长大09语言学与翻译B卷答案
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的科学？A. 语言的物理特性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的起源和发展2. 语音学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇构成C. 语言的发音机制D. 语言的书写形式3. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 化学4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素M. 词汇C. 语素D. 句子5. 语义学研究的是语言的哪一方面？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写D. 语言的语法6. 语言的词汇量是如何增长的？A. 通过新词的创造B. 通过旧词的淘汰C. 通过语言的混合D. 通过语言的简化7. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口头形式C. 一种语言的地区变体D. 一种语言的官方标准8. 语言的同化现象是指什么？A. 语言的统一B. 语言的分化C. 语言的借用D. 语言的变异9. 语言的转换是指什么？A. 语言的翻译B. 语言的转写C. 语言的转述D. 语言的转换10. 什么是语言的语境？A. 语言的使用环境B. 语言的书写环境C. 语言的发音环境D. 语言的语法环境二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）11. 语言学的两大分支是________和________。
12. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。
13. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。
14. 语言的词汇化是指________转化为词汇的过程。
15. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在________中的使用。
三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 简述语言的交际功能。
17. 简述语言的规范性与变异性。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述语言与文化的关系。
19. 论述语言的演变过程及其影响因素。
五、案例分析题（每题20分，共20分）20. 请分析一种方言的形成过程，并讨论其对标准语的影响。
2009年英语专业八级真题及答案(最全面的试题答案对比分析)
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2009)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. Y ou will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening, take notes on the important points. Y our notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing Experimental ReportsI. Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II. Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III.Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:ν introduction to relevant areanecessary background informationνν development of clear argumentsdefinition of technical termsνpreciseν description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:understanding of study subject/area and itsν implicationsbasic grasp of the report's formatν--- later stage:ν ____9____ on research significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:inadequate materialν____10____ of research justificationν for the studySECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be give n 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Toastmasters was originally set up to train speaking skills.B. Toastmasters only accepts prospective professional speakers.C. Toastmasters accepts members from the general public.D. Toastmasters is an exclusive club for professional speakers.2. The following are job benefits by joining Toastmasters EXCEPTA. becoming familiar with various means of communication.B. learning how to deliver messages in an organized way.C. becoming aware of audience expectations.D. learning how to get along with friends.3. Toastmasters' general approach to training can be summarized asA. practice plus overall training.B. practice plus lectures.C. practice plus voice training.D. practice plus speech writing.4. Toastmasters aims to train people to be all the following EXCEPTA. public speakers.B. grammar teachers.C. masters of ceremonies.D. evaluators.5. The interview mainly focuses onA. the background information.B. the description of training courses.C. the requirements of public speaking.D. the overall personal growth.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet. Questions 6 and 7 are'based on the foUowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6. Which of the following is the main cause of global warming?A. Fossil fuel.B. Greenhouse gases.C. Increased dryness.D. Violent storm patterns.7. The news item implies that ______ in the last report.A. there were fewer studies doneB. there were fewer policy proposalsC. there was less agreementD. there were fewer objectivesQuestions 8 and 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.8. The cause of the Indian train accident wasA. terrorist sabotage.B. yet to be determined.C. lack of communications.D. bad weather.9. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The accident occurred on a bridge.B. The accident occurred in New Delhi.C. There were about 600 casualties.D. Victims were rescued immediately.Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.10. What is the main message of the news item?A. Y oung people should seek careers advice.B. Careers service needs to be improved.C. Businesses are not getting talented people.D. Careers advice is not offered on the Intemet.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip toIstanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn't foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children "in danger," referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose whatthey were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellentguidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving.Friendly warnings didn't change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department's list of troublespots. We didn't see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see "every single" church and museum in a given city.V accinations weren't needed for the city, but we were concemed about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul's major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners.From a teenager and pre-teen's view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing thiswith younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost.For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children's curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women.Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults' desire to try something new amid children's insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties.Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans' palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook,which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily lef~to a learned third party.11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly becauseA. the city is not too far away from where they lived.B. the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.C. the city is between the familiar and the exotic.D. the city is more familiar than exotic.12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The family found the city was exactly what they had expected.B. Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.C. They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.D. They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.13. We learn from the couple's shopping experience back home thatA. they were used to bargaining over price.B. they preferred to buy things outdoors.C. street markets were their favourite.D. they preferred fashion and brand names.14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in IstanbulA. guidebooks are very useful.B. a professional guide is a must.C. one has to be prepared for questions.D. one has to make arrangements in advance.15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPTA. religious prayers.B. historical buildings.C. local-style markets.D. shopping mall boutiques.TEXT BLast month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and 1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming "demographic cliff" will see vast numbers of skilled workers dispatched from the labour force.The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 will decrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share in the world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased by more than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%. Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a looming problem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before they have handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey of human-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: "When the baby-boomer generation retires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked out the door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void."Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. Atthe same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline.A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlierthis year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying inBeverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to workfor his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed worldtomorrow?If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace toolder workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list ofthe best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because theyare one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says the Conference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government.Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsenseindustrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees are over 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that - flexibleworking, telecommuting, and so forth - also coincidentaUy help older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends "a lot of time" on the ergonomics of its factories, makingjobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer.Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advancedmanufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMW recently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45. Needs must when the devil drives.Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retiredpeople for particular projects. Ernst & Y oung, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its "experienced" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence.But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Y oung foundthat "although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, itis not dealing with the issue." Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questionedby Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Y et few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer arelooking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and America complain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards - this when the pool ofretired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds.Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that thecrunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers theonly way to cope with a falling supply of labour. The participation of developing countries in the world economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics inthe rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China andIndia and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing theirimmigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid the need for workers by spending money on machinery and automation.16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approaching retirement would beA. a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.B. a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds.C. a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds.D. its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing.17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPTA. making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers.B. using alumni networks to hire retired former employees.C. encouraging former employees to work overseas.D. granting more convenience in working hours to older workers.18. "The company spends 'a lot of time' on the ergonomics of its factories" (Paragraph Seven) means thatA. the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories.B. the company improves the working conditions in its factories.C. the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories.D. the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.19. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly becauseA. they have not been aware of the problem.B. they are reluctant to hire older workers.C. they are not sure of what they should do.D. they have other options to consider.20. Which of the following best describes the author's development of argument?A. introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---~describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.B. describing the actual status--- introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with theissue---offering reasons.C. citing ways to deal with the issue---introducing the issue----describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.D. describing the actual status--offering reasons---introducing the issue---citing ways todeal with the issue.TEXT C(1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife.It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genialconspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's.(2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention,which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Y et so far as myexperience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a 'Mary Ann'."(3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.(4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men.(5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and awayfrom it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despiteall its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA. work in the same sort of job as her husband.B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes a relationship which the author of the passageA. thinks is the natural one.B. wishes to see preserved.C. believes is fair.D. is sure must change.23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five).B. Engines (Paragraph Four).C. Convention (Paragraph Two).D. Heavily (Paragraph One).24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA. sometimes make the first advances in love.B. allow men to flirt with many women.C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns".25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A. Men are equally serious about courtship.B. Each man "makes passes" at many women.C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship.D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.TEXT DFrom Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, the long line threaded south,dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until it opened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal.It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduouslyclimbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong.Despite wearing a balaclava on his head, he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans,and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing about him, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there.Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutive Tibetans, but itwas also obvious from his bearing - and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tightarmy uniform - that he came from a markedly loftier station in life than did the average Tibetan. Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a rounded bundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder. The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augur that the content wasof any greater value - except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a moment releasing his grip.His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wallacross from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from the lower lap of the 22,493-foot Ama Dablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. There was situated Tengboche, the most famous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificenceanywhere on the planet.From the top of the spur, one's eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyonto the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head. If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper,then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. And over the great barrier ofNuptse She demurely peaks.It was late in the afternoon - when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors - before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop just past Tengboche's entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, he removed his hand from the bundle--the first time he had done so - and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat fromaround his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand.His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monasteryitself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distance the magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma's 29,029-foot-high crest like a bright, welcoming banner.His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps tothe monastery entrance. There he was greeted with a respectful nameste -"I recognize the divinein you" - from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he hadbeen using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticedthat the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formalwords in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside.Early the next morning the emissary - lightened of his load - appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, whichwas returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat,and out of sight.Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery.26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking?A. "threaded".B. "dropping".C. "trudged".D. "daunting".27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. clothing.B. height.C. social status.D. personal belongings.28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from themonastery.A. a narrow viewB. a hazy viewC. a distant viewD. a panoramic view29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery?A. "...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop..."B. "...he removed his hand from the bundle..."C. "His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds..."D. "...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps..."30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evokeA. a sense of awe.B. a sense of piety.C. a sense of fear.D. a sense of mystery.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.31. The Head of State of New Zealand isA. the governor-general.B. the Prime Minister.C. the high commissioner.D. the monarch of the United Kingdom.32. The capital of Scotland isA. Glasgow.B. Edinburgh.C. Manchester.D. London.33. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President?A. Thomas Jefferson.B. George Washington.C. Thomas Paine.D. John Adams.34. Which of the following cities is located on the eastern coast of Australia?A. Perth.B. Adelaide.C. Sydney.D. Melbourne.35. Ode to the West Windwas written byA. William Blake.B. William Wordsworth.C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge.D. Percy B. Shelley.。
2009年北京语言大学817语言学概论考研专业课真题及答案（写写帮整理）
2009年北京语言大学817语言学概论考研专业课真题及答案（写写帮整理）第一篇：2009年北京语言大学817语言学概论考研专业课真题及答案（写写帮整理）点这里，看更多考研真题考研学习中，专业课占的分值较大。
对于考研专业课复习一定要引起高度的重视，中公考研为大家整理了2009年北京语言大学817语言学概论考研专业课真题及答案，并且可以提供北京语言大学考研专业课辅导，希望更多考生能够在专业课上赢得高分，升入理想的院校。
北京语言大学817语言学概论2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题及答案2009年真题及解析一、名词解释，要求举例4*6=241、语法手段把表达语法意义的语法形式概括成的类别，主要语法手段有：选词、次序、虚词、词性变化。
例如：汉语中词语的组合，次序不同，虚词不同，语法意义就不一样。
如“爸爸和妈妈”不同于“爸爸的妈妈”就是虚词不同。
构成语法形式的手段主要有选词、次序、虚词、词性变化等。
2、语言的层级装置语言是一种分层装置，语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。
语言的底层是一套音位，即音与义相结合而划分出来的音的结构成分。
音位经组合而与某种意义相结合就能构成语言的符号和符号的序列，这是语言的上层。
这一层又可以分若干级：第一级是语素，这是语言中音义结合的最小结构单位，是构词材料；第二级是由语素的组合构成的词，是造句材料‘第三极是由词构成的句子：词和句子都是符号的序列。
语言系统的层次结构可以图示为：音位>语素→词→句子。
3、音位的区别特征有区别音位的作用的发音特征。
具体因袭中能将一个音位同别的音位区别开来的语音特中公考研，让考研变得简单！更多资料，请关注中公考研网点这里，看更多考研真题征。
一个音位实际上是若干个区别特征的总和。
音位的区别特征不仅可以使不同的音位相互区别，形成对立，而且还可以使不同的音位通过相同的区别特征联系在一起，聚合成群。
4、会话含意是语用学的重要概念，分为一般会话含义和特殊会话含义。
天外09年英语语言学考研题
天津外国语学院2009年攻读英语语言文学专业硕士学位研究生入学考试样题考试科目：基础英语+汉语（考试时间180分钟总分150分）注：本试卷为水平考试，分别考查学生的词汇量、语法结构、阅读理解、翻译以及汉语等方面的水平和能力，为所有报考我校英语专业硕士研究生的必答题。
以下是样题，并不是试题全部。
I. Vocabulary (20points )Directions: Choose the answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase or best fills in the blank in the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20points for 20 questions) The following are ten sample questions.1.Y ou talk about it as if it were a grammar school instead of a leading university.A.very largeB.very seriousC.very prestigiousD.very fundamental2. During the war, the shipping lanes proved vulnerable to attack.A.susceptibleB.futileC.feasibleD.venerable3. Affluent nations have an obligation to help their neighbors.A. largeB. wealthyC. advancedD. industrialized4. Companies will address this situation through methods like on-site counseling and the development of special programs.A.go to the spotB.rememberC.recordD.deal with5. I got out thanks to a college scholarship and because I was a little more articulate than the average.A.able to do addition effectivelyB.able to express one’s thoughts effectivelyC.able to write effectivelyD.able to initiate things effectively6. Her letter was in such a casual scrawl, and in such pale ink, that it was__________.A. unintelligibleB. eligibleC. ambiguousD. illegible7. The children performed a very________ dance.A. distractingB. gracefulC. graciousD. precise8. The room was ________ of furniture.A. absentB. devoidC. inadequateD. scanty9. What he has been saying is completely _____to what we are discussing.A. detachedB. exceptionalC. impertinentD. irrelevant10. The funeral will be _______, and only members of the dead man’s family will attend.A. aloneB. personalC. peculiarD. privateII. Grammatical Structures. (10 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four underlined parts marked A, B ,C and D. Identify the part that is grammatically incorrect.III. Cloze Test (20 points)Directions: There are two short passages in this section. In each passage, ten words or phrases are missing. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase that best suits the context to complete the passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)As a doctor who travels quite a lot, I spent a lot of time on planes listening for that dreaded “Is there a doctor on board?” announcement. I lave been called only once for a woman who had merely fainted. But the __1__ made me quite ___2__ how often this kind of thing happens. I wonder what I would do if confronted with a real midair emergency without access by a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment. So when the New England Journal of Medicine last week published a study about in-flight medical events, I read it with __3__.The study estimated that there are an average of thirty in-flight medical emergencies on US flights every day. Most of them are not __4__. __5__ 13% of them are serious enough to require the pilot to change course. The most common emergencies __6__ heart trouble, stroke and difficulty in breathing.Let’s face it: plane rides are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitude are set roughly what they would be if you lived at 5000 to 8000 feet above sea level. Most people can __7__ these pressures, but passengers with heart disease __8__ experience chest pain. Another problem is deep venous thrombosis—the so-called economic class syndrome. ___9_ happens, do not panic. Thanks to more recent legislation, __10___ with just one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.IV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions : Read carefully the following passage(s) and then answer the questions. (40 points for 20 questions). The following is a sample passage with five sample questions.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough‘commonsense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fiction.B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.D. the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work2. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .A. programs.B. experts.C. devices.D. creatures.3. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.B. interact with human beings verbally.C. have a little common sense.D. respond independently to a changing world.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .A. make a few decisions for themselves.B. deal with some errors with human intervention.C. improve factory environments.D. cultivate human creativity.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure.B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately.C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.D. best used in a controlled environment.V. Translation from English to Chinese. (20 points)Directions: Please translate the following two passages into Chinese and write your English versions on the ANSWER SHEET. The following is a sample passage.It is as though some giant’s hand were squeezing the trunks of the trees, forcing the sap up and along the branches, for the blossom seems to squirt into the air.There have been other Mays in other years, but never has there been so much blossom. The bees are bewildered by it. A few small bush-apples which were as austere as walking sticks when I planted them only two months ago are now in full flower, and look like little girls just off to a carnival.Peach, cherry, plum and apple strain into the air; all the trees in the orchard are out together, and for once, no clumsy wind has shorn or rain washed their frail, enameled, fine petals down into the lecherous hands of grass.What flower is there as delicate as this flower that grows out of a gnarled old tree with its trunk all twisted and its bark all blistered? It is a paradox. Beauty is always a paradox.VI. 汉语部分（40分）一、判断题（标出正确答案的题号，每小题1分，共10分）1.先秦文学是综合的形态，其特点是文史哲不分。
2009年下半年全国自考(外语教学法)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2009年下半年全国自考（外语教学法）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Multipe Choice 2. Filling Blanks 3. Matching 4. Questions for Brief Answers 5. Questions for Long AnswersMultipe ChoiceDirections: In this section, you are given 15 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.1．______ is the author of the book Syntactic Structures.A．Edward SapirB．Noam ChomskyC．Ｊ.Ｒ. FirthD．Ｍ.Ａ.Ｋ. Halliday正确答案：B解析：1957年乔姆斯基(Chomsky)出版了他的专著《句法结构》(Syntactic Structures)。
这本书在语言学界掀起了一场革命，还产生了一个新的学派——转换生成语言学。
2．The ultimate goal of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the students to ______ its literature.A．translate and writeB．readC．read and writeD．read and translate正确答案：D解析：语法翻译法课堂教学的最终目的是让学生能够阅读(read)和翻译(translate)所学的文学作品。
2009年9月高级口译真题及答案
2009年9月高级口译真题SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Directions:In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.Part A: Spot DictationFor more than two centuries, America!ˉs collegesand universities have been the backbone of the country's progress. They have educated the technical, _______ (1) work force and provided generation after generation of national leaders. Today, educators from around the country are apt to find many reasons for the _______ (2). But four historic acts stand out as watersheds:First,_______ (3): In 1862, Congress enacted the Land-Grant College Act, which essentially extended the opportunity of higher education to all Americans, including _______ (4). Each state was permitted to sell large tracts of federal land, and use the proceeds to endow at least _______ (5). Second, competition breeds success. Over the years, the _______ (6) of the America!ˉs colleges and universities have promoted _______ (7). Competitive pressure first arose during the Civil War when President Lincoln created _______ (8) to advise Congress on any subject of science and art. The Academy's impact really grew after World War when a landmark report _______ (9) the then president argued that it was the federal government!ˉ responsibility to _______ (10) for basic research. Instead of being centralized in government laboratories,_______ (11) in American universities and generated increasing investment. It also _______ (12) and helped spread scientific discoveries far and wide, _______ (13), medicine and society as a whole. Thirdly, _______ (14): The end of World War saw the passage of the Servicemen!ˉs Readjustment Act of 1944. The law, which provided for a college or vocational education _______ (15), made the higher-education system accessible in ways that _______ (16), opening the doors of best universities to men and women who had _______ (17). Finally, promoting diversity: The creation of federal______(18) as well as outright grants for college students brought much needed diversity to higher education and further_______ (19).Since its founding in 1965, the Federal Family Education Loan Program has funded more than 74 million student loans worth _______ (20).Part B: Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.1. ( A) She‟s just a city girl and i used to the fast pace of the city.(B) She doesn't haveto drive everywhere to buy things.(C) She likes to garden and putter around in the house she bought.(D) She can go to a whole variety of places to interact with people.2. (A) Going to the country for a vacation makes no sense at all.(B) Renting a vacation house in the country is cheap.(C) People can enjoy the fresh air in the country.(D) People can relax better in the country than in the city.3. (A) The convenient transportation.(B) The interactive social life.(C) The whole car culture.(D) The nice neighborhood.4. (A) You may have fun making barbecues in the garden.(B) You won‟t feel stuk and labeled as you do in the city.(C) It‟s more tolrable than living in the city.(D) It‟s more hatful than living in the country.5. (A) Quite lonely.(B) Very safe.(C) Not very convenient.(D) Not particularly dangerous.6. (A) Because they might harm the poor people.(B) Because their drawbacks outweigh benefits.(C) Because they counterbalance other environmental policies.7.(A) German business confidence index has risen as much as expected recently.(B) The outlook for manufacturing is worsening in foreseeable future.(C) Global economic recession will sap demand for German exports next year.(D) German business situation is expected to get better in the next few months.8. (A) The proposal can cut greenhouse gas emissions from cars to a very low level.(B) This action is obviously going to change global temperatures in the long run.(C) The reduction in gas emissions is insignificant for addressing global warming.(D) The proposal represents a big step in solving the problem of global warming.9.(A) $ 60.5 a barrel.(B) $ 61 a barrel.(C) $ 61.32 a barrel.(D) $ 61.67 a barrel.10. (A) 92. (B) 250.(C) 1,500.(D) 2,500.11. (A) Microsoft. (B) Coca Cola.(C) IBM.(D) Nokia.12. (A) Amounts of revenue underlying the brands.(B) Strong franchise with consumers.(C) Whether or not the brand is a product of a tech company.(D) The degree of resonance consumers have with a brand proposition.13. (A) Because it is monopolistic.(B) Because it is competitive.(C) Because it takes its brand through generations.(D) Because its products fetch high prices.14. (A) The functionality of its product.(B) The emotional appeal of its product.(C) Its basic product being so different.(D) Its highly effective publicity.15. (A) A fantastic corporate culture.(B) A long company history.(C) An excellent product.(D) A sophisticated technology.16. (A) A power station.(B) An importer of bicycles.(C) An association of volunteers.(D) A charity organization.17. (A) To provide help to local villagers.(B) To export bicycles to developing countries.(C) To organize overseas trips.(D) To carry out land surveys.18. (A) They sell them at a very low price.(B) They charge half price.(C) They give them away for free.(D) They trade them for local products.19. (A) 14,000.(B) 46,000.(C) 50,000.(D) 56,000.20. (A) Donating bicycles.(B) Bringing in funds.(C) Taking part in bike rides.(D) Making suggestions about where to send bicycles.SECTION 2: READING TEST (30 minutes)Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1--5Talk about timing. Your question arrived in our in-box the same day that we received a note from an acquaintance who had just been let go from his job in publishing, certainly one of the industries that is facing, as you put it, “extreme changes.” He des cribed his layoff as a practically Orwellian experience in which he was ushered into a conference room to meet with an outplacement consultant who, after dispensing with logistics, informed him that she would call him at home that evening to make sure everything was all right.“I assured her I had friends and loved ones and a dog,” he wrote, “and since my relationship wither could be measured in terms of seconds, they could take care of that end of things.” “Memo to HR: Instead of saddling dismissed emp loyees with solicitous outplacement reps,” he noted wryly,“put them in a room with some crockery for a few therapeutic minutes of smashing things against a wall.”While we enjoy our friend‟s sense of humor, we‟d suggest a different memo to HR. “Layoffs a re your moment of truth,” it would say, “when yo company must show departing employees the same kind of attentiveness and dignity that was showered upon them when they entered. Layoffs are when HR proves its mettle and its worth, demonstrating whether a company really cares about its people.Look, we‟ve written before about HR and te game-changing role we believe it can and would play as the engine of an organization‟hiring, appraisal, and development processes. We‟ve asserted that too many comanies relegate HR to the mundane busy-work of newsletters, picnics, and benefits, and we‟ve made the case tat every CEO should elevate his head of HR to the same stature as the CFO. But if there was ever a time to underscore the importance of HR, it has arrived. And, sadly, if there was ever a time to see how few companies get HR right, it has arrived, too, as our acquaintance‟s experience shows.So, to your question: What is HR‟s correc role now‟daespecially in terms of layoffsFirst, HR has to make sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers. Being fired is dehumanizing in any event, but to get the news from a “hired gun” only makes matters worse That‟s why HR must ensure that managers accpt their duty, which is to be in on the one conversation at work that must be personal. Pink slips should be delivered face-to-face, eyeball-to-eyeball.Second, HR‟s role is to serve a the company‟s arbiter of equiy. Nothing raises hackles moreduring a layoff than the sense that some people‟danamely the loudmouths and the litigious‟s getting better deals than others. HR can mitigate that dynamic by making sure across units and divisions that severance arrangements, if they exist, are appropriate and evenhanded. You simply don‟t wa nt people to leave feelingas if they got you-know-what. They need to walk out saying: “At least I know i was treated fairly. Finally, HR‟s role is to absorbpain. In the hours and days after being let go, people need to vent, and it is HR‟s job to be comple tely availableto console. At some point, all outplacement consultant can come into the mix to assist with a transition, but HR can never let “the departed‟s feel as if they‟ve been sentto a leper colony. Someone connected to each let-go employee‟s a either a colleague or HR staffer‟dashould check in regularly. And not just to ask, “Is everything O.K.? but to listen to the answer with an open heart, and when appropriate, offer to serve as a reference to prospective employers.Three years ago, we wrote a column called, “o Many CEOs Get This Wrong,” and while many letters supported our stance that too many companies undervalue HR, a significant minority pooh-poohed HR as irrelevant to the “real work‟s of business. Given the sta te of things, we wonder how those same HR-minimalists feel now. If their company is in crisis‟daor their own career‟daperhaps at last they‟vseen the light. HR matters enormously in good times. It defines you in the bad.1. Why does the author say that his friend‟s note displayed a “sense of humor”(A) Because his layoff experience showed vividly the process of “extreme change”(B) Because he gave a vivid description of the outplacement reps‟ work style(C) Because he suggested to HR how to treat dismissed employees while he himself was fired.(D) Because he was optimistic with the support and understanding from his friends and loved family members after being dismissed.2. The expression “moment of truth” in thsentence “Layoffs are yourmome nt of truth ...when they entered.” (para. 3) most probably means ________(A) critical moment of proving one‟s worth(B) time of dismissing the employees(C) important moment of telling the truth(D) time of losing one‟s dignit3. Which of the following does NOT support the author‟s statement that “HR has to make sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers.”(para. 6)(A) In that case the let-go employee would feel less dehumanized.(B) By doing so the managers treat the employees with respect.(C) HR has thus played the positive role in terms of layoffs.(D) In doing so strangers will only play the role of a “hired gun‟4. The expression “pink slips” in the sentce “Pink slips should bedelivered face-to-face, eyeball-to-e yeball.”(pra. 6) can best be paraphrased as ________.(A) a letter of invitation (B) a notice of dismissal(C) a card of condolences (D) a message of greetings5. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) The time to underscore the importance of HR has arrived.(B) Severance arrangements should be the focus of HR‟s job(C) Employees should be treated with equal respect whether hired or fired.(D) Managers must leave their duty to HR when employees are dismissed.Questions 6-10Senator Barbara Boxer (D) of California announced this month she intends to move ahead with legislation designed to lower the emission of greenhouse gases that are linked by many scientists t o climate change. But the approach she‟s takingis flawed, and the current financial crisis can help us understand why.The centerpiece of this approach is the creation of a market for trading carbon emission credits. These credits would be either distributed free of charge or auctioned to major emitters of greenhouse gases. The firms could then buy and sell permits under federally mandated emissions caps. If a company is able to cut emissions, it can sell excess credits for a profit. If it needs to emit m ore, it can buy permits on the market from other firnls.“Cap and trade,” as it is called, is advocat by several policymakers, industry leaders, and activists who want to fight global warming. But it‟ds based on the trade of highly volatile financial instru ments: risky at best. The better approach to climate change? A direct tax placed on emissions of greenhouse gases. The tax would create a market price for carbon emissions and lead to emissions reductions or new technologies that cut greenhouse gases. This is an approach favored by many economists as the financially sensible way to go. And it is getting a closer look by some industry professionals and lawmakers.At first blush, it might seem crazy to advocate a tax increase during a major recession. But there are several virtues of a tax on carbon emissions relative to a cap-and-trade program. For starters, the country already has a mechanism in place to deal with taxes. Tax collection issomething the government has abundant experience with. A carbon trading scheme, on the other hand, requires the creation of elaborate new markets, institutions, and regulations to oversee and enforce it.Another relative advantage of the tax is its flexibility. It is easier to adjust the tax to adapt to changing economic, scientific, or other circumstances. If the tax is too low to be effective, it can be raised easily. If it is too burdensome it can be relaxed temporarily. In contrast, a cap-and-trade program creates emissions permits that provide substantial economic value to firms and industries.These assets limit the program‟s flexibility one under way, since market actors then have an interest in maintaining the status quo to preserve the value of the assets. What‟s more, they can be a recipe for trouble. As my American Enterprise Institute colleagues Ken Green, Steve Hayward, and Kevin Hassett pointed out two years ago, “sdden changes in economic conditions could lead to significant price volatility in a cap-and-trade program that would be less likely under a carbon-tax regime. Recent experience bears this out. Europe has in place a cap-and-trade program that today looks a little like the American mortgage-backed securities market‟dait‟s total mess. The price of carbon recently fell‟daplummeting from over $30 to around $12 per ton‟daas European firms unloadetheir permits on the market in an effort to shore up deteriorating balance sheets during the credit crunch. It is this shaky experience with cap-and-trade that might explain an unlikely advocate of a carbon tax. Earlier this year, ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson pointed in a speech to the problems with Europe‟s cap-and-trade program‟dasuch the program‟s volaility and lack of transparency‟daas reasons he prefers a carbon tax. That said, new taxes are a tough sell in Washington, which helps explain the current preference for a cap-and-trade scheme. Despite this, there are ways to make a carbon tax more politically appealing.The first is to insist that it be “revenue nutral.” This means that any revenues collected from the tax are used to reduce taxes elsewhere, such as payroll taxes.The advantage of this approach is that it places a burden on something that is believed by many to be undesirable (greenhouse-gas emissions) while relieving a burden on something that is desirable (work). Another selling point is that the tax can justify the removal of an assortment of burdensome and costly regulations such as CAFE standards for car. These regulations become largely redundant in an era of carbon taxes. But it may be that a carbon tax doesn‟t need an elaborate sales pith today when the alternative is trading carbon permits. The nation‟s recent experence with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the mortgage-backed securities market should prompt Congress to think twice when a member proposes the creation of a highly politicized market for innovative financial instruments, no matter how well intentioned the program may be.6. The author introduces Senator Barbara Boxer in the passage because she ________.(A) has made suggestions to ease the current financial crisis(B) is a pioneer in the reduction of greenhouse gases emission(C) is well-known for her proposal on legislation reform(D) plans to propose the legislation of cap-and-trade program7. Which of the following CANNOT be true about the carbon emission credits system?(A) The use of carbon credits would show clearly emitters‟ efforts in carbon cutting(B) The credits might be distributed free or auctioned to the emitters.(C) The price of carbon credits could fluctuate with changing economic conditions.(D) The credits can be bought and sold between emitters for profits.8. According to the passage, the cap-and-trade program ________.(A) will be much more useful in fighting global warming(B) will not be as effective as a tax on carbon emissions(C) is being examined by industry professionals and lawmakers(D) is supported by many policymakers, industry leaders and activists9. The expression “to shore up” in the sentce “as European firms unloaded their permits on the market in an effort to shore up deteriorating balance sheets during the credit crunch”(para.6)can best paraphrased as ________.(A) to eliminate (B) to revise and regulate(C) to give support to (D) to correct and restructure10. In the last paragraph, the author mentions Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities to tell the Congress that ________.(A) the experience with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities will be useful for the creation of a highly politicized market(B) the lessons from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities should not be neglected(C) the argument over cap-and-trade program and direct tax on carbon emissions should be stopped(D) the legislation for a cap-and-trade scheme will prove to be the solution to greenhouse gases emissionQuestions 11--15The gap between what companies might be expected to pay in tax and what they actually pay amounts to billions of pounds‟daon that much, everyon can agree. The surprising truth is that no one can agree how many billio ns are missing, or even how to define “tax gap”. Estimates rang from anything between …dê3bn to nearly …dê14bn, depenng on who is doing the calculations. Even the people in charge of colleting the taxes‟daHer Majesty‟s Revenue and Custom (HMRC)‟daadmit the y have only thevaguest idea of how many further billions of pounds they could be getting...and it took a freedom of information request before they would admit the extent of their lack of knowledge.Any media organization or MP attempting to pursue the subject will find themselves hampered by the same difficulties faced by the tax collectors‟dasecrecy and complexity. The Guardian‟investigation, which we publish over the co ming two weeks, is no different.The difficulty starts with an inability of anyone to agree a definition of “tax avoidance”. I continues through the limited amount of information in the public domain. And it is further hampered by the extraordinary complexity of modern global corporations.International companies based in the UK may have hundreds of subsidiary companies, which many use to take advantage of differing tax regimes as they move goods, services and intellectual property around the world. It is estimated that more than half of world trade consists of such movements (known as transfer-pricing) within corporations.Companies are legally required publicly to declare these subsidiaries. But they generally tell shareholders of only the main subsidiaries. The Guardian‟s investiation found five major UK-based corporations which had ignored the requirements of the Companies Act by failing to identify offshore subsidiaries. This is just one example of the atmosphere of secrecy and non-disclosure in Britain which has allowed tax avoidance to flourish. The result is that fewoutside of the lucrative industries of banking, accountancy and tax law have understood the scale of the capital flight that is now taking place.British tax inspectors privately describe as formidable the mountain outsiders have to climb in order to comb through the accounts of international companies based in London. “The companies old all the cards,” said one senior former tx inspector. “It‟s v ery difficult because you don‟d always know what you are looking for...You are confronted with delay, obstruction and a lot of whingeing from companies who complain about …d(R)unreasonable requests‟. Sometimes you are juspiecing together a jigsaw. Anoth er former senior tax inspector said: “On of the problems the Revenue has is that the company doesn‟t have to disclose the amount oftax actually paid in any year and the accounts won‟t reveal the liability. Each company hasits own method of accounting for t ax: there‟s no uniform way of declaring it all.”For journalists trying to probe these murky waters, the problems are so substantial that few media organizations attempt it.A trawl through the published accounts of even a single major group of companies can involve hunting around in the registers of several different countries. It takes a lot of time and a lot of money. Companies‟dawith some far-sighted Britih exceptions‟da simply refuse to disclose any more than what appears in the published figures. The legal fiction that a public company is a “legal person”, entitled to total tax secrecand even to “human rights”, makes it normall impossible for a journalist to penetrate the tax strategies of big business. HMRC refuse, far example, to identify the 12 major companies who used tax avoidance schemes to avoid paying any corporation tax whatever.It is difficult to access experts to guide the media or MPs through this semantic jungle. The “Big Four” accountants and tax QCs who make a livingout of tax avoidance, have no interest in helping outsiders understand their world. Few others have the necessary knowledge, and those that do, do not come cheap or may be conflicted. “Secrecy is the offshore world‟s grea protector,” writes William Brittan-Caitlin, Londonbased former Kroll investigator in his book, Offshore. “Government and states ae generally at a loss to diagnose in detail what is really going on inside corporate internal markets. Corporations are extremely ecretive about the special tax advantages these structures give them.11. According to the passage, the “tax gap” is _______(A) a well-defined term included in both British taxation system and the Companies Act(B) an accepted practice adopted by most international companies based in the UK(C) a practice difficult to define and discover but common with companies in Britain(D) the target which has been attacked by British tax inspectors over the past decades12. It can be concluded that many international companies “move goods, services and intellectual property around the world” (para.4) within corpoations mainly in order ________.(A) to make use of different tax systems to avoid taxation(B) to give equal support to all the subsidiaries around the world(C) to expand the import and export trade with other countries(D) to raise their productivity and to maximize the profitability13. When one former senior tax inspector comments that “Sometime s you are just piecing together a jigsaw “(para. 6), h most probably means that ________.(A) investigating a company‟s acounts is the same as playing a children‟s gam(B) the Revenue should reform its regulation to fight illegal “tax avoidance(C) i t‟s a complicated matter t investigate an international company‟s account(D) it‟s a diffident task toovercome the obstruction from the company‟s sid14. By using the expression “legal fction”(para. 8) to dscribe today‟s status of a public company,the author is trying to imply that such a definition ________.(A) is a humanitarian and legitimate definition protecting the rights of companies(B) is ridiculous, absurd and hinders the investigation of tax strategies of big companies(C) is an incorrect and inexact concept to reveal the nature of modem businesses(D) is a reflection of the reality of companies and corporations and should not be altered15. In writing this article, the author is planning to tell all of the following to the readers EXCEPT that ________.(A) the gap between what companies are expected to pay in tax and what they actually pay is too enormous to be neglected(B) secrecy and complexity are the two major protectors of international corporations in tax avoidance(C) there are loopholes in the legislation concerning companies which obstruct the practice of taxation(D) the government plans to investigate the “tax gap” and “taxoidance” of international companiesQuestions 16--20One of the many upsetting aspects to being in your forties, is hearing people your own age grumbling about “young people” the way we we grumbled about ourselves. Old friends will complain, “Youngsters today have no respect lik we did”, and I‟ll think: “Hang on. I rememb the night you set a pu ma loose in the soft furnishings section of Pricerite‟s.There‟s also a “radicals” versiof this attitude, a strand within the middle-aged who lament how today‟s youngsters, “Don‟t demonstrate like wed”, because “we were always marching agains apartheid or f or the miners but students these days don‟t seem bothered”. It would seem natural i they went on: “The bloody youth of today; the‟ve no disrespect for authority. In my day you started chanting and if a copper gave you any lip you gave him a clip round the ear, and he didn‟t do it again. We‟ve lost those values somehow.You feel that even if they did come across a mass student protest they‟d sneer. “That isn‟t proper rebellion, they‟ve used the internet. …dou wouldn‟t have caught Spartacus rounding up his forces by putting a message on Facebook saying …d(R)Hi Cm 2 Rome 4 gr8 fite 2 liber8 slaves lets kill emprer lol‟‟d It doesn‟t help that many of the student leaers from the sixties and seventies ended up as ministers or journalists, who try to deny they‟ve reneged on theirprinciples by making statements such as: “It‟s t rue I used to run the Campaigto Abolish the British Army, but my recent speech in favour of invading every country in the world in alphabetical order merely places those ideals in a modern setting.Also it‟s become a tougher prospectto rebel as a student, as tuition fees force them to work while they‟re studying. But over thelast two weeks students have organized occupations in 29 universities, creating the biggest student revolt for 20 years. In Edinburgh, for example, the demands were that free scholarships should be provided for Palestinian students, and the university should immediately cancel its investments with arms companies.So the first question to arise from these demands must be: what are universities doing having links with arms companies in the first place? How does that help education? Do the lecturers make。
2009.9.13中口真题答案 解析.
2009.9.13中口真题答案及解析Spot-Dictation1. two sides2. letting everybody trade freely3. makes it harder4. partly right5. the life of people6. did not trade7. likely to get8. 70 billon dollar9. energy use10. more expensive11. feel the same12. export13. only within14. domestic students15. cutting off16. strong effects17. American-made goods18. anger19. endanger20. give preference to本次Spot-Dictation中较难的空格都出现在了偏前，尤其第二格就出现了填4个单词的情况，这在历年是从未有过的，给了考生一个下马威。
我在考前3小时的时候，还在新东方口译现场视频中提醒过考生，考场中总有艰难的时刻，沉着冷静方见英雄本色！只要熬过了前几个空格，后面应该是越做越得心应手。
第三格和第十格比较级的记录，我们在课堂上强调过，就在两星期前的模考里还在反复提醒。
唯一的数字700亿，只需轻松记下70b即可。
需要当心的是，第十五格的off，决不能漏写一个f；第一格的sides中s不能漏，第十六格的effects同理；第十七格的定语American-made中，需要加上“-”；第十九个的前缀en不能写成in。
首发：新东方Stella发布9.13中口Statements原文与评析新东方口译研究中心听力课题组 Stella1. Are you looking for someone who can translate this contract into Portuguese? What about our new secretary, I hear she had stayed in Brazil for several years.2. Finding employment is not easy these days even in big cities. If Iwere you, I would be delighted wih such a job offer.3. Also present at the conference is Dr. Madison, who will join ourdiscussion this afternoon to give an expert view on the currentsituation of global economy.4. If you intend to try bungee jumping, most countries require that you be over the age of 18, and join a bungee jumping club, or be properlyinstructed for the sport.5. Keeping a business firm running is far more difficult than starting it. According to current statistics, two thirds of new business firmswill fail in the first five years.6. Scientists report that hunting or eating wild animals not only destroy the balance of nature, but also run the risk of being infectedby virus from animals.7. We can never learn a foreign language in the same way as we acquire our first. For even a 3-year-old child can have thousands of hours ofcontact with his mother tongue.8. Once you enroll in full or part-time courses at this college, our services are all free of charge, except that you pay 30 pence a copyfor any photo copying made here.9. If you have yet to appoint a new sales manager in charge of our L.A.office, Mrs. Coleman was born there and has good connections.10. Suppose the gasoline tank of your car holds 20 gallons and you average 16 miles to the gallon, how far can you drive on a tank tull ofgasoline?本次Statements题并没有特别的难句，都是新东方课堂上分类详述过的，比如第二句的虚拟语气、第四和第九句的条件句型、第十句的数字计算等。
英语语言学概论第九章练习题答案
英语语言学概论第九章练习题答案1.I______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. [填空题] *空1答案：diolect答案解析：个人语言是个体言者的个人方言，它结合了有关地域、社会、性别和年龄的变体成分。
2.Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, t______ of discourse and mode of discourse. [填空题] *空1答案：enor答案解析：韩礼德进一步明确了决定语域的三个社会变量：语场、语旨、语式。
3.The term d______ describes a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language, a “high” and a “low”, are used, each with separate social functions.8 [填空题] *空1答案：iglossia答案解析：当某一种语言的两种变体同时存在于一个社团，并且每一种语言都有不同的使用目的时，这种现象就叫做双语。
通常情况下，更标准的语言变体被称作高标准语言，用于政府、新闻媒介、教育和宗教活动。
另一种一般是无声望的语言，称低标准语言，用于家庭、朋友之间、购物时等。
4.A p______ is a mixed and limited language used for some practical purposes by groups of people who do not know each other’s languages. [填空题] *空1答案：idgin答案解析：洋泾浜语是将几种语言混合或者融合在一起的一种特殊语言变体，它是由操不同语言的人为了有限的目的，如贸易而使用的语言。
2008-2009学年英汉翻译教程试卷B
青岛黄海职业学2008-200学年第二学期期末考试试卷 应用外语系 旅游英语专业 07级 英汉翻译课程 试卷类型：B 卷 考试类型：闭卷 答题时间：90分钟 Part Ⅰ. 用学过的翻译理论和技巧，翻译下列短句（20分） 1、Mr.Crossett lives in a very old town which is surrounded by beautiful woods. 2、Suddenly my wife spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep. 3、The sun, which hidden all day long, now came out in all its splendor. 4、It matter little who does it so long as it is done. 5、You don't close your eye when you drive a car. So why should you when you buy one? ___Toyota. Part II. 用学过的翻译理论和技巧翻译下列长句（30分） 1、The policies open to developing countries are more limited than for industrialized nations because and administrative control. 2、Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting. 3、My table manners are atrocious--in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years; in fact, I have no manners whatsoever. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up--in other words, whichever is easiest. 4、The two elements of which water is made are the gases oxygen and hydrogen; oxygen occurs in the air but it is mixed with a large amount of other gases, and hydrogen is not even present in the air.题号 Part Ⅰ Part II Part III PartIV 统分人 题分 20 30 25 25 复查人 得分 总 分 得分 评卷人 复查人 英汉翻译试卷B 共2页 第1页得分 评卷人 复查人 学校---------------------系别-----------------专业----------------------班级------------------------姓名------------------学号----------------------------------密封线内不得答题 ------------------------密---------------------------------封-----------------------------线-----------------------5、Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how thy spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and the names of their representatives.Part III. 请将以下短文译成汉语（25分）During the American Civil War "Y ankee" took on a wider meaning. The soldiers in the northern states were called Y ankees by the men of the southern army.During World War One the word was shortened to "Y ank". The song, "The Y anks Are Coming", brought tears and joy to the peoples of the hard-pressed Allied nations.Today, "Y ankee" is known throughout the world as another name for an American.Of course, one cannot talk about "Y ankee" and not mention "Doodle" or "Yankee Doodle". This phrase also has a story.It is said thai in 1775 a British army doctor, Richard Shucksberg, wrote the song , "Yankee Doodle", to poke fun at the colonial troops. The British army, always neat in its bright red uniforms, looked down on the rough colonial soldiers , who really were not soldiers at all, but farmers with clubs and old guns ---angry farmers who rebelled against the high British taxes .One day , British army colonel, Hugh Percy ,set out to collect the arms the colonists had hidden in Concord .Percy marched his men out of Boston to the tune of "Y ankee Doodle".Part IV. 请将以下短文译成汉语(25分)AIDS：the Children's TragedyTwo thirds of all new cases of HIV are now occurring in Africa, where 9 million children will be orphaned in the 1990s and where recent gains in child survival are being reserved .In Zimbabwe, for example, AIDS has already become the biggest single killer of the nation's under- fives .But the situation in some countries in Asia is giving almost as much cause for concern. Thailand reports that 1 adult in 50 is infected with HIV, and a study by Mahidol University suggests that the country's under-five mortality rate will rise by 10% before the end of the century.With no AIDS vaccine in sight, only behavioral change offers hope of altering the course of an epidemic that could see 26 million people infected and an annual death toll of almost 2 million by the year 2000.Sex education for young people (60% of new HIV infections occur in the 15-to-24 age group) is essential.得分评卷人复查人英汉翻译试卷B共2页第2页得分评卷人复查人。
长大09语言学与翻译A卷答案
Linguistics and Translation(Answers to Paper A)Part A Linguistics (total 100’)I. Define the following terms (2’×5)1. displacement: Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. For example, we can talk of Confucius who lived thousands of years ago.2. Communicative Dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication. That is sentence parts contributes unevenly to communication.3. deep structure the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction. In plain words, it is the idea that human want to communicate to others.4. Schemata means packets of stored knowledge. It is the way human brain stores knowledge.5. Allophones: variants of a phoneme which does not change to the extent of making difference between them6. syntax the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.7. blending this is a way of forming new word by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.8. Performatives is a type of sentence distinguished by Austin. The uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action.9. Concord is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. For example, in English, the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in this man, these men.ngue the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual by his upbringing in society and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his language.II.1.duality2.[p]3.sense4.abbreviation5.bindingIII.The description of vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements:1.the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low)2.the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back)3.the length or tenseness of the vowel ( tense vs. lax or long vs. short)4.lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded)For example [i] can be described as: high front tense unrounded vowelIV. IC analysis can help reveal the ambiguity of some ambiguous structures (5’)V.The rule can be interpreted as: the phoneme / z / is devoiced as [s] after a voiceless consonant. (5’)VI.What’s your opinion of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? (20’)Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: linguistic relativity. It suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently，different language may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument，two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand，language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other，similarity between languages is relative，the greater their structural differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.Ever since the proposal of the hypothesis，linguists have had different views about it. Nowadays few people would possibly tend to accept the original form of this theory completely. Two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed，a strong version and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis suggests，emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version of this hypothesis，however，is a modified type of its original theory，suggesting that there is a correlation between language，culture，and thought，but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative，rather than categorical.VII. Read the following sentence. Explain what is meant by the speaker using the theory of Conversational Implicature. (20’)A: Let’s get the kids something.B: Okey, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S.Conversational implicature is a type of implied meaning， which is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with the context， under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.The CP : make your conversational contribution such as is required， at the stage at which it occurs， by the accepted purpose or direction of the talke exchange in which you are engaged. Four maxims of CP:Quantity: make your contribution as informative as is required.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true.Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Relation: be relevant.Manner: be perspicuous. 1. avoid obscurity of expression.2. avoid ambiguity.3. be brief4. be orderly.The dialogue violates the maxim of manner. It implies that B doesn’t want the kids hear the word “ice-cream” in case the kinds are reminded of ice-cream.VIII.What are the characteristics of the gradable antonymy?(10’)a)They are gradable， that is， they can be modified by “very”.b)Antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms.c)One member of a pair， usually the term for the higher degree， serves as thecover term.。
精编版-2009年天津商业大学语言学及翻译考研真题
2009年天津商业大学语言学及翻译考研真题Linguistics (100 marks)I. Studying linguistics, we have come across a lot of technical terms, some of which are listed below. Please write out the most acceptable definitions for each of them.(10 %)a) language;b) diachronic study;c)assimilation;d)morphemee)minimal pairsf) surface structure;g)implicatureh)linguistic determinism;i)referencej) denotationII. Studying linguistics we have been acquainted with many linguists, some of whom are listed below. Write out a phrase that may best represent their contributions to linguistics. （10%）a) Noam Chomskyb) M. A. K. Hallidayc) L. Bloomfieldd) Ferdinand de Saussuree) H. P. Gricef) J. Firthg) William Labovh) D. Sperber & D. Wilsoni) John Austinj) Dell HymesIII. Linguistics as a specified discipline has its own technical ways of operation. Try to fill the blanks to demonstrate your technical sense of linguistics. (15%) 1. Please give the corresponding sound segments according to the descriptions: voiceless bilabial stop: a)________ alveolar nasal: b)_________ lateral:c)__________2. In speak, /p/ is articulated as [ph]; in play, /p/ is articulated as [pl]. [ph] and [pl]are therefore d)____________ of e)_________ because they are not distinctive in f)______________.3. There are 4 maxims in Cooperative Principle, they are g)__________, quality,h)_________, and i)__________. Please read the dialogue below:A: Let’s get the kids something to eat.B: Ok, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.In this dialogue, maxim of j)___________ is flouted.4. From the perspective of lexical sense relation, police and criminal are in the relation of k)___________; car and rear-view mirror are in the relation of l)_________________.5. The design features of language are arbitrariness, m)___________, displacement, and n)__________.6. In morphology, ad is short for advertisement; plane is short for aeroplane. This is a phenomenon called o)____________.IV. To be a student of linguistics, it is important to develop a sense of critical thinking. Please answer the following questions to demonstrate your critical potentials. (35%)1. What are the features of modern linguistics? And how do they becomedistinguished compared to historical linguistics? (7%)2. Try to use tree diagram to illustrate the meaning of more expensive clothes. (5%)3. As is known, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two versions: strong and weak. How would you understand the difference? (8%)4. What is semantic triangle? Please explain it with an example. (7%)5. First consider the following situation:A: What’s the time now?B: The milkman is coming.Then answer the question: what implicature can you get from B’s utterance? (8 %) V. Write two short essays on the following topics to demonstrate your potential of doing linguistics. (30%)1. David Crystal (1992:17), a famous linguist, once wrote: “Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex, and voiceprints; psychologically in terms of language and personality, intelligence; geographically in terms of accents, dialects; ethnically and socially in terms of social stratification, class, status, role,solidarity and distance”. Could you please write down your understanding of the above quotation? (15%)2. We have various linguistic rules functioning at different levels of language. Forexample, in syntax we have PS rules that generate deep structure. Could you list 3-5 other rules that you know and explain their functions? (15%)Translation (50 marks)I．将下列短文译成汉语Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But that’s not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts (文科) university that doesn’teven offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice;I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provideme with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open myeyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren’t studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories” where they didn’t care if you had values orwere flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist (人文学者) all in one.Now I’m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balancemath, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned thereare reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile (协调) engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.II．将下列短文译成英语我们的传统节日大都与古代的农业生产紧密相连，当我们告别农耕社会奔赴工业社会之后，传统节日在工业大生产时代功能开始式微，西学东进，西节也迅速在这片土地上枝叶繁茂起来，甚至有喧宾夺主之势。
大学语言学概论考试(习题卷3)
大学语言学概论考试(习题卷3)第1部分：单项选择题，共66题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]下列语言属于音节文字的是A)俄语B)英语C)德语D)日语答案:D解析:2.[单选题]下面对于官方语言选择的说法不正确的是（）A)官方语言的选择应该充分考虑到本国、本民族或本国各民族的长远利益B)应该选用国内多数人使用的语言C)应该选用国内经济文化发展水平较高因而较有影响的民族的语言D)只能选用一种语言作为官方语言。
答案:D解析:3.[单选题]语类选择是一种A)语法手段B)语法范畴C)语法意义D)词法手段答案:A解析:4.[单选题][]英语的pen原指羽毛,后用来指钢笔,这属于词义演变中的( )。
A)词义的扩大B)词义的缩小C)词义的转移D)词义的替换答案:C解析:C5.[单选题]书面语体中书面性最弱的一种语体是A)宣传体B)科学体C)应用体D)演说体答案:A解析:6.[单选题][]最大的语法单位是( )。
答案:A解析:A7.[单选题]下列反义词不属于相对反义词的是A)高矮B)真假C)难易D)干湿答案:B解析:8.[单选题]下列各组舌面元音区别的描述，错误的是（）A)[i]和[y]的区别是舌位前后不同。
B)[u]和[o]的区别是舌位高低不同。
C)[a]和[ɑ]的区别是舌位前后不同。
D)[i]和a]的区别是舌位高低不同。
答案:A解析:9.[单选题]下面各组词中全都属于借词的是（）2009. 01真题A)狮子超级市场马力B)葡萄巧克力克隆C)德律风热狗黑匣子D)钢琴塔拷贝答案:B解析:10.[单选题]关于语用学和修辞学下列说法错误的是( )A)语用学和修辞学都是研究语言应用问题B)语用学和修辞学是两门相对独立又有些许关联的学科C)修辞学注重表达效果,而语用学注重言语的表达和理解D)修辞学是语用学的分支答案:D解析:11.[单选题]“我爸爸爱看电视”是按((我+爸爸)+(爱+(看+电视)))这样的方式组合的，这体现了语言符号的A)层次性B)自然性C)顺序性D)功能性答案:A解析:12.[单选题]必须借助语言才能进行的人类思维活动是A)感性思维活动B)理性思维活动C)发散思维活动13.[单选题]会话中的合作原则是( )提出A)瑞士的索绪尔B)美国的乔姆斯基C)英国的奥斯丁D)美国语言哲学家格莱斯答案:D解析:14.[单选题]汉语北京话中,有的人把“一般儿大” (同样大)说成“一边儿大”,这种现象在语音学上叫( )A)同化B)弱化C)异化D)增音答案:D解析:15.[单选题]财会人员所说的保账、坏账”属于A)黑话B)隐语C)行话D)习语答案:C解析:16.[单选题]区分词类最重要的依据是( )A)意义B)形态变化C)句法功能D)语言的类型特点答案:C解析:17.[单选题][]语言中能被人自然感觉到最小语音单位是( )。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。
答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。
答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。
答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。
答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。
答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。
答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。
答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。
答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。
0909大学英语B网考真题(附参考答案)
0909大学英语B网考真题（4套）(09年9月网考B机考题)请反复练习教育部网考委2007版大学英语B模拟试题(6套)，因为这是唯一的由教育部指定的考试依据。
0909网考B真题T est 1第一部分交际用语（共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分）1. We are planning an outing. ___Sure.A. Where are you going?B. When will you leave?C. How is everything?D. Do you want to join us?2. Thank you for calling. ___A. Don’t mention it.B. That’s fine.C. Nice talking to you.D. Call back again.3. Haven’t seen you for ages. What are you busy doing now? ___A. I hate the weather here.B. My hair is getting a bit longer.C. Y eah, thanks for coming.D. I am working part time in a bookstore, you know.4. Could I speak to Don Watkins, please? ___A. I’m listening.B. Oh, how are you?C. Speaking, please.D. I am Don.5. How are you feeling? Much better. ___A. Thanks for coming to see me.B. Y ou look great.C. Y ou are so kind.D. Don’t mention it.第二部分阅读理解（共10小题，每小题3分，满分30分）Passage 1I often dreamed about Pisa when I was a boy. I read about the famous building called the Leaning Tower of Pisa. But when I read the word Pisa, I was thinking about pizza. I thought this tower was a place to buy pizza. It must be the best place to buy pizza in the world, I thought.Many years later, I finally saw the Leaning Tower. I knew then that it was Pisa but no pizza. But there was still something special about it for me. The Tower got its name because it really did lean to one side. Some people want to try to fix it. They are afraid it may fall over and they don’t like it leans over the city.I do not think it’s a good idea to try to fix it. The Tower probably will not fall down. It is 600 years old. Why should anything happened to it now? And, if you ask me, I like what it looks like. To me it is a vey human kind of leaning. Nothing is perfect. It seems to say.And who cares? Why do people want things to be perfect? Imperfect things may be more interesting. Let’s take the tower in Pisa. Why is it so famous? There are many other older, more beautiful towers in Italy. But Pisa tower is the most famous. People come from all over the world to see it.6. The writer used to think Pisa ___.A. in SpainB. not very famousC. not the same as pizzaD. the same as pizza7. This passage is about ___.A. Italian pizzaB. Italy’s problemsC. How the Leaning Tower Pisa got its nameD. Why the writer like Pisa8. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is ___.A. modernB. falling downC. 600 years oldD. 60 years old9. The writer ___.A. doesn’t like what the tower looks likeB. likes what the tower looks likeC. thinks it’s the most beautiful tower in the worldD. doesn’t like tower10. The writer likes the Leaning Tower of Pisa because ___.A. it’s oldB. it’s perfectC. it sells pizzaD. it’s imperfectPassage 2By definition, heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage, achievements, and self-sacrifice made most for the benefits of other –they are people against whom we measure others. They are men and women recognized for s haping our nation’s consciousness and development as well as the lives of those who admire them. Y et, some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by, where the very idea of heroism is something beyond us-an artifact of the past. Some maintain that because the Cold War is over and because America is at peace our age is essentially an unheroic one. Furthermore, the overall crime rate is down, poverty has been eased by a strong and growing economy, and advances continue to be made in medical science.Cultural icons are hard to define, but we know them when we see them. They are people who manage to transcend celebrity(明星), who are legendary, who somehow manage to become mythic. But what makes some figures icons and oth ers mere celebrities? That’s hard to answer. In part, their lives have the quality of a story to tell. For instance, the beautiful young Diana Spencer who at 19 married a prince, renounced marriage and the throne, and died at the moment she found true love. Good looks certainly help. So does a special indefinable charm, with the help of the media. But nothing confirms an icon more than a tragic death -such as Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, and Princess Diana. (258 words)11. The passage mainly deals with __________.A. life and deathB. heroes and heroinesC. heroes and iconsD. icons and celebrities12. Heroes and heroines are usually _______.A. courageousB. good examples to followC. self-sacrificingD. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is wrong?_______A. Poverty in America has been eased with the economic growth.B. Superstars are famous for being famous.C. One’s look can contribute to being famous.D. Heroes and heroines can only emerge in war times.14. Beautiful young Diana Spencer found her genuine love _______.A. when she was 19B. when she became a princessC. just before her deathD. after she gave birth to a Prince15. What is more likely to set an icon’s sta tus?_______A. Good looks.B. Tragic and early deathC. Personal attraction.D. The quality of one’s story.第三部分词汇与结构（共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分）16. Measles ___ a long time to get over.A. spendB. spendsC. takeD. takes17. Our house is about a mile from the railway station and there are not many houses ___.A. in betweenB. far apartC. among themD. from each other18. The top of the Great wall is ___ for five horses to go side by side.A. wideB. so wideC. wide enoughD. enough wide19. People at the party worried about him, because no one was aware ___ he had been.A. of whereB. of the place whereC. whereD. the place20. Y ou ___ buy some referance books when you go to college.A. mustB. will have toC. must toD. have to第四部分完形填空（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）Children use their parents as models, whether the model is good or bad. My neighbours are very good __21__,Mrs Roodhouse is a careful housekeeper. __22__ she went to work yesterday, her children cleaned the rooms. The eldest daughter took all the carpet __23__ and shook them. The middle daughter did all the dishes, and the youngest daughter put the toys __24__ good order. The only boy in the family cleaned the furniture. When the children __25__ their work, they put beautiful flowers on the table for their mother.Mrs Frowzier is a terrible housekeeper. When she went to work, her children made a big mess. One of __26__ drank some coke and threw the bottle. The glass wasn’t swept up, and the carpet was made __27__. The rubbish in the kitchen grew __28__ because the children ate bananas and oranges and threw the peals on the floor. One child drew pictures on the wall and rode his bike in the rooms. Both mothers __29__ home, but __30__ of them was glad of ……21. A. facts B. stories C. examples D. friends22. A. Before B. Until C. Since D. When23. A. outside B. inside C. upstairs D. downstairs24. A. at B. in C. for D. with25. A. began B. finished C. prepared D. wanted26. A. us B. them C. you D. him27. A. clean B. dry C. dirty D. neat28. A. smaller B. more useful C. lighter D. larger29. A. came B. come C. comes D. were coming30. A. neither B. both C. only one D. all第五部分英译汉（共3小题，每小题5分，满分15分）31. The little boy wanted to exchange his toy car for my cake.32. These five boys failed in their English exam last term.33. Bill hit his car into a wall last night.第六部分写作（满分15分）34. 建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。
全国大学生英语竞赛B类考试2009年决赛试题及详解【圣才出品】
全国大学生英语竞赛B类考试2009年决赛试题及详解Part ⅠListening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. You are listening to a radio phone-in programme. Why has the woman called?A. T o criticise the famous.B. To express a different point of view.C. T o sympathise with photographers.【答案】B【解析】女士的第一句话Well, I can’t believe what your last caller said.明显提示，针对对名人私生活的报道，她与上一位打电话的听众持不同的观点，接下来提到她认为名人的隐私也应该得到尊重。
【录音原文】M: Ok, Mary from Glasgow, go ahead, make your point.W: Well, I can’t believe what your last caller said. How would she like it if she was on the beach and some photographer stuck his camera in her face? I mean ...M: But these people are famous. They must expect it, surely.W: Yes, but not all the time. Not when they are not on duty, so to speak. Everybody on your program seems to think these photographers can do anything. But I just want to set the record straight, I don’t. There should be some respect for people’s privacy.Q: You are listening to a radio phone-in progrmmne. Why has the woman called? 2. You hear a man trying to persuade his friend to go to the cinema. Why won’t she go to the cinema tonight?A. She is too busy.B. She hasn’t got any money.C. She doesn’t like the cinema.【答案】A【解析】根据I must get this report finished by tomorrow ...可知，女士拒绝男士的主要原因是要完成报告，没时间去看电影。
09年年语概真题解析
葵儿版北语语用近三年语概真题参考答案大家好,我是葵儿,2011年参加北语语用研究生考试,初试总成绩393,其中英语63;政治76 ;专一(现古汉)125;专二(语概)129,最后公费拟录取。
2009年真题参考答案(本答案仅供参考,非北语官方答案.) 一．名词解释：1、语法手段：一种语言中构成语法形式的手段和方式，是归纳各种语法形式共同点而形成的类.如内部屈折;通过词根内部的语音形式变化来构成语法形式，表示不同语法意义的词形变化手段。
如，英语中：元音交替 foot/ feet man/men 通过内部屈折(元音交替表示复数)2、语言的层级装置:语言系统的组成规则主要表现为结构的层级性，即语言是一种分层装置，可以从低到高，从下到上分出若干个层次，使音、义以及由音义结合而组成的符号都有各自的位置，但每一种现象又不是孤立的，相互之间处于一种互相依存、彼此制约的关系之中，形成一个严密的系统，共分为二层三级：a语言的底层：是一套音位，一种语言的音位的数目虽然只有几十个，却能构成数目众多的组合，这些组合为语言符号准备了形式部分。
b语言的上层：是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级第一级是语素,是音义结合的最小符号，构词材料第二级：是由语素构成的词，是造句材料第三级是由词构成的句子词和句子都是符号的序列。
语言系统结构层级性的特点在于以少驭多：语言层级装置中的低一层单位比高一层单位少的多，高一层单位都是低一层单位按照一定的规则组合而成的。
整个装置的奥妙就在于以少数有规则地组成多数，一级级翻翻增量，这样连跳几级后就从几十扩大到无穷。
3、会话含义：在言语交际中，人们由于种种原因不严格的遵守言语交际的合作原则及其相关准则和次准则，当说话人违反了这些准则或次准则时，听话人就迫使自己超越话语的表面意义去设法领悟说话人所说话语的隐含意义，这种汉语的隐含意义，即会话含义。
如，甲问：“我们今晚一起去看电影好吗？”乙答：“我明天要考英语。
语言与应用试题及答案
语言与应用试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是人类最重要的交际工具，以下哪项不是语言的功能？A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：C2. 在语言学中，以下哪个术语指的是语言的音位系统？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇答案：C3. 根据乔姆斯基的生成语法理论，语言的深层结构是指什么？A. 句子的表面形式B. 句子的深层意义C. 句子的生成规则D. 句子的语用功能答案：B4. 在翻译过程中，以下哪个原则强调的是忠实于原文？A. 信B. 达C. 雅D. 准答案：A5. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言的变异？A. 方言B. 俚语C. 标准语D. 术语答案：C6. 语言的语用功能主要研究的是语言在实际使用中的什么？A. 语法结构B. 语音变化C. 交际效果D. 词汇选择答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是语言学研究的分支？A. 社会学B. 心理学C. 计算机科学D. 语音学答案：D8. 语言的词汇量增长最快的阶段通常是在哪个时期？A. 婴儿期B. 学龄前C. 青少年期D. 成年期答案：B9. 在语言教学中，以下哪种方法强调通过实践和使用语言来学习？A. 语法翻译法B. 直接法C. 听说法D. 交际法答案：D10. 以下哪种语言现象是语言的创新？A. 借用B. 混合C. 创造新词D. 语言退化答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达情感和态度。
答案：表达2. 语言的______功能是指语言能够影响和改变现实。
答案：操作3. 在语言学中，______是指语言的最小意义单位。
答案：语素4. 语言的______是指语言的使用者对语言的理解和使用能力。
答案：能力5. 语言的______是指语言的使用者对语言的理解和使用习惯。
答案：习惯6. 在翻译中，______是指翻译者对原文的忠实度。
答案：信度7. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的不同形式。
语言学概念考试题及答案
语言学概念考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源和发展B. 语言的结构和功能C. 语言的学习和教学D. 语言的翻译和解释答案：B2. 下列哪个术语不属于语言学的范畴？A. 音位B. 语义C. 语法D. 化学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 词汇B. 音节C. 词D. 语素答案：D4. 以下哪个选项是语言的同步研究？A. 研究语言的历史演变B. 研究语言的地理分布C. 研究特定时间点的语言状态D. 研究语言的普遍特征答案：C5. 什么是方言？A. 一种语言的变体B. 一种独立的语言C. 一种语言的书面形式D. 一种语言的口头形式答案：A6. 语用学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的形式结构B. 语言的使用和功能C. 语言的声学特性D. 语言的心理学基础答案：B7. 什么是词汇？A. 语言中最小的意义单位B. 语言中最小的语法单位C. 语言中所有的词的集合D. 语言中所有的音素的集合答案：C8. 什么是句法？A. 研究词与词之间关系的学科B. 研究句子结构的学科C. 研究语言意义的学科D. 研究语言使用的学科答案：B9. 什么是语音学？A. 研究语言的声学特性B. 研究语言的书写系统C. 研究语言的语法规则D. 研究语言的语义内容答案：A10. 什么是社会语言学？A. 研究语言与社会的关系B. 研究语言的起源和发展C. 研究语言的翻译和解释D. 研究语言的普遍特征答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 语言学可以分为______语言学和______语言学。
答案：理论；应用2. 语言的四个基本功能包括表达功能、______、______和______。
答案：交际；表达情感；表达意图3. 语言的最小音位单位是______，而最小的语法单位是______。
答案：音素；词4. 语言的______是指语言的规则系统，包括语法、句法等。
答案：系统性5. 语言的______是指语言在特定社会群体中的使用方式。
大学生英语竞赛B类翻译专项强化真题试卷9(题后含答案及解析)
大学生英语竞赛B类翻译专项强化真题试卷9(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.【T1】当你养了宠物，毫无疑问，你就得去照料一个完全依赖于你的生命。
这个生命将生死都交于你，仅凭这点你就会变得更有责任感。
你需要随时随地关注它，这也将提升你处理其他任务的能力。
【T2】养宠物得法会让人更具责任意识，主人的付出与关爱程度势必反映在其喂养的宠物身上。
养宠物需要倾注大量的时间。
【T3】养宠物最大的好处之一是让你明白任何生命都是有所需求的。
而且这些需求应该被关照。
你会更懂养育之道且更富同情心，而这些变化也极有可能反映到你生活的其他方面。
【T4】很多了不起的父母同时也很擅于养宠物，这绝非巧合，因为他们懂得体贴关爱其周边的生命。
世间没有永恒之物，无论人还是动物都有生有死，明白这一点非常重要。
【T5】一生中养过多个宠物的人，能更好地处理各类情感考验，在面对失去的情感时，也会更加坚韧。
1．【T1】正确答案：When you keep／raise a pet，you will，without a doubt，have to take care of a creature whose life will depend entirely on you．解析：(①出现“当……”时，就要使用时间状语从句，用when引导。
②“毫无疑问”可以译为without a doubt，在句中做状语。
③“照料”：take care of。
④“完全依赖于你的生命”可以用定语从句翻译，whose指代前面的creature，即宠物。
)2．【T2】正确答案：Effectively keeping／raising a pet makes a person more responsible．and the owner’s level of commitment and care will inevitably be shown on their pet．解析：(①“得法”即指养宠物养的方法恰当，使用副词effectively修饰即可。
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Linguistics and Translation(Answers to Paper B)Part A Linguistics (total 100’)I. Define the following terms (2’×10)1.creativity Human language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. This ability is one of the things that sets human language apart from the kind of communication that goes on between animals..2. Garden path sentences are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have. It typically takes quite a long time to figure out what the other structure is if the first choice turns out to be incorrect.3. surface structure the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.4. Immediate Constituent Analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (or phrases)，which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own，and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.5. allomorph is the alternate shapes or phonetic forms of a morpheme. For example, the plural form of nouns have the following allomorphs: /s/, /z/, and /iz/.6. phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.7. backformation this is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, the word “edit” is formed by deleting –or in the word “editor”.8. Constatives is a type of sentence distinguished by Austin. The uttering of these sentences does not make up an action or make any change to the world.9. Government is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.10.parole this is the immediately accessible data, that is what is spoken by different speakers ofa language.II. (2’×5)1.arbitrariness2.[b]3.reference4.acronymernmentIII. (10’)The description of consonants involves describing the manners of articulation, the places of articulation. In many cases there are two sounds that share the same place and manner of articulation. In such case, the consonants are distinguished by voicing. For example: [p] is described as : voiceless bilabial stopIV.(5’) T ransformational-Generative Grammar can help reveal the ambiguity of some ambiguous structure which can not be revealed by IC analysis. For example:The structure “the love of God”is ambiguous. According to Transformational-Generative Grammar, the structure is ambiguous because this structure is formed from 2 different deep structures: the love from god (God loves somebody), the love for God (Somebody loves God). From 2 different deep structures, the same surface structure is obtained.V.(5’) The rule is simple: the sound [n] is inserted if it is after [ ] but in front ofa vowel.VI.(20’)No. People speaking Dani as their native tongue see the world as colorful as we see the world. They can use different strategy to express different colors. We can use Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to support my argument.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently，different language may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument，two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand，language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other，similarity between languages is relative，the greater their structural differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.Ever since the proposal of the hypothesis，linguists have had different views about it. Nowadays few people would possibly tend to accept the original form of this theory completely. Two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed， a strong version and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis suggests，emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version of this hypothesis，however，is a modified type of its original theory，suggesting thatthere is a correlation between language，culture，and thought，but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative，rather than categorical.VII. Read the following sentence. Explain what is meant by the speaker using the theory of Conversational Implicature. (20’)A: Miss X sang “Home sweet home”.B: Oh, I think she produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of “Home sweet home”..Conversational implicature is a type of implied meaning， which is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with the context， under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.The CP : make your conversational contribution such as is required， at the stage at which it occurs， by the accepted purpose or direction of the talke exchange in which you are engaged. Four maxims of CP:Quantity: make your contribution as informative as is required.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true.Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Relation: be relevant.Manner: be perspicuous. 1. avoid obscurity of expression.2. avoid ambiguity.3. be brief4. be orderly.B’s statement violates the maxim of Manner. It implies that he thinks Miss X’s performance was so poor that the word ‘sing ’cannot be applied.VIII. What differences are there between gradable antonymy and complementary antonymy (10’)？1.The pair of complementary antonymy forms a whole set while the gradablepair does not.2.The norm of complementary antonymy is absolute while that of gradableis not.3.There is no cover term for the two members of a pair in complementaryantonymy relation.。