工程项目管理中文翻译资料

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工程项目管理_中英文

工程项目管理_中英文

IntroductionEngineering project management is a critical discipline that involvesthe planning, execution, and control of engineering projects. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from the initial concept and design stages to the construction, commissioning, and maintenance phases. Effective project management ensures that projects are completed on time, within budget, and meet the specified quality standards. This article provides an in-depth overview of engineering project management,including its key principles, methodologies, and challenges.Key Principles of Engineering Project Management1. Project Scope: The project scope defines the boundaries andobjectives of the project. It includes the deliverables, tasks, and activities that need to be completed. Clear definition of the scope is crucial to avoid scope creep, which can lead to delays and increased costs.2. Project Schedule: A well-defined project schedule outlines the sequence of activities, timelines, and milestones. It helps in tracking progress and ensuring that the project stays on track. Tools like Gantt charts and critical path method (CPM) are commonly used to manageproject schedules.3. Cost Management: Effective cost management involves estimating, budgeting, and controlling project costs. This includes identifying cost drivers, tracking actual expenses, and making adjustments as needed to stay within budget.4. Quality Management: Ensuring that the project meets the specified quality standards is essential. This involves implementing qualitycontrol processes, conducting inspections, and addressing any issuesthat arise.5. Risk Management: Identifying, analyzing, and mitigating risks is a critical aspect of project management. This includes identifyingpotential risks, assessing their impact, and developing strategies to manage them.6. Resource Management: Efficient allocation and management of resources, including human resources, materials, and equipment, is crucial for project success. This involves identifying resource requirements, managing resource conflicts, and optimizing resource utilization.7. Communication Management: Effective communication is essential for project success. This includes conveying project objectives, progress, and issues to stakeholders, and ensuring that everyone is aligned and informed.Project Management MethodologiesThere are various methodologies that can be used in engineering project management, each with its own set of tools and techniques. Some of the most commonly used methodologies include:1. Waterfall: The waterfall model is a linear, sequential approach where each phase of the project is completed before moving on to the next. It is suitable for projects with well-defined requirements and minimal changes expected.2. Agile: Agile methodologies, such as Scrum and Kanban, are iterative and flexible. They focus on delivering small, incremental pieces of work and adapt to changing requirements throughout the project lifecycle.3. PRINCE2 (Projects IN Controlled Environments): PRINCE2 is a process-based project management methodology that provides a structured approach to project management. It is widely used in the UK and internationally.4. PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge): The PMBOK is a comprehensive guide to project management practices. It provides a framework for managing projects effectively and efficiently.Challenges in Engineering Project ManagementDespite the best efforts of project managers, there are several challenges that can impact the success of engineering projects. Some of the common challenges include:1. Complexity: Engineering projects are often complex, involvingmultiple stakeholders, disciplines, and variables. Managing this complexity can be challenging.2. Uncertainty: The engineering environment is often uncertain, with changing requirements, unforeseen risks, and technical challenges. Managing uncertainty requires flexibility and adaptability.3. Resource Constraints: Limited resources, including budget, time, and personnel, can constrain project progress and lead to delays and cost overruns.4. Communication: Effective communication is crucial for project success, but it can be challenging to ensure that all stakeholders are informed and aligned.5. Quality Control: Ensuring that the project meets the specifiedquality standards is a continuous challenge, especially as the project progresses and requirements evolve.ConclusionEngineering project management is a complex and dynamic discipline that requires a comprehensive understanding of project principles, methodologies, and tools. Effective project management ensures that projects are completed successfully, delivering value to stakeholdersand contributing to the organization's objectives. By addressing the key principles, adopting appropriate methodologies, and navigating the challenges, project managers can enhance the likelihood of project success.中文工程项目管理概述引言工程项目管理是一个涉及工程项目的规划、执行和控制的关键学科。

工程项目管理英文解释

工程项目管理英文解释

Engineering project management is a professional discipline that involves the application of project management principles, tools, and techniques to successfully execute and deliver engineering projects. It is a comprehensive process that encompasses planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the activities of a project to achieve specific goals and objectives within the defined constraints of time, budget, and quality.The primary objective of engineering project management is to ensurethat the project is completed on time, within budget, and meets the required quality standards. This involves managing various aspects of the project, such as scope, schedule, cost, quality, human resources, communication, risk, and procurement.Scope management involves defining, documenting, verifying, and controlling the project scope to ensure that the project deliverables meet the agreed-upon requirements. It includes activities such as scope planning, scope definition, scope verification, and scope control.Schedule management is the process of planning, scheduling, and controlling the project activities to ensure that the project is completed on time. This involves activities such as schedule planning, schedule development, schedule control, and schedule updates.Cost management involves planning, budgeting, and controlling theproject costs to ensure that the project is completed within the allocated budget. It includes activities such as cost estimation, cost budgeting, cost control, and variance analysis.Quality management is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling quality policies to ensure that the project deliverables meet the required quality standards. It includes activities such as quality planning, quality assurance, quality control, and continuous improvement.Human resource management involves planning, acquiring, developing, and managing the project team to ensure that the project is executed effectively. It includes activities such as human resource planning,staffing, training and development, performance management, and conflict resolution.Communication management involves planning, implementing, andcontrolling the project communication to ensure that the relevant information is effectively communicated to the stakeholders. It includes activities such as communication planning, communication tools and techniques, and stakeholder management.Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks that may impact the project objectives. It includes activities such as risk identification, risk analysis, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control.Procurement management involves obtaining goods and services from external sources to meet the project requirements. It includesactivities such as procurement planning, solicitation, supplier selection, contract administration, and contract closure.Engineering project management also involves several key processes, such as project initiation, project planning, project execution, project monitoring and controlling, and project closing. Each of these processes has specific objectives, activities, and outputs that contribute to the successful completion of the project.Project initiation involves identifying and defining the project, as well as obtaining approval for the project. It includes activities such as project charter development, feasibility study, and business case preparation.Project planning involves developing the project management plan, which includes the project scope statement, schedule, budget, quality management plan, human resource plan, communication plan, risk management plan, and procurement plan.Project execution involves implementing the project management plan to execute the project activities and deliver the project outputs. It includes activities such as resource allocation, task execution, and project coordination.Project monitoring and controlling involves tracking, reviewing, and managing the project performance to ensure that the project objectives are achieved. It includes activities such as progress reporting, performance measurement, variance analysis, and corrective actions.Project closing involves completing all project activities, documenting lessons learned, and transitioning the project deliverables to the stakeholders. It includes activities such as project closure documentation, project review, and project handover.In conclusion, engineering project management is a complex and dynamic process that requires a comprehensive understanding of project management principles and techniques. Effective engineering project management can lead to the successful completion of projects, ensuring that the desired outcomes are achieved within the defined constraints.。

工程项目管理英语术语

工程项目管理英语术语

Engineering project management is a complex and multifaceted field that requires a strong command of specialized terminology. To ensureeffective communication and understanding among project team members, stakeholders, and other parties involved, it is essential to familiarize oneself with the following list of common engineering project management English terms:1. Project Management: The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.2. Project: A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.3. Project Phase: A major division of the project into logical segments for management purposes.4. Project Lifecycle: The stages that a project goes through from start to finish, including initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing.5. Project Plan: A document that describes the scope, objectives, activities, resources, and schedule of a project.6. Project Schedule: A document that outlines the sequence of activities, milestones, and deliverables required to complete a project.7. Scope: The defined boundaries and objectives of a project, including what is included and what is excluded.8. Stakeholder: Any individual, group, or organization that has an interest in, or can affect, the project.9. Risk: An uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project's objectives.10. Risk Management: The process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.11. Quality: The degree to which a project meets specified requirements.12. Quality Management: The process of planning and controlling the quality of the project outputs.13. Scope Creep: The uncontrolled expansion of a project's scope, resulting in additional work and resources.14. Change Control: The process of managing changes to the project scope, schedule, or budget.15. Resource Allocation: The process of assigning resources to project activities to ensure they are used effectively and efficiently.16. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): A hierarchical decomposition of the project scope into smaller, more manageable components.17. Critical Path Method (CPM): A project management technique that identifies the sequence of activities that determine the project duration.18. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): A project management technique that uses probabilistic estimates to determine the duration of project activities.19. Agile Project Management: An iterative and incremental approach to managing projects that focuses on flexibility and adaptability.20. Six Sigma: A set of techniques and tools for process improvementthat aims to reduce process variation and defects.21. Lean Project Management: A methodology that focuses on delivering value to the customer while minimizing waste.22. Project Performance Index: A measure used to evaluate the performance of a project relative to its objectives.23. Project Cost Variance: The difference between the actual and planned project costs.24. Project Schedule Variance: The difference between the actual and planned project schedule.25. Project Closeout: The formal completion of the project, including finalizing documentation, conducting lessons learned, and celebrating success.26. Project Portfolio Management: The management of a group of projects, programs, and operations to maximize their value to the organization.27. Project Procurement Management: The process of obtaining goods and services from outside sources to meet project needs.28. Project Contract Management: The process of managing contracts to ensure that they are executed effectively and efficiently.29. Project Communication Management: The process of planning, collecting, distributing, and managing project information among stakeholders.30. Project Risk Response: The actions taken to address identified risks.31. Project Issue Management: The process of identifying, analyzing, and resolving issues that arise during the project lifecycle.32. Project Team: The group of individuals working together to achieve the project objectives.33. Project Manager: The individual responsible for planning, executing, and controlling the project to ensure that its objectives are met.34. Project Success: The achievement of the project objectives within the agreed-upon constraints of time, budget, and quality.By understanding and utilizing these engineering project management English terms, professionals can enhance their ability to communicate effectively, manage projects efficiently, and achieve successful outcomes.。

工程项目管理中文翻译资料

工程项目管理中文翻译资料

工程工程管理本钱控制,监督和会计本钱控制问题在工程的实行过程中,工程控制的惯例程序和记录的保持已成为工程经理和其余参加者在建筑过程中不行缺乏的工具。

这些工具供应了两个作用,它记录了工程有关的财务来往,同时给工程经理供应工程的进展状况和存在的问题。

工程控制的问题在工程的一个老的定义中老是被总结为“结束估量后全局部模糊有关的活动的齐集〞。

⑴工程控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公正的提示。

在这章中,我们议论与工程过程中资源运用、会计、监控有关的问题。

在此次议论中,我们重申会计信息在工程管理中的作用。

工程账户的解说在工程达成以前往常不是很直接的。

正因为这种账户说明太晚以致于不可以影响工程管理,甚至到了工程结束以后,会计结果可能仍是不清楚的。

所以,为了本钱管理的目的,工程经理需要知道要如何说明会计信息。

但是,在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要议论一些常有的会计系统和合约,只管我们的目的不是供应一个对会计程序的全面检查。

工程控制目标的限制性应当作为要点。

工程控制程序主假如为了辨析实质与工程方案的误差而不是建议可能的方法来节俭本钱。

这个特点是工程控制变得重要的先进阶段的详细反应。

工程本钱的节俭主假如在工程方案和设计时期,在实质建筑阶段,改动可能会推延工程进度并代之花费的无克制增添。

实质上,工程控制的要点是执行原定方案或说明实质与方案的误差,而不是本钱的重要改良和节俭,它不过在建筑方案过程中常常发生改动时的救助行为。

最后,要议论一下与信息的综合化有关的问题。

工程管理的活动和功能事务是密切相连的,只管很多状况下技术不可以促使工程活动的全面或结合的考虑。

比如,工程进度表和本钱账户往常是被分离的,结果工程管理者一定从对于项目的不一样报告和他们自己的察看角度来综合一个全面的看法。

特别是,经理常常被迫推断因改变进度表而带来的花费增添,而不是获取为进度表的调整而提供的帮助。

各样种类信息的沟通和综合化能够供应必定数目的有利作用,固然他在工程控制规程的常理过程中要特别注意。

工程项目管理英语词汇

工程项目管理英语词汇

Project management is a complex field that involves a multitude of terms and phrases. To facilitate effective communication and understanding among professionals in this field, here is a comprehensive list of project management English vocabulary, categorized into various sections:I. Basic Project Management Terms1. Project - A temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end, undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.2. Project Management - The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.3. Project Life Cycle - The sequence of phases that a project goes through from start to finish.4. Project Phase - A distinct section of the project life cycle with specific objectives and deliverables.5. Project Phase Exit or Termination Point - The point at which aproject phase is completed and the project moves to the next phase or is terminated.6. Project Management Office (PMO) - A group or department within an organization that oversees the management of the organization's projects.7. Project Portfolio - A collection of projects, programs, and other work that an organization has under way.8. Project Scope - The specific set of deliverables, tasks, andactivities that the project team is required to complete.II. Project Planning and Scheduling1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) - A deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team.2. Schedule - A document that lists the activities of the project, their durations, and the sequence in which they are to be performed.3. Critical Path Method (CPM) - A technique used to determine thecritical activities and the critical path of a project.4. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) - A project management technique for scheduling and coordinating tasks.5. Milestone - A significant event or point in a project that indicates that the project has reached a critical stage or is on schedule.6. Resource Allocation - The process of assigning resources to project activities to ensure the project's objectives are met.7. Risk Management - The process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.III. Project Execution and Control1. Change Management - The process of managing changes to the project scope, schedule, or resources.2. Quality Management - The process of ensuring that the project deliverables meet the specified requirements.3. Communication Management - The process of planning, collecting, disseminating, and managing project information.4. Stakeholder Management - The process of engaging with stakeholders to ensure their expectations and concerns are addressed.5. Risk Response - The actions taken to reduce the likelihood or impact of a risk.6. Quality Assurance - The process of monitoring and evaluating project activities to ensure that the project is being executed according to the project management plan.7. Quality Control - The process of monitoring the results of project activities to ensure that the deliverables meet the specified requirements.IV. Project Closure1. Project Closure - The formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables and the conclusion of all project activities.2. Lessons Learned - The knowledge gained from a project that can be applied to future projects.3. Project Handover - The transfer of the completed project deliverables to the client or end-user.4. Post-Project Evaluation - The review of the project's performance and outcomes to identify successes, failures, and areas for improvement.V. Project Management Tools and Techniques1. Gantt Chart - A bar chart that illustrates a project schedule.2. PERT Chart - A network diagram that represents the project activities and their dependencies.3. Risk Register - A document that lists identified risks, their potential impact, and the risk response strategies.4. Quality Assurance Plan - A document that outlines the quality management activities for the project.5. Communication Plan - A document that defines the communication requirements for the project.By familiarizing yourself with these project management English vocabulary terms, you will be better equipped to communicate effectively with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders, and to successfully manage projects in the global marketplace.。

项目管理常用语英中对照表

项目管理常用语英中对照表

项目管理术语英/中对照表英文术语中文翻译定义Accept验收The act of formally receiving oracknowledging something and regardingit as being true, sound, suitable, orcomplete.Acceptance验收See acceptAcceptance Criteria验收标准Those criteria, including performancerequirements and essential conditions,which must be met before projectdeliverables are accepted.Acquire Project Team [Process]组建项目团队The process of obtaining the humanresources needed to complete the project.Activity活动 A component of work performed duringthe course of a project. See also scheduleactivity.Activity Attributes [Output/Input]活动属性Multiple attributes associated with eachschedule activity that can be includedwithin the activity list. Activity attributesinclude activity codes, predecessoractivities, successor activities, logicalrelationships, leads and lags, resourcerequirements, imposed dates, constraints,and assumptions.Activity Code活动编码One or more numerical or text values thatidentify characteristics of the work or insome way categorize the schedule activitythat allows filtering and ordering ofactivities within reports.Activity Definition [Process]活动定义The process of identifying the specificschedule activities that need to beperformed to produce the various projectdeliverables.Activity Description (AD)活动描述 A short phrase or label for each scheduleactivity used in conjunction with anactivity identifier to differentiate thatproject schedule activity from otherschedule activities. The activitydescription normally describes the scopeof work of the schedule activity. Activity Duration活动历时The time in calendar units between thestart and finish of a schedule activity. Seealso actual duration, original duration,and remaining duration.Activity Duration Estimating [Process]活动历时估算The process of estimating the number ofwork periods that will be needed tocomplete individual schedule activities.Activity Identifier活动标识符 A short unique numeric or textidentification assigned to each scheduleactivity to differentiate that projectactivity* from other activities. Typicallyunique within any one project schedulenetwork diagram.Activity List [Output/Input]活动列表 A documented tabulation of scheduleactivities that shows the activitydescription, activity identifier, and asufficiently detailed scope of workdescription so project team membersunderstand what work is to be performed.Activity-on-Arrow (AOA)AOA、双代号法See arrow diagramming method.Activity-on-Node (AON)AON、单代号法See precedence diagramming method.Activity Resource Estimating [Process]活动资源估算The process of estimating the types andquantities of resources required toperform each schedule activity.Activity Sequencing [Process]活动排序The process of identifying anddocumenting dependencies amongschedule activities.Actual Cost (AC)实际成本Total costs actually incurred and recordedin accomplishing work performed duringa given time period for a schedule activityor work breakdown structure component.Actual cost can sometimes be direct laborhours alone, direct costs alone, or all costsincluding indirect costs. Also referred toas the actual cost of work performed(ACWP). See also earned valuemanagement and earned value technique.Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP)已执行工作的实际成本See actual cost (AC).Actual Duration实际历时The time in calendar units between theactual start date of the schedule activityand either the data date of the projectschedule if the schedule activity is inprogress or the actual finish date if theschedule activity is complete.Actual Finish Date (AF)实际完成日期The point in time that work actually endedon a schedule activity.(Note: In some application areas, theschedule activity is considered “finished”whenwork is “substantially complete.”) Actual Start Date (AS)实际开始日期The point in time that work actuallystarted on a schedule activity.Analogous Estimating [Technique]类比估算An estimating technique that uses thevalues of parameters, such as scope, cost,budget, and duration or measures of scalesuch as size, weight, and complexity froma previous, similar activity as the basis forestimating the same parameter or measurefor a future activity. It is frequently usedto estimate a parameter when there is alimited amount of detailed informationabout the project (e.g., in the earlyphases). Analogous estimating is a formof expert judgment. Analogous estimatingis most reliable when the previousactivities are similar in fact and not just inappearance, and the project teammembers preparing the estimates have theneeded expertise.Application Area应用领域 A category of projects that have commoncomponents significant in such projects,but are not needed or present in allprojects. Application areas are usuallydefined in terms of either the product (i.e.,by similar technologies or productionmethods) or the type of customer (i.e.,internal versus external, governmentversus commercial) or industry sector(i.e., utilities, automotive, aerospace,information technologies). Applicationareas can overlap.Apportioned Effort (AE)分配的工作量Effort applied to project work that is notreadily divisible into discrete efforts for thatwork, but which is related in directproportion to measurable discrete workefforts. Contrast with discrete effort. Approval批准See approveApprove批准The act of formally confirming,sanctioning, ratifying, or agreeing to something.Approved Change Request已批准的变更请求A change request that has been processed through the integrated change control process and approved. Contrast with requested change.Arrow箭线The graphic presentation of a scheduleactivity in the arrow diagramming methodor a logical relationship between scheduleactivities in the precedence diagrammingmethod.Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)箭线图 A schedule network diagrammingtechnique in which schedule activities arerepresented by arrows. The tail of thearrow represents the start, and the headrepresents the finish of the scheduleactivity. (The length of the arrow does notrepresent the expected duration of theschedule activity.) Schedule activities areconnected at points called nodes (usuallydrawn as small circles) to illustrate thesequence in which the schedule activitiesare expected to be performed.See also precedence diagrammingmethod.As-of Date截止日期See data dat eAssumptions [Output/Input]假设Assumptions are factors that, for planningpurposes, are considered to be true, real,or certain without proof or demonstration.Assumptions affect all aspects of projectplanning, and are part of the progressiveelaboration of the project. Project teamsfrequently identify, document, andvalidate assumptions as part of theirplanning process. Assumptions generallyinvolve a degree of risk.Assumptions Analysis [Technique]假设分析 A technique that explores the accuracy ofassumptions and identifies risks to theproject from inaccuracy, inconsistency, orincompleteness of assumptions.Authority职权The right to apply project resources*,expend funds, make decisions, or giveapprovalsBackward Pass逆推法The calculation of late finish dates andlate start dates for the uncompleted portions of all schedule activities. Determined by working backwards through the schedule network logic from the project’s end date. The end date may be calculated in a forward pass or set by the customer or sponsor. See also schedule network analysis.Bar Chart [Tool]甘特图(条形图)A graphic display of schedule-related information. In the typical bar chart, schedule activities or work breakdown structure components are listed down the left side of the chart, dates are shown across the top, and activity durations are shown as date-placed horizontal bars. Also called a Gantt chart.Baseline基准(基线)The approved time phased plan (for aproject, a work breakdown structurecomponent, a work package, or a scheduleactivity), plus or minus approved projectscope, cost, schedule, and technicalchanges. Generally refers to the currentbaseline, but may refer to the original orsome other baseline. Usually used with amodifier (e.g., cost baseline, schedulebaseline, performance measurementbaseline, technical baseline). See alsoperformance measurement baseline. Baseline Finish Date基线完成日期The finish date of a schedule activity inthe approved schedule baseline. See alsoscheduled finish date.Baseline Start Date基线开始日期The start date of a schedule activity in theapproved schedule baseline. See alsoscheduled start date.Bill of Materials (BOM)材料单 A documented formal hierarchicaltabulation of the physical assemblies,subassemblies, and components needed tofabricate a product.Bottom-up Estimating [Technique]自底向上估算 A method of estimating a component ofwork. The work is decomposed into moredetail. An estimate is prepared of what isneeded to meet the requirements of eachof the lower, more detailed pieces ofwork, and these estimates are thenaggregated into a total quantity for the component of work. The accuracy of bottom-up estimating is driven by the size and complexity of the work identified at the lower levels. Generally smaller work scopes increase the accuracy of the estimates.Brainstorming [Technique]头脑风暴 A general data gathering and creativitytechnique that can be used to identifyrisks, ideas, or solutions to issues by usinga group of team members orsubject-matter experts. Typically, abrainstorming session is structured so thateach participant’s ideas are recorded forlater analysis.Budget预算The approved estimate for the project orany work breakdown structure componentor any schedule activity. See alsoestimate.Budget at Completion (BAC)完工预算The sum of all the budget valuesestablished for the work to be performedon a project or a work breakdownstructure component or a scheduleactivity. The total planned value for theproject.Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP)已执行工作的预算成本See earned value (EV).Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS)计划工作的预算成本See planned value (PV).Buffer缓冲See reserve.Buyer买方The acquirer of products, services, orresults for an organization.Calendar Unit日历单位The smallest unit of time used inscheduling the project. Calendar units aregenerally in hours, days, or weeks, butcan also be in quarter years, months,shifts, or even in minutes.Change Control变更控制Identifying, documenting, approving orrejecting, and controlling changes to theproject baselines*.Change Control Board (CCB)变更控制委员会A formally constituted group ofstakeholders responsible for reviewing,evaluating, approving, delaying, orrejecting changes to the project, with alldecisions and recommendations being recorded.Change Control System [Tool]变更控制系统 A collection of formal documentedprocedures that define how projectdeliverables and documentation will becontrolled, changed, and approved. Inmost application areas the change controlsystem is a subset of the configurationmanagement system.Change Request变更请求Requests to expand or reduce the projectscope, modify policies, processes, plans,or procedures, modify costs or budgets, orrevise schedules. Requests for a changecan be direct or indirect, externally orinternally initiated, and legally orcontractually mandated or optional. Onlyformally documented requested changesare processed and only approved changerequests are implemented.Chart of Accounts [Tool]账目图表Any numbering system used to monitorproject costs* by category (e.g., labor,supplies, materials, and equipment). Theproject chart of accounts is usually basedupon the corporate chart of accounts ofthe primary performing organization.Contrast with code of accounts.Charter章程(宪章)See project charter.Checklist [Output/Input]检查单Items listed together for convenience ofcomparison, or to ensure the actionsassociated with them are managedappropriately and not forgotten. Anexample is a list of items to be inspectedthat is created during quality planning andapplied during quality control.Claim索偿、索赔 A request, demand, or assertion of rightsby a seller against a buyer, or vice versa,for consideration, compensation, orpayment under the terms of a legallybinding contract, such as for a disputedchange.Close Project [Process]结束项目The process of finalizing all activitiesacross all of the project process groups toformally close the project or phase. Closing Processes收尾过程Those processes performed to formally[Process Group]terminate all activities of a project orphase, and transfer the completed productto others or close a cancelled project. Code of Accounts [Tool]账目编码Any numbering system used to uniquelyidentify each component of the workbreakdown structure. Contrast with chartof accounts.Co-location [Technique]同地办公An organizational placement strategywhere the project team members arephysically located close to one another inorder to improve communication, workingrelationships, and productivity. Common Cause共同原因 A source of variation that is inherent inthe system and predictable. On a controlchart, it appears as part of the randomprocess variation (i.e., variation from aprocess that would be considered normalor not unusual), and is indicated by arandom pattern of points within thecontrol limits. Also referred to as randomcause. Contrast with special cause. Communication沟通 A process through which information isexchanged among persons using acommon system of symbols, signs, orbehaviors.Communication Management Plan [Output/Input]沟通管理计划The document that describes: thecommunications needs and expectationsfor the project; how and in what formatinformation will be communicated; whenand where each communication will bemade; and who is responsible forproviding each type of communication. Acommunication management plan can beformal or informal, highly detailed orbroadly framed, based on therequirements of the project stakeholders.The communication management plan iscontained in, or is a subsidiary plan of, theproject management plan.Communications Planning [Process]编制沟通管理计划The process of determining theinformation and communications needs ofthe project stakeholders: who they are,what is their level of interest andinfluence on the project, who needs whatinformation, when will they need it, andhow it will be given to them. Compensation补偿Something given or received, a paymentor recompense, usually somethingmonetary or in kind for products,services, or results provided or received. Component部(组)件 A constituent part, element, or piece of acomplex whole.Configuration Management System [Tool]配置管理系统 A subsystem of the overall projectmanagement system. It is a collection offormal documented procedures used toapply technical and administrativedirection and surveillance to: identify anddocument the functional and physicalcharacteristics of a product, result,service, or component; control anychanges to such characteristics; recordand report each change and itsimplementation status; and support theaudit of the products, results, orcomponents to verify conformance torequirements. It includes thedocumentation, tracking systems, anddefined approval levels necessary forauthorizing and controlling changes. Inmost application areas, the configurationmanagement system includes the changecontrol system.Constraint [Input]约束(条件)The state, quality, or sense of beingrestricted to a given course of action orinaction. An applicable restriction orlimitation, either internal or external to theproject, that will affect the performance ofthe project or a process. For example, aschedule constraint is any limitation orrestraint placed on the project schedulethat affects when a s chedule activity canbe scheduled and is usually in the form offixed imposed dates. A cost constraint isany limitation or restraint placed on theproject budget such as funds availableover time. A project resource constraint isany limitation or restraint placed onresource usage, such as what resourceskills or disciplines are available and theamount of a given resource availableduring a specified time frame. Contingency意外、应急情况See reserve.Contingency Allowance应急余量See reserve.Contingency Reserve [Output/Input]应急储备The amount of funds, budget, or timeneeded above the estimate to reduce therisk of overruns of project objectives to alevel acceptable to the organization.Contract [Output/Input]合同 A contract is a mutually bindingagreement that obligates the seller toprovide the specified product or service orresult and obligates the buyer to pay for it.Contract Administration [Process]合同管理The process of managing the contract andthe relationship between the buyer andseller, reviewing and documenting how aseller is performing or has performed toestablish required corrective actions andprovide a basis for future relationshipswith the seller, managing contract relatedchanges and, when appropriate, managingthe contractual relationship with theoutside buyer of the project.Contract Closure [Process]合同终止/收尾The process of completing and settling thecontract, including resolution of any openitems and closing each contract.Contract Management Plan [Output/Input]合同管理计划The document that describes how aspecific contract will be administered andcan include items such as requireddocumentation delivery and performancerequirements. A contract managementplan can be formal or informal, highlydetailed or broadly framed, based on therequirements in the contract. Eachcontract management plan is a subsidiaryplan of the project management plan.Contract Statement of Work (SOW) [Output/Input]合同工作说明书A narrative description of products,services, or results to be supplied undercontract.Contract Work Breakdown Structure (CWBS) [Output/Input]合同工作分解结构A portion of the work breakdownstructure for the project developed andmaintained by a seller contracting toprovide a subproject or projectcomponent.Control [Technique]控制Comparing actual performance withplanned performance, analyzingvariances, assessing trends to effectprocess improvements, evaluatingpossible alternatives, and recommendingappropriate corrective action as needed.Control Account (CA) [Tool]控制帐目 A management control point where theintegration of scope, budget, actual cost,and schedule takes place, and where themeasurement of performance will occur.Control accounts are placed at selectedmanagement points (specific componentsat selected levels) of the work breakdownstructure. Each control account mayinclude one or more work packages, buteach work package may be associatedwith only one control account. Eachcontrol account is associated with aspecific single organizational componentin the organizational breakdown structure(OBS). Previously called a Cost Account.See also work package.Control Account Plan (CAP) [Tool]控制账目计划 A plan for all the work and effort to beperformed in a control account. Each CAPhas a definitive statement of work,schedule, and time-phased budget.Previously called a Cost Account Plan.Control Chart [Tool]控制图 A graphic display of process data overtime and against established controllimits, and that has a centerline that assistsin detecting a trend of plotted valuestoward either control limit.Control Limits控制范围The area composed of three standarddeviations on either side of the centerline,or mean, of a normal distribution of dataplotted on a control chart that reflects theexpected variation in the data. See alsospecification limits.Controlling控制See control.Corrective Action纠正措施Documented direction for executing theproject work to bring expected futureperformance of the project work in linewith the project management plan.Cost成本The monetary value or price of a projectactivity* or component that includes themonetary worth of the resources requiredto perform and complete the activity orcomponent, or to produce the component.A specific cost can be composed of acombination of cost componentsincluding direct labor hours, other directcosts, indirect labor hours, other indirectcosts, and purchased price. (However, inthe earned value managementmethodology, in some instances, the termcost can represent only labor hourswithout conversion to monetary worth.)See also actual cost and estimate.Cost Baseline成本基线See baseline.Cost Budgeting [Process]成本预算The process of aggregating the estimatedcosts of individual activities or workpackages to establish a cost baseline. Cost Control [Process]成本控制The process of influencing the factors thatcreate variances, and controlling changesto the project budget.Cost Estimating [Process]成本估算The process of developing anapproximation of the cost of the resourcesneeded to complete project activities*.Cost Management Plan [Output/Input]成本管理计划The document that sets out the format andestablishes the activities and criteria forplanning, structuring, and controlling theproject costs. A cost management plancan be formal or informal, highly detailedor broadly framed, based on therequirements of the project stakeholders.The cost management plan is containedin, or is a subsidiary plan, of the projectmanagement plan.Cost of Quality (COQ) [Technique]质量成本Determining the costs incurred to ensurequality. Prevention and appraisal costs(cost of conformance) include costs forquality planning, quality control (QC),and quality assurance to ensurecompliance to requirements (i.e., training,QC systems, etc.). Failure costs (cost ofnon-conformance) include costs to reworkproducts, components, or processes thatare non-compliant, costs of warranty work and waste, and loss of reputation.Cost Performance Index (CPI)成本绩效系数 A measure of cost efficiency on a project. Itis the ratio of earned valu e (EV) to actualcosts (AC). CPI = EV divided by AC. Avalue equal to or greater than one indicatesa favorable condition and a value less thanone indicates an unfavorable condition.Cost-Plus-Fee (CPF)成本加附加费 A type of cost reimbursable contract wherethe buyer reimburses the seller for seller’sallowable costs for performing the contractwork and seller also receives a feecalculated as an agreed upon percentage ofthe costs. The fee varies with the actualcost.Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF) Contract 成本加固定附加费合同A type of cost-reimbursable contractwhere the buyer reimburses the seller forthe seller’s allowable costs (allowablecosts are defined by the contract) plus afixed amount of profit (fee).Cost-Plus-Incentive-Fee (CPIF) Contract 成本加奖励合同A type of cost-reimbursable contractwhere the buyer reimburses the seller forthe seller’s allowable costs (allowablecosts are defined by the contract), and theseller earns its profit if it meets definedperformance criteria.Cost-Plus-Percentage of Cost (CPPC)成本加成本比率合同See cost-plus-fee.Cost-Reimbursable Contract 成本偿还合同 A type of contract involving payment(reimbursement) by the buyer to the sellerfor the seller’s actual costs, plus a feetypically representing seller’s profit. Costsare usually classified as direct costs orindirect costs. Direct costs are costsincurred for the exclusive benefit of theproject, such as salaries of full-timeproject staff. Indirect costs, also calledoverhead and general and administrativecost, are costs allocated to the project bythe performing organization as a cost ofdoing business, such as salaries ofmanagement indirectly involved in theproject, and cost of electric utilities for theoffice. Indirect costs are usuallycalculated as a percentage of direct costs.Cost-reimbursable contracts often includeincentive clauses where, if the sellermeets or exceeds selected projectobjectives, such as schedule targets ortotal cost, then the seller receives from thebuyer an incentive or bonus payment. Cost Variance (CV)成本偏差 A measure of cost performance on aproject. It is the algebraic differencebetween earned value (EV) and actualcost (AC). CV = EV minus AC. Apositive value indicates a favorablecondition and a negative value indicatesan unfavorable condition.Crashing [Technique]压缩、赶工 A specific type of project schedulecompression technique performed bytaking action to decrease the total projectschedule duration* after analyzing anumber of alternatives to determine howto get the maximum schedule durationcompression for the least additional cost.Typical approaches for crashing aschedule include reducing scheduleactivity durations and increasing theassignment of resources on scheduleactivities. See schedule compression andsee also fast tracking.Create WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) [Process]创建工作分解结构The process of subdividing the majorproject deliverables and project work intosmaller, more manageable components.Criteria准则(标准)Standards, rules, or tests on which ajudgment or decision can be based, or bywhich a product, service, result, orprocess can be evaluated.Critical Activity关键活动Any schedule activity on a critical path ina project schedule. Most commonlydetermined by using the critical pathmethod. Although some activities are“critical,” in the dictionary sense, withoutbeing on the critical path, this meaning isseldom used in the project context.Critical Chain Method [Technique]关键链法 A schedule network analysis technique*that modifies the project schedule toaccount for limited resources. The criticalchain method mixes deterministic and probabilistic approaches to schedule network analysis.Critical Path [Output/Input]关键路径Generally, but not always, the sequence ofschedule activities that determines theduration of the project. Generally, it is thelongest path through the project.However, a critical path can end, as anexample, on a schedule milestone that isin the middle of the project schedule andthat has a finish-no-later-than imposeddate schedule constraint. See also criticalpath method.Critical Path Method (CPM) [Technique]关键路径法 A schedule network analysis technique*used to determine the amount ofscheduling flexibility (the amount offloat) on various logical network paths inthe project schedule network, and todetermine the minimum total projectduration. Early start and finish dates* arecalculated by means of a forward pass,using a specified start date. Late start andfinish dates* are calculated by means of abackward pass, starting from a specifiedcompletion date, which sometimes is theproject early finish date determinedduring the forward pass calculation.Current Finish Date当前结束日期The current estimate of the point in timewhen a schedule activity will becompleted, where the estimate reflectsany reported work progress. See alsoscheduled finish date and baseline finishdate.Current Start Date当前开始日期The current estimate of the point in timewhen a schedule activity will begin, wherethe estimate reflects any reported workprogress. See also scheduled start dateand baseline start date.Customer顾客、客户The person or organization that will usethe project’s product or service or result.(See also user).Data Date (DD)数据日期The date up to or through which theproject’s reporting system has providedactual status and accomplishments. In。

工程管理专业英语相关翻译

工程管理专业英语相关翻译

1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段:Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段,以便有效地进行管理控制,并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。

这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。

许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。

2段:For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看,建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。

Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲,一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。

in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段,很多不同的方案都可能被考虑,同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较,以选出最优方案。

工程管理专业英语第五章翻译

工程管理专业英语第五章翻译

Chapter 5Bidding and Tendering of Construction Projects建设项目投标和招标5.1 Bidding Procedure of Construction Projects建设项目投标过程第一段:第一句:The implementing agencies of borrowing countries can use a variety of procurement methods on World Bank-financed projects〔世界银行资助项目〕.借款国的执行机构可以使用世界银行资助项目的各种采购方法。

第二句:The method selected depends on a number of factors including [〔the type of goods or services being procured〕, 〔the value of the goods or services being procured〕, 〔the potential interest of foreign bidders〕and 〔even the cost of the procurement process itself〕].选择的方法取决于多项因素,包括所采购的商品或服务的类型;采购的商品或服务的价值;外国投标者的潜在利益;甚至采购过程本身的成本。

第三句:The overall objective of the guidelines〔指南〕how to select procurement methods is to allow borrowing countries to buy high quality goods and services as economically as possible 〔尽可能经济〕.指南中如何选择采购方式的总体目标是让借款国在尽可能经济的条件下购买优质的产品和服务。

工程项目管理英文版译文

工程项目管理英文版译文

In the modern era of globalization and rapid technological advancements, effective engineering project management has become crucial for the success of any construction, infrastructure, or development endeavor. This article delves into the intricacies of engineering project management, exploring its key components, challenges, and best practices.Introduction to Engineering Project ManagementEngineering project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. It involves the coordination of various resources, including human resources, materials, equipment, and finances, to achieve project objectives within the defined constraints of time, cost, and quality.Key Components of Engineering Project Management1. Project Initiation: This phase involves defining the project scope, objectives, and stakeholders. It is crucial to identify the project's purpose, desired outcomes, and the resources required to achieve them.2. Project Planning: In this phase, the project manager develops a comprehensive plan that outlines the project's scope, schedule, budget, resources, and risks. This plan serves as a roadmap for the project execution.3. Project Execution: This phase involves executing the project plan, coordinating resources, and managing the project activities. Effective communication, teamwork, and problem-solving skills are essential during this phase.4. Project Monitoring and Control: In this phase, the project manager tracks the project's progress, compares it to the plan, and takes corrective actions as needed. This includes managing risks, changes, and issues that may arise during the project lifecycle.5. Project Closure: This phase involves completing all project activities, delivering the final product or service, and ensuring thatall project documentation is up-to-date. It also includes evaluating the project's success and documenting lessons learned.Challenges in Engineering Project Management1. Complexity: Engineering projects are often complex, involvingmultiple disciplines, stakeholders, and interdependencies. Managing this complexity requires advanced skills and expertise.2. Risk Management: Identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks is a critical aspect of engineering project management. Failure to manage risks effectively can lead to project delays, cost overruns, and quality issues.3. Resource Allocation: Efficiently allocating resources, including human resources, materials, and equipment, is crucial for project success. Challenges in resource allocation can lead to inefficiencies and delays.4. Communication: Effective communication is essential for successful project management. Miscommunication can lead to misunderstandings, delays, and conflicts among stakeholders.5. Regulatory Compliance: Engineering projects are subject to various regulations and standards. Ensuring compliance with these regulations is crucial for project success and the safety of stakeholders.Best Practices in Engineering Project Management1. Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle is essential for understanding their expectations and ensuring their satisfaction.2. Risk Management: Develop a comprehensive risk management plan and regularly review and update it to address new risks and changes in the project environment.3. Effective Communication: Establish clear communication channels and maintain open and transparent communication with all stakeholders.4. Use of Project Management Tools: Utilize project management software and tools to streamline project activities, track progress, and manage resources effectively.5. Continuous Improvement: Continuously evaluate and improve project management processes and practices to enhance project success and efficiency.ConclusionEngineering project management is a dynamic and challenging field that requires a comprehensive understanding of various aspects of project management. By following best practices, addressing challenges effectively, and utilizing the right tools and techniques, project managers can ensure the successful completion of engineering projects, contributing to the growth and development of societies worldwide.。

项目管理中文翻译版18页

项目管理中文翻译版18页

邀请书对于第三方检验和工程监理机构的委任(TPIMA)基本服务,城市贫困(BSUP)和集成贫民窟和住房大兰契发展代理有限公司(承诺的恰尔肯德邦Govt.)3楼,RRDA大厦Pragati Sadan,Kutchery路,兰契-834001。

电话:0651-2201992,传真:0651-2201912。

1. 背景贾瓦哈拉尔尼赫鲁全国市区重建团(JNNURM)旨在改革驱动的综合规划和城市发展/与效率城镇城市基础设施和服务机制,提供基本服务,包括改善城市贫民的住房,城市社区的参与和地方问责机构(ULBs)和对公民半官方机构。

它的两个组成部分,基本服务向城市贫民(BSUP)和集成住房和贫民窟发展计划(IHSDP)关于改善贫民窟居民的生活条件的焦点。

这些项目旨在为贫民窟的综合开发提供住房,基础服务设施和其他有关公民的城市贫民。

这两个分团有很强的住房的内容。

代表团在住房和城市扶贫部(MoHUPA)总局已演变为国家级的第三方检验机构根据JNNURM 批准的项目和监测。

这个检查和监测过程将继续在整个项目生命周期的物理和金融项目的进度。

该模型的招标书的目的是:•启用大兰契发展局有限GRDA(国家级交点Agnecy一西那)委任第三方检验和监测机构(TPIMA)审议和受市区地方机构(ULBs),半官方机构和其他国家实施的所有JNNURM监测项目机构•将在这个过程中,职能和外部第三方监测机构的活动范围的标准化和一致性的JNNURM从事项目监测•对下提供JNNURM项目结构化报告2.需要第三方检验和监测(TPIM):核查团首长,MoHUPA目前正在实施一个网络启用JNNURM项目跟踪和综合城市贫困监测系统(IPOMS)管理信息系统(MIS)。

该系统的目的是捕获物理和财务JNNURM项目的进度。

这些资料是为以后每期推出适用于项目的关键。

通过管理信息系统提供的信息可以进行交叉验证与TPIMA独立报告,以确定项目实施的制约因素和问题,使纠正行动,如果必要的。

工程项目管理中文翻译资料

工程项目管理中文翻译资料

工程工程管理12 本钱控制,监视和会计12.1 本钱控制问题在工程的实施过程中,工程控制的常规程序和记录的保持已成为了工程经理和其他参加者在建筑过程中不可缺少的工具.这些工具提供了两个作用,它记录了工程相关的财务往来, 同时给工程经理提供工程的进展情况和存在的问题. 工程控制的问题在工程的一个老的定义中总是被总结为了“结束预算后大局部模糊相关的活动的聚集〞.⑴工程控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公平的提示.在这章中,我们讨论与工程过程中资源运用、会计、监控相关的问题.在这次讨论中,我们强调会计信息在工程管理中的作用.工程账户的解释在工程完成之前通常不是很直接的.正由于这种账户说明太晚以至于不能影响工程管理,甚至到了工程结束之后,会计结果可能还是不清晰的.因此,为了了本钱管理的目的,工程经理需要知道要怎样说明会计信息.然而,在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要讨论一些常见的会计体系和条约,尽管我们的目的不是提供一个对会计程序的全面调查.工程控制目标的局限性应该作为了重点.工程控制程序主要是为了了辨析实际与工程方案的偏差而不是建议可能的方法来节省本钱.这个特征是工程控制变得重要的先进阶段的具体反映. 工程本钱的节省主要是在工程方案和设计期间, 在实际建筑阶段,变动可能会推迟工程进度并代之费用的无节制增加.实际上, 工程控制的重点是履行原定方案或说明实际与方案的偏差,而不是本钱的重大改善和节省,它只是在建筑方案过程中经常发生变动时的援助行为了.最后,要讨论一下与信息的综合化相关的问题.工程管理的活动和功能事务是紧密相连的,尽管许多情况下技术不能促进工程活动的全面或联合的考虑. 例如,工程进度表和本钱账户通常是被别离的,结果工程管理者必须从关于项目的不同报告和他们自己的打量角度来综合一个全面的观点.格外是,经理常常被迫推测因改变进度表而带来的费用增加,而不是获得为了进度表的调整而提供的帮助.各种类型信息的交流和综合化可以提供一定数量的有益作用,虽然他在工程控制规程的常理过程中要格外注意.12.2 工程预算为了了工程的本钱控制,建筑方案的伴生的现金流动估计可以为了税后的工程监控提供参考依据.为了了进度表,可以将各个单独活动的进展和完成重点工程所获得的成就与工程进度相比,以监控工程的进展程度.合同和施工标准为了估计和保证建筑所必须的水平提供标准.最终或详细的本钱估计为了工程期间财政表现的评估提供参考依据.在将费用列为了详细本钱估计的根底上,可以认为了项目是在财政控制下的.特定类别本钱的超支提示了可能存在的问题并且对可能遇到的问题指出确切的提示.建筑方案和控制所发生的费用重点在于最终本钱估计所包含的类别,这个焦点对一些少量活动或大量重复活动如铺车行道这类工程最为了适宜.为了了控制或监测的目的,原始的详细本钱估计被特地转换成方案预算,并且在随后被作为了管理的指南.详细本钱估算中的具体工程成为了工作本钱因素. 工程过程中酸发生的费用被分类别记录在具体本钱账户以便于于是本钱比拟. 因此,单独的本钱账户一般代表本钱控制的根本单元.不可防止地,本钱账户或许被分开或许被划入那些与格外预定活动和格外本钱账户相关的工作元素中.除了本钱数额之外,关于每个工作账户上的材料数量和劳力投入也会被特别保存在方案预算中.通过这个信息可以将实际材料使用率和劳力与预期要求相比拟.结果,可以分析出格外工程上的费用超支或节省的原因,或许是单价的改变,或许是劳动生产率改变或材料消耗的改变.于格外工程相关的本钱账户可能发生较的改变.对于建设者,可能有大约400 个不同本钱账户同时使用在一个工程中. ⑵这些账户记录所有与工程有关的交易.因此,专账或许为了材料、设备用途、工资单、工程办公室等等不同的类型存在.代表了物质和非物质的资源,包含上面工程中例如电脑使用或利息支出.在开发或实施本钱账户系统中,适当的编号或编码系统是促进信息交流的根本,同时是本钱信息的适当聚合.格外的本钱账户用来说明与具体工程工程相关的开支,同时也说明在组织过程中一些格外工程的开支.这些事在同样信息上的不同观点的例子,也就是为了了不同的具体目的以不同的方式来概述相同的信息.因此,多个本钱信息的聚合或应用程序可以使用相同的格外账户.为了了工程本钱账户或为了了经济往来,必须提供能把本钱账户和具体工程类别分开的标志符.结果,一套标准费用代码例如在第9 章所描述的MASTERFORMAT 代码,可以作为了识别本钱账户与工程的标志符,同时用来说明组织或工作的具体需要.将一个最终本钱估计转换成一个与开办费账户兼容的方案预算一向不是直接的任务.如在第5 章中描述,本钱估计一般被分开列入适当功能或资源根底工程类别.例如,劳力和材料数量可能被包含为了工程的不同物理成分.为了了项目管理的目的,劳力和材料数量被分开,不管使用他们的是怎样的物质组分. 例如,格外类型的工作者或材料被众多不同的物质组分所使用.而且,组织内部本钱账户的建立或许具有一点与最终本钱估计包含的数量相似的地方.当要准备一个与外在报告要求相一致的最终本钱估计而不是由组织中存在的本钱账户生成本钱估算时,这是格外真实的.根据本钱账户形成方案预算的过程中存在一个格外问题即是意外情况数额的处理.这些金额包含在工程本钱估计中,容纳未预见的时间和费用.然而, 在工程完成之前,意外情况费用的来源是不可知的.现实的,当意外情况数额类入到最终本钱估计中时,应该建立一个预算会计工程即意外情况基金.在形成方案预算过程中的第二个问题是通货膨胀的解决处理. 一般情况下, 最终本钱估计以真正的货币形成,并且以工程的通货膨胀增加作为了百分比或总金额.这个通货膨胀基金随后将被安排到各个费用工程,这些费用是工程期间实际期望的通货膨胀所招致的费用.13 水平控制及施工平安13.1 工程水平和平安问题对工程经理而言,水平控制和平安问题越来越重要.建筑设施的故障或损坏可能导致大量本钱的产生,即使是小毛病,也可能要求再建设和设备的重新维修,结果是增加本钱和拖延工期.在最坏的情况下,可能造成人身伤害或倒闭.在施工过程中发生意外,可能造成人身伤害和大量费用支出.间接损失保险、检查和管理费用迅速增加是由于这些直接费用的增加.好的工程经理会尽量保证在第一时间完成工作同时没有事故发生.对本钱控制而言,其中最重要的一项决定即关于已竣工工程的水平控制是在建制和设计阶段,而不是在建设阶段.正是在初步阶段,确定局部配置、材料规格和性能.施工过程中的水平控制主要包含保证原始设计和规划决策的完成.水平管理的主要焦点是依据现有设计决定.但有例外情况,首先,不可预知的情况.业主制定正确决策或变更设施功能都要求重新评估建筑施工期间的决定.而这些改变可能出于对水平的关注,它们代表再设计所伴随的原那么和限制.第二种情况是,根据通知或在建设过程中的特有决定所做出的决策.例如, 一些挖掘隧道的方法就是根据在隧道观测过程中发现的不同地方的土壤条件做出不同决策.这样的决策是基于更好地了解现场的实际情况,这种工程设计可能更具有本钱经济效益了.任何格外情况要重新设计施工,都需要考虑第3 章中所讨论的各种影响因素.要在施工过程中注意遵守保证水平的举措,对水平要求的标准在设计和合同文件中变得极为了重要.水平要求必须明确、可行,这样才能使工程的各方参与者能了解这个要求.本章大局部讨论水平不同要求对开展和建设的影响,以及保证水平符合的相关问题.建筑工程平安问题很大局部也受到方案和设计阶段决策的影响.一些设计或施工方案本身执行困难且危险,而其他类似方案会大大降低发生事故的可能性.例如,明确分工可以大大降低意外碰撞的可能性.这些设计决定后,主要取决于平安教育.在施工过程中要合作和警惕,工人要不断警惕发生事故的可能,防止不必要的风险.13.2 水平和平安组织施工过程中的水平和平安控制可以有很多不同的组织方法.一个常用模式是一组负责水平保证,一组负责平安保证.大型组织部门有专门的水平保证和平安保证,可能会指定负责人对格外工程的特定功能负责.像小型工程,工程经理可承当这些和其他责任.这两种情况下,保证工程水平和平安问题的工程负责人,要全面负责该工程所涉及到的人事、本钱、时间等管理问题.检查和水平保证人员将代表不同参加工程组织.每一方直接涉及工程可能有自己的水平和平安检查任务, 包含业主、工程师/ 建筑师、承建商、各行. 这些人员可从专业承包商的水平保证机构而来.除了现场检查、样品材料一般是由专门的实验室检验,保证遵守. 督察保证遵守监管要求也将降低.常见的例子是督察地方政府的建设部门、环保机构、职业平安和卫生机构.而众多的参加者在施工过程中需要检查人员的效劳, 不能太过强调.检查只是一个正式的水平控制检查. 水平管理的主要目标应该是对所有工程小组成员.管理者应当负责维保管理,提升水平控制.员工参加水平管理,应设法奖励, 包含引进新观念.最重要的是提升水平能够作为了促进生产力的提升的一种催化剂. 通过指出新的工作方法, 防止返工, 以防止长期的问题, 良好的水平控制能为了自己付出.业主要提倡良好的水平控制并选择保持了这种水平的承包商.除了各种组织机构从事水平管理、水平控制问题已引起各方面的建设参加者的责任活动. 例如, 保证准确、有用的信息是维持水平高水准的一个重要组成局部.其他方面的水平控制包含控制文件(包含在施工过程中修改)、采购、实地检测, 最后的测试设备.13.4 总水平管理建筑水平控制通常包含保证顺从原料和工艺的细小标准从而为了了符合根据设计的设施的外表.这些极小的标准包含在前面的局部描述的规格.为了保证顺从的目的,常用随意抽样和统计方法,作为了标准来接受或拒绝工作的完成和批材料.批的拒绝根据不符合或侵害相关的设计规格.这水平管理实践的规程在以下局部被描述.在这些传统水平控制实践中一个含蓄假定合格水平标准是概念的,即哪是缺损物品的一个允许的分数.如果估计的瑕疵百分比在合格水平标准之内,从供给商得到的材料或由组织进行的工作被检查并且通过作为了可接受.材料或物品问题在产品的交付以后被改正.与这种传统方法控制相对的是目标总水平管理. 在这个系统,在建筑过程中任何地方都不允许缺损物品.当无次品目标永久地不可能得到时,它提供一个目标, 使组织从未满意对它的水平控制方案, 即使瑕疵大数额年复一年减少. 水平管理的这种概念和方法首先在日本和欧洲的制造公司中被开发了,但有传播进许多建筑公司.最享誉的水平改良的正式证明是国际组织为了标准化的ISO 9000标准. ISO 9000强调好证据、水平目标和方案、实施和回忆的一系列的周期.总水平管理是承诺到用组织的所有局部表达的水平并包含许多元素.平安和有效的建筑规程的设计评论是一个主要元素.其他元素包含大量的人力资源训练,对查出的责任从水平管理审查员转移到工作者,以及连续地维保设备. 要改良的水平管理的工作者经常形式化为了水平管理小组 ,这些小组工作者通常见面并指出为了水平改良的建议.物质供给商交付的物品也要求保证无次品. 最初,供给商供给的所有材料被检查,并且批物品与所有缺损物品返回.良好纪录的供给商可以被信任和不必面对复杂的全面检查.水平管理传统微观经济的看法是有缺损物品的最宜的〞比例.要设法到达比这个最宜比例更高的水平水平,将极大地增加检查的费用并且降低工作者生产率.然而,许多公司发现对总水平管理的承诺是极大的经济效益,这在传统方法是未受赏识的.费用关系到存货,返工,废弃,并且减少了保单.工作者热情和承诺改善了. 顾客经常赞赏了更加优质的工作,并且愿意为了好的水平支付额外费用.结果,被改良的水平控制成为了了竞争优势.当然,总水平管理在实际中是难以应用的,格外在建筑行业.由于每种设施的独特的本质,劳工的可变性,许多转承包商和在教育和规程中的必要的投资的费用使建筑工程的总水平管理变得困难.然而,被改良的水平可以保证的是即使没有支持无次品的目标也可能对组织支付真正的股息.。

建设项目的管理模式外文翻译、中英对照

建设项目的管理模式外文翻译、中英对照

外文翻译建设项目的管理模式译文题目The model Of Construction project management 译文来源及字符数Successful Project Management 13875 指导教师姓名崔东红____ 指导教师评语评阅日期建设项目的管理模式项目各参与方的组织业主的高层管理设定总体方针同时选择合适的组织来负责给定的项目任务。

在业主的方针中会指出如何将项目生命周期中的任务划分给不同的组织以及聘用什么样的专业人员。

业主高层管理所做出的决策也将对被选出进行项目管理的组织产生影响。

通常会有多种分解项目阶段的方法其中最为典型的是 1. 顺序划分项目被划分成独立的几个阶段各阶段按连续顺序进行。

2. 平行划分项目被划分成独立的几个部分各部分同时进行。

3. 交叉划分项目阶段可以进行搭接。

例如快速路径法的应用。

这里需要指出的是哪种分解方法更为有效这完全取决于项目的具体情况。

在多数情况下按顺序划分的方法更为普遍一些。

涉及项目管理的关键问题有1. 项目涉及多少个组织2. 各组织间的联系是什么 3. 各组织何时介入项目尽管由于业主和承包商之间所采用合同条件的不同会产生很多种完成项目的组织形但基本的形式只有两种并按照下面的思路来划分。

1. 独立型组织。

相对于业主会出现咨询方或承包商等多种分别处理设计和施工任务的组织涉及这种类型组织的典型例子有设计和施工的传统顺序模式专业化的建设项目管理模式。

2. 集约型组织。

由不同组织组成一个单一联合体以统一指令来承担设计和施工任务。

这里介绍两种极端的例子业主自行建造项目在这里所有工作均由业主内部部门处理交钥匙项目即合同的所有工作内容都交给一个卖方由他负责向业主提交完工项目。

建设项目的管理组织形式可视具体情况而定。

一种情况是项目所需人员由职能部门提供由专职项目经理领导直至项目结束如图2-4所示。

在这种形式下项目经理必须从现有的组织框架中协调并获取项目所需各种资源因而这种组织形式也被成为矩阵式组织。

工程项目管理专业建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

工程项目管理专业建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目:建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理文献、资料英文题目:文献、资料来源:文献、资料发表(出版)日期:院(部):专业:工程项目管理班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期: 2017.02.14建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingBuilding construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack wouldcontinuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suocrack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist itsconstringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce through sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rock and old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keepingconcrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of。

【施工管理】中英文对照翻译-工程施工管理

【施工管理】中英文对照翻译-工程施工管理

5。

1现场布置5。

1 Site Layout5.1.1项目组织机构图5.1.1Project Organization Chart5.1.2组织机构说明5.1.2Introduction of Organization根据本工程的特点,本着“精干、高效"的原则组建南苏丹Magwi-Lobone公路项目部,项目经理为项目的第一责任人。

In accordance with features of the project and under the principle of “high capability and efficiency”,establish the Southern Sudan Magwi—Lobone Highway Project Department, and the project manager is the primary person in charge of the project。

项目部下设:The Project department comprises:◆决策层:项目经理、项目副经理、总工程师;◆Decision—making level:Project Manager,Deputy Project Manager,General Project Engineer;◆管理层:施工部、技术部、合同部、财务部、QHSE部、机物部、行政部;◆Management level:Construction Dept。

, Technology Dept., Contract Dept., Financial Dept。

, QHSE Dept。

, Mechanical Materials Dept。

, Administration Dept.;◆工区作业层:根据本工程特点,按照工区管理作业队及班组的形式。

设置4个工区,即土方一工区、土方二工区、路面工区、综合工区。

◆Work area operation level: in accordance with features of the project and as per work area’s form to manage operation teams and groups, set up 4 work areas,namely Earthwork area I,Earthwork area II,Road pavement area,Complex processing area。

fm阶段的工程项目管理

fm阶段的工程项目管理

fm阶段的工程项目管理FM阶段的工程项目管理工程项目管理是指对项目进行规划、组织、指导、协调和控制的一系列活动,以达到项目目标的过程。

在项目管理过程中,FM阶段是非常重要的一个阶段。

FM即Facility Management,中文翻译为设施管理,是指对项目中涉及的设施进行维护、管理和优化的工作。

本文将重点探讨FM阶段的工程项目管理。

在FM阶段的工程项目管理中,首先需要进行设施管理计划的制定。

设施管理计划是指对项目中所涉及的设施进行全面规划和管理的文件,包括设施管理的目标、范围、工作内容、时间计划、资源需求等。

通过制定设施管理计划,可以明确项目的设施管理目标和工作重点,为后续的管理工作提供指导和依据。

接下来,需要进行设施管理团队的组建。

设施管理团队是由具备相关专业知识和经验的人员组成的,负责项目中设施的维护、管理和优化工作。

团队成员需要具备良好的沟通协调能力和问题解决能力,能够有效地协调各方资源,保障设施管理工作的顺利进行。

在设施管理团队组建完成后,需要进行设施管理工作的实施。

设施管理工作主要包括设施维护、设施保养、设施改进等方面的工作。

设施维护是指对项目中的设施进行定期检查和保养,及时发现和解决设施故障,保证设施的正常运行。

设施保养是指对设施进行日常的清洁、维修和保养工作,保持设施的良好状态。

设施改进是指根据项目需求和管理目标,对设施进行优化和改进,提高设施的使用效率和运营效益。

在设施管理工作的实施过程中,需要进行设施管理的监督和控制。

监督和控制是指对设施管理工作进行监督和评估,及时发现和解决问题,确保设施管理工作的质量和进度。

通过监督和控制,可以及时调整管理策略和措施,保障设施管理工作的顺利进行。

需要进行设施管理工作的总结和评估。

设施管理的总结和评估是指对整个设施管理工作进行总结和评估,总结工作中的经验和教训,为今后的设施管理工作提供借鉴和改进的方向。

通过总结和评估,可以不断提高设施管理的水平和效果,为项目的成功实施奠定基础。

工程造价 项目成本管理 BIM和5D项目成本管理 外文文献翻译

工程造价 项目成本管理 BIM和5D项目成本管理 外文文献翻译

文献出处:Smith P. BIM & the 5D project cost manager[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 119: 475-484.第一部分为译文,第二部分为原文。

默认格式:中文五号宋体,英文五号Times New Roma,行间距1.5倍。

BIM和5D项目成本管理摘要:本文探讨了项目成本管理专业人员在建筑行业建筑信息建模(BIM)实施与推进中的作用问题。

本文回顾了当前BIM行业的发展趋势和问题,并对澳大利亚的工料测量公司进行了详细的访谈。

BIM不仅涉及3D建模,并且还通常在诸如4D(时间),5D(成本)甚至6D(施工施工)的进一步维度中定义。

4D将3D对象模型中的信息和数据与项目编程和调度数据进行链接,促进了施工活动的仿真分析。

5D将所有这些信息与成本数据(如数量,时间表和价格)相集成。

6D表示在建筑的运行阶段可以使用的施工模型。

本文探讨了项目成本管理专业人员在所有项目阶段一体化参与的重要性,并将第五维度成为BIM环境中的关键角色-“5D项目成本管理”。

本文主要采用文献综述和行业采访等研究方法,并将通过专业项目成本管理公司确定领域的领先优势。

本文的结论是,现代项目成本管理最大的价值在于这些管理者们具备5D施工的能力,并能够利用仿真模型实时提供详细的5D估计和成本计划。

关键词:项目成本超支,项目成本管理,数量测量,成本工程1.引言在世界各地提供专业项目成本管理服务的主要专业对象是造价工程师,工料计量师,建筑经济学家和项目经理。

工料计量师是一个起源于英国的职业,是英联邦国家认可的专业职称。

造价工程师主要用于北美和南美,中国和欧洲部分地区。

建筑经济学家在一些欧洲国家和世界其他地区被用作服务的替代描述。

在其他地区,特别是在欧洲,这三个职称得不到承认,项目管理大部分由成本管理服务商承担,作为其服务套餐的一部分。

工程管理外文文献翻译---项目组合管理——远非现今管理所制定的方案

工程管理外文文献翻译---项目组合管理——远非现今管理所制定的方案

外文文献:Project portfolio management –There’s more to it thanwhat management enactsAbstractAlthough companies manage project portfolios concordantly with project portfolio theory, they may experience problems in the form of delayed projects, resource struggles, stress, and a lack of overview. Based on a research project compromised of 128 in-depth interviews in 30 companies, we propose that a key reason why companies do not do well in relation to project portfolio management (PPM) is that PPM often only covers a subset of on-going projects, while projects that are not subject to PPM tie up resources that initially were dedicated to PPM projects. We address and discuss the dilemma of wanting to include all projects in PPM, and aiming at keeping the resource and cognitive burden of doing PPM at a reasonable level.Keywords:Managing programmes,Managing projects,Organisation resources,Strategy1.IntroductionAt any given point in time, most companies engage in many projects. Some of these projects may relate to product development and marketing, others relate to changes in work processes and production flows, while yet others relate to competency development, strategic turns, the implementation of new IT systems, environmental issues etc.A key managerial task is to dedicate resources across all of these projects (as well as do daily work) and consequently,management across projects (project portfolio management (PPM)) is critical to company performance.This paper is based on a large-scale qualitative study,which shows that many project-oriented companies do not perform well when it comes to PPM. This relates to the inability to accomplish projects that are initiated. In particular, we identify the following problems:(1) Projects are not completed according to plan (or they even peter out during their project life cycle);(2) Management and employees feel they lack a broad overview of on-going projects (especially when the number of on-going projects increases as more and more projects are not completedaccording to plan);(3)People experience stress as resources are continuously reallocated across projects in order to make ends meet.These observations are especially interesting because the companies were included in the research project because they were supposed to be especially,experienced in PPM, and because they actually engage in PPM according to the extant body of literature on PPM. For example, part of the companies‘ PPM included an effort to pick the best projects on the basis of explicit or implicit criteria, and an effort to allocate sufficient resources to these projects.However, despite efforts,to practice ‗good‘ PPM, these companies experience severe problems in relation to PPM – especially in letting enough resources go into the ‗right‘ pr ojects. The purpose of this paper is to confront PPM as advocated by normative theories with actual PPM practices. Hence, the purpose is to confront PPM theories with PPM as perceived by managers and other employees for whom PPM is part of, or affects, their work conditions.However, in this paper, we are more interested in PPM as enacted by companies than in universally true perceptions. Hence, we adhere to Weick‘s [1–3] notion of enactment as the preconceptions that are used to set aside a portion of the field of experience for further attention. In regard to PPM, enacted projects are thus the ones management sets aside for further attention (i.e. PPM). As such, we focus especially on ways actors define or enact projects [4] and make sense of how to manage the sum of the projects. Drawing on this perspective, we account for findings that suggest why companies that do engage in PPM still experience problems.2. Project portfolio theoryThis paper draws on Archer and Ghasemzadeh‘s [5, p.208] definition of p roject portfolios as ‗‗a group of projects that are carried out under the sponsorship and/or management of a particular organization‘‘. Henceforth, we define PPM as the managerial activities that relate to(1) the initial screening, selection and prioritisation of project proposals,(2) the concurrent reprioritisation of projects in the portfolio,(3) the allocation and reallocation of resources to projects according to priority.For quite some time researchers have suggested that low completion rates for new product development (NPD) projects and new product failure relate to resource deficiencies in key areas [6,7]. Furthermore, while a host of researchers [8–10] have focused on the dimension of PPM that concernsprocesses relating to selection of projects to be included in the portfolio, research e.g. [11] also increasingly focuses on the day-today management of the project portfolio.3. MethodologyOver a period of two years, we did empirical research on how companies manage their entire range of projects, e.g. renewal projects, strategic projects, IT projects, departmentally specific projects, and production based projects. In relation to the selection of companies to be included in the empirical study, a key criterion was that the study should cover a wide variety of industries. As a result, the empirical study covers 30 companies from industries as diverse as, e.g. mobile telephone communications, finances, energy, pharmaceuticals, toys, software, and foods.However, due to the fact that we were looking for companies, where the amount of on-going projects suggested they were engaged in PPM, the study is biased towards larger companies as well as companies that define at least a substantial part of their activities as projects. The degree to which the companies participated in the study varies. Hence, half of the companies are labelled ‗inner circle‘ companies due to the fact that we drew extensively on these 15 companies. For example, in these companies more interviews were conducted at various points in time and at various organizational levels. Hence, a longitudinal perspective characterizes the involvement of these companies.The remaining half of the companies are labelled ‗outer circle‘ companies because their participation in the study has included fewer top-management interviews, the purpose of which was to gain insight into ways in which (top) management defines the content of their project portfolios and manages them.4. Managerial implicationsA key finding is that the gap between required and available resources is very much attributable to the existence of a host of smaller projects that never become part of enacted project portfolios. Thus, at an aggregated level, the empirical study suggests smaller, un-enacted projects qualify as resources crunchers in so far they are not considered to be a part of enacted project portfolios. In order to overcome this crunch in resources, two solutions seem obvious:(1) Enacting more, i.e. having PPM embrace all projects.(2) Allocating more resources to a pool of loosely-controlled resources for the un-enacted projects to draw on.5. Research implicationsThe empirical study elaborates on the ‗‗significant shortage of resources devoted to NPD‘‘ that Cooper and Edgett argue is the fundamental problem ‗‗that p lagues most firms‘ product development efforts‘‘.Our work especially suggests that the shortage of resources devoted to enacted projects is not a problem that primarily arises in relation to top management‘s PPM. On the contrary, in-good-faith top management dedicates resources to enacted projects on the basis of sound PPM. However, what top managers do not do is take into account the host of smaller projects that individuals initiate and – more importantly – top managers ignore (or at least heavily under-estimate) the amount of resources that these smaller projects tie up. Hence, we argue that especially the crunch in resources may be attributable to the un-enacted competition for resources that smaller projects subject enacted projects to.Consequently, the key contribution of our empirical work to research is that it emphasises that if we wish to study PPM (and especially if we wish to relate PPM to project performance), we might be better off taking into account the entire range of projects that actual (not enacted) portfolios are comprised of. Thus, if we as researchers only enact the projects that are neatly listed by top management, then our research will neglect the host of projects that are not subject to PPM, projects that nonetheless take up valuable, and scarce, resources.The fact that the empirical study includes interviews with managers, i.e. those who do PPM, and interviews with personnel at lower organisational levels, i.e. those whose work is subject to PPM, is the reason why we were able to identify un-enacted projects. Thus, researchers interested in PPM should be careful not to rely too heavily on a management perspective.6. Conclusion and limitationsThe main conclusion is that as long as some projects are un-enacted, companies may experience a drain on resources that reduces the time and resources actually devoted to projects subject to PPM. Hence, each individual company should decide whether or not all projects should be part of PPM and if the end result of such a decision is not to make comprehensive project lists (i.e. lists that include all minor projects), then management should decide how many resources should be set aside for the plethora of small projects that do not appear on the project list.One way in which the crunch in resources can be reduced is by ensuring that smaller projects do not take up a critical portion of the resources that are – officially – set aside for the completion ofprojects subject to PPM. However, due to the exploratory nature of the study accounted for in this paper, our findings relate far more to what companies actually do (positive theory in Hunt‘s terms), rather than to what they ought to do (normative theory in Hunt‘s terms). Although generating positive theory is indeed a crucial first step – especially in relation to the future of PPM theory –positive theory cannot, and should not, stand alone. Hence, the key challenges for PPM theory in the future are to produce normative theory that offers sound suggestions as to how companies can improve their PPM.Another limitation of our study is that the empirical part was carried out in a Danish context as the 30 companies involved are located in Denmark, which may not be sufficiently representative for companies worldwide because Denmark has, to a larger extent, a bottom-up culture. Therefore, the portion of smaller un-enacted projects may be bigger here than in companies in other countries. We hope that our study will inspire other researchers to carry our similar studies in other countries.References[1] Aboloafia MY, Killduff D. Enacting market crisis: the social construction of a speculative bubble.Admin Sci Quart 1988;33(1): 177–93.[2] Archer NP, Ghasemzadeh F. An integrated framework for project portfolio selection.Int J Project Manage 1999;17(4):207–16.[3] Cooper RG. Benchmarking new product performance: results of the best practices study.Eur Manage J 1998;16(1):1–7.[4] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ. Overcoming the crunch in resources for new product development.Res Technol Manage 2003;46:48–58.[5] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ, Kleinschmidt EJ. Best practices for managingR&D portfolios. Res Technol Manage 1998;41:20–33.[6] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ, Kleinschmidt EJ. New product portfolio management: practices and performance.J Prod Innovat Manage[7] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ, Kleinschmidt EJ. New problems, new solutions: making portfolio management more effective. Res Technol Manage 2000;43:18–33. 1999;16(3):333–51.[8] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ, Kleinschmidt EJ. Portfolio management for new products.Cambridge MA: Perseus Publishing; 2001.[9] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ, Kleinschmidt EJ. Portfolio management in new product development: lessons from the leaders – I. Res Technol Manage 1997;40:16–28.[10] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ, Kleinschmidt EJ. Portfolio management in new product development: lessons from the leaders – II. Res Technol Manage 1997;40:43–52.[11] Cooper RG, Edgett SJ, Kleinschmidt EJ. Portfolio management for new product development: results of an industry practices study. R&D Manage 2001;31(4):361–80.中文译文:项目组合管理——远非现今管理所制定的方案摘要尽管公司一向致力于处理项目股份单与项目股份单理论,他们也许会经历在工程延迟,资源短缺,压力,缺乏整体概要的形式上遇到问题。

项目翻译管理词汇

项目翻译管理词汇

项目管理翻译词汇Abstract Resource 抽象资源Abstraction 抽象Acceleration 加速Acceptability Criteria 验收标准Acceptable Quality Level ("AQL") 可接受质量水平Acceptance 验收Acceptance Criteria 验收标准Acceptance Letters 验收函Acceptance Number 接受数目Acceptance Review 验收评审Acceptance Test 验收测试Acquisition Methods 采购方式Acquisition Negotiations 采购谈判Acquisition Plan 采购计划Acquisition Plan Review ("APR") 采购计划评审Acquisition Planning 采购计划编制Acquisition Process 采购过程Acquisition Strategy 采购策略Action 行动Action Item 行动项Action Item Flags 行动项标记Action Plan 行动计划Activation 激活Active Listening 积极倾听Activity Arrow Net 活动箭线网络Activity Based Costing ("ABC") 基于活动的成本核算Activity Based Management ("ABM") 基于活动的管理Activity Calendar 活动日历Activity Code 活动代码Activity Definition 活动定义Activity Description 活动描述Activity Duration 活动工期活动持续时间Activity Duration Estimating 活动工期估算Activity Elaboration 活动详述Activity File 活动档案Activity ID 活动识别码Activity List 活动清单Activity Node Net 活动节点网络双代号网络Activity on Arc ("AOA") 弧线表示活动双代号网络Activity on Arrow ("AOA") 箭线表示活动双代号网络Activity on Node 节点表示活动单代号网络Activity Oriented 面向活动Activity Oriented Schedule 面向活动的进度计划Activity Properties 活动属性Activity Quantities 活动量值Activity Status 活动状态Activity Timing 活动定时Actor 执行者角色Actual 实际的Actual and Scheduled Progress 实际进展的与计划进度Actual Cost 实际成本Actual Cost Data Collection 实际成本汇总Actual Costs 实际费用Actual Dates 实际日期Actual Direct Costs 实际直接成本Actual Expenditures 实际的支出Actual Finish 实际完成Actual Finish Date 实际完成日期Actual Start 实际开始Actual Start Date 实际开始日期ACWP 已完成工作实际成本See Actual Cost of Work PerformedAdaptation 适应Added value 附加价值Addendum 附录Adequacy 适当Adjourning 解散Adjustment 调节ADMArrow Diagram MethodADM Project ADM 项目Administration 管理部门Administrative 行政的Administrative Change 行政变更Administrative Management 行政管理ADPAutomated Data ProcessingADRAlternative Dispute ResolutionAdvanced Material Release ("AMR") 材料提前发布AFActual Finish DateAFEApplication for ExpenditureAuthority for ExpenditureAffect 影响Affected Parties 受影响方Agency 代理Agenda 议程Aggregation 汇总Agreement 协议Agreement, legal 协议合同ALAPAs-Late-As-PossibleAlgorithm 算法Alignment 排列成行Alliance 联合Allocated Baseline 分配的基线Allocated Requirements 分配需求Allocation 分配Allowable Cost 允许成本Allowance 预留Alternate Resource 替代资源Alternative Analysis 替代分析Alternative Dispute Resolution ("ADR") 替代争议解决方案Alternatives 可选方案Ambiguity 含糊不清Amendment 修订Amount at Stake 损失量AMR 材料提前公布Analysis 分析Analysis and Design 分析与设计Analysis Time 分析期Analyst 分析员AND Relationship 与关系Anecdotal 轶事Anticipated Award Cost 预期中标价AOAActivity on ArrowActivity on ArcAONActivity on NodeAOQAverage Outgoing QualityAOQLAverage Outgoing Quality LimitAPMAArea of Project Management ApplicationApparent Low Bidder 最低投标人Application 应用Application Area 应用领域Application for Expenditure ("AFE") 支出申请Application for Expenditure Justification 支出申请的论证Application Programs 应用程序Applied Direct Costs 实际直接成本Apportioned Effort 分摊努力Apportioned Task 分摊任务Appraisal 评估Approach 方法Appropriation 拨款Approval 批准Approval to Proceed 批准继续Approve 同意Approved Bidders List 批准的投标人清单Approved Changes 批准的变更Approved Project Requirements 批准的项目需求APRAcquisition Plan ReviewAQLAcceptable Quality LevelArbitrary 随意的Arbitration 仲裁Arc 弧线Architectural Baseline 构架基线Architectural View 构架视图Architecture 构架Architecture, executable 构架可执行Archive 档案文件Archive Plan 存档计划Area of Project ApplicationArea of Project Management ApplicationArea of Project Management Application ("APMA") 项目管理的应用领域Arrow 箭线Arrow Diagram Method ("ADM") 箭线图方法Arrow Diagramming 箭线图方法Arrow Diagramming Method 箭线图方法双代号网络图Artifact 制品Artificial 人工的ASActual Start DateASAPAs-Soon-As-PossibleAs-built Design 实际建造设计As-built document.tion 实际建造文档As-Built RecordsAs-Built Schedule 实际建造进度计划As-Late-As-Possible ("ALAP") 尽可能晚As-Needed 恰如所需As-of Date见Data Date.As-Performed Schedule 实际进度计划Assembly 组装件Assembly Sequence 组装顺序Assessment 评估Assets 资产Assignment 分配委派任务Associated Revenue 关联收益Association 关联关系As-Soon-As-Possible ("ASAP") 尽快Assumption 假设Assumptions 假设Assumptions List 假设清单Assurance 保证Assurance Program见Quality Assurance Program.ATP见Acceptance Test ProcedureAttitude 态度Attribute 属性Attrition 损耗Audit 审核审计Authoritarian 独裁的Authoritative 权威的Authority 权威权力Authority for Expenditure ("AFE") 开支权Authorization 授权见ApprovalAuthorize 批准Authorized Unpriced Work 批准的未定价工作Authorized Work 批准的工作Authorized Works 批准的工作Automated Data Processing ("ADP") 自动化数据处理Automatic Decision Event 自动决策事件Automatic Generation 自动生成Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备AUW见Authorized Unpriced WorkAuxiliary Ground Equipment 辅助场地设备Availability 可用性Average Outgoing Quality ("AOQ") 平均出厂质量Average Outgoing Quality Limit ("AOQL") 平均出厂质量限度Average Sample Size Curve 平均样本规模曲线Avoidance 避免Award 授予Award Fee 奖金Award Letter 中标函BAC 完工预算Budget at CompletionBaseline at CompletionBack Charge 逆向计费Backcharge 逆向收费Backward Pass 倒推法/反向计算Bad Debts 坏帐Balance 余额权衡Balanced Matrix 平衡矩阵Balanced Scorecard 平衡记分卡Balanced Scorecard Approach ("BSA") 平衡记分卡方法Bank 储备Banking 储备Bar Chart 横道图Bargaining 讨价还价交涉Bargaining Power 讨价还价权力交涉权力Barriers 障碍Base 基础基数Baseline 基线基准Baseline at Completion ("BAC") 完成/完工基线Baseline Concept 基线概念Baseline Control 基线控制Baseline Cost 基线成本Baseline Dates 基线日期Baseline Finish Date 基线完成日期Baseline Management 基线管理Baseline Plan 基线计划基准计划Baseline Review 基线评审Baseline Schedule 基线进度计划Baseline Start Date 基线开始日期Baseline, budget 基线预算Baseline, business 基线商业Baseline, cost estimate 基线费用估算Baseline, technical 基线技术Basis of Estimate 估算根据Batch 批量Batch Operation 批运行/批处理BATNABest Alternative to Negotiated AgreementBCMBusiness Change ManagerBCWPBudgeted Cost of Work PerformedBCWSBudgeted Cost of Work ScheduledBECElapsed CostBehavior 行为/反应Behavior Analysis 行为分析Benchmark 基准Benchmarking 标竿管理Beneficial Occupancy/Use 有益的占用/使用Benefits 效益Benefits Framework 效益框架Benefits Management 效益管理Benefits Management Plan 效益管理计划Benefits Management Regime 效益管理制度Benefits Profiles 效益简述Benefits Realization Phase 效益实现阶段Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement ("BATNA") 协议外最佳方案BATNABest and Final Contract Offer 最佳及最终合同报价Best and Final Offer 最佳及最终报价Best Efforts Contract 最大努力合同Best Practices 最佳实践Best value 最佳值Beta Distribution 贝塔发布Beta Test 贝塔测试Beta testing 贝塔测试Bid 投标Bid Analysis 投标分析Bid Bond 投标保证金Bid Cost Considerations 投标成本补偿费Bid document.nbspPreparation 招标文件准备Bid document.招标文件Bid Evaluation 评标Bid List 投标人清单Bid Package 标段标块Bid Protests 投标抗议/拒付Bid Qualifications 投标资质Bid Response 投标响应Bid Technical Consideration 投标技术因素Bid Time Consideration 投标中的时间因素Bid/No Bid Decision 投标/不投标决策Bidder 投标人Bidders Conference 投标人会议Bidders List 投标人名单Bidders Source Selection 投标人来源选择Bidding 投标Bidding Strategy 投标策略Bill 帐单Bill of Materials 材料清单Bills of Materials 材料清单Blanket Purchase Agreement ("BPA") 一揽子采购协议BPA Blueprint 蓝图/计划设计图Board 委员会Boiler Plate 样板文件Bona Fide 真诚真实Bond 担保Bonus 奖金Bonus Schemes 奖励计划Booking Rates 预提费率BOOTBuild, Own, Operate, TransferBottom Up Cost Estimate 自下而上成本估算Bottom Up Cost Estimating 自下而上成本估算Bottom Up Estimating 自下而上估算Boundary 边界BPABlanket Purchase AgreementBPRBusiness Process ReengineeringBrainstorming 头脑风暴法Branching Logic 分支逻辑关系Breach of Contract 违约Breadboarding 实验模型Break Even 盈亏平衡Breakdown 分解Breakdown Structure 分解结构Break-Even Chart 盈亏平衡图Break-Even Charts 盈亏平衡图Break-Even Point 盈亏平衡点Bribe 贿赂BSABalanced Scorecard ApproachBuck Passing 完全通过/推卸责任Budget 预算Budget at Completion ("BAC") 完工预算BACBudget Cost 预算成本Budget Costs 预算成本预算费用Budget Decrement 预算消耗Budget Element 预算要素Budget Estimate 预算估算Budget Presentation 预算介绍Budget Revision 预算修订Budget Unit 预算单位Budgetary Control 预算性控制Budgeted 已安排预算的Budgeted Cost of Work Performed ("BCWP") 已完工作预算成本BCWP Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled ("BCWS") 计划工作的预算成本Budgeting 制定预算Budgeting & Cost Management 预算制定与成本管理Build 建设构造Build, Own, Operate, Transfer ("BOOT") 建造拥有经营转让Buildability 建造能力Building 建筑物Building Professionalism 建设专业化Build-to document.tion 建成文档Built-in Test Equipment 内置测试设备Bulk Material 大宗材料Burden 间接费用负担Burden of Proof 举证费Bureaucracy 官僚制度Burn Rate 消耗速度Burst Node 分支点Business Actor 业务参与者/角色Business Appraisal 商业评估Business Area 业务领域Business Assurance 商业保证Business Assurance Coordinator 商业保证协调人Business Case 商业案例Business Change Manager ("BCM") 商业变更经理BCM Business Creation 商业创新Business Engineering 商业工程Business Imperative 商业需要Business Improvement 业务改进Business Manager 商务经理商业经理Business Modeling 业务建模Business Needs 商业需求Business Objectives 商业目标Business Operations 业务运作Business Process 业务流程Business Process Engineering 业务流程工程Business Process Reengineering ("BPR") 业务流程重组Business Processes 业务流程Business Risk 商业风险Business Rule 商业规则Business Transition Plan 业务转换计划Business Unit 业务单位Buyer 买方Buyer's Market 买方市场Buy-In 支持认同买进Bypassing 回避Calculate Schedule 估算进度安排Calculation 计算Calendar 日历Calendar File 日历文件Calendar Range 日历范围Calendar Start Date 日历开始日期Calendar Unit 日历单位Calendar, Software 日历软件Calendars 日历集Calibration 校准CAMCost Account ManagerComputer Aided ManufacturingControl Account ManagerCAPCost Account PlanControl Account PlanCapability 能力Capability Survey 能力调查Capital 资本Capital Appropriation 资本划拨Capital Asset 资本资产Capital Cost 资本成本Capital Employed 占用的资本Capital Expansion Projects 资本扩展项目Capital Goods Project 资本货物项目Capital Property 资本财产CARCapital Appropriation RequestCards-on-the-wall Planning 墙卡规划法Career 职业Career Path Planning 职业路线规划Career Planning 职业规划Career Path Planning.Carryover Type 1 结转类型1 Carryover Type 2 结转类型2Cascade Chart 层叠图CASE (1)Computer Aided Software Engineering CASE (2)Computer Aided System Engineering Cash 现金Cash Flow 现金流Cash Flow Analysis 现金流分析Cash Flow Management 现金流管理Cash Flow, Net 现金流净值Cash In 现金流入Cash Out 现金支出Catalyst 催化者Catch-up Alternatives 赶上计划的备选方案Causation 起因Cause 动因CBDComponent-Based DevelopmentCBSCost Breakdown StructureCCBChange Control BoardCCDRContractor Cost Data ReportCDRCritical Design ReviewCentral Processing Unit ("CPU") 中央处理单元Centralized 集中的Certain 确定的Certainty.Certainty 确定性Certificate of Conformance 一致性认证Certification 认证Chain 链Challenge 挑战Champion 推动者支持者Change 变更变化变革Change Control 变更控制Change Control Board ("CCB") 变更管理委员会Change document.tion 变更文档Change in Scope 工作范围变化Change Log 变更日志Change Management 变更管理Change Management Plan 变更管理计划Change Notice 变更通知Change Order 变更通知单Changed Conditions 变更的条款Characteristic 特性Chart 图表Chart of Accounts 会计科目表Chart Room 图表室Charter 章程Checking 检查Checklist 检查清单Checkpoint 检查点Checkpoints 检查点集Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官Child 子项Child Activity 子活动CIConfiguration ItemClaim 索赔Clarification 澄清Class 类Classes 类Classification 分类Classification of Defects 缺陷的分类Clearance Number 净空数Client 客户Client Environment 客户环境Client Quality Services 客户质量服务Closed Projects 已收尾的项目Closeout 收尾Closeout Report 收尾报告Closeout, phase 收尾阶段Closing 终止Closure 收尾CMConfiguration ManagementConstruction ManagementCoaching 教练Code 代码Code and Unit Test 编码和单元测试Code of Accounts 帐目编码Coding 编码Collaboration 协作Collapsing 折叠Collective 集体的Combative 好战的Commercial 商务的Commercial Item Description 商务描述Commission and Handover 委托和移交Commissioning 试运行Commissions and Bonuses 酬金和奖金Commit 提交Commitment 承诺义务Commitment document.nbsp 承诺文件Commitment EstimateCommitment Package 承诺包Commitment to Objectives 对目标的承诺Committed Cost 已承担成本已承付成本Committed Costs 已承诺费用Common Carrier 公众运营商Communicating With Groups 与团队的沟通Communicating With Individuals 与个人的沟通Communication 沟通Communication Channels 沟通渠道Communication Plan, Strategic 沟通计划策略性的Communication Plan, Tactical 沟通计划--战术性的Communication Room 交流室Communications Management 沟通管理Communications Plan 沟通计划Communications Planning 沟通规划编制Community 社团Company 公司Comparison 对比Compatibility 兼容性Compensation 补偿Compensation and Evaluation 补偿和评价Competence 能力Competency 能力Competition 竞争Competitive:竞争的Compile 编译Compile Time 编译时Complete 完成Completed Activity 已完成的活动Completed Units 完工单元Completion 完工Completion Date 完成日期Complex 复杂的Component 构件组件Component Integration and Test 组件集成和测试Component-Based Development ("CBD") 基于构件的开发Components 组件Compound Risk 复合风险Compromise 折衷Compromising, in negotiating 折衷谈判Computer 计算机Computer Aided Design ("CAD") 计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Drafting ("CAD") 计算机辅助制图Computer Aided Manufacturing ("CAM") 计算机辅助制造Computer Cost Applications 计算机化的成本管理应用Computer Hardware 计算机硬件Computer Modeling 计算机建模Computer Program Configuration Item 计算机程序配置项Computer Software 计算机软件Computer Software Component 计算机软件组件Computer Software Configuration Item ("CSCI") 计算机软件配置项Computer Software document.tion 计算机软件文档Computer Software Unit 计算机软件单元Computer-Aided 计算机辅助的Computerized Information Storage, Reference and Retrieval 计算机化的信息存储定位和检索Concept 概念Concept Definition document.nbsp 概念定义文档Concept Phase 概念阶段Concept Study 概念研究Conception Phase 概念形成阶段Conceptual 概念性的Conceptual Budgeting 概念性预算Conceptual Design 概念性设计Conceptual Development 概念性开发Conceptual Project Planning 概念性项目计划Concession 让步Concession Making, in negotiating 谈判中的让步Conciliatory 调和的Concluding 终决的Conclusions 结论Concurrency 并发性Concurrent 并发事件Concurrent Delays 并行延迟Concurrent Engineering 并行工程Concurrent Tasks 并行任务Conditional Risk 条件风险Conditions 条件条款Conducting 执行Confidence Level 信心等级Configuration 配置Configuration Audit 配置审核Configuration Breakdown 配置分解Configuration Control 配置控制Configuration Control Board 配置控制委员会Configuration Identification 配置识别Configuration Item Acceptance Review 配置项验收评审Configuration Item Verification 配置项验证Configuration Item Verification Procedures 配置项验证程序Configuration Management 配置管理Configuration Management Board 配置管理委员会Configuration Relationships 配置关系Configuration Status Accounting 配置状态统计Conflict 冲突Conflict Management 冲突管理Conflict Resolution 冲突解决方案Conformance to Requirements 与需求的一致性Confrontation 积极面对Consensus 一致同意Consensus Decision Process 集体决策过程Consent 同意Consequences 后果Consideration 对价Considerations 对价需要考虑的事项Consolidate 合并Consortium 联盟Constituents 涉众Constraint 约束条件Constraint, project constraint 约束条件对项目的约束Constraints 约束条件Constructability 施工能力Construction 施工构造建造建筑Construction Contractor 施工承包商Construction Cost 施工成本Construction Management ("CM") 施工管理Construction Manager 施工经理Construction Stage 施工阶段Construction Work 施工工作Construction-Oriented 以施工为导向的Constructive Challenge 建设性质询Constructive Change 建设性变更Consultant 咨询顾问Consulting 咨询Consumable Resource 可消耗资源Consumables 消费性物资Contemplated Change Notice 预期变更通知Contending, in negotiating 争论在谈判中Content 内容Content Type 内容类型Context 背景Contingencies 不可预见费应急费用Contingency 不可预见费应急费用Contingency Allowance 应急补助Contingency Budget Procedure 不可预见费用预算程序Contingency Plan 意外事件计划Contract Package 合同包Contract Performance Control 合同履行控制Contract Plan 合同计划Contract Pre-award Meetings 合同预授予会议Contract Quality Requirements 合同质量要求Contract Requirements 合同要求Contract Risk 合同风险Contract Risk Analysis 合同风险分析Contract Signing 合同签署Contract Strategy 合同战略Contract Target Cost ("CTC") 合同目标成本Contract Target Price ("CTP") 合同目标价格Contract Type 合同分类Contract Types 合同类型Contract Work Breakdown Structure ("CWBS") 合同工作分解结构Contract/Procurement Management 合同/采购管理Contracting 签订合同Contractor 承包商Contractor Claims Release 承包商索赔豁免Contractor Cost Data Report ("CCDR") 承包商成本数据报告Contractor Evaluation 承包商评估Contractor Furnished Equipment 承包商供应的设备Contractor Project Office 承包商项目办公室Contractor Short Listing 承包商短列表Contractor's Performance Evaluation 承包商的绩效评价Contractual 合同的Contractual Conditions 合同条款Contractual/Legal Requirements 合同的/法律上的要求Contributed value 贡献价值Contribution Analysis 贡献分析Control 控制Control Account ("CA") 控制帐目Control Account Manager ("CAM") 控制帐目经理Control Account Plan ("CAP") : 控制帐目计划Control and Coordination 控制和协调Control Chart 控制表Control Cycle 控制周期Control Gate 控制关口控制关卡Control Loop 控制回路Control Point 控制点Control Requirements 控制必要条件要求Control System 控制系统Control Theory 控制论Controllable Risks 可控风险Controlling 控制参看Project ControlControlling Relationship 控制关系Coordinated Matrix 协调型的矩阵Coordination 协调Coordinator 协调员Corporate 公司Corporate Administration and Finance 公司行政和财务Corporate Budget. 公司预算Corporate Business Life Cycle 公司商务生命周期Corporate Constraints 公司限制因素Corporate Data Bank 公司数据库Corporate Management 公司管理Corporate Memory 公司记忆库Corporate Philosophy 公司价值体系, 公司哲学Corporate Planning 公司计划编制Corporate Project Management 公司项目管理Corporate Project Strategy 公司项目战略Corporate Quality Standards 公司质量标准Corporate Resources 公司资源Corporate Responsibility Matrix 公司责任矩阵Corporate Standards 公司标准Corporate Supervision 公司监管Corporation 公司Correction 纠正Corrective Action 纠正措施Correlation 相关性Cost 成本Cost Account 成本帐目Cost Account Breakdown 成本帐目分解Cost Account Manager ("CAM") 成本帐目经理Cost Account Plan ("CAP") 成本帐目计划Cost Accumulation Methods 成本累加方法Cost Analysis 成本分析Cost Applications 成本应用Cost Avoidance 成本规避Cost Baseline 成本基线Cost Benefit 成本效益Cost Benefit Analysis 成本效益分析Cost Breakdown Structure 成本分解结构Cost Budgeting 成本预算Cost Ceiling 封顶成本成本上限Cost Ceiling Bracket 成本上限范围Cost Center 成本中心Cost Check 成本检查Cost Classes 成本类别Cost Code 成本代码Cost Codes 成本代码Cost Control 成本控制Cost Control Point 成本控制点Cost Control System 成本控制系统Cost Curve 成本曲线Cost Distribution 成本分摊Cost Effective 成本效率成本有效的Cost Element 成本元素Cost Engineering 成本工程Cost Envelope 成本区域Cost Estimate 成本估算Cost Estimate Classification System 成本估算分类系统Cost Estimating 成本估算Cost Estimating Relationship 成本估算关系Cost Forecast 成本预测Cost Forecasting 成本预测Cost Growth 成本增长Cost Incurred 已发生成本Cost Index 成本指数Cost Indices 成本指数表Cost Input 成本投入Cost Management 成本管理Cost Model 成本模型Cost of Money 资金成本Cost of Quality 质量成本Cost Overrun 成本超支Cost Performance Baseline 成本绩效基线Cost Performance Index ("CPI") 成本绩效指数Cost Performance Indicator ("CPI") 成本绩效指数Cost Performance Measurement Baseline 成本绩效度量基线Cost Performance Ratio ("CPR") 成本绩效比率Cost Performance Report ("CPR") 成本绩效报告Cost Plan 成本计划Cost Plus 成本补偿Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract ("CPFF") 成本加固定费用合同Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contract ("CPIFC") 成本加奖励费用合同Cost Plus Percentage of Cost Contract ("CPPC") 成本加成本百分比合同Cost Reimbursable Contract 成本补偿合同费用可偿还合同Cost Reimbursement 成本补偿Cost Reimbursement Type Contracts 成本补偿型合同Cost Reviews 成本评审Cost Savings 成本节约Cost Sharing Contract 成本共享合同Cost Status 成本状态Cost to Complete 竣工尚需成本Cost to Complete Forecast 竣工所需成本预测Cost Types 成本类型Cost Variance ("CV") 成本偏差Cost/Schedule Status Report ("C/SSR") 成本/进度状态报告Cost-Benefit Analysis 成本效益分析Costed Work Breakdown Structure 带成本信息的工作分解结构Cost-Effectiveness 成本效果分析法Costing 成本核算Costing Systems 成本核算系统Cost-Time Resource Sheet ("CTR") 成本时间资源表Counseling 指导Countermeasures 对策CPFFC"Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract"CPI"Cost Performance Index"."Cost Performance Indicator".CPIF 成本加奖励费用合同"Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contract"CPIFC"Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contract"CPM"Critical Path Method"CPN"Critical Path Network"CPPC"Cost Plus Percentage of Cost Contract"CPR"Cost Performance Ratio"Cost Performance Report"CPU"Central Processing Unit"CR"Change Request"Craft 技艺Crash Costs 赶工成本Crash Duration 赶工工期Crashing 赶工Creativity 创造力Credit 赊欠信誉Credited Resource 已授予的资源Crisis 危机Criteria 标准指标Criterion 标准指标Critical 关键的Critical Activity 关键活动Critical Chain 关键链Critical Defect 关键性缺陷Critical Defective 有关键缺陷的产品Critical Design Review 关键设计评审Critical Event 关键事件Critical Factors 关键因素Critical Path 关键路径Critical Path Analysis 关键路径分析Critical Path Method ("CPM") 关键路径法Critical Path Network ("CPN") 关键路径网络图Critical Performance Indicator 关键绩效指标Critical Ratio 临界比关键比率Critical Sequence 关键工序Critical Sequence Analysis 关键工序分析Critical Subcontractor 关键分包商Critical Success Factors ("CSF") 关键的成功因素Critical Task 关键任务Critical Work Item 关键工作项Criticality Index 关键指数Cross Organizational 交叉型组织跨组织的Cross References 交叉参照Cross-Stage Plan 交叉阶段计划CSCI"Computer Software Configuration Item". CSF"Critical Success Factors"CTC"Contract Target Cost"CTP"Contract Target Price"CTR"Cost-Time Resource Sheet"Culture 文化Culture, organizational 文化组织文化Cumulative Cost-to-Date 到目前为止的累计成本Cumulative S Curve 累计S 曲线Currency Conversion 货币兑换Current Budget 当前预算Current Date Line 当前日期线Current Finish Date 当前完成日期Current FY Budget Allocation 当前财政年的预算分配Current Start Date 当前开始日期Current Status 当前状态Current Year 当年Custom Duty and Tax 海关关税Customer 客户Customer Acceptance Criteria 客户验收标准Customer Furnished Equipment 客户提供的设备Customer Perspective 客户观点Customer/Client Personnel 客户方的职员Cutoff Date 移交日期Cutover 移交CVCost Variance"CWBS"Contract Work Breakdown Structure"Cybernetics 控制论Cycle 周期Cycle Time 周期Damages 损害赔偿金Dangle 悬空活动Data 数据Data Application 数据应用Data Collection 数据收集Data Date ("DD") 数据日期Data Entry Clerk 数据录入员Data Item Description ("DID") 工作项描述Data Processing 数据处理Data Refinements 数据改进Data Type 数据类型Data Structure Organization 数据结构组织Database 数据库Database Administrator ("DBA") 数据库管理员Database Management System ("DBMS") 数据库管理系统Date of Acceptance 验收日期Day Work Account 日常工作帐户DBA"Database Administrator"DBM"Dynamic Baseline Model"DBMS"Database Management System"DCE"Distributed Computing Environment"DCF"Discounted Cash Flow"DD"Data Date"Deactivation Plan 惰性化计划Deactivation Procedures 惰性化流程Debriefing 投标反馈听取情况汇报情况Decentralized 分散的Decision 决策Decision document.tion 决策文档Decision Event 决策事件Decision Making 制定决策Decision Making Process 决策过程Decision Support System 决策支持系统Decision Theory 决策论Decision Tree 决策树Decision Trees 决策树组Decomposing 分解Decomposition 分解Default 违约Default values 默认值Defect 缺陷Defective 缺陷产品Defects-Per-Hundred-Units 每百个单元有缺陷的数量Deficiency 缺陷Deficiency List 缺陷清单Definition 定义Definition Phase 定义阶段Definitive 确定性的Definitive Estimate 确定性估算Deflection 风险转移Degradation 降级Delay 延期Delay, compensable 补偿性延期Delaying Resource 资源延期Delegating 授权Delegation 授权Deliberate Decision Event 预先准备的决策事件Deliverable 可交付成果,可交付物Deliverable Breakdown Structure 可交付物分解结构Deliverable Deadline 可交付物的终止期限Deliverables 可交付成果可交付物Deliverables Management 交付物管理Delivery 交付Delphi Technique 德尔菲法Demonstrate 演示证明Demonstrated 已证明的Demonstrated Past Experience 已证明的过去经验Demonstration 演示Demonstration Review 演示评审Department 部门Departmental Budget 部门预算Dependability 可靠性Dependencies 依赖关系Dependency 活动之间的依赖关系Dependency Arrow 关系箭线Dependency Diagram 网络图前导网络图Dependency Links 依赖关系Dependency Management 依赖关系管理Deployment 部署Deployment Lessons Learned document.nbsp 部署的经验教训文档Deployment Plan 部署计划Deployment Procedures 部署流程Deployment Readiness Review 部署准备评审Deployment View 部署视图Depreciation 折旧Descriptive 描述性的Design 设计Design & Development Phase 设计和开发阶段Design Alternatives 设计备选方案Design Appraisal 设计评估Design Authority 设计权威Design Baseline 基准设计Design Bid Build 设计阶段投标的建立Design Brief 设计大纲Design Build 设计的建立包括设计和构造Design Concept 设计概念Design Contingency 设计应急费用Design Contract 设计合同Design Control 设计控制Design Development 设计开发Design Management 设计管理Design Management Plan 设计管理计划Design Model 设计模型Design of Experiment 试验设计Design Package 设计包Design Review 设计评审Design Subsystem 设计子系统Design Time 设计时间Design to Budget 按预算设计Design to Cost 按成本设计Design-to Specifications 按规范设计Desirable Logic 合意逻辑Detail document.tion 详细的文档Detail Schedule 详细的进度安排Detailed Design 详细设计Detailed Design Stage 详细设计阶段Detailed Engineering 详细工程Detailed Planning 详细计划Detailed Plans 详细的计划Detailed Resource Plan 详细的资源计划Detailed Schedule 详细的进度安排Detailed Technical Plan 详细的技术计划Determination 决定决心Determine Least Cost for Maximum Results 确定可以获得最大收获的最小成本Deterministic 确定性的Deterministic Network 确定的网络图Developed Country 发达国家Developer 开发人员Developing Country 发展中国家Development 开发Development case 开发案例Development Phase 开发阶段Development Plan 开发计划Development process 开发过程Deviation 偏差Deviation Permit 允许偏差Diagram 图DID"Data Item Description"Differences 偏差差异Differentials 差值Differing Site Conditions 不同的现场环境Direct Cost 直接成本Direct Cost Contingency 直接成本应急费用Direct Costs 直接成本Direct Labor 直接人工Direct Project Costs 直接项目成本费用Directing 指挥Direction 指导Directive 指示Director 主管总监Discipline 学科Discipline Maintenance 规矩的维护Discontinuous Activity 非连续的活动Discontinuous Processing 非连续的过程Discount Rate 贴现率折现率Discounted Cash Flow ("DCF") 折现现金流Discounting 折现Discrete Effort 离散工作Discrete Milestone 离散里程碑Discrete Task 离散任务Discrimination 歧视Discussion 讨论Display 显示Disposal of Materials 材料处置Dispute 辩论Disruption 破坏Disruptive 破坏性的Dissemination 分发Distinguishing Constraint 区分性的约束Distributed 分布式的Distributed Computing Environment ("DCE") 分布式计算环境Distributed Processing 分布式处理Distribution List 分发清单Distribution of Minutes 分发会议纪要Distribution, of information 信息分发Diversity 多样化document.nbsp 文档document.nbspControl 文档控制document.nbspManagement 文档管理document.ry 记录片document.tion 文档document.tion Change Notice 文档变更通知document.tion Requirements Description ("DRD") 文档要求说明书Dog and Pony Show 盛大演示。

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工程项目管理12 成本控制,监视和会计12.1 成本控制问题在项目的实施过程中,项目控制的常规程序和记录的保持已成为项目经理和其他参加者在建筑过程中不可缺少的工具。

这些工具提供了两个作用,它记录了项目相关的财务往来,同时给项目经理提供项目的进展情况和存在的问题。

项目控制的问题在项目的一个老的定义中总是被总结为“结束预算后大部分模糊相关的活动的汇集”。

⑴项目控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公平的提示。

在这章中,我们讨论与项目过程中资源运用、会计、监控相关的问题。

在这次讨论中,我们强调会计信息在项目管理中的作用。

项目账户的解释在项目完成之前通常不是很直接的。

正因为这种账户说明太晚以至于不能影响项目管理,甚至到了项目结束之后,会计结果可能还是不清晰的。

因此,为了成本管理的目的,项目经理需要知道要怎样说明会计信息。

然而,在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要讨论一些常见的会计体系和条约,尽管我们的目的不是提供一个对会计程序的全面调查。

项目控制目标的局限性应该作为重点。

项目控制程序主要是为了辨析实际与项目计划的偏差而不是建议可能的办法来节省成本。

这个特征是项目控制变得重要的先进阶段的具体反映。

项目成本的节省主要是在项目计划和设计期间,在实际建筑阶段,变动可能会推迟项目进度并代之费用的无节制增加。

实际上,项目控制的重点是履行原定计划或说明实际与计划的偏差,而不是成本的重大改善和节省,它只是在建筑计划过程中经常发生变动时的援助行为。

最后,要讨论一下与信息的综合化相关的问题。

项目管理的活动和功能事务是紧密相连的,尽管许多情况下技术不能促进项目活动的全面或联合的考虑。

例如,项目进度表和成本账户通常是被分离的,结果项目管理者必须从关于项目的不同报告和他们自己的观察角度来综合一个全面的观点。

特别是,经理常常被迫推测因改变进度表而带来的费用增加,而不是获得为进度表的调整而提供的帮助。

各种类型信息的交流和综合化可以提供一定数量的有益作用,虽然他在项目控制规程的常理过程中要特别注意。

12.2 项目预算为了项目的成本控制,建筑计划的伴生的现金流动估计可以为税后的项目监控提供参考依据。

为了进度表,可以将各个单独活动的进展和完成重点工程所获得的成就与工程进度相比,以监控项目的进展程度。

合同和施工规范为估计和保证建筑所必须的质量提供标准。

最终或详细的成本估计为项目期间财政表现的评估提供参考依据。

在将费用列为详细成本估计的基础上,可以认为项目是在财政控制下的。

特定类别成本的超支提示了可能存在的问题并且对可能遇到的问题提出确切的提示。

建筑计划和控制所发生的费用重点在于最终成本估计所包括的类别,这个焦点对一些少量活动或大量重复活动如铺车行道这类工程最为适宜。

为了控制或监测的目的,原始的详细成本估计被特地转换成方案预算,并且在随后被作为管理的指南。

详细成本估算中的具体项目成为工作成本因素。

项目过程中酸发生的费用被分类别记录在具体成本账户以便于于是成本比较。

因此,单独的成本账户一般代表成本控制的基本单元。

不可避免地,成本账户也许被分开也许被划入那些与特殊预定活动和特殊成本账户相关的工作元素中。

除了成本数额之外,关于每个工作账户上的材料数量和劳力投入也会被特别保留在方案预算中。

通过这个信息可以将实际材料使用率和劳力与预期要求相比较。

结果,可以分析出特殊项目上的费用超支或节约的原因,或许是单价的变化,或许是劳动生产率变化或材料消耗的变化。

于特殊工程相关的成本账户可能发生较的变化。

对于建设者,可能有大约400个不同成本账户同时使用在一个项目中。

⑵这些账户记录所有与项目有关的交易。

因此,专账也许为材料、设备用途、工资单、项目办公室等等不同的类型存在。

代表了物质和非物质的资源,包括上面项目中例如计算机使用或利息支出。

在开发或实施成本账户系统中,适当的编号或编码系统是促进信息交流的根本,同时是成本信息的适当聚合。

特殊的成本账户用来表明与具体工程项目相关的开支,同时也表明在组织过程中一些特殊项目的开支。

这些事在同样信息上的不同观点的例子,也就是为了不同的具体目的以不同的方式来概述相同的信息。

因此,多个成本信息的聚合或应用程序可以使用相同的特殊账户。

为了工程成本账户或为了经济往来,必须提供能把成本账户和具体项目类别分开的标志符。

结果,一套标准费用代码例如在第9章所描述的MASTERFORMAT 代码,可以作为辨认成本账户与项目的标志符,同时用来表明组织或工作的具体需要。

将一个最终成本估计转换成一个与开办费账户兼容的方案预算一向不是直接的任务。

如在第5章中描述,成本估计一般被分开列入适当功能或资源基础项目类别。

例如,劳力和材料数量可能被包括为项目的不同物理成分。

为了项目管理的目的,劳力和材料数量被分开,不管使用他们的是怎样的物质组分。

例如,特殊类型的工作者或材料被众多不同的物质组分所使用。

而且,组织内部成本账户的建立也许具有一点与最终成本估计包括的数量相似的地方。

当要准备一个与外在报告要求相一致的最终成本估计而不是由组织中存在的成本账户生成成本估算时,这是特别真实的。

根据成本账户形成方案预算的过程中存在一个特殊问题即是意外情况数额的处理。

这些金额包含在项目成本估计中,容纳未预见的时间和费用。

然而,在项目完成之前,意外情况费用的来源是不可知的。

现实的,当意外情况数额类入到最终成本估计中时,应该建立一个预算会计项目即意外情况基金。

在形成方案预算过程中的第二个问题是通货膨胀的解决处理。

一般情况下,最终成本估计以真正的货币形成,并且以项目的通货膨胀增加作为百分比或总金额。

这个通货膨胀基金随后将被分配到各个费用项目,这些费用是项目期间实际期望的通货膨胀所招致的费用。

13 质量控制及施工安全13.1 工程质量和安全问题对项目经理而言,质量控制和安全问题越来越重要。

建筑设施的故障或损坏可能导致大量成本的产生,即使是小毛病,也可能要求再建设和设备的重新维修,结果是增加成本和拖延工期。

在最坏的情况下,可能造成人身伤害或倒闭。

在施工过程中发生意外,可能造成人身伤害和大量费用支出。

间接损失保险、检查和管理费用迅速增加是由于这些直接费用的增加。

好的项目经理会尽量确保在第一时间完成工作同时没有事故发生。

对成本控制而言,其中最重要的一项决定即关于已竣工工程的质量控制是在建制和设计阶段,而不是在建设阶段。

正是在初步阶段,确定部分配置、材料规格和性能。

施工过程中的质量控制主要包括保证原始设计和规划决策的完成。

质量管理的主要焦点是依据现有设计决定。

但有例外情况,首先,不可预知的情况。

业主制定正确决策或变更设施功能都要求重新评估建筑施工期间的决定。

而这些改变可能出于对质量的关注,它们代表再设计所伴随的原则和限制。

第二种情况是,根据通知或在建设过程中的特有决定所做出的决策。

例如,一些挖掘隧道的方法就是根据在隧道观测过程中发现的不同地方的土壤条件做出不同决策。

这样的决策是基于更好地了解现场的实际情况,这种工程设计可能更具有成本经济效益了。

任何特殊情况要重新设计施工,都需要考虑第3章中所讨论的各种影响因素。

要在施工过程中注意遵守保证质量的措施,对质量要求的规范在设计和合同文件中变得极为重要。

质量要求必须明确、可行,这样才能使工程的各方参与者能了解这个要求。

本章大部分讨论质量不同要求对发展和建设的影响,以及保证质量符合的相关问题。

建筑工程安全问题很大部分也受到计划和设计阶段决策的影响。

一些设计或施工计划本身执行困难且危险,而其他类似计划会大大降低发生事故的可能性。

例如,明确分工可以大大降低意外碰撞的可能性。

这些设计决定后,主要取决于安全教育。

在施工过程中要合作和警惕,工人要不断警惕发生事故的可能,避免不必要的风险。

13.2 质量和安全组织施工过程中的质量和安全控制可以有很多不同的组织方法。

一个常用模式是一组负责质量保证,一组负责安全保证。

大型组织部门有专门的质量保证和安全保证,可能会指定负责人对特殊项目的特定功能负责。

像小型项目,项目经理可承担这些和其他责任。

这两种情况下,保证工程质量和安全问题的项目负责人,要全面负责该项目所涉及到的人事、成本、时间等管理问题。

检查和质量保证人员将代表不同参与项目组织。

每一方直接涉及项目可能有自己的质量和安全检查任务,包括业主、工程师/建筑师、承建商、各行. 这些人员可从专业承包商的质量保证机构而来。

除了现场检查、样品材料一般是由专门的实验室检验,确保遵守。

督察确保遵守监管要求也将降低。

常见的例子是督察地方政府的建设部门、环保机构、职业安全和卫生机构。

而众多的参与者在施工过程中需要检查人员的服务,不能太过强调。

检查只是一个正式的质量控制检查。

质量管理的主要目标应该是对所有项目小组成员。

管理者应当负责维护管理,提高质量控制。

员工参与质量管理,应设法奖励,包括引进新观念。

最重要的是提高质量能够作为促进生产力的提高的一种催化剂。

通过提出新的工作方法,避免返工,以避免长期的问题,良好的质量控制能为自己付出。

业主要提倡良好的质量控制并选择保持了这种水平的承包商。

除了各种组织机构从事质量管理、质量控制问题已引起各方面的建设参与者的职责活动。

例如,保证准确、有用的信息是维持质量高水准的一个重要组成部分。

其他方面的质量控制包括控制文件(包括在施工过程中修改)、采购、实地检测,最后的测试设备。

13.4 总质量管理建筑质量控制通常包括保证顺从原料和工艺的细小标准从而为了符合根据设计的设施的外表。

这些极小的标准包含在前面的部分描述的规格。

为保证顺从的目的,常用随意抽样和统计方法,作为标准来接受或拒绝工作的完成和批材料。

批的拒绝根据不符合或侵害相关的设计规格。

这质量管理实践的规程在以下部分被描述。

在这些传统质量控制实践中一个含蓄假定合格质量标准是概念的,即哪是缺损物品的一个允许的分数。

如果估计的瑕疵百分比在合格质量标准之内,从供应商得到的材料或由组织进行的工作被检查并且通过作为可接受。

材料或物品问题在产品的交付以后被改正。

与这种传统方法控制相对的是目标总质量管理. 在这个系统,在建筑过程中任何地方都不允许缺损物品。

当无次品目标永久地不可能得到时,它提供一个目标,使组织从未满意对它的质量控制计划,即使瑕疵大数额年复一年减少。

质量管理的这种概念和方法首先在日本和欧洲的制造公司中被开发了,但有传播进许多建筑公司。

最享誉的质量改进的正式证明是国际组织为标准化的ISO 9000标准。

ISO 9000强调好证据、质量目标和计划、实施和回顾的一系列的周期。

总质量管理是承诺到用组织的所有部分表达的质量并包含许多元素。

安全和有效的建筑规程的设计评论是一个主要元素。

其他元素包括大量的人力资源训练,对查出的责任从质量管理审查员转移到工作者,以及连续地维护设备。

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