小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)
小学托福测评试题及答案
小学托福测评试题及答案一、听力部分（共30分）（一）听录音，选择正确的图片。
每个录音将播放两遍。
（共5小题，每小题1分）1. A. B. C.2. A. B. C.3. A. B. C.4. A. B. C.5. A. B. C.（二）听录音，选择正确的答案。
每个录音将播放两遍。
（共5小题，每小题1分）6. What does the boy want to be when he grows up?A. A doctor.B. A teacher.C. A scientist.7. What is the weather like today?A. Sunny.B. Rainy.C. Cloudy.8. Who is Tom's best friend?A. Peter.B. Lucy.C. Kate.9. Where did the girl go last weekend?A. To the park.B. To the zoo.C. To the museum.10. What time does the train leave?A. At 7:30.B. At 8:00.C. At 8:30.（三）听录音，填入所缺的单词或短语。
每个录音将播放两遍。
（共5小题，每小题1分）11. Sam _______ basketball on the playground every afternoon.12. Linda is _______ a storybook in the library now.13. There are _______ seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.14. The _______ is bigger than the moon.15. My father usually _______ the newspaper after dinner.（四）听问句，选择正确的答句。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）(1~12/共51题)阅读理解THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negativeexample by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.Glossary:mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor troublethievery: the act of theft; stealingpinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut第1题The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.destructivelyB.falselyC.bravelyD.mistakenly第2题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.第3题The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order toA.illustrate two different views of the trickster-heroB.explain how humans received the gift of fireC.argue that the trickster is an intellectual heroD.encourage readers to study world mythology第4题The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.funny storiesplex plansC.mischievous actsD.divine traits第5题All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPTA.a desire to break the rulesB.the ability to disguise himselfC.superhuman powersD.awareness of good and evil第6题Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually aboutA.the victory of good over evilB.the creation or transformation of the worldC.the struggle to control one's natureD.the punishment of humans by the gods第7题The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imaginesB.transformsC.locatesD.destroys第8题The author tells a story about Raven in which the tricksterA.gives humans the gift of fireB.changes into a young girlC.steals the sun from the godsD.causes a destructive flood第9题The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.one who wants total powerB.one who rescues others from harmC.one who causes terrible sufferingD.one who cares about only himself第10题It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.第11题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.D Coyote shows usthat at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.第12题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interestingB. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposesC. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evilD. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moonE. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the godsF. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better worldG. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the godsRaven●●●Coyote●●下一题(13~25/共51题)阅读理解DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States themovement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.Glossary:aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic第13题According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was toA.stimulate public interest in artB.change the goals of art educationC.destroy traditional standards of artD.make mass media the subject of art第14题The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order toA.explain the origin of the name "Dada"B.illustrate how Dadaists created artpare art to a children's gameD.give an example of a "ready-made"第15题According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was byA.refusing to fight in the First World WarB.writing plays about social classing "found" objects in works of artD.criticizing the commercial media第16题The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.leading writerB.earliest artistC.main criticD.fastest runner第17题The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPTA.a bicycle wheelB.a bottle rackC.a soup canD.a comb第18题The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.mockedB.ignoredC.welcomedD.defended第19题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artistsA.reacted against the Dada movementB.were more popular than the DadaistsC.criticized art for being too commercialD.succeeded in changing ideas about art第20题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.第21题Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?A.Marcel Duchampwrence AllowayC.Roy LichtensteinD.Andy Warhol第22题The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.hatedB.was afraid ofC.inventedD.responded to第23题The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.excessB.definitionC.fearD.absence第24题. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.A.AB.BC.CD.D第25题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and televisionB. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous peopleDada●●●Pop Art●●●●上一题下一题(26~38/共51题)阅读理解DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第26题The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.flatB.denseC.humidD.open第27题What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?A.It occurred mostly within a single century.B.It changed how people thought about trees.C.It provided jobs in several related industries.D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.第28题According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPTA.the expansion of agricultureB.an increase in forest firesC.the use of charcoal as a fuelD.steamboat transportation第29题Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensiveB.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industryC.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxesD.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated第30题The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.varyingB.greedyC.strangeD.moderate第31题The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describesA.a type of riverboatB.a species of treeC.people who sold woodrge woodland birds第32题The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.stoppedpetedC.fluctuatedD.increased第33题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" wereA.machines that made ties and fencingB.railroad company executivesC.steam engines that moved trainsD.animals that helped build railroads第34题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.第35题It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth centuryA.wooden houses were more popular than they are todayB.the construction industry dominated the economyC.more people owned homes than they do todayD.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees第36题According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due toA.the availability of landB.an increase in the labor supplyC.innovations in technologyD.timber industry leadership第37题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?No other industry or consumer of wood could match the timber industry itself for the exploitation of North America's forests.A Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet.B This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market.C These innovations had their greatest impact in the Great Lakes region.D By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第38题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors contributed to the deforestation of North America in the nineteenth century.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Dense forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory covered most of the eastern half of the continent.B. Several million acres of forest were cut to meet the growing population's demand for farmland and wood.C. The iron, steamboat, railroad, and construction industries required huge amounts of wood.D. Each mile of railroad required two miles of fencing and 2,500 ties, which were made of oak and locust.E. After 1890, the timber industry moved into the West and South, cutting another 125 million acres of forest.F. Innovations in the timber industry greatly increased wood production but led to the depletion of forests.上一题下一题(39~51/共51题)阅读理解THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work toohard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.2 Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject's brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment—thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual's physical and mental health.5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body's production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes and heart disease.。
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers'attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone经历" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon'scraters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formedBCDAD CACDC。
托福考试阅读模拟试题
托福考试阅读模拟试题2017年托福考试阅读模拟试题做一个有实力的'人，不要让今天的懒惰成为明天的痛。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福阅读模拟试题，希望大家能有所收获，Questions 32-40Considered the most influential architect of his time, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) was born in the small rural community of Richland Center, Wisconsin. He entered the University of Wisconsin at the age of 15 as a special student, studying engineering because the school had no course in architecture. At the age of 20 he then went to work as a draughtsman in Chicago in order to learn the traditional, classical language of architecture. After marrying into a wealthy business family at the age of 21, Wright set up house in an exclusive neighborhood in Chicago, and after a few years of working for a number of architectural firms, set up his own architectural office.For twenty years he brought up a family of six children upstairs, and ran a thriving architectural practice of twelve or so draughtsmen downstairs. Here, in an idyllic American suburb, with giant oaks, sprawling lawns, and no fences, Wright built some sixty rambling homes by the year 1900. He became the leader of a style known as the "Prairie" school - houses with low-pitched roofs and extended lines that blended into the landscape and typified his style of "organic architecture".By the age of forty-one, in 1908, Wright had achieved extraordinary social and professional success. He gave countless lectures at major universities, and started his Taliesin Fellowship - a visionary social workshop in itself. In 1938 he appeared on the cover of Time magazine, and later, on a two cent stamp. The mostspectacular buildings of his mature period were based on forms borrowed from nature, and the intentions were clearly romantic, poetic, and intensely personal. Examples of these buildings are Tokyo's Imperial Hotel (1915-22: demolished 1968), and New York City's Guggenheim Museum (completed 1959). He continued working until his death in 1959, at the age of 92, although in his later years, he spent as much time giving interviews and being a celebrity, as he did in designing buildings. Wright can be considered an essentially idiosyncratic architect whose influence was immense but whose pupils were few.32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(a) the development of modern architecture in America(b) the contributions of the "Prairie" School to modern architecture(c) the life and achievements of a famous architect(d) the influence of the style of "organic architecture" in America33. Frank Lloyd Wright first worked as a draughtsman because(a) for twenty years he lived above his shop and employed draughtsmen(b) to learn the language of architecture(c) that is what he studied at the University of Wisconsin(d) that is the work of new employees in architectural firms34. The word "some" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(a) around(b) over(c) nearly(d) exactly35. According to the passage, an idyllic American suburb is(a) based on forms borrowed from nature(b) blended into the landscape(c) giant oaks, sprawling lawns, and no fences(d) houses with low-pitched reefs and extended lines36. The word "blended" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(a) dug(b) cut(c) imposed(d) merged37. The word "itself" in line 17 refers to(a) social workshop(b) Taliesin Fellowship(c) He(d) Major universities38. The word "idiosyncratic" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) idiotic(b) idealistic(c) individualistic(d) independent39. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a) the Taliesin Fellowship was a grant of money(b) many of Wright's architectural ideas have not been taken up by others(c) Wright used his wife's money to set up his own architectural office in an exclusive neighborhood in Chicago(d) Some of Wright's most notable buildings have been demolished because they were not popular40. All of the following about Frank Lloyd Wright are trueEXCEPT(a) he became the leader of a style known as "organic architecture"。
小托福考试阅读真题及阅读考试高频词汇分享
小托福考试阅读真题及阅读考试高频词汇分享随着小托福考试越来越火热，参加考试的人数也越来越多，因此阅读作为小托福考试的一部分不容忽视，其中多做一些小托福考试阅读的真题是对我们有帮助的。
特此，小编给同学们整理了小托福考试阅读真题，希望同学们赶快来看看吧！Passage Excerpt:段落摘录：“The Golden Gate Bridge is a famous bridge in San Francisco. The bridge has ared color, but gray clouds often surround it.On clear days people come to takepictures of the bridge. The pictures show the green hills next to the bredgeand the blue water under it.”“金门大桥是旧金山着名的桥梁。
这座桥是彩色的，但是灰色的云层经常包围它。
在晴朗的日子，人们来拍摄这座桥。
图片显示了旁边的绿色山丘和下面的蓝色水。
“What color is the Golden Gate Bridge?金门大桥是什么颜色？(A) Red红(B) Green绿色(C) Blue蓝色(D) Golden金色答案：A答案解析考生通过阅读短文，可以在文中直接找出答案“The bridge has a red color”因此正确答案选项为A。
细节题一般都可以在文章中找到现成的答案，不需要考生进行过多的推理，所以做细节题时要做到有据可依。
需要考生注意的事，不能因为桥的名字是“The Golden Gate Bridge”就理所当然的选择“Golden”，一定要在原文中找到选择的依据。
小托福阅读考试高频词汇：except除了.......之外summarize总结passage=article文章author=writer作者infer推断mention提及refer指main idea大意best title=headline标题describe描述explain解释appropriate适当的现在同学们明白小托福阅读真题了吧？可乐留学-TOEFLJ还为大家准备了更多小托福阅读预测题及答题技巧、TOEFLJunior小托福阅读词汇题考核要点，大家请点击阅读。
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里！小托福的词汇量和语法难度相当于大学英语四级的水平，如果考生想要考一个好成绩，一定要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题，一起阅读下吧~在阅读部分，文章会涉及到人文学科、科学、社会科学等内容，学生要注意掌握文章主要内容，抓住关键点，了解作者意图并进行推理。
同时，阅读部分的文章形式也十分多样，如电子邮件、信件、新闻、学生写作、广告、日程表等，学生需要在平时积累一些关于习惯用语的表达。
小托福考试阅读模拟题：模拟题1：Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.答案：C解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题及答案
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟试题及答案2016年托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题及答案Jazz has been called “the art of expression set to music”, and “america’s great contribution to music”. it has functioned as popular art and enjoyed periods of fairly widespread public response, in the “jazz age” of the 1920s, in the “swing era” of the late 1930s and in the peak popularity of modern jazz in the late 1950s. the standard legend about jazz is that it originated around the end of the 19th century in new orleans and moved up the mississippi river to memphis, st. louis, and finally to chicago. it welded together the elements of ragtime, marching band music, and the blues. however, the influences of what led to those early sounds goes back to tribal african drum beats and european musical structures. buddy bolden, a new orleans barber and cornet player, is generally considered to have been the first real jazz musician, around 1891.what made jazz significantly different from the other earlier forms of music was the use of improvisation. jazz displayed a break from traditional music where a composer wrote an entire piece of music on paper, leaving the musicians to break their backs playing exactly what was written on the score. in a jazz piece, however, the song is simply a starting point, or sort of skeletal guide for the jazz musicians to improvise around. actually, many of the early jazz musicians were bad sight readers and some couldn’t even read music at all. generally speaking, thes e early musicians couldn’t make very much money and were stuck working menial jobs to make a living. the second wave of new orleans jazz musicians included such memorable players as joe oliver, kid ory, and jelly roll morton. these men formed smallbands and took the music of earlier musicians, improved its complexity, and gained greater success. this music is known as “hot jazz” due to the enormously fast speeds and rhythmic drive.a young cornet player by the name of louis armstrong was discovered by joe oliver in new orleans. he soon grew up to become one of the greatest and most successful musicians of all time, and later one of the biggest stars in the world. the impact of armstrong and other talented early jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.1. the passage answers which of the following questions?(a) why did ragtime, marching band music, and the blues lose popularity after about 1900?(b) what were the origins of jazz and how did it differ from other forms of music?(c) what has been the greatest contribution of cornet players to music in the twentieth century?(d) which early jazz musicians most influenced the development of blues music?2. according to the passage, jazz originated in(a) chicago(b) st. louis(c) along the mississippi river(d) new orleans3. the word “welded” in line 6 is closest in meaning to(a) squeezed(b) bound(c) added(d) stirred4. which of the following distinguished jazz as a new form ofmusical expression?(a) the use of cornets(b) “hot jazz”(c) improvisation(d) new orleans5. the word “skeletal” in line 15 is closest in meaning to(a) framework(b) musical(c) basic(d) essential bsp;talented early jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.【参考答案：BCDAB】。
小托福阅读模拟测试题分享(附备考词汇)
小托福阅读模拟测试题分享（附备考词汇）阅读作为小托福不容忽视的一部分内容，考生需要多多练习来提高自己的阅读能力!下文提供的就是小托福阅读模拟测试题及词汇，考生们快来练习下吧~——小托福阅读模拟测试题阅读材料：A simple piece of clothesline hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors.On one side stand those who see clothes dryers (干衣机) as a waste of energy and a major polluter of the environment. As a result, they are turning to clotheslines as part of the “what-I-can-do environmentalism (环境保护主义).”On the other side are people who are against drying clothes outside, arguing that clotheslines are unpleasant to look at. They have persuaded Homeowners Associations (HOAs) access the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, because clothesline drying also tends to lower home value in the neighborhood. This has led to a Right-to-Dry Movement that is calling for laws to be passed to protect people’s right to use clotheslines.So far, only three states have laws to protect clothesline. Right-to-Dry supporters argue that there should be more.Matt Reck, 37, is the kind of eco-conscious (有生态意识的) person who feeds his trees with bathwater and reuses water drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But on July 9, 2007, the HOA in Wake Forest, North Carolina, told him that a dissatisfied neighbor had telephoned them about his clothesline. The Recks paid no attention to the warning and still dried their clothes on a line in the yard. “Many people say they are environmentally friendly but they don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. The local HOA has decided not to take any action, unless more neighbors come to them.North Carolina lawmakers are saying that banning clotheslines is not the right thing to do. But HOAs and housing businesses believe that clothesline drying reminds people of poor neighborhoods. They worry that if buyers think their future neighbors can’t even afford dryers, housing prices will fall.Environmentalists say such worries are not necessary, and in view of global warming, that idea needs to change. As they say, “The clothesline is beautiful. Hanging clothes outside should be encouraged. We all have to do at least something to slow down the process of global warming.”阅读赏析：这篇阅读理解的主题非常有趣，切入角度很独特：我们是否应该立法禁止用晾衣绳来晾晒衣服。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(12)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（12）(1~14/共54题)阅读理解Neutron StarsWhile the largest star known to man is roughly 2,000 times the diameter of the Earth's sun, there are also stars so tiny that they are no larger than a small metropolitan area. These are neutron stars. A neutron star is extremely dense and is essentially the corpse of a giant star which collapsed after going supernova. Despite its small size, a neutron star has a mass greater than one and a half times that of the sun, is among the hottest stars in the galaxy, and has one of the strongest magnetic fields of any object in existence. Whenever a neutron star forms, it begins spinning rapidly, which causes the electromagnetic energy it emits to appear to blink, or pulse, to observers on the Earth. Astronomers call these spinning, blinking neutron stars pulsars.A star must reach a certain size—roughly four to eight times the size of the sun—to be able to form a neutron star. Stars smaller than that typically become white dwarfs when they collapse while those larger than that normally transform into black holes upon collapsing. The formation of a neutron star occurs when a supernova destroys a star's outer layer yet leaves the dense core intact. The center of the star is usually comprised of iron, but other elements may be present in smaller amounts. With the star's outer layers gone, nuclear fusion is no longer possible, which results in gravity having no counterbalancing outward force. Therefore, gravity acts strongly on the core and makes it extremely dense. As this density grows in strength, the electrons and protons in the core's atoms are forced together to form a core of neutrons and neutrinos. The neutron star forms a structure with different layers, much like other bodies in the universe. If the neutron star is relatively young, it is still very hot, so its surface may be more liquid than solid while its inner core is much denser and more solidified.A neutron star's temperature is at its height soon after its birth, but the star gradually begins cooling off as it becomes older on account of the loss of neutrinos, which start flying off the star as soon as it is created. Over time, these neutrinos carry away a great amount of the star's energy, so its temperature falls to a level approximately half of what it was at its genesis. Nevertheless, even after this loss of temperature, a neutron star ranks as one of the hottest stars in the universe. In addition, when it forms, a neutron star spins at an extremely high rate—somewhere between sixty and 600 times per second. This high rotation is explained by the law of conservation of angular momentum, which points out that an object rotates at a faster rate the more it is drawn in on itself. This is similar to the way that a figure skater begins spinning faster the moment that she pulls her arms toward her body.The extreme density of a neutron star creates a very strong electromagnetic field, which is most often observed in the X-ray band. This magnetic field is aligned along a different axis than the spinning motion of the star, so it is like a lighthouse beam rotating in space. If the star is aligned in the right way with the Earth, astronomers using radio telescope arrays can observe this spinning magnetic field. Astronomer Jocelyn Bell first observed this phenomenon in 1967, and such stars were soon called pulsars. Most pulsars emit electromagnetic energy in the X-ray band, but some emit it in the visible light band as well as the gamma ray band.These observations led to the discovery of more neutron stars—almost all of them pulsars—in the following decades. Some are called millisecond pulsars because of the fact that they rotate as many as 700 times per second. At present, astronomers have discovered nearly 2,000 neutron stars; however, it is believed that the number of neutron stars is far greater since all of themcannot be observed from the Earth because their rotating magnetic fields are misaligned with the planet. In addition, as neutron stars age, the speed of their rotation decelerates, preventing them from being discovered as easily as more swiftly rotating neutron stars.*Glossarynuclear fusion: a reaction in which the nuclei of light atoms unite to form the nuclei of heavier atomsneutrino: a massless or nearly massless lepton, an elementary type of particlemillisecond: one thousandth of a second第1题Neutron StarsWhile the largest star known to man is roughly 2,000 times the diameter of the Earth's sun, there are also stars so tiny that they are no larger than a small metropolitan area. These are neutron stars. A neutron star is extremely dense and is essentially the corpse of a giant star which collapsed after going supernova. Despite its small size, a neutron star has a mass greater than one and a half times that of the sun, is among the hottest stars in the galaxy, and has one of the strongest magnetic fields of any object in existence. Whenever a neutron star forms, it begins spinning rapidly, which causes the electromagnetic energy it emits to appear to blink, or pulse, to observers on the Earth. Astronomers call these spinning, blinking neutron stars pulsars.The word corpse in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.kernelB.bodyC.propellantD.remains第2题In paragraph 1, all of the following questions are answered EXCEPT: ______A.What causes a pulsar to behave in its particular manner?B.What are some of the unique features possessed by a neutron star?C.For what reason do some giant stars suddenly become supernovas?D.How much bigger than the Earth's sun is the biggest known star in the galaxy?第3题A star must reach a certain size—roughly four to eight times the size of the sun—to be able to form a neutron star. Stars smaller than that typically become white dwarfs when they collapse while those larger than that normally transform into black holes upon collapsing. The formation of a neutron star occurs when a supernova destroys a star's outer layer yet leaves the dense core intact. The center of the star is usually comprised of iron, but other elements may be present in smaller amounts. With the star's outer layers gone, nuclear fusion is no longer possible, which results in gravity having no counterbalancing outward force. Therefore, gravity acts strongly on the core and makes it extremely dense. As this density grows in strength, the electrons and protons in the core's atoms are forced together to form a core of neutrons and neutrinos. The neutron star forms a structure with different layers, much like other bodies in the universe. If the neutron star is relatively young, it is still very hot, so its surface may be more liquid than solid while its inner core is much denser and more solidified.*Glossarynuclear fusion: a reaction in which the nuclei of light atoms unite to form the nuclei of heavieratomsneutrino: a massless or nearly massless lepton, an elementary type of particleThe word counterbalancing in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.acceleratingB.offsettingC.viableD.positional第4题In paragraph 2, the author implies that the Earth's sun ______A.is probably going to become a pulsar billions of years in the futureB.has a core that is comprised of iron and other similar heavy elementscks the size that is necessary for it to become a supernovaD.will stop undergoing nuclear fusion at some time in the future第5题According to paragraph 2, a neutron star is very compact because of ______A.the manner in which gravity affects itB.the various layers that are found in itC.the actions of the protons and neutrons in its atomsD.the lack of nuclear fusion in its core第6题A neutron star's temperature is at its height soon after its birth, but the star gradually begins cooling off as it becomes older on account of the loss of neutrinos, which start flying off the star as soon as it is created. Over time, these neutrinos carry away a great amount of the star's energy, so its temperature falls to a level approximately half of what it was at its genesis. Nevertheless, even after this loss of temperature, a neutron star ranks as one of the hottest stars in the universe. In addition, when it forms, a neutron star spins at an extremely high rate—somewhere between sixty and 600 times per second. This high rotation is explained by the law of conservation of angular momentum, which points out that an object rotates at a faster rate the more it is drawn in on itself. This is similar to the way that a figure skater begins spinning faster the moment that she pulls her arms toward her body.The word genesis in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.varianceB.averageC.appearanceD.birth第7题In paragraph 3, why does the author mention a figure skater? ______A.To argue that astronomers do not fully understand the actions of neutron starsB.To make a comparison between the actions of that individual and a neutron starC.To provide a mathematical proof of the law of conservation of angular momentumD.To explain why neutron stars do not always rotate at such great speeds第8题According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of a neutron star? ______A.The constant loss of neutrinos is what induces the star to spin at such an extremely fast rate.B.Even though it can gain energy over the course of its life, it will never attain the high temperatures it initially had.C.Despite seeing its temperature decrease by half, it is still hotter than almost anything else in the universe.D.It can rotate at speeds much greater than planets, moons, asteroids, or other celestial bodies can achieve.第9题The extreme density of a neutron star creates a very strong electromagnetic field, which is most often observed in the X-ray band. This magnetic field is aligned along a different axis than the spinning motion of the star, so it is like a lighthouse beam rotating in space. If the star is aligned in the right way with the Earth, astronomers using radio telescope arrays can observe this spinning magnetic field. Astronomer Jocelyn Bell first observed this phenomenon in 1967, and such stars were soon called pulsars. Most pulsars emit electromagnetic energy in the X-ray band, but some emit it in the visible light band as well as the gamma ray band.The word it in the passage refers to ______A.this magnetic fieldB.a different axisC.the spinning motionD.the star第10题In paragraph 4, the author's description of pulsars mentions which of the following? ______A.The individual credited with identifying their unique behaviorB.The strength that their electromagnetic fields can attainC.The reason that they emit energy on up to three different bandsD.The manner in which people on the Earth can identify them by using telescopes第11题These observations led to the discovery of more neutron stars—almost all of them pulsars—in the following decades. Some are called millisecond pulsars because of the fact that they rotate as many as 700 times per second. At present, astronomers have discovered nearly 2,000 neutron stars; however, it is believed that the number of neutron stars is far greater since all of them cannot be observed from the Earth because their rotating magnetic fields are misaligned with the planet. In addition, as neutron stars age, the speed of their rotation decelerates, preventing them from being discovered as easily as more swiftly rotating neutron stars.*Glossarymillisecond: one thousandth of a secondWhich of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about millisecond pulsars? ______A.Most of the pulsars that have been discovered are millisecond pulsars.B.Astronomers believe there are at least 2,000 of them in the Earth's galaxy.C.They rotate at such quick speeds because their magnetic fields are misaligned.D.They are a rare kind of neutron star that rotate faster than normal.第12题Select the TWO answer choices from paragraph 5 that identify why astronomers have difficulty finding pulsars. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers. ______A.They are hidden behind larger stars so cannot be seen from the Earth.B.The slowness of their rotation makes them hard to identify.C.Their magnetic fields do not line up properly with the Earth.D.They pulse on the X-ray band, which makes them difficult to see.第13题A star must reach a certain size—roughly four to eight times the size of the sun—to be able to form a neutron star. Stars smaller than that typically become white dwarfs when they collapse while those larger than that normally transform into black holes upon collapsing. The formation of a neutron star occurs when a supernova destroys a star's outer layer yet leaves the dense core intact. The center of the star is usually comprised of iron, but other elements may be present in smaller amounts. ❶With the star's outer layers gone, nuclear fusion is no longer possible, which results in gravity having no counterbalancing outward force. ❷ Therefore, gravity acts strongly on the core and makes it extremely dense. ❸As this density grows in strength, the electrons and protons in the core's atoms are forced together to form a core of neutrons and neutrinos. ❹The neutron star forms a structure with different layers, much like other bodies in the universe. If the neutron star is relatively young, it is still very hot, so its surface may be more liquid than solid while its inner core is much denser and more solidified.*Glossarynuclear fusion: a reaction in which the nuclei of light atoms unite to form the nuclei of heavier atomsneutrino: a massless or nearly massless lepton, an elementary type of particleLook at the four squares [●] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This is the reason that the star has gotten its particular name.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [●] to add the sentence to the passage.第14题Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on VIEW TEXT.While neutron stars are small, they are both very dense and hot, and they blink on account of their rapid spinning.图片ANSWER CHOICES①Only stars of a particular size will ever become neutron stars when their lives come to an end.②Astronomers have only identified around 2,000 neutron stars because of the difficulty involved in finding them.③A neutron star forms when a star larger than the Earth's sun becomes a supernova but keeps its core intact.④Some neutron stars spin very quickly, and the resultant blinking can be seen from the Earth at times.⑤Neutron stars have only been known about since 1967, when an astronomer first noticed one of them.⑥The force of gravity makes neutron stars quite dense, and their temperature remains very high over the course of their lives.下一题(15~28/共54题)阅读理解FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TIDES 1 Tides are a natural phenomenon involving the alternating rise and fall in the earth's large bodies of water caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun. The combination of these two variable forces produces the complex recurrent cycle known as the astronomical tides. Tides occur in oceans and seas, to a limited extent in large lakes and the atmosphere, and, to a very minute degree, in the earth's solid crust.2 The force that generates tides is the interaction of two different forces: the gravitational attraction of the moon acting upon the earth's waters and the centrifugal force produced by the revolution of the earth around the center of gravity of the earth-moon system. Although the moon is only 384,395 kilometers from the earth, compared with the sun's much greater distance of 149,598,181 kilometers, the moon's closer distance outranks its much smaller mass, and thus the moon's tide-raising force is twice more than that of the sun.3 The tide-generating forces of the moon and sun cause a maximum accumulation of the ocean waters at two opposite positions on the earth's surface. This means that at any given time there are two high tides on the planet. One is the direct tide on the side facing the moon; the other is the indirect tide on the opposite side. At the same time these two high tides occur, compensating amounts of water are drawn from all points that are 90 degrees away from these bulges. As the earth rotates, a sequence of two high tides and two low tides is produced each day. Successive high tides occur about 12.4 hours apart. The direct high tide at any given location occurs when the moon is overhead; low tide occurs when the moon is at either horizon.4 The highest and lowest levels of high tide, called spring tide and neap tide, each occurs twice in every lunar month of about 27.5 days. A spring tide occurs at the new moon and at the full moon, when the moon and earth are aligned with the sun, and thus the moon's pull is reinforced by the sun's pull. At spring tide, the difference between high and low tides is the greatest. A neap tide, the lowest level of high tide, occurs when the sun-to-earth direction is at right angles to the moon-to-earth direction. When this happens, the gravitational forces of the moon and sun counteract each other; thus, the moon's pull is at minimum strength, and the difference between high and low tides is the least. Spring and neap tides at any given location have a range of about 20 percent more or less, respectively, than the average high tide.5 The vertical range of tides—the difference between high and low—varies according to the size, surface shape, and bottom topography of the basin in which tidal movement occurs. Typically, the tidal range in the open ocean is less than it is near the coasts. For example, in the open water of the central Pacific, the range is no more than 0.3 meters, but in the relatively small, shallow North Sea, it is about 3.6 meters. Along the narrow channel of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, the difference between high and low tides may reach 16 meters under spring tide conditions—the world's widest tidal range. At New Orleans, which is at the mouth of the Mississippi River, the periodic rise and fall of the tides varies with the river's stage, being about 0.24 meters at low stage and zero at high stage. In every case, actual high or low tide can vary considerably from the average.6 Several physical factors influence tidal ranges, such as abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure, prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure, the density and volume of seawater, and variations in ocean-current velocities. Any of these factors alone can alter sea level; however,in combination with earthquakes, hurricanes, or other phenomena, they are particularly forceful. Hurricane winds, for instance, can heap ocean water into powerful storm surges that increase the impact of the astronomical tides. When a storm surge coincides with the astronomical high tide, the resulting storm tide may reach up to six meters or more above the normal high tide. The greater and more rapid the change of water level, the greater the erosive effect of the tidal action. Currents created by storm tides combine with the waves to erode beaches, coastal highways, and foundations of buildings.第15题The word recurrent in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.repeatingB.mysteriousC.simultaneousD.interrupted第16题The force that controls tides on the earth isA.the gravitational pull of the planet's coreB.the same force that generates tides on the moonC.abrupt changes in atmospheric pressureD.a combination of gravity and centrifugal force第17题According to the passage, the moonA.has a greater density than the sunB.is closer to the sun than the earth isC.exerts a gravitational pull on the sunD.affects tides more than the sun does第18题The word bulges in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.currentsB.intervalsC.increasesD.waves第19题What can be inferred from paragraph 3?A.The direct high tide is higher than the indirect high tide.B.When it is high tide in some places, it is low tide in other places.C.When the moon is directly overhead, the water is at its lowest level.D.At any given location, low tide occurs about 12 hours after high tide.第20题A spring tide occurs at the time of the lunar month whenA.the moon's gravitational pull is at its strongestB.the moon appears as a crescent or half-circleC.the sun does not exert any gravitational forceD.the vertical range of the tides is very narrow第21题The word counteract in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.enhanceB.signalC.opposeD.avoid第22题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The spring tide anywhere is around 20 percent higher than the normal high tide; the neap tide is 20 percent lower.B.In some places, there has been a 20 percent change in the number of spring tides and neap tides.C.If the location of a spring tide is known, then a neap tide in the same location will be 20 percent less.D.The spring tide in one location is always 20 higher than the neap tide in another location.第23题The author mentions the Bay of Fundy in paragraph 5 in order topare the Bay of Fundy with larger bodies of waterB.explain why a narrow channel is dangerous for shipsC.give the most extreme example of a tidal rangeD.show how rivers can affect the rise and fall of tides第24题The word prolonged in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.extendedB.surprisingC.predictedD.dangerous第25题All of the following are mentioned as influences on the vertical range of tides EXCEPTA.the size and shape of the water surfaceB.sudden changes in atmospheric pressureC.rising levels of ocean water pollutionD.abnormal water levels due to storms第26题In paragraph 6 the author makes the point thatA.spring tides and storm surges are interrelatedB.storms enhance the height and strength of tidesC.ocean currents rarely change in speed or directionD.the greatest impact on tides is global warming第27题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This abnormal rise in water level can cause extreme flooding and erosion in coastal areas.Several physical factors influence tidal ranges, such as abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure, prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure, the density and volume of seawater, and variations in ocean-current velocities. A Any of these factors alone can alter sea level; however, in combination with earthquakes, hurricanes, or other phenomena, they are particularly forceful. B Hurricane winds, for instance, can heap ocean water into powerful storm surges that increase the impact of the astronomical tides. C When a storm surge coincides with the astronomical high tide, the resulting storm tide may reach up to six meters or more above the normal high tide. D The greater and more rapid the change of water level, the greater the erosive effect of the tidal action. Currents created by storm tides combine with the waves to erode beaches, coastal highways, and foundations of buildings.第28题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors influence tides, the alternating rise andfall in the earth's large bodies of water.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Tides occur in the earth's atmosphere and within the earth itself.B. Humans have always been interested in the moon's influence on tides.C. The combined gravitational forces of the moon and the sun produce the cycle of tides.D. The level of the high tide varies throughout the lunar month.E. The stage of the Mississippi River determines the level of tides at New Orleans.F. The character of the basin and various physical phenomena affect the vertical range of tides.上一题下一题(29~40/共54题)阅读理解POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose fight to rule is generally hereditary and lifelong. At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handful remained. A series of revolutions in the preceding centuries had weakened the European monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbols of national unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned as the symbolic head of a parliamentary state, as in Britain, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. It lasted longer in the few small states of Asia and Africa that had never come under direct colonial rule. By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, people were considered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the people were seen as constituting the state.2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of liberal democracy took its place. A liberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the people acting through elected representatives and where an elected executive is responsible to the will of thepeople as a whole. The term applies to a broad group of states with a parliamentary or representative political tradition. Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as people's democracies, in which the Communist party holds the ultimate authority. Generally, liberal democracies follow the parliamentary pattern, with the executive power vested in a cabinet responsible to the parliament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independently elected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.3 The doctrine that all of the people had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. This doctrine of popular sovereignty became all-inclusive as citizenship rights were extended to classes formerly excluded and to women. The liberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human life according to the will of the people, except where limits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.4 All democratic states, both parliamentary and presidential, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services involved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the well being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, particularly in the areas of social welfare, education, health and safety, and economic development.5 The trend toward liberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of authoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time. In these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state. In some instances, monarchy gave way directly to dictatorship. In others, dictatorial regimes took over democratically organized states, notably in Eastern Europe in the years between the two world wars, in new states of Asia and Africa in the 1950s, and sporadically in Central and South America.6 Authoritarian governments showed three principal characteristics. First, there was a head of state or leader with exceptional powers, with a party to support him. Second, the legislative body was elected by a system that prohibited parties opposed to the regime, and third, there was a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popular control. The most extreme position on these points was taken by Hitler's totalitarian National Socialist State in the 1930s.第29题What point does the author make about monarchs in the twentieth century?A.Monarchs did not allow the people to vote in democratic elections.B.Monarchs did not have real power but were symbols of national unity.C.The monarch in most countries was a king rather than a queen.D.Monarchs were responsible for starting many popular revolutions.第30题The word survived in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.remainedB.developed。
小托福模拟考试题及答案
小托福模拟考试题及答案1. 阅读部分A篇：阅读以下文章，回答以下问题。
文章正文：随着城市化进程的加快，城市绿化的重要性日益凸显。
城市绿化不仅能够改善城市空气质量，还能为居民提供休闲和放松的空间。
研究表明，绿化良好的城市区域能够显著降低居民的心理压力，提高生活质量。
问题1：城市绿化的主要作用是什么？A. 提高城市空气质量B. 增加城市人口密度C. 减少城市交通拥堵D. 降低城市噪音污染答案：A2. 听力部分听录音，完成以下填空题。
录音内容：请听以下对话，回答相关问题。
对话：两个学生在讨论即将到来的周末计划。
学生A：你周末有什么打算？学生B：我打算去图书馆学习，你呢？学生A：我计划去公园散步，放松一下。
问题2：学生A计划周末做什么？A. 去图书馆学习B. 去公园散步C. 参加体育活动D. 去电影院看电影答案：B3. 语言形式与意义部分选择填空题，从A、B、C、D中选择最佳选项填入空白处。
问题3：尽管他很努力，但他还是没有通过考试。
A. DespiteB. BecauseC. AlthoughD. Unless答案：C4. 写作部分根据以下提示，写一篇不少于100字的短文。
提示：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释为什么。
答案示例：我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气凉爽宜人，不像夏天那样炎热，也不像冬天那样寒冷。
此外，秋天的景色非常美丽，树叶变成金黄色，给人一种温暖的感觉。
最重要的是，秋天是收获的季节，农民们忙碌了一年，终于可以享受他们辛勤劳动的成果。
以上是小托福模拟考试题及答案的示例。
考生在实际考试中应根据具体题目要求作答。
托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案
托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案2017年托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案读书忌死读，死读钻牛角。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年托福阅读考试模拟试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!One of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown, un seen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar notonly in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain elements of sentence structure. For example “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Anot her example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the li stener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.1.Which of the following statements is true of color commentary?A.It narrates the action of the event in real time, using the present tense.B.It is a monologue given to an audience that does not respond to the speaker.C.It is steady and fluent because it must keep up with the action of the event.D.It gives background on the event, and interprets and evaluates the event.2.Why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2?A.To describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-playB.To show how technical sports commentary isC.To give examples of play-by-play commentaryD.To criticize past trends in sports commentary3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author mostlikely agrees with which of the following statements about sports commentary?A.Color commentary is more important than play-by-play commentaryB.Sports commentators do not need special knowledge of the sport.mentary enhances the excitement and enjoyment of sports.D.Sports commentators should work hard to improve their grammar.答案:1. D2. A3.C。
最新小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。
TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题材料分享：CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.A. will be more popular than TVB. will be popular againC. started in WalesD. are in the hands of some old people答案：B解析：推断题。
小托福阅读预测题及常考词汇
小托福阅读预测题及常考词汇小托福针对的是初中生的考试，但是初中生的阅读能力还是比较欠缺的，那么如何在小托福阅读题中找到解题的技巧呢？下面，大家就来看看这道小托福阅读预测题如何解答吧。
小托福阅读预测题Paragraph 1:Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.生活将我们置于复杂的人际关系网络中。
我们的人性是在社会交往过程中产生的。
此外，我们的人性必须通过社会交往来维持，而且必须不断地保持。
当一种关联持续的时间足够长，两个人通过一套相对稳定的期望联系在一起时，它就被称为一种关系。
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?根据第1段，以下哪一个是正确的关系?A、It is a structure of associations with many people.这是一种与许多人交往的结构。
B、It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.研究的是社会交往的过程。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(6)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（6）(1~6/共56题)阅读理解第1题Why is the class discussing the technical requirements of murals?A.They are preparing for an examination.B.They plan to visit some famous murals.C.They are helping to design a new building.D.They will be creating their own mural.第2题According to the discussion, what factors should be considered in planning a mural?Click on 2 answers.A.The position of the observerB.The character of the artistC.The architecture of the roomD.The colors of the paint第3题What does the instructor mean when she says this:A.A building with a mural will attract a lot of visitors.B.A mural serves the same purpose as other forms of art.C.The term "mural" has several different meanings.D.A mural is an expression of the building's character.第4题The instructor briefly explains what happens when water enters a wall with a mural. Which of the following sentences describe parts of the process?Click on 2 answers.A.Moisture penetrates the wall and dissolves salts in the material.B.The plaster dries quickly, but the paint never dries completely.C.An air space develops between the interior and exterior walls.D.Dried salt deposits form a white film on the surface of the mural.第5题What is the purpose of having an air space between the outer wall and the plaster?A.It will protect the plaster from temperature changes.B.It will give the mural a greater sense of depth.C.It will reduce the time needed for drying the plaster.D.It will eliminate the need to wash the wall frequently.第6题Why does the instructor say this:A.To explain how a wall can be made strongerB.To describe the process of framing a muralC.To explain how to create an insulating air spaceD.To describe a technique for texturing a plaster wall下一题(7~12/共56题)阅读理解第7题What aspect of seeds does the professor mainly discuss?A.Hereditary changes in seedsB.Ways that seeds are dispersedC.Genetic engineering of seedsD.How seeds germinate and grow第8题What role does heredity play in the life of a plant?A.It provides the information the plant needs to grow.B.It helps nutrients move up from the soil into the plant.C.It causes the seed to swell and burst out of its case.D.It supplies the energy required to manufacture food.第9题Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.Why does the professor say this:A.To point out the diversity of plant lifeB.To give an example of an environmental cueC.To compare different ecosystems where plants liveD.To explain why few plants survive in the desert第10题What environmental factors are required for a seed to germinate? Click on 2 answers.A.HeredityB.Wateranic fertilizerD.The proper temperature第11题How does a seed obtain the energy it needs for germination?A.It takes in nutrients through capillaries in its roots.B.It depends on the chemical energy from fertilizer.C.It converts the energy of food stored within itself.D.It uses solar energy collected through its leaves.第12题Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.How does the professor organize the information that he presents?A.He summarizes a process.B.He compares two sets of data.C.He gives a definition and examples.D.He classifies seeds into types.上一题下一题(13~17/共56题)阅读理解第13题Why does the student go to see the professor?A.He wants to hear the professor's comments about his term paper.B.He would like permission to change the topic of his research.C.He would like the professor to recommend him for a job.D.He needs the professor's advice about redesigning an organization.第14题According to the student, what is organizational redesign?A.Preparing materials that help people learn about an organizationB.Writing an essay about why you want to work for an organizationC.Keeping a record of people that join and leave an organizationD.Changing an organization's goals, responsibilities and relationships第15题Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.What does the professor imply about the student's paper?A.It is too short.B.It contains many errors.C.It lacks a clear focus.D.It has very few ideas.第16题What suggestions does the professor make for the student's paper?Click on 2 answers.A.Explain why organizations need to be redesignedB.Focus on a few essential steps of organizational redesignC.Proofread the paper carefully and correct all mistakesD.Support his points with examples from a real organization第17题Why does the student mention the nursery business where his uncle works?A.To tell the professor where he would like to workB.To give an example that he might discuss in his paperC.To suggest a good place to shop for flowering shrubsD.To impress the professor with his family's success上一题下一题(18~23/共56题)阅读理解第18题How does the professor organize the information that she presents?A.By comparing different reasons for exploring the Arctic OceanB.By describing the past, present, and future of the Northwest PassageC.By explaining the causes of climate change in the Arctic regionD.By listing popular tourist attractions in the Northwest Passage第19题According to the professor, why did European powers start looking for the Northwest Passage?A.They wanted to study the wildlife of the Arctic region.B.They were inspired by the idea of a New World.C.They hoped to find a plentiful source of oil.D.They wanted to establish a western route to Asia.第20题Why does the professor talk about Martin Frobisher and Henry Hudson?A.To give examples of early Arctic explorersB.To describe different routes for crossing the ArcticC.To compare the motivation of two adventurersD.To explain why one failed and the other succeeded第21题Why does the professor say this:A.To end the prepared part of her lectureB.To repeat a point that she made earlierC.To shift the focus of the discussionD.To begin telling a personal story第22题Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.What can be inferred about the Northwest Passage?A.It takes a ship several weeks to navigate the passage.B.Ice makes the passage dangerous and unpredictable.C.The passage is no longer a practical trade route.D.Several ships make it through the passage every year.第23题What point does the professor make about the future of the Northwest Passage?A.The passage will become more passable to ships.B.A reliable, permanent route may never be discovered.C.Only icebreakers will be able to cross the passage.D.Scientists cannot predict the future of the passage.上一题下一题(24~29/共56题)阅读理解第24题What topics do the speakers mainly discuss?Click on 2 answers.A.How domestic animals have benefited human societyB.Why humans domesticated plants before animalsC.How to domesticate large carnivores for foodD.Qualities that favor the domestication of certain species第25题Listen again to part of the discussion. Then answer the question.Which of the following statements can be inferred about large animal species?A.Only a few large animal species were suitable for domestication.B.Many large species have become extinct since the last Ice Age.C.Fourteen large mammal species are primarily herbivores.rge animal species were easier to domesticate than small species.第26题According to the discussion, what benefit to humans do large domestic animals provide that small animals do NOT?A.A source of foodB.A source of clothingC.The ability to pull a plowD.The ability to follow commands第27题According to the discussion, why are carnivores NOT good candidates for domestication as a food source?A.Their meat is less nutritious than the meat of herbivores.B.Their behavior is threatening to other domestic animals.C.They are unsuccessful at reproducing in captivity.D.They are expensive to feed in terms of plant biomass.第28题According to the discussion, which characteristic would most likely make a wild animal unsuitable for domestication?A.A weight of more than 100 poundsB.A tendency toward unpredictable behaviorC.A diet based primarily on plant proteinD.A capacity for using tools to solve problems第29题Listen again to part of the discussion. Then answer the question.What can be inferred about deer and antelope?A.They run away from humans only if threatened.B.They do not supply meat of a consistent quality.C.They are as dangerous as certain wild horses.D.They have not successfully been domesticated.上一题下一题(30~43/共56题)阅读理解THE ATLANTIC EEL1 The mysterious qualities of eels have captivated many scientists. In 1886, a French zoologist put a tiny leaf-shaped saltwater fish into a tank in his laboratory. The fish, about four centimeters long, startled the scientist when it turned into a tiny eel—long, rounded, and clear as window glass. Ten years later, another zoologist observed the same metamorphosis in the Mediterranean Sea and concluded that salt water was important to the process. In 1920, Danish biologist Johannes Schmidt tracked eels in the Atlantic Ocean, eventually finding individuals of the smallest size in the Sargasso Sea, an area of the North Atlantic between the West Indies and the Azores that is approximately 1,100 kilometers wide and 3,200 kilometers long and surrounded by four major ocean currents.2 Atlantic eels have five life phases: larva, glass eel, elver, immature yellow eel, and mature silver eel. Eels are catadromous fish, living most of their lives in fresh water and then migrating to the sea to reproduce. Their migration is an epic life journey, north through the Atlantic, toward the shore, into rivers and lakes, and eventually back to the Sargasso Sea, swimming in the open water by night. Scientists have not yet fully documented adult eels arriving at the Sargasso, or eels mating or laying eggs there, but they have observed the newly hatched larvae clustering in the floating Sargassum weed. The tiny larvae rise to the surface, where they begin their journey by drifting on the Gulf Stream toward either North America or Europe. A year may pass before the young fish swim toward the shore and fresh water. As they approach the coast, the larvaetransform into transparent glass eels, five to seven centimeters in length. It is not yet known how the eels find their way inland, but once glass eels leave the ocean and enter fresh water, they swim upstream, eventually turning into thin, black, ten-centimeter elvers.3 As the elvers grow, they change into adolescent yellow eels, long and slender with brownish-yellow sides and bellies. Yellow eels spend the next several years in flesh water, living in rivers and lakes for up to twenty years. Nearly all of the eels in lakes are female, while those in rivers and estuaries are mainly male. As the adolescents mature into adults, their eyes grow larger, their backs darken, their sides become silver, and their bellies turn silver-white. They start changing into mature silver eels, ready to begin their southward migration to the Sargasso Sea in late autumn. The transformation into sexually mature fish occurs deep in the Atlantic, during the long swim back to their mating site.4 During their long migration, eels face numerous hurdles. Most of these are the result of human activity, such as the dams, weirs, and other physical impediments that have compromised many river systems. Young black elvers require help getting past dams as they migrate upstream. Because eels are able to breathe through their skin as well as their gills, they can travel over wet surfaces on land, so in some locations biologists have devised wet ramps to assist their climb. During their downstream journey, silver eels can be killed when they swim into the turbines of hydroelectric dams, and a river's entire eel run can be destroyed in just a few nights. To combat the problem, some energy companies slow the rotation of the blades during the migration so that the eels might pass safely through the turbines. Another hurdle to the eels' passage is the presence of ancient eel weirs, structures of various types built by every human culture that ever inhabited the region. Natural predators also take a toll: eagles, osprey, snapping turtles, and bass all feed on eels.5 Overfishing and exploitive fisheries have caused eel populations to plummet. Fisheries target eels at three phases of their lives. Before the tiny glass eels can reach shore, thousands are trapped in nets for export to fish farms in Asia. Yellow eels are caught in eel pots for bait, and silver eels are caught in traps for specialty markets around the world. In addition to overfishing, eels will face a more serious threat if climate change alters the speed or direction of the currents around the Sargasso Sea. Even a slight shift in the currents would impact the mating and hatching territories of the Atlantic eel.第30题The word metamorphosis in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.type of movementB.change in appearanceC.swimming abilityD.reduction in size第31题What is the main purpose of paragraph 1?A.To introduce the phenomenon of the eel's life phasesB.To contrast the discoveries of three scientistsC.To entertain readers with scientific mysteriesD.To emphasize the eel's need for both salt and fresh water第32题According to the passage, one characteristic that defines catadromous fish isA.their ability to navigate by smellB.their very long life spanC.their preference for a diet of Sargassum weedD.their migration from fresh water to salt water第33题Scientists have direct evidence of which eel behavior in the Sargasso Sea?rvae swimming among the plantsB.Glass eels transforming into elversC.Adolescents becoming adultsD.Adult females dying after laying eggs第34题The word drifting in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.feedingB.strugglingC.hatchingD.riding第35题According to paragraph 2, there is scientific uncertainty aboutA.where the eels go to reproduceB.what the newly hatched eels eatC.how the eels locate fresh waterD.when the eels become black in color第36题One difference between eels living in rivers and those living in lakes isA.the color of their backs, sides, and belliesB.the level of competition with other speciesC.the season in which their migration beginsD.the relative numbers of females and males第37题Which sentence best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Dams and weirs have improved river systems for humans and eels.B.Human activity has created hurdles that block the eels' river passage.C.Eels had few physical problems until humans changed the course of rivers.D.The effects of human activity have been both positive and negative.第38题The word combat in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.documentB.studyC.reduceD.ignore第39题Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about eel migration?A.More eels die in the river part of their migration than in the ocean.B.Sometimes humans can help eels get past impediments in rivers.C.The original purpose of weirs was to assist eels in their migration.D.Natural predators pose the most serious threat to migrating eels.第40题The word plummet in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.declineB.migrateC.evolveD.disappear第41题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that the author most likely believes which of the following statements about Atlantic eels?A.A net is the most effective type of equipment for capturing eels.B.People are just beginning to appreciate eels as a source of food.C.Climate change could endanger the ability of eels to reproduce.D.Scientists may never know why eels migrate such long distances.第42题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Female yellow eels can grow to more than a meter in length, over twice the length of the males.A As the elvers grow, they change into adolescent yellow eels, long and slender with brownish-yellow sides and bellies. Yellow eels spend the next several years in fresh water, living in rivers and lakes for up to twenty years. Nearly all of the eels in lakes are female, while those in rivers and estuaries are mainly male.B As the adolescents mature into adults, their eyes grow larger, their backs darken, their sides become silver and their bellies turn silver-white.C They start changing into mature silver eels, ready to begin their southward migration to the Sargasso Sea in late autumn.D The transformation into sexually mature fish occurs deep in the Atlantic, during the long swim back to their mating site.第43题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Atlantic eels are long, slender fish with many fascinatingqualities and an epic life journey.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Eels undergo changes in shape and color as they pass through five life phases from larva to adult.B. The Sargasso Sea is an ideal mating site for eels because of the four surrounding ocean currents.C. Eels have a very long adolescence and may spend up to twenty years as immature yellow eels in rivers and lakes.D. Eels hatch in salt water, but spend most of their lives in fresh water before migrating back to the sea to reproduce.E. Glass eels, yellow eels, and silver eels are captured by different means and for different purposes.F. Several factors threaten the survival of eels, including altered river systems, overfishing, and climate change.上一题下一题(44~56/共56题)阅读理解THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF JACOB RIIS1 In the late nineteenth century, New York's Lower East Side had the highest concentration of people in the world. Over one million residents lived in extreme poverty, with 300,000 of them packed into one square mile alone. Most were immigrants from Europe and Asia. Men, women, children, and the elderly all worked for low wages in the thousands of sweatshops that made clothing, cigars, furniture, and tinware. Few of the realist painters of the time wanted to paint this New York; it was a photographer and writer, Jacob Riis, who opened the subject to a wide public.2 Jacob Riis was born in Denmark and immigrated to the United States in 1870, at the age of twenty-one. He landed in New York and got a job as a police court reporter for the New York Tribune. The police headquarters was located in the heart of the East Side slum district, and Riis came to know thousands of the local poor. What he saw inspired him to fight for the elimination of slums using the tools of journalism. At that time, American journalism was changing. The urban population was multiplying rapidly, and there was an explosion of newspapers. The papers aimed to reach larger audiences, which led them to increase the number of human-interest stories—stories not just about the comfortable classes, but about the "other half" and how it lived.3 Jacob Riis became New York's chief reporter of urban blight, making a name for himself with his detailed accounts of life in the Lower East Side. Today he is best known as a photographer. In the 1880s, photography was still at an early stage, and news photos were rare. As a good journalist, Riis was quick to see that recent developments in flashlight photography would enable him to dramatize his stories. Photography would be his means for drawing attention to the living conditions of the poor, particularly the immigrant population. He committed himself to this cause, knowing that the affluent and educated half of society could not ignore photographs of how the other half lived.4 In 1890 he published his photographs in a book, How the Other Half Lives, his most famous work. The book was a bestseller and ran through several editions. The photographs exposed the appalling conditions of the time and were direct evidence of human misery in the immigrant enclaves, back alleys, and cheap lodging houses. Shocked readers saw images of ragged children playing in the street and old people toiling in dim sweatshops. They were horrified by the miserable existence of a million people, the powerless and destitute of America's "other half."5 Riis was a member of the new generation of "muckraking" journalists that investigated corruption, injustice, exploitation, and poverty. Like the other muckrakers, Riis made it his mission to seek out and expose the darker side of society. By today's standards of journalisticetiquette, he was very intrusive, feeling no need to get permission from his subjects before photographing them. Riis and his assistants would burst into tenements and saloons, startling people with their cameras and flashlights. Many of the photographs were taken at night, requiring artificial lighting, which at the time consisted of flash cartridges fired from a revolver into a frying pan. The explosive noise caused terror and confusion. On two occasions, Riis accidentally set fire to rooms he was photographing when the flash cartridge exploded in flames.6 Still, as a journalist and photographer, Jacob Riis had more of an influence on reforming living conditions than did any of the more conventional social workers of his day. One day Riis received a note that read, "I have read your book and I have come to help." The note was from the head of the New York Police Board of Commissioners, Theodore Roosevelt, who later went on to become president of the United States. Moved by the photographs Riis had taken, Roosevelt instituted a number of social reforms. The photographs in How the Other Half Lives are still prized for their historic value and stand out as proof of the power of pictures to bring about social change.第44题Why does the author describe New York's Lower East Side in paragraph 1?A.To identify the place with the world's highest concentration of peopleB.To illustrate the rapid growth of New York in the nineteenth centuryC.To argue for better wages for people working in sweatshopsD.To provide the setting and subject of Jacob Riis's photographs第45题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.There were not many realist painters in New York when Jacob Riis started his career as a photographer and writer.B.Photographer and writer Jacob Riis informed people about the Lower East Side, while realist painters ignored it.C.The realist painters and Jacob Riis both dealt with subjects that the public previously knew little about.D.Few people liked realist paintings of New York, so Jacob Riis chose subjects that appealed to a larger audience.第46题In paragraph 2, in stating that there was an explosion of newspapers, the author means thatA.the number of newspapers was increasing rapidlyB.more high-quality newspapers were availableC.there was a limited variety of newspaper storiesD.readers protested against journalistic practices第47题The word blight in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.growthB.povertyC.crimeD.diseaseAccording to the passage, why did Jacob Riis become a photographer?A.He did not want to study the realist painting of the time.B.He hoped to invent a new technique of flash photography.C.He wanted to portray the living conditions of the poor.D.He wanted to send photographs to his family in Denmark.第49题In Riis's book How the Other Half Lives, the term "other half" describesA.journalists and photographersB.the poor and powerlessC.the affluent and educatedD.social reformers第50题Jacob Riis photographed all of the following subjects EXCEPTA.police headquartersB.cheap lodging housesC.immigrant childrenD.workers in sweatshops第51题Riis and many other journalists of his generation were primarily interested inA.exaggerating stories for shock valueB.developing new media technologyC.examining society's negative aspectsD.cricitizing the comfortable classes第52题What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the journalistic etiquette of the late nineteenth century?A.Journalists did not always respect the privacy of their subjects.B.Jacob Riis was a leader in developing new standards of etiquette.C.New York City had a strict code of behavior for journalists.D.The lack of journalistic etiquette shocked American readers.第53题According to the passage, how did Jacob Riis influence the reform of living conditions in New York?A.He showed social workers how to take effective photographs.B.He became the head of the New York Police Board of Commissioners.C.His photographs inspired powerful people to make changes.D.His accidents with flashlights led to a demand for fire regulations.第54题The phrase stand out in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.are fragileB.are importantC.are confusingD.are worthlessLook at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Once he set fire to his own clothes, and on another occasion he almost blinded himself.Riis was a member of the new generation of "muckraking" journalists that investigated corruption, injustice, exploitation, and poverty. Like the other muckrakers, Riis made it his mission to seek out and expose the darker side of society. A By today's standards of journalistic etiquette, he was very intrusive, feeling no need to get permission from his subjects before photographing them. B Riis and his assistants would burst into tenements and saloons, startling people with their cameras and flashlights. Many of the photographs were taken at night, requiring artificial lighting, which at the time consisted of flash cartridges fired from a revolver into a frying pan. C The explosive noise caused terror and confusion. On two occasions, Riis accidentally set fire to rooms he was photographing when the flash cartridge exploded in flames. D第56题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The work of Jacob Riis was very influential in thesocial history of New York.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Riis was born in Denmark and moved to New York when he was twenty-one.B. Riis's stories and photographs exposed the poverty of people living in the Lower East Side.C. In the late nineteenth century, news photographs were rare because photography was still a new science.D. How the Other Half Lives revealed the shocking conditions in slums and sweatshops.E. New developments in photography made it possible to take photographs indoors and at night.F. Riis used photography and investigative journalism to inspire social reform.上一题下一题(57~63/共40题)听力Play00:0003:26Volume第57题图片第58题What is the lecture mainly about?A.Reasons why the impasto texture remains experimentalB.Changes over time in the way impasto characteristics are createdC.The different skills between impasto and oil paintingD.The effects of impasto techniques that artists can achieve。
小托福阅读模拟测试题及高频词汇分享
小托福阅读模拟测试题及高频词汇分享小托福阅读是小托福考试里面除听力外最难的部分，其中一部分原因就是阅读文章里面往往会出现很多看不懂的词汇，影响对正篇文章的理解，为了让考生巩固练习，下文为大家分享了小托福阅读模拟测试题，一起阅读下文吧~——小托福阅读模拟测试题：Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word "obey" is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the children. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so on. But since these can't be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This self-imitation(模仿) leads on to deliberate(有意的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech. It is a problem we need to get our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world. Thus the use, at seven months, of "mama" as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaning-less sound simply because he also uses it at another time for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however, whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds.1. Before children start speaking.A. they need equal amount of listeningB. they need different amounts of listeningC. they are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obey spoken instructionsD. they can't understand and obey the adult's oral instructions答案：B解析：细节题。
托福考试阅读理解模拟题
托福考试阅读理解模拟题托福考试阅读理解模拟题对于备考托福的考生来说，要找到切实适合的阅读理解预测文章不是那么容易的事情，下面是店铺整理的一篇托福考试阅读理解模拟题，希望对大家有帮助。
Geographers say that what defines a place are four properties: soil, climate, altitude, and aspect, or attitude to the Sun. Florida's ancient scrub demonstrates this principle. Its soil is pure silica, so barren it supports only lichens as ground cover. It does, however, sustain a sand-swimming lizard that cannot live where there is moisture or plant matter the soil. Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual rainfall, is blistering desert. The only plant life it can sustain is the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry. Its altitude is a mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major changes in its plant communities. Its aspect is flat direct, brutal — and subtropical.Florida's surrounding lushness cannot impinge on its desert scrubbiness. This does not sound like an attractive place. It does not look much like one either: shrubby little oaks, clumps of scraggly bushes prickly pear, thorns, and tangles. "It appears," Said one early naturalist, "to desire to display the result of the misery through which it has passed and is passing". By our narrow standards, scrub is not beautiful; neither does it meet our selfish utilitarian needs. Even the name is an epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along theLake Wales Ridge, a chain of paleoislands running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less than ten miles wide. It is relict seashore, tossed up millions of years ago when ocean levels were higher and the rest of the peninsula was submerged. That ancient emergence is precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its ecosystems essentially undisturbed since the Miocene era. As a result, it has gathered to itself one of the largest collections of rare organisms in the world. Only about 75 plant species survive there, but at least 30 of these are found nowhere else on Earth.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How geographers define a place(B) The characteristics of Florida's ancient scrub(C) An early naturalist's opinion of Florida(D) The history of the Lake Wales Ridge2. The author mentions all of the following factors that definea place EXCEPT(A) aspect(B) altitude(C) soil(D) life-forms3. It can be inferred from the passage that soil composed of silica(A) does not hold moisture(B) is found only in Florida(C) nourishes many kinds of ground cover(D) provides food for many kinds of lizards4. The word "sustain" in line 6 is closets in meaning to(A) select(B) strain(C) support(D) store。
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小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）
小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。
TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!
——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题
材料分享：
CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.
“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.
“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.
Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.
Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.
“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.
1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.
A. will be more popular than TV
B. will be popular again
C. started in Wales
D. are in the hands of some old people
答案：B
解析：推断题。
根据…but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again 可以推断这种讲故事的传统会再度受到欢迎。
2. From the tales told by the Inuit, people can learn _______.
A. about their life as early as thousands of years ago
B. why they tell the stories in a throat-singing way
C. how cold it has been where the Inuit live
D. how difficult it is to understand the Inuit
答案：A
解析：细节题。
根据 Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old 可推知此题答案为 A。
3. According to the writer, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Storytelling once stopped in Wales.
B. Storytelling has a long history in Wales.
C. Storytelling is always well received in Wales.
D. Storytelling did not come back until 1993 in Wales.
答案： D
解析：细节题。
文中说Ambrose started the festival in 1993，Ambrose1993年创办了这个节，但并不等于说讲故事的传统1993年才恢复的，这是两码事。
故选D。
4. The underlined phrase in good hands means _______.
A. controlled by rich people
B. grasped by good storytellers
C. taken good care of
D. protected by kind people
答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。
从 as all the Welsh are storytellers 可以推断出 in good hands 是“照顾得好或举办得好”的意思，故选 C。
background information(背景信息)：
当昼短夜长，渐入深冬之时，还有什么比在听故事的时候来上一杯可可——或者更浓郁的饮料——更能够放松的呢?传统的说故事可以让你一下子从寒冷的黑夜来到另一个世界和时空。
神话和魔法、民间故事和传说、游记和冒险，或者仅仅是伴随几声大笑的喧闹嬉戏，都可以让人们尽情放松自我。
十月份的爱丁堡将迎来一年一度、为期十天的说故事节，这是延续口述故事传统和感受多元文化的盛事，为苏格兰人带来其他国家的故事讲述者和音乐家。
爱丁堡国际说故事节的主要举办场地是位于皇家英里大道的Netherbow剧场，这里是爱丁堡老城区的核心地带。
说故事节的活动给成年人和儿童提供许多参与机会，并受到苏格兰同乐会传统的影响，希望通过分享故事、音乐、歌曲和民谣的方式把人们团结在一起。
词汇：
govern ：管理，掌管
revive：复活，再生
——小托福词汇难度解析：
小托福的整体文章难度还是比较简单的，整篇文章不到100个词，其中绝大多数是初高中词汇，而在四级词汇表中出现的单词有gymnasium，feature，variety，professional，performer，permission，guardian共7个，约占7%。
可以看出，真正帮助考生理解文章内容的单词是这93%的中学词汇，这就说明了中学词汇对于Toefl Junior的重要性。
对于TOEFL Junior的考生而言，可能这93%中大部分单词都不认识，或者见过但不知道意思，所以词汇学习内容是先以中学词汇为主，打好基础后再学习其余分类学科单词。