A. To be tiredB. TiredC. TiringD. Being tired16. It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes .A. closed; openB. closing; openedC. closing; openD. closing; opening17. There is nothing more I can try _________ you to stay, so I wish you good luck..A.persuadingB. being persuadedC.to be persuadedD. to persuade18. —She should not have done that sort of thing.—Whatever she did was reasonable, _________ to what you had done. Besides,It’s none of your business. Get down to __________ your lessons.A. compared; doingB. comparing; doingC. compared; doD. comparing; do19. _________ him before, I didn’t recognize him.A. Having never seenB. Never seeingC. Not seeingD. Having not seen20. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I thi nk he means __________ trouble.A. makingB. to makeC. to have madeD. having made21. Doctor, I’m a lady of 48 _________ 80 kg. Can I lose weight by breathing exercise?A. weighsB. weighingC. is weighedD. weighed22. The 8.8 quake in central Chile caused widespread damage, destroying lots of buildings and hundreds of thousands of people _________.A. to affectB. affectingC. affectD. affected23. ___________ a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely birthday present.A. To saveB. SavingC. Having savedD. Saved24. There is a great deal of evidence _________ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.A. indicateB. indicatingC. to indicateD. to be indicating25. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _________ all four people on board.A. killedB. killingC. killsD. to kill非谓语和独立主格非谓语有三种形式：v-ing/ v-ed/ to do sth.在句子中，除了不作谓语，可以作主语，宾语（v-ing/ to do）;状语；定语；宾语补足语等。
作状语时，注意分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语要一致。
1.________ , the idea of having to work under a woman defeated him.A. Wanting the job very muchB. Although wanting the job badlyC. Though he wanted the job very muchD. He wanted the job badl2. their hats into the air，the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.A.To throwB.ThrownC.ThrowingD.Being thrown3.Michael’s new house is like a huge palace,___with his old oneA. comparingB. comparesC. to compareD. compared4. Recently a survey _______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has causedheated debate among citizens.A．compared B．comparing pares D．being compared5. Do you wake up every morning ______ energetic and ready to start a new day?A. feelB. to feelC. feelingD. felt6.I hear they’ve promoted Tom，but he didn’t mention when we talked on the phone.A.to promoteB.having been promotedC.having promotedD.to be promoted7.Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues _______with her stories.A. amusedB. amusingC. to amuseD. to be amused8. the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.A. ApproachingB. ApproachedC. To approachD. To be approached9.—You look rather tired today.—___ not to miss the 4:20 flight, I didn’t dare to close my eyes.A. RemindingB. RemindedC. Being remindedD. Having reminded10.A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano.A. to questionB. to be questionedC. questionedD. questioning11．The lawyer listened with full attention，to miss any point．A．not trying B．trying not C．to try not D．not to try12.Alexander tried to get his work ____in the medical circles.A. to recognizeB. recognizingC.recognizeD. recognized13.Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ______first is the library.A. repairedB. being repairedC. repairingD. to be repaired14.Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _____ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all.A. to have foundedB. having foundedC. foundingD. to found15.________ many times, he finally understood it.A. ToldB. TellingC. Having toldD. Having been told16._______and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.A. TireB. TiredC. TiringD. Being tired17．in the queue for half an hour，the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A.WaitingB.To waitC.Having waitedD.To have waited18.He was busy writing a story，only once in a while to smoke a cigarette.D.having stoppedaround the Water Cube，we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A.Having shownB.To be shownC.Having been shownD.To show20.Though_____to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.A. surprisingB. is surprisedC. surprised D being surprised21.The flowers his friend gave him will die unless every day. A.wateredB.wateringC.waterD.to water22.Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ________ of his own dreams.A. remindingB. to remindC. remindedD. remind23.I send you 100 dollars today，the rest in a year. A.follows B.followedC.to followD.being followed24. Bats are surprsingly long-lived creatures, some _______a life span of around 20 years.A.having B had C. have D. to have25.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work_______, we refused his offer.A. not finishingB. had not been finishedC. not having finishedD. not finished26.With too many construction projects all the strength out of the economy, people of the small country complained a lot.A. suckingB. to suckC. being suckedD. being sucking27.On the bank of the river, we found him ______ on a beach, with his eyes _______ on a kite in the sky.A. seated; fixingB. sitting; fixingC. seated; being fixedD. sitting; fixed独立主格结构的形式1.主语+不定式（表将来）★Nobody to come the day after tomorrow, they will have to put off the meeting till next week. ★More time to be given, they will finish the task on time.2.主语+现在分词（表主动）★It being a fine day , we decided to go swimming.★The chairman having announced the agenda of the conference, the delegates left the assembly hall.★There being no one in the classroom, Mr.Wang wondered what was happening.3.主语+过去分词（表被动）★The prisoner stood there, his hands raised.4.主语+名词/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语★We met many guests, most of them Americans.★I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of worry.★The murderer got into the house, a sword in his hand.★Music over, all the audience stood up with sounds of applause.AABBD DDABC CDBCB ADAAB BDCBB答案1-5CCDBC 6-10BAABC 11-15BDDAA16-20BCBCC 21-25ACCAD AD1.The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable . （2011福建卷,27）A. heldB. holdingC. be heldD. to hold2.Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _____ into small pieces. （2011安徽卷, 30）A. breakB. breakingC. brokenD. to break3.More highways have been built in China,___________it much easier for people to travel form one place to another. （2011陕西卷,20）A. makingB. madeC. to makeD. having made4.I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good . (08全国Ⅰ26)A.to be breathedB.to breatheC.breathingD.being breathed5.I have a lot of readings _____ before the end of this term. （10山东23）A. completing B. to completeC. completedD. being completed6.After she completes the project, she’ll have ________（没什么要担心的）. (worry) （10湖北75）7.’Do you have anything_______?’ the secretary asked the manager.A. to typeB. to be typedC. typedD. type8. It rained heavily in the south，serious flooding in several provinces. （10天津12）A. causedB. having causedC. causingD. to cause9.The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu ,________the students to return to their classrooms.（10江苏28）A. enablingB. having enabledC. to enableD. to have enabled10. His first book next month is based on a true story. （10陕西19）A. publishedB. to be publishedC. to publishD. being published11. —The last one pays the meal.—Agreed!A.arrivedB.arrivesC.to arriveD.arriving12.Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.A.is said to be buyingB.is said to have boughtC.had said to buyD.has said to have bought13.The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang，who was reported the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.A.breakingB.having brokenC.to have brokenD.to break14.Cao Cao’s tomb is reported ________ i n China, which attracts nationwide attention. (东北三省三校2011届高三下学期第一次联合模拟考试）A. being foundB. to be foundC. having been foundD. to have been found15. I can’t stand with Jane in the same office.She just refuses talking whileshe works.A.working;stoppingB.to work;stoppingC.working;to stopD.to work;to stop16.Why don’t you bring _____ to his attention that you’re too ill to work on?(2011江西卷25）A. thatB.itC.hisD.him不直接接宾语从句，而用it作形式宾语的词有：Like /love/ prefer /enjoy / appreciate/ dislike/ hate/ bring/ standEg. I’d appreciate it if you reply to my letter soon.I dislike it when you speak with a full mouth.Depend on/ rely on/ see to it that…..Eg. You may depend on it that they will support you.take it (th at)….假定，假设，以为…..I take it (that) you won’t come to the party.take it for granted that……认为…理所当然I took it for granted that you would stay with us.answer for it that……保证…..，负责…..They will answer for it that the computer is reliable.17.I smell something in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?A.burningB.burntC.being burntD.to be burnt18.The dishes, ________ delicious, were cooked by my father.A. tastedB.tastingC.to tasteD. to be tasted19.The pen is difficult ______，so it ____________.A.to write with ; isn’t written easilyB.to write with; doesn’t write easyC. to write ; doesn’t write easilyD.to write with; doesn’t write easily20.He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’trisk the good opportunity___.【2011·江九江六校第三次联考】A. to loseB. losingC. to be lostD. being lost答案1-5DDABB 6.nothing to worry about7-10BCAB 11-15CBCDC 16-20BABDDWith 的复合结构With +n. + adj./ adv./prep.phrase./to do/ v-ing/ v-ed/ n.1. She used to sleep with the windows open.2. With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.3. The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm.4. With two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.5. In part of Asia, you mustn’t sit wi th your feet pointing at another person.6. The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.7. He fought the tiger, with a stick his only weapon.1.John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work ，he gladly accepted it. (07安徽29)A.finishedB.finishingC.having finishedD.was finished2. —Come on，please give me some ideas about the project.—Sorry.With so much work my mind，I almost break down. (07福建26)A.filledB.fillingC.to fillD.being filled3. With so much work ________,the manager will have a hard time.A. remaining to finishB. remained to finishC. remaining to be finishedD. remained to be finished.4.In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. （10福建34）A. stickingB. stuckC. to be stuckD. to have stuck5. The dining room is clean and tidy, with a table already___ for a big meal．（北京石景山2011届高三一模）A．laid B．laying C．to lay D．being laid6. Now that we’ve discussed out problem, are peo ple happy with the decisions ? (09海南35)A. takingB. takeC. takenD. to take答案ABCBAC。