考研英语长难句课程讲义
考研英语长难句讲义-唐启明
化繁为简—破解英语长难句一长难句基本句型特征考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂：1、复合从句2、成分省略3、使用插入成分4、改变句序这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。
目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。
下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。
我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。
这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。
必须牢记。
最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。
在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。
标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。
经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。
请看下面例句：The fact that these people live near famous caves, which contain vivid paintings from Europe‟s early humans, leads him to the conclusion that they are extremely likely to be the most direct relatives of the first modern humans in Europe, who supposedly migrated from Africa. (46 words)我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。
目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。
通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。
在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。
2022考研英语长难句课程讲义(学生版)
2022考研英语长难句课程讲义（学生版）目录Lesson1理解长难句阅读的本质（做简法，抓核心）Lesson2-5长难句语法结构划分的基本依据和语法成分的相应处理方式■Lesson2常见长句成分划分介绍■Lesson3各类标点符号在长句成分划分中的作用■Lesson4利用连词（并列连词，从属连词）区分长句的语法主干和非主干■Lesson5对各类从句的处理方式lesoon6综合例句（单独练习课）lesson7长难句重点逻辑的识别+处理lesson8长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(1)Lesson9长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(2)Lesson1理解长难句阅读的本质（做简法，抓核心）理解单句的核心信息，首先是词汇，然后是法语提炼In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest,living patterns changed in the thirteenth century,with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called Pueblos,often constructed at the center of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs.Q:Which of the following is true about Pueblos?A.People tended to live together in PueblosB.Pueblos were mainly built on the brink of canyons快速理解句间关系，并且明确段落结构。
Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius.His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical.Up until his time,the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage.推测文章接下去会展开谈论什么内容？Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself.全球最强大的英语语言能力测试系统中，专门的长难句简化训练题型——单句简化题Example1：Indeed,stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features,even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature,that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.A.Stability,a feature of the biological clock's period,depends on changeable factors such as temperature.B.A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment.C.A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.D.Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.实战中，如何利用长难句的核心做到快速解题？■2020英语一text2In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.30.Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?[A]Trial subscription is offered.[B]Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D]The few feed on the many.★重点记录：Lesson2常见长句成分划分介绍Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory are offering a solution.In just on generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior,the Vermont Senate voted26to4last year against allowing an extensionTo promote this idea,he turned to the university-admissions processe.g.To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.e.g.It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.★重点记录：★重点记录：e.g.Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.e.g.You promised to do something goodSeeing is believing.综合例句Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,progressing toward happier ones before awakening,suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.The book on the table is minesubmit the results of their research to a journal.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the ruleThe link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.★重点记录：The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the processThe latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation.Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems综合例句In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research--a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.■2012英语一text2A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Lesson3感各类标点符号在长句成分划分中的作用Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging,fire,or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple,Arthur Einarsen,longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest,found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.A.Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.B.Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C.Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.D.According to Einarsen,huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest■2008text4罕见双逗号内容考察para6：Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.20.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest,living patterns changed in the thirteenth century,with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos,often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs.★重点记录：These recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.★重点记录：★重点记录：Lesson4利用连词（并列连词，从属连词）区分长句的语法主干和非主干These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.②In the last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Americans,she finds,buy roughly20billion garments a year—about64items per person—and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste★重点记录：The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”Politicians have repeatedly“back-loaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.★重点记录：■1993年text3Q45It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money.45.From the passage we learn that.[A]an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice[B]products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago[C]it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one[D]patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents★重点记录：例证：■2010年阅读part BNone of these requirements should deter large retailers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Lesson5对各类从句的处理方式名词性从句有以下几类：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?A.These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming.B.The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.C.The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.D.Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishesThe same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much more damaging ways.★重点记录：As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Q2.The word“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)most probably means[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creaturesThese plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes,such as along an eroding riverbank,on landslips,or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.A.Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, dandelions are classified as opportunists.B.Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forestcanopy.C.The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.D.The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processesAll groups,including the Fore,who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.A.The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.B.The Fore was asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.C.The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted outstories.D.The Fore was familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories例句：Now Utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.Para3:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with its1998decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.Q.The word“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)most probably means[A]loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D]enhancement of dignityIndeed,homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly cope.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.★重点记录：In December2010America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they didn’t want to be followed.★重点记录：例句Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.If you see a conversation as a fight or competition,you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were.For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the countryThe defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.lesson6综合例句（单独练习课）■2005text2But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”■2018text1Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.■2018text2A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.■2018text3Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.■2018text4And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.再看托福，感受句内内容的重要性For example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them,nevertheless,they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?A.A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.B.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.C.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.D.Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that,because they are based on physical laws,have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.A.Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.B.Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changedC.When people first started to build,the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.D.Unlike building materials,the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.Example1：Super-high scores like Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Q.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.Lesson7长难句重点逻辑的识别+处理The Whigs were strongest in the towns,cities,and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy,whereas Democrats dominated areas of semi-subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.A.Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.B.Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas,respectively.C.The farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs'control of the market economy.D.The Democrats'power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fullyoperating.★重点记录：The structure of the backbone shows,however,that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down,even though a fluke was missing.A.Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down,it did not have a backbone.B.The backbone of Ambulocetus,which allowed it to swim,provides evidence of its missing fluke.C.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke,its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.D.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down,modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam★重点记录：Regrettably,however,the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.Para2：Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.Para3：But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years-so why shouldn‘t we?★重点记录：For example,people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively,whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust,or who think that aggression is never justified,are less likely to behave aggressively.A.People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.B.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.C.People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.D.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.★重点记录：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.A.Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B.Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C.The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in theeffort.D.Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affectedInequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies,but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities,and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men,including,often,their military skills.A.Despite the fact the wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skill and social status.B.Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.C.Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.D.In pastoral societies,gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun,but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.A.One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions,but this is attributed to an opticalillusion.B.One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg.C.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions,but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.D.One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions,but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.Lesson8长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(1)One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun,but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.A.One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions,but this is attributed to an opticalillusion.B.One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg.C.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions,but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.D.One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions,but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.■2018英语二T4While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.37.The study in the early1980s cited by Harfordshows that.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected■2015英二T2Their thesis---that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact---was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.29.The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on other students[C]may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college■2019英二T4They could even be detrimental,satisfying a need to have"done our bit"without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions—a kind of"moral licensing"that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.37.The author is concerned that“moral licensing”mayA.mislead us into doing worthless thingsB.prevent us from making furthereffortsC.weaken our sense of accomplishmentD.suppress our desire for success■2014T2Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the“above average effect”,or“illusory superiority”,and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership,93%in driving and85%at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.26.According to the first paragraph,social psychologists have found that.[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is baseless effect[C]our needs for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective■2012英语一text2A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.28.According to Paragraph4,Entergy seems to have problems with its.[A]managerial practices[B]technical innovativeness[C]financial goals[D]business vision■2014text4英一Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.39.The author implies in Paragraph5that professors are[A]supportive of free markets.[B]cautious about intellectual investigation.[C]conservative about public policy.[D]biased against classical liberal ideas.Lesson9长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(2)■2016英二T2Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird,as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with2new acres of suitable habitat.28.It can be learned from Paragraph3that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations■2014text4英语一In2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”17.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A]retain people’s interest in liberal education.[B]define the government’s role in education.[C]keep a leading position in liberal education.[D]safeguard individuals’rights to education.■2013英语一text3Look up Homo sapiens in the“Red List”of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN),and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall populationdecline.”32.The IUCN’s“Red List”suggest that human being are.[A]a sustained species[B]a threaten to the environment[C]the world’s dominant power[D]a misplaced race。
[导学课]考研英语 绝杀长难句课程讲义
![[导学课]考研英语 绝杀长难句课程讲义](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/81d0df3a5ef7ba0d4b733b1d.png)
考研英语基础讲义绝杀长难句主讲：李云导学：学习英语的基本思路一、先搭框架，再填内容1.简单句五大基本句型——源于生活交流需求——一切句子的源头（主干）2.简单句变形1：修饰——长简单句3.简单句变形2：复合句4.特殊变体：倒装，强调，虚拟二、英语重形合，重规则。
举例：系动词、主语的名词性、介宾短语，强调句型等例1：She is brave.例2：The dished are delicious.例3：Laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.例4：To decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.三、所有语法规则都是语言发展的最优选择（清晰、简洁）：特殊现象是调和了“形式”与“内容”之间矛盾的产物（追求清晰）；重复引起省略（追求简洁）。
例1：Banks overvalued their assets.例2：It is banks that overvalued their assets.例3：It is their assets that banks overvalued.例4：It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today.例5：It takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.例6：The brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time.例7：The new law would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.例8：In England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.例9：Generally costing several hundred dollars,IQ tests are usually given only by psychologists.例10：To meet our energy needs,the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants.例11：Today,surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need art to tell us…例12：While seemingly innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a damaging impact.例13：Consumers passionate about a product may create“earned”media…例14：We have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us.例15：We are far removed from the newspaper reviews published in England.例16：We are now knowledgeable enough to improve the lot of those to come.例17：The past holds the key to the future.例18：Smartphone,a vast storehouse of digital information,proves a life necessity in modern society.四、头重原则：重要内容优先呈现。
2024版考研长难句分析课件
考研长难句分析课件•引言•长难句的句法结构分析•长难句的词汇特点与应对策略•长难句的翻译技巧与实践目•长难句的仿写与创作•长难句在考研英语写作中的应用录引言提升阅读理解能力长难句是考研英语阅读中的难点和重点，掌握长难句的分析技巧有助于提升阅读速度和准确性。
增强翻译能力长难句的翻译是考研英语翻译部分的重要考点，通过学习和练习长难句的翻译，可以提高翻译水平。
拓展写作思路掌握长难句的表达方式和写作技巧，可以丰富英语写作的表达手段，提升写作水平。
考研英语长难句的重要性长难句的定义与特点定义特点学习目标与要求学习目标通过本课程的学习，学生能够熟练掌握长难句的分析方法，提高阅读、翻译和写作能力。
学习要求学生需要具备一定的英语语法基础，能够识别和分析句子的基本成分和语法结构，同时需要具备一定的词汇量和阅读理解能力。
在学习过程中，学生需要积极参与课堂讨论和练习，认真完成课后作业和练习，不断巩固和加深对长难句的理解和掌握。
长难句的句法结构分析01020304主语和谓语的基本构成主语和谓语的扩展形式主谓一致的原则和特殊情况主语和谓语的省略与倒装主谓结构及其扩展02030401并列句与复合句并列连词及其用法并列句的结构和分类从属连词及其用法复合句的结构和分类定语从句与状语从句定语从句的结构和分类关系代词和关系副词的用法插入语与同位语01插入语的定义和用法02同位语的定义和用法03插入语与同位语的辨析04插入语与同位语在句子中的作用长难句的词汇特点与应对策略高级词汇的识别与理解识别高级词汇01理解高级词汇的引申义02积累高级词汇031 2 3一词多义的应对熟词僻义的应对积累一词多义和熟词僻义的例子一词多义与熟词僻义的应对词组搭配与习惯用法的积累词组搭配的积累习惯用法的积累长难句的翻译技巧与实践直译与意译的选择直译意译根据汉语表达习惯，对原句语序进行适当调整，如将时间、地点状语放在句首，将长定语放在被修饰词之后等。
增词减词为了更准确地表达原文含义，有时需要增加或减少一些词语，如补充主语、宾语、连词等，或删除重复、冗余的词语。
语法长难句讲义
2015考研英语考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishinghouses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.例3.However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。
考研英语语法长难句讲义-简单句并列句【】
• As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, and their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
课后练兵 • 这两天心里很不爽。 • 全球在变暖。 • 重庆有很多人口。 • 嫉妒本身就是一种仰望。 • 有意义就是好好活，好好活就是做有意义的事情。 • 建议政府采取措施来缓解这个问题。
• 毫无疑问，溺爱孩子的问题越来越严重了。 • 保护运动员是应该的。
第二课 难点稍露尖尖角 并列句
一 什么是并列句？
第二课 难点稍露尖尖角 并列句...................................................................................................9 一 什么是并列句？.................................................................................................................9 二 并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词.................................................................................9 三 并列句的考点分析.............................................................................................................9
考研英语长难句讲义
考研英语长难句突破课程讲义主讲：屠皓民第一讲句子的基本成分句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。
注：“_____”的部分是主干部分。
例：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates.谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分，也是整个句子的突破口。
只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。
一、谓语1、实义动词，即行为动词，watch, play及物动词：后面直接宾语不及物动词：后面加介词+宾语We have friends all over the world.The examination ended at 11:30 am.They are looking for the lost wallet..不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用，比如close，begin, study, leave, work等The post offices close at 9:00 o’clock PM.Close the window!形式变化：时态变化，语态变化，用情态动词+实义动词的原型，情态动词+ have+过去分词形式2、系动词(构成系表结构)Be动词持续的系动词：keep，taste，…后面加形容词He always kept silent at the meeting.The search proved difficult.二、主语和宾语(1)认识名词：①名词是用来表示人，事物，地点，以及抽象事物名称的。
比如：人：John，sister，father事物：water，air，sun，computer地点：London，theater抽象事物：love，happiness，imagination，hope②名词的数：注意单复数③名词的格：‘s以及of逻辑语义：Rachel：I’m Carol’s ex-husband's sister's roommate.Doctor：I’m your roommate's brother's ex-wife's obstetrician. (产科医生)——老友记of: 理清逻辑语义表示所有关系：翻译方法：“A of B”翻译成“B的A”The rapidity of the motion of the wing of the hummingbird is remarkable.The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society.特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture.(2)语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。
考研英语语法长难句讲义-20130420
考研英语语法长难句讲义主讲：朱冉第一部分：句法原则第一篇：方法与考点长难句的特点In Africa I met a boy，who was crying as if his heart would break and said，when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.1）In Africa I met a boy，2）a boy who was crying as if his heart would break and said that he was hungry3）because he had had no food for two days.4），when I spoke to him，二，方法2.1复合句：看连词，分从句方法：“连词与动词配比原则”：在分析句子结构时，我们可以先找到句中的连词，再找与之对应的从句的谓语动词; 或者先找谓语再找对应的连词。
当我们把连词与对应的谓语动词划分清楚后，整个难句的结构也就迎刃而解了。
例：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.1）This trend began during the Second World War,2）when several governments came to the conclusion3）the conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.4）that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment【T】这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
考研长难句讲义终稿
考研长难句句子结构•••简单句简单句的五种基本结构•A girl comes.•She is attractive.•I like her.•I make her happy.•I give her a diamond ring.并列句•两个或以上独立分句•并列连词•各分句主谓完整•各分句意思同等重要，互相独立•主要连词：•and，or，but，neither…nor，yet2000年Text1•A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.复合句•一个主句和一个或多个从句•主句表达主要意思•从句表达次要意思三大从句•••名词性从句名词从句引导词对应的简单句类型引导词是否作成分引导词是否可以省略连词that 对应于陈述句不作成分，无实际含义在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从句的that可以省略连词whether\if 对应于一般疑问句不作成分，有“是否”得含义不能省去，因为有“是否”的含义连接副词when,where,why,how连接代词who,whom,what,which,whose 对应与特殊疑问句When,where,why,how在从句中作状语；who,whom,what作主语、宾语、表语；which和whose作定语，后接名词不能省去，因为既作“成分”又有“实际含义”一、主语从句●that引导的主语从句●whether引导的主语从句●特殊疑问词引导的主语从句●that引导的主语从句•That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. （1998年Text5）•That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. （2006年Text3）常见的主语从句的类型•1. It is +形容词+that 从句•It is obvious/necessary/likely/fortunate/true that…•It is true that English is becoming an international language.2000年翻译•Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry.•2. It is +过去分词+that 从句•It is believed that(人们认为…)•It is generally thought that （人们普遍认为…）1995年考研完形•For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats.1992年翻译•But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.•3. It is +名词短语+that•It is a fact that…•It is a common knowledge that•It is my belief that…•It is common knowledge that whale is not a fish.•It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.•(Pride and Prejudice)•4. It +不及物动词+that 从句•It seems that…•It follows that…因此•It happens that…碰巧是•It turns out that…结果•It seemed that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurred through all the western world since the time of the industrial revolution.whether引导的主语从句•Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul ” is debatable; That they are intensely important in interpesonal communication is a fact.•However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.•特殊疑问词引导的主语从句•How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.•72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.二、宾语从句——按位置划分•及物动词后的宾语从句•介词后的宾语从句•及物动词后的宾语从句•I have learned that love, not time, heals all wounds.2005年Text2•Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters i nsisted that we didn’t know for sure?•介词后的宾语从句•There is disagreement among economist about what money is and how money is measured.1997年Text4•“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.三、表语从句•The truth is that marriage, at the start, is an empty box. You must put something in before you can take anything out. There is no love in marriage, love is in people, and people put it into marriage.2002年Text3•One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.•A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.四、同位语从句•抽象名词+that +陈述句•There is a popular saying that family instablility causes social instablity.2005年Text3•A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.定语从句1、形容词作定语与从句作定语的比较•I don’t like lazy people.•I don’t like people who never keep their word.2、先行词和关系词•先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。
考研长难句解读讲义
考研长难句解读讲义考研长难句解读1．什么是长难句The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergenceof mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just anideal but anideology. But somewhere in the 19th century,more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went fromWordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. In the West, before masscommunication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which remindedworshippers that their souls were in great peril andthat they would someday be meat for worms.英语句式五大基本句型主谓，主谓宾，主谓双宾，主谓宾补，主系表四大基本句式陈述，疑问，祈使，感叹长难句三大高级句型强调，从句（非谓语、定语、主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语），倒装长难句四大难点从句，省略，插入，句序长难句四大考查阅读，完型，翻译，写作从句――修饰成分：名词性，形容词性，状语，非谓语省略――避免重复：名词，动词，结构，句子插入――补充说明：主谓结构，介宾结构，同位语句序――特殊表达：倒装2．长难句解读步骤去枝叶，留主干 A．找谓语动词？――谓语，非谓语 He comes see me.Beat you is not my fault. 有动词，有句子。
考研英语长难句分析技巧课件
Translation Reduction
When the source language sense contains information that is not essential to the overall meaning or is redundant, Translation Reduction is used This technique involves omitting or simplifying certificate details in the target language version to avoid making it too wordy or cumbersome
VS
Detailed description
Based on the surface information of the sentence, combined with contextual and background knowledge, conduct logical reasoning to understand the implicit meaning and logical relationships in the sentence.
Definition
Long complex sentences refer to sentences with complex structures, high information content, and containing multiple clauses or special sentence structures.
A courseware on analyzing long and difficult sente
考研长难句分析PPT课件
将复习目标分解为具体的每日、每周任务，合理安排时间，确保计划的可 行性。
精选优质模拟题进行练习
针对性练习
针对自己薄弱的长难句类型，进行有针对性 的练习，提高解题技巧。
选择高质量模拟题
从权威出版社、历年真题等渠道获取高质量 的模拟题，确保练习的有效性。
及时反馈与调整
在练习过程中，及时总结错误和不足，调整 复习策略和方法。
总结归纳经验教训，持续改进
记录错题与难点
将练习中出现的错题和难以理 解的长难句记录下来，便于后 续复习。
分析原因与总结规律
对错题和难点进行深入分析， 找出根本原因，并总结长难句 的规律和特点。
不断改进与优化
根据总结的经验教训，调整复 习计划和方法，不断优化长难 句分析的技巧和能力。
THANKS
感谢观看
补语识别与处理
确定句子中的补足语成分，如不定式、分词等，完善 句子的意义。
并列结构与从句处理
01
并列结构识别与处 理
分析句子中的并列连词，如 “和”、“或”等，确定并列关 系的成分。
02
从句类型识别与处 理
识别句子中的从句类型，如定语 从句、状语从句等，并对其进行 相应的处理。
03
主从句关系分析
明确主句与从句之间的逻辑关系， 如因果、转折等，以便更好地理 解句子意义。
长难句的翻译实践
通过具体的翻译实践，让考生掌握长难句的翻 译方法和技巧，提高翻译能力和水平。
06
长难句分析在备考中的应用建议
制定个性化复习计划
评估自身英语水平
根据自身英语基础和长难句理解能力，制定适合自己的复习计划。
明确复习目标
设定清晰、可量化的复习目标，如每天分析一定数量的长难句，提高阅读 速度和理解能力等。
语法讲义--长难句分析完整版
I don’t think people are capable of that anymore. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
断开长难句 – 考场攻略 攻略 1：先找从句，但先看主句
攻略 2：不要纠结从句
… when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. (2015, Translation)
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
断开长难句： 标点/连接词 – 练习 Twenty‐seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty‐seven were told only that some were electrified. (2018, Use of English)
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after பைடு நூலகம்e has turned it on. (英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
何凯文考研英语长难句精讲完备讲义(完美打印版)
考研英语长难句突破讲义适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。
课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。
为英语写作夯实基础。
课程安排：方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练第一部分方法论讲解引子我们为什么要精读句子1.精读能力的要求（消除障碍的阅读）自由笔记区目标：准确【重要】精读2．泛读能力的要求（广泛获取信息的阅读）目标：快速技能：高职阅读的实际过程是什么知识：本科Input（英文）-mind（句子层面）-output（中文）思维：研究生思想：博士阅读在句子层面的障碍1．含义2．语序简单句的障碍来源简单句：只有一套谓语的句子基本句型包括：主+谓，主+谓+宾，主+谓+双宾，主+谓+宾+宾补，主+系+表定语，状语，同位语，插入语简单句的障碍识别及处理方法定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分problem-定义-细化-solution（思维方式）前置定语：adj+名词后置定语：形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词this is a book useful for your futureVing a woman walked on the roadVed a painting painted by Janen. + to do a way to solve the problem介词短语：介词+名词a bottle of water on the table表语形容词：alive a cat alive 解决方案：前置P．S：I want to be part of something big. Something属于不定代词。
【不定代词定语置后】定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）关系代词：人称代词：who whom which that as +非完整句引导词物主代词：whose +完整句关系连（副）词：where why when how +完整句介词+关系代词：1宾语+非完整句 This is the expert/( to whom )we are turning.2状语+完整句 There is something([ by the virtue of] which)(指代something) the man is the man . 3定语+完整句 There are a lot of problems (of which )the fetching fresh water is the forest. 【 1拆分 2找指代 3定成分】同位语:在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分。
02语法讲义- 长难句【完整版】
考 研 语 法（英 语 一）第一部分：简单句第二部分：长难句第三部分：长难句分析n.+v. n.+v. n.+v. n.+v.conj. conj. conj.简单句→并列句复合句第一章：并列句一、并列句的构成多个简单句+并列连词表示顺接的并列连词 含义… and … both … and … “…… 和 ……” （两者都）not only … but … as well not only … but also … not only … but … “不但……而且……” （意思同“……和……”）（一）表示顺接的并列连词The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind. (2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)表示转折的并列连词 含义… but …… yet …“……但是……”（二）表示转折的并列连词The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. (2002, Translation)表示选择的并列连词 含义… or … either … or … “……或者……” （二选一）neither … nor … “既不……也不……”（两个都不选） （三）表示选择的并列连词表示因果的并列连词 含义…for… “……因为……” …so… “……所以……”（四）表示因果的并列连词Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.(2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)二、并列句的省略The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.(2014, Use of English)… the peoples… died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part B)But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations… and feeling the strain.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)… the federal government must support job training programs, raise the minimum wage, and fund more low‐cost housing.(2006, Use of English)Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)并列句‐练习We neither understand nor respect each other...(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)They cross‐check sources and prefer news from different perspectives...(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)… the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)Formerly it lasted three days, but by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. (2016, Use of English)In Europe, taxes account for up to four‐fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.(2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)并列句 – 考场攻略攻略：找到并列句省略的部分You can become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)He visited the casino , lost the $20 and left.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)第二部分 长难句第二章：复合句＝主句＋从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句宾语从句（一） 宾语从句的含义（二）宾语从句的写法1. 陈述句变宾语从句These figures are conservative.↓Dr. Worm acknowledges (that) these figures are conservative.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)We believe consumers should have more control.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)2. 特殊疑问句变宾语从句Where did we put the keys just a moment ago?↓We suddenly can’t remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.(2014, Use of English)3. 一般疑问句变宾语从句Are other clients going to abandon me, too?↓I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too…(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)（二）宾语从句的写法总结• Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.• We suddenly can’t remember where we put the keys just a moment ago, ...• I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too…（三）宾语从句的位置This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells...(2005, Use of English)… users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics.(2012, Use of English)… he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part C)（三）宾语从句的位置：非谓语动词＋从句You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)宾语从句后置，it形式宾语That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.(2012, Use of English)表语从句（一） 表语从句的含义（二）表语从句的写法Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin.”(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)主语从句（一）主语从句的含义（二）主语从句的写法That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)What motivated him… was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”…(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)（三）主语从句的位置It did not matter what was done in the experiment...(2010, Use of English)It is done + 主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点看法）This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: ...(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)It is + adj./n. + 主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become...(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)同位语从句（一） 同位语从句的含义（二）同位语从句的写法Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)（三）同位语从句的位置抽象名词后：idea, opinion, fact, evidence, question, doubt, reason, theory, belief, possibility, chance, hope, contention, guarantee…Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part C)名词性从句 – 练习In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel... (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it...(2005, Use of English)But what we forget… is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)名词性从句 – 考场攻略攻略1：找到从句But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.(2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text2)An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers’ behavior by itself.(2010, Use of English)攻略2：判断从句On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)… Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.(2004, Translation)第二部分 长难句第二章：复合句＝主句＋从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的概述先行词=关系词Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.↓ ↓Law is a discipline. A discipline encourages responsible judgment.二. 定语从句的写法先行词 关系词事/物 which/that人 who / whom / thatwhose人／物（表示人或物的所有关系，“某人的／某物的”）时间 when地点 where原因 why1.先行词是事／物，关系词选择which／thatTeachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.(2003, Use of English)Furthermore, the legal system and the events ___ ___ occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.(2007, Translation)2. 先行词是人，关系词选择who／whom／thatIn France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimesearn more voting rights in a company.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Retailers ___ ___ master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)3. 先行词是人／物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词选择whoseIt also pledged to not deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those ______ surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time ____ __ high‐quality arts criticism could be found in most big‐city newspapers. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)4. 先行词是时间，关系词选择whenIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high‐quality arts criticism could be found in most big‐city newspapers.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)5. 先行词是地点，关系词选择whereToday, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones.(2019, Use of English)6. 先行词是原因，关系词选择whyThe other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild‐like ownership structure of the business.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)关于定语从句关系词的注意事项：• 定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括that。
考研英语长难句讲义
考研英语长难句第一部分方法论讲解英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？英文mind 中文英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍语义（词汇）语序句子可以是这样的：There is something by reason of which man is man.①There is something. ②Man is man by reason of (因为)which this thing.世间存在一种东西，人之所以是人，就是这种东西。
英语句子的分类：简单句和非简单句简单句的定义：只含有一套主谓结构的句子简单句的障碍来源简单句没有障碍的情况:1.主语+谓语2. 主语+谓语+宾语3. 主语+谓语+双宾语4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补5.主语+系+表语(表语为形容词时候，表语又可以称作主语补足语）William ，do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward,for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ?简单句的障碍来源：（问题在于识别和处理）1. 定语2. 同位语3. 插入语4. 状语简单句的障碍识别及处理方法定语: 修饰和限定名词的成分；根据位置分为：前置定语；后置定语。
（名字n.前后之分）作用和识别：前置定语（可以有多个定语）+nAdj. 物主代词；ving(单);；ved（单）；n后置定语：形容词短语 a student unaware of my presence 形容词+介词+名词现在分词短语 a woman fighting with xiaoguaisou 现在分词ving+介+名；ving+名；ving+连词+句子过去分词短语 a picture painted by Picasso ved+介+名n. +动词不定式短语 a way to solve this problem to+ v（原形）介词短语an apple on the table 介+ 名词/（介+代代词就是代替名词的词语）表语形容词作定语后置 a cat alive 表语形容词充当定语后置不定代词定语后置something important 不定代词充当定语后置处理：前置（翻译成中文的时候），也可以拆分，特别是后置定语较长的时候。
考研英语长难句分析课堂PPT
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• On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday — a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
• 安东尼·肯尼迪法官，以及约翰·罗伯茨大法官和 最高法庭的自由党们，裁定亚利桑那州过于靠近 联邦政府的权力中心。关于被推翻的条款，大多 数法官认为国会已有意“占地盘”，因此亚利桑 那州侵犯到了联邦政府的特权。
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• Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
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考研英语长难句课程讲义课程简介：1．内容：考研真题长难句2．原因：长难句贯穿完形，阅读，翻译，对写作也有借鉴作用3．目标：看得懂长难句（阅读）➡会翻译长难句（翻译）➡会写长难句（写作）4．课时安排：8月份5次课I．理论＋区分主从句II．翻译技巧与定语从句专题III．名词性从句专题IV. 长难句中的并列专题V. 特殊的长难句（倒装句省略句等）和综合练习学习方法：1.长“难”句难在哪儿？生词＋复杂结构（主从／修饰关系）2.如何看懂长难句？两步走：第一步（宏观）：分清主句从句第二步（微观）：定位主句和从句内部的修饰成分（定／状语为主）3.简单复习语法：谓语与动词的区别：谓语是句子成分，动词是词性，谓语一定是动词。
定语与状语的区别：定语修饰主语和宾语（名／代），状语修饰动词，形容词和句子什么是简单句？一切复杂句（并列句／复合句／复杂复合句）都是由五种简单句而来：i.主语＋谓语My skin burns.ii.主语＋谓语（系动词）＋表语I am a teacher.／You l ook good.iii.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语I l ove you.iv.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语+直接宾语The firm gave Sam a watch.v.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋宾语补足语You make me happy.什么是并列句？一般由并列连词and, but, so, yet连接，或者由“；”连接。
各个并列句同等重要且独立存在。
举例：I know you, and/but/so/yet I hate you.什么是主从复合句？形容词性从句（定语从句）：从句作定语，修饰名词，代词或整个句子。
先行词和关系代词（引导词）。
定语从句常见引导词有which, that, who, whose, whom, when, where, as, whereby例子：A d octor examined the astronauts who returned from space today.名词性从句：主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。
名称由来根据该从句所做成分而定，从句做主语就叫主语从句，依此类推。
名词性从句常见引导词：which, what, who, whom, that, when, where, howI．表语从句：I am what I am.II. 主语从句：Whether we find a joke funny or not largely d epends on where we have been brought up.III. 宾语从句：Anthropologists wond ered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peopl es now living in the Pacific Islands came from.IV. 同位语从句：Peopl e who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.点播：发现定语从句和名词性从句的区别了么？名词性从句在主句中做成分(是主句的一部分)，而定语从句修饰主句(与主句可以切割开)。
名词性从句中的that在从句中不做成分，只是起连接作用。
但定语从句的that在从句中一定做成分。
副词性从句（状语从句）：时间／地点／原因／目的／条件／让步／比较／方式状语从句。
状语从句常见引导词：when, whil e, as, before, after, since, until, where, because, for, so that, in ord er to, so as to, if, unl ess, although, though, even if, than, the way等例子：Four days after setting out, whil e the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was sudd enly spotted.读懂长难句“两步走”第一步：宏观——分清主句从句关键：区分主从句关键在于找到谓语（动词），并区分主从句谓语（动词）技巧：1. 需要学会区分谓语动词与动词的非谓语形式（i.e.不定式，动名词，尤其是过去分词）2. 区分主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词：顺着该谓语动词往前找，先遇到引导词说明该谓语为从句谓语，先遇到其他谓语（或无谓语也无引导词），则该动词就是主句动词。
尤其注意引导词that省略的情况。
3. 将从句圈起来，宏观上确定主句各种成分（五种基本句型之一：主谓宾／表／补语）第二步：微观——定位句内修饰成分关键：明确主句和从句各自内部的修饰关系（定语／状语／同位语／插入语）定语：修饰主语／宾语（名词／代词），紧跟被修饰的中心词1. 前置定语：形容词／名词e.g. a great/science book翻译技巧：一般情况下，前置定语都很短，可以与所修饰的主语／宾语看做一体，翻译的时候也一般不涉及语序的调整。
2. 后置定语：紧跟所修饰的名词后出现，可以充当后置定语的词和结构包括：1）形容词短语 a book useful for the future2）现在分词短语（-ing）a leaf fl oating on the river3）过去分词短语（-ed）a picture painted by Picasso；a presid ent privileged to receive the Nobel Peace Prize4）to d o短语（不定式）a way to d eal with chronic hunger in Africa5）介词短语：a plague beyond control/a scar on my heart技巧：一定要加深对后置定语的理解，因为汉语中不喜欢把定语后置，所以在翻译的时候，一般的处理方法就是：后置定语较短，调结构甩到中心词前面；若定语太长，就将定语变成一个句子，适当地补充／重复主语。
其实，所有的后置定语都可以改成一个定语从句，所以后置定语的翻译处理方法同定语从句。
状语：位置不固定，一般在修饰动词和形容词，有时候修饰整个句子。
可以充当状语的词和结构：1）副词：看以下两个副词所修饰的对象是什么，翻译时又有什么区别。
I. She sings beautifully.II. China’s l ong-term mod ernization program und erstandably and necessarily focuses on economic growth.技巧：在翻译单个副词状语的时候，也常常会发现直接将副词翻译成汉语的“＊＊地”加在动词前会很奇怪。
这时需要将其以小句的形式补充出来。
Thanks to China’s reform and opening-up policy, millions upon millions of Chinese peopl e have been pull ed out of poverty in an unpreced entedly short time of 30 years.思考下unpreced ented这个词怎么翻译比较合适？2）介词短语真题例句：In public, bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubl es.3）过去分词短语：Found ed in 1694, the Bank of England has centuries of experience in d ealing with financial troubl e.4）现在分词短语：真题例句：Science and technol ogy woul d cure all the ills of humanity, l eading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.5）to d o短语（不定式）：真题例句：To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interestingorchestral music.6）独立主格：独立主格本身非句子，因为无谓语，形式上是为现在／过去分词短语增加名词“主语”，在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。
真题例句：Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubbl e peak, the US workforce was d erid ed as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor US economic performance. (with引导的独立主格，with可省略)插入语：可跳读。
难点就是亮点，建议作文中使用，会使句子错落有致。
例子：Parents, in a word, should never l ose sight of the sid e-effects of computer games on their children.点播：一定要有意识地在作文中使用单个副词／（介词）短语组状语插入语。
China has been the fastest growing economy in the worl d for over a d ecad e.Doubtl essly/Und oubtedly/Beyond question/Beyond d oubt, China…注意积累可以做插入语的副词／（介词）短语同位语：解释说明性名词结构，用于修饰名词。
往往会提供更多关于主语／宾语的信息，在考研一新题型中尤为关键。