城市规划外文文献翻译范本
城市规划英文版
1-2 The Pre-Industrial RevolutionWelcome to this first session.In today's session, we'll explore some of the ideas that dominated the design of settlements prior to the dawn of the Industrial Age.In the 19th century, when industrialization came to cities,everything changed.But before that there was a long continuity of ideas about how to design cities.It's totally foolish to imagine that we could explore several thousand years of history of cities in just one brief session.However, what we can do is to talk about the leading ideas, the things that dominated the design of settlements for that long period of time and help you recognize them in your communities.Many of you who live in cities that date back 100s of years, and the traces of earlier settlements can be seen by just by walking around in your city. But those of you who live in more recent cities, will also probably be surprised to see the number of ideas of contemporary cities that have their roots in what had happened in earlier cities.Human's may have been designing and planning settlements since the dawn of civilization.Many of the earliest settlements were created in informal ways.People simply gathered around the camp fire, built houses around it and and the settlements emerged from that kind of informal process.But beginning at least 3000 years ago people began deliberately designing settlements.As civilizations grew and became more stable and amassed resources, conscious ideas entered into the design of places.The first idea is the wall.Defense became essential, and for over2,000 years,the design of fortifications became a critical part of planning cities. Even after fortifications came down, and the moat was drained, the idea of creating limits to the city remained.The second idea is the grid.As land ownership was dispersed to families and people there was a need to subdivide property in some logical way and record it on maps.There was a need also to define public areas like streets and squares.A grid plan was the easiest way to map on the ground and the easiest to subdivide.Gridiron cities were created by the Greeks as they settled Asia Minor 500 years BC.And, grids were the favorite form of new cities when the Europeans conquered the Americas in the 15th century.As this map of Lima, Peru shows.The third idea is the axis.Some parts of the city have been more important than others throughout history.And some people have been more important than others.Even in a gridiron city like Bejing, the importance of the Emperor was reinforced by creating a central axis and only he was permitted to walk along.In Renaissance Rome, Pope Sixtus, the Fifth, used the axes of a way of uniting the separate and districts of the city and the residue of the monuments that have been left behind, and by creating important plazas and buildings.The fourth idea is the city square.InEuropean cities, public squares were Created to become the living room of the city.A place for all important events.Often they started as open market places.And as markets moved indoors, they became spaces used for multiple purposes.The Piazza Ducale, in Vigevano,Italy, is typical of such central spaces.But in England, in parts of Northern Europe, city squares could also be green spaces, offering relief from the dense city.This idea was carried over into the new world, in the design of new cities.The final idea I'll discuss here is the cloister. Places for worship in the homes of religious deities had a special role in the pre-industrial city. Spaces were created for monasteries,houses of worship, temples and other kinds of shrines and these were often given prominent locations in the city.Bangkok's many wats were the landmarks that defined the character of that city, and do to this day.Church's often defined the skylines of American cities and marked the center of neighborhoods and districts of the city.The sacred spaces were often accompanied by schools, and meeting houses, and residents for all those who they served.All five of these elements can be found in cities with long histories.So let's take a look at how they found their place in the design of a sampling of important cities,from antiquity to the 19th century.In the year 1800, the largest and probably the most important city in the world was Chang-An,in central China, located along the Silk Road.It had over a million people.It was the seat of the Tang Dynasty and had legations from all the important countries of the world.It also housed the political and economic structure of China.Today, Chang-An is known as Xian.The design of Chang-An actually began much earlier, with some of the walls and many of the temples built in100 BC.When the T ang Dynasty made it its capital,it became the prototype for all Chinese cities,including the prototype for Beijing.The original wall of Chang-An was five kilometers by six kilometers, and the city had 11 gates.A central axi s, led to the administrator city and ultimately to the Imperial Palace.The city had a grid plan, with each very large block subdivided into larger or smaller lots, depending on the stature of the occupant.There were two markets near the gates of the city.And hundreds, literally hundreds of T aoist, Buddhist and other temples scattered throughout the city,almost one on every block.Modern day Xian occupies only about one-third of the original city of Chang-An.But it remains one of the few large walled cities in the world with gates in their original locations.The grand axis of the city remains with the drum tower occupying a key locationalong it.The large main streets remain but the life of the city exists on thestreets and alleyways between them, much as it did more than a thousand years ago.The diversity of blocks within the grid is maintained,including the Muslim quarter, which is quite unique for cities in China.Today's Beijing shows the unmistakable elements of Chang-An.Now let's jump to the 12th and 13th centuries inEurope.Most European cities invested heavily in building fortifications to defend their population, secure those who fled the land around the city in the face of invading armies.An example is Klagenfelt, Austria, notable for it sorderly planning of the streets and squares in the town.Roads connect the gates of the town for quick mobilization of troops.But there was also a need to secure their territory.Throughout much of France and the remnants of the Roman Empire, noblemen such as Raymond the 7th of Toulouse built new towns on the perimeter of the lands they controlled.These towns called bastides were also designed as a grid plan.Montpazier is one of the best preserved and we can see today just how it functioned.The market square is located at the precise center, surrounded by the administrative buildings and shops.The church occupies an adjacent block with its cloistered green.While much of the wall has been abandoned,some of the gates remain, and the town is still largely occupied.A real revolution in city design began in Rome in the 16th century.After the fall of the Empire, Rome fell into ruins, and was almost deserted.But with the relocation of the papacy back to Rome and the ambition of the popes who lodged there and we should say, the money collected from the Christian realm all over Europe, were almost ready for a transformation. Pope Sixtus, the Fifth provided the impetus.Although he reigned for only five years, Sixtus the Fifth laid down a new street plan for the city connecting major monuments.It involved axis and view corridors which connected the city visually.New piazzas were added, including the Piazza del Papolo,with its twin churches and vistas to the distance.Sixtus' axis set the stage for the creation of the17th century, St. Peters Square, one of the greatest achievements in city design in history and the icon of Baroque city planning.Sometimes disaster provides the opportunity for changes in city design.In 1666, much of central London burned to the ground.And architects and designers of the day were quick to rush in with their proposals as to how it should be rebuilt.Unfortunately, it was rebuilt pretty much the way it was before.But the schemes by Christopher Wren and John Evelyn had far-reaching influence on the design of new settlements in the New World. Less than 15 years later, William Penn, a Quaker, was given a large land grant by the King, on the Delaware River shores of its American Colony.It was probably as much to get rid of Penn and his colleagues, who were constantly needling the king.He called upon a surveyor to lay out a new settlement.Thomas Holme clearly had in mind the unsuccessful schemes for London.Thomas Holme proposed a settlement with a gridiron plan running from the Delaware river to the Schuykill river about two miles away.There would be two major streets, roughly in the cardinal directions,and five squares.One in each quadrant, and one in the center called city square.The blocks and lots would be large enough so that every one living there could have a small orchid or keep animals on their property.William Penn saw it as creating a Greene Country Towne.Philadelphia was slow to develop.20 years after its founding, only a few blocks have been occupied, and it took fully two centuries to fill out the plan from river to river.But they stuck with the plan.Public buildings were added as they were needed,and streets became lively places for residents to meet.And housing which began as townhouses with large green spaces behind, evolved, became more dense, taller and while the blocks remain the same.It was not until the turn of the 20thcentury that city square was built upon, when a new City Hall and Courthouse was constructed.In its time, they were the largest public buildings in America.Philadelphia's Four Squares remain the outdoor center of its four center city neighborhoods and they're loved by all.I lived a block from Ritten house Square and considered it my outdoor living room.There were many others wonderful designs for the new settlements in the Americas.At Savannah, Georgia, Charles Oglethorpe created a plan in 1733for a city where virtually every housefaced a Square.Savannah remains today one of the mostliveable cities in the country.In Australia,Colonel William Light laid out a city quite similar to Philadelphia in 1823, and he surrounded it with a green belt.When it came time to expand, rather than consume the green belt, North Adelaide was added as another free-standing city.Adelaide remains one of the most livable cities in Australia.The combination of all of these ideas in pre-industrial cities was the design for Washington,the national capital that replaced id by Charles L'Enfant, it had a gridiron plan.A monumental axes that emphasized the importance of public buildings and monuments.Public squares and monuments were for both the federal city and the everyday city,and blocks that varied depending upon whether they were commercial areas or residential blocks.Washington would later become recast as the greatest example of the city beautiful movement in America.But that's a story for another session and I will say no more about Washington.What we see through this brief excursion through the history of the ideas about city design, is that many ideas we take for granted today,actually has their origins in pre-industrial cities dating back to antiquity.The early plans for cities provide the armature for future design.They can of course be modified, as Rome was by Sixtus the 5th, o Paris was through Baron Von Houseman's efforts.Or many other American cities were changes through urban renewal and redevelopment in the1970s and 1980s.But the form of a city is in its DNA,inherited from previous generations.It's important to understand where those ideas came from.In the next session, Johnathan Barnett will discuss how some of those changes that occurred to cities as a result of industrialization.You're welcome to join him.。
城市规划外文翻译
Introduction of Liangjiang New AreaAfter Shanghai Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area, China’s only inland and third municipal-level new area –Chongqing Liangjiang New Area – was set up with the approval of the State Council on June 16, 2010, the 13th anniversary since Chongqing being China’s 4th municipality.Liangjiang New Area, located in the main urban districts of Chongqing, north of the Yangtze River and east of the Jialing River covers 1,200 square kilometers, of which 550 square kilometers is available for construction and composed of Jiangbei, Yubei and Beibei administrative district, the North New Zone and China’s first inland bonded zone, Lianglu Cuntan Bonded Port Area. Chongqing Liangjiang New Area Development & Investment Group Co., Ltd. is in charge of constructing the industrial parks.Strategic positionAccording to the approval of the Sate Council, Chongqing Liangjiang New Area will play roles of a pilot area for the comprehensive urban-rural reform; an important modern manufacturing base and comprehensive transport hub of China; a trade, commercial and logistics centre as well as a financial and technological innovation centre of the upper reaches of the Yangtze; an important gateway of the inland region opening to the outside world and a model for the scientific development.Transport advantagesAs the geographic core of the inland, Chongqing Municipality, located at the connection region of the west and middle China, enjoys a three-dimensional traffic network linking the south and north China and will form 3 transport hubs of China's 4th largest international airport, inland river transport's biggest port and the junction of 8 railways. The local logistics cost is greatly cut with the he new way created by Liangjiang New Area, the opening of New Eurasia Land Bridge and the access to the Indian Ocean, which provides advantageous conditions for the new area in attracting world's production factors and establishing a rapid carrying-over platform. All can indicate that Liangjiang New Area has been in the forefront of the opening-up project in inland China.Reasonable space structure & industrial layoutIn terms of space structure, Liangjiang New Area is divided into 3 sectors of modern service industry, advanced manufacturing industry and urban comprehensive functional zone and composed of 10 functional zones of Jiangbeizui CBD, Bonded Areas, Yufu Modern Manufacturing and Logistics Zone, Longxing Advanced Manufacturing Zone, North Urban Economic Zone, Airport lingang Industrial Zone,Yulai Exhibition Center，Caijia Hi-tech Industrial Zone, Shuifu Ecosystem Industrial Zone and Mugu Export Processing Zone. In terms of industrial layout, the area will form 5 strategic industries of rail transit, electric power (nuclear power and wind power, etc.), new energy automobiles, electronic information and energy conservation materials. In addition, the layout will focus on 3 strategic functions of national research and development headquarters, important transformation base for scientific research achievements and data center. Furthermore, the area will speed up developing a group of emerging industry clusters to form a “5+3” layout.Preferential policesThe State Council provides Liangjiang New Area with unprecedented preferential policies to increase support for further industry, capital and human talents development. The 3 preferential policies of West Development, coordination of the comprehensive urban and rural reform and experience of Pudong and Binhai new area will take effect in the area, marking Liangjiang New Area to be the one with most preferential policies in China. The area unveils a series of preferential policies, such as enterprises income tax is reduced to 15%, arousing great attention in the world.Good foundation for developmentLian gjiang New Area in an “old + new” style includes the inland China’s only bonded port, the largest conference center in the west, finance & trade center and so on, while Pudong and Binhai new area were built from nothing. Liangjiang New Area gained a Gross Domestic Product of around 80 billion yuan, 13 and 4 times of Pudong and Binhai at their beginning.On the basis of “take Chongqing as the base, provide service to west China, depend on the economy belt along the Yangtze River, open to the outside world”, the CPC Chongqing Committee and Chongqing Municipal Government definite the “Three Three-Step Strategy” for the Development of Liangjiang New Area, “to achieve initial success in 2 years, to take a shape in 5 years and to basically complete in 10 years”. The area in 2012 will get the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 0.16 trillion yuan with an increase of 100%; in 2015, the GDP will be more than 0.32 trillion yuan; in 2020, Liangjiang New Area will be the inland China’s open model with modern functions, advanced industries, gathering headquarters, livable environment and international influence. Its GDP and industrial gross output will hit 0.64 trillion and 1 trillion yuan respectively, which is the same as “reconstructing one more Chongqing industry and Chong qing economy in 10 years”.重庆两江新区概况重庆两江新区于2010年6月18日,也就是重庆直辖13周年之际挂牌成立，是我国内陆地区唯一的国家级开发开放新区，也是继上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区后，由国务院直接批复的第三个国家级开发开放新区。
城市规划专业英语翻译
CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDSARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban PlanningIt’s very difficult to give a definition to modern urban planning, from origin to today, modern urban planning is more like an evolving and changing process, and it will continue evolving and changing. Originally, modern urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it was physical and technical with focus on land-use. Then with the economic, social, political and technical development for over one hundred years, today’s city is a complex system which contains many elements that are related to each other. And urban planning is not only required to concern with the build environment, but also relate more to economic, social and political conditions.这是非常困难的给予定义，以现代城市规划，从起源到今天，现代城市规划更像是一个不断发展和变化的过程，它会继续发展和变化。
城市规划翻译
1.Town Planning in PracticeAn Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs (Sir) Richard Unwin1909A masterful exposition on the fine points of site planning—such as the arrangement of buildings and streets, squares, and other public places—this book is one of the foundations ofthe field. Lushly illustrated with town plans and photos, Unwin’s book demonstrated how to plan cities at the human scale. This is an excellent book to share with local civil engineers.2.An Introductionto City PlanningDemocracy’s Challengeto the American CityBenjamin Marsh1909Marsh was one of the first and most vociferous leaders of the movement touse coordinated governmental actionto address public health crises. ―A city without a Plan,‖ he wrote, ―is like a sh ip without a rudder.‖ Marsh became oneof the major early advocates for zoning and planning in New Y ork.3.The Principles ofScientific ManagementFrederick Winslow Taylor1911Taylor’s highly influential argument was that both business and governmentshou ld ―functionalize work.‖ It gave support to the idea of separatingpolitics from the administration ofwork, giving credence to rise of a professional class of planners, city engineers, city finance officers, andthe like.4.Wacker’s Manual of thePlan of ChicagoWalter D. Moody1912The first publication geared to elementary-school children on the subject of planning, this manual taught children about Daniel Burnham’s The Plan of Chicago of 1909.5.Carrying Out the City PlanFlavel Shurtleff, Frederick L. Olmsted 1914Instigated by Olmsted, this was the first study of state planning law. Undertaken by landscape architect Flavel Shurtleff, the work became an indispensable tool for planners, planning commissioners, and attorneys as they developed the legal foundations and the practice of planning.6.Cities in EvolutionAn Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of PhysicsPatrick Geddes1915Linking social reform and the urban environment, Geddes looked at cities comprehensively. All planning should preserve the unique historic character of the city and involve citizens inthe planning of its development, he reasoned, sounding two themes that would reemerge in the 1950s and 1960s.7.The Planningof the Modern CityA Review of the Principles Governing City PlanningNelson P. Lewis1916Focused on the physical city, Lewis viewed the problems of city planning as engineering problems. From transportation systems to parks and recreation, this book took a systemsapproach and inspired engineers to consider planning their concern and planners to consider physical problems.8.City PlanningWith Special Reference to the Planning of Streets and Lots Charles Mulford Robinson1916Charles Mulford Robinson was among first writers to meld knowledge of18th and 19th century design with the growing effects of motorized travel and “modern‖ American living. This book springs from a period of great creative ferment and experimentation in city planning, particularly in the areas of street design and platting. Many of his observations remain relevant today. 9.The CityRobert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, Roderick D. McKenzie, Louis Wirth 1925Burgess introduced the concept of human ecology by investigating the spatial patterns of urban development. His concentric zone theory connected the distance one commutes fromthe central business district to a socioeconomic zone of the city; hence residents are sorted by economic and social class into zones.10.The Suburban TrendHarlan Paul Douglass1925Douglas’s survey of subu rban communities was written just as suburbs were first developing in large numbers—and at a time when many believed that the suburbs would somehow fuse the best of the city and the countryside in harmony. His work exemplifies the ongoing tug between urban and suburban in planning.11.New Towns for OldAchievements in CivicImprovement in SomeAmerican Small Towns and NeighborhoodsJohn Nolen1927A pioneer in the profession of cityand regional planning, Nolen was a landscape architect responsible forthe design of many innovative town plans, such as V enice, California. His book comprehensively examined the economic, social, and physical aspectsof planning and argued for the placeof natural beauty in urban design.Like his contemporaries, he was a city reformer. The book highlights severalof his planned communities, including Mariemont, Ohio.12.Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and ArrangementA Study of Trends andTendencies in the EconomicActivities within the Region ofNew York and its EnvironsRobert Murray Haig, Roswell C. McCrea 1927An economic view of cities, Haig’s book introduced the concept of economic base analysis. He viewed land use asa function of accessibility and wrote extensively on the taxation and the urban economics.13.Toward a New ArchitectureLe CorbusierFrench 1923; English 1927Le Corbusier’s books offered a visionof a rational, man-made city in which large housing blocks of high rise dwellings faced or were set in parks. Residential areas were separatedfrom other activities and organized in rigorous grids of new development. Hiswork and belief in the functional cityis often invoked as the source idea for multi-story housing blocks in America.14.The New ExplorationA Philosophy of RegionalPlanningBenton MacKaye1928Co-founder of The Wilderness Society, Benton MacKaye advocated inthis work for land preservation for recreation and conservation. MacKaye linked planning to conservation.15.MiddletownA Study in ContemporaryAmerican CultureRobert Staughton Lynd, HelenMerrell Lynd1929A monumental and very popular anthropological study of Muncie, Indiana, the book helped define the character of the American community. The authors examined work, class divisions, nuclear family, and play among other key organizing principles of American life.16.Neighborhood UnitA Scheme of Arrangement forthe Family-Life CommunityClarence Perry1929Perry developed the concept of the neighborhood unit and believed cities should be aggregates of smaller units that serve as a focus of community. He promoted public neighborhood space and pedestrian scale.17.The Disappearing CityFrank Lloyd Wright1932In this publication Wright introduced Broadacre City, his visionary community form divorced from the city andsuburban in concept. His was one of many conceptual new towns that were primarily architectural in character. 18.CIAM ManifestoCongrès International d’Architecture Moderne1933Members of the congress presented their analysis of comparative town planning at the famous 1933 congress. They were committed to a belief in collective action to create a thoroughly new and modern city that would replace the old and outdated.19.Final ReportStatus of City and Regional Planning in the United States National Planning Board1934The National Planning Board wasa short-lived attempt at a national planning program with a focuson buttressing infrastructure, the economy, and creating jobs. This report was a based on a study ―to determine what the role of the urban community is in national l ife.‖20.Modern HousingCatherine Bauer1934Both an assessment and a political demand for a housing movement to support low rent housing, this book helped rally interest and concern in housing needs in America. It advocated for the role of government in assuring housing for all.21.Regional Factors in National Planning and DevelopmentNational Resources Committee1935A major study of regions in America, this work detailed how federal, state, and local government couldundertake coordinated planning. The report addressed political frameworks, interstate cooperation, economic issues, regulations, waters rights,and examined the Tennessee V alley Authority as a model for regional planning.22.Outline of Town andCity PlanningThomas D. Adams1935Did the profession of planning arisein response to traffic congestion? Certainly, the automobile put tremendous pressure on the existing form of cities. This core idea and many more were consolidated into thisbook which served as one of the first textbooks on planning in America. The books was based on 11 years of lectures Adams gave at MIT.23.Our CitiesTheir Role in the National EconomyNational Resources Committee, Urbanism Committee1937This was in the words of the committee the ―first major national study of ci ties in the United States … where a large portion of the Nation’s wealth ... and problems are concentrated.‖ The work links urban planning to the economy.24.The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoodsin American CitiesHomer Hoyt, U.S. Federal Housing Administration1939From his experience in real estate, Hoyt examined how the structureof residential neighborhoods developed. He also explored how the real estate market worked to shapeneighborhoods. His is known for the sector theory in urban development. 25.Local PlanningAdministrationLadislas Segoe, Walter H. Blucher, Institute for Training in Municipal Administration1941Planning pioneer Ladislas Segoe advocated for planning’s integrationinto government in order to gain respect in administrative and legislative circles. This was a manual for administrative practice and came out within months of Walker’s book.26.The Planning Function inUrban GovernmentRobert Walker1941A controversial but influential book which argued that planning neededto move away from association with independent commissions and gaina place closer to the local legislative body, the chief executive, and administrative agencies. In short, Walker argued for fully integrated planning agencies within local government.27.American HousingProblems and Prospects: TheFactual FindingsMiles Colean, Twentieth Century Fund, Housing Committee1944Colean had worked for the Federal Housing Authority and advocated for housing finance reform and public housing. His analysis of American housing concluded that there werenot enough innovative housing products on the market to address need. He also advocated for strong coordination between war production and housing—an opportunity missedduring World War I.28.The Road to SerfdomFrederick A. von Hayek1944Nobel Prize winner Hayek arguedthat central economic planning ledto serfdom. His influential theories reinforced libertarian views that hands-off approaches by government were needed to avoid tyranny. His work re-emerged as an influence on governmental policy makers in the 1980s.munitasMeans of Livelihood and Waysof LifePaul Goodman, Percival Goodman 1947This book jump started the post-war rebellion that reached its pinnaclein the 1960s. The Goodmans posed three models of community based on consumption, art, or liberty. They spoke out against religious and government coercion. Paul Goodman’s later works encouraged a radical rethinking of major social institutions and their roles in individual lives.30.A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and ThereAldo Leopold1949Aldo Leopold was a co-founder of The Wilderness Society and the originatorof the concept of wildlife management. In this popular book he put forwardthe ethical premise that views landnot as a commodity to be possessed but an obligation to be preserved. He helped develop the scientific conceptof ecology.31.Toward New Towns forAmericaClarence S. Stein1951Stein was a co-founder of the Regional Planning Association of America, aco-designer of the iconic planned townof Radburn, and an advocate for the federal new town planning program.His book highlights his pedestrainfriendly, greenbelt-influenced designsfor neighborhoods and towns.32.Urban TrafficA Function of Land UseRobert B. Mitchell, Chester Rapkin 1954This book pioneered the concept that urban traffic patterns resulted fromland uses and their resulting activities. Although the link had been made between traffic and planning quite early, Mitchell and Rapkin showed how it could be measured and studied. Their concept became accepted thinking throughout the profession.33.Politics, Planning, and thePublic InterestThe Case of Public Housing in ChicagoMartin Meyerson, Edward C. Banfield 1955Meyerson and Banfield saw planningas firmly enmeshed within politicsand urban management. Gary Hack explains that Meyerson believed “making the plan has to be inherentlya process that organizes public and political support.‖34.The Heart of Our CitiesThe Urban Crisis, Diagnosisand CureVictor Gruen1955The father of the mid-20th century shopping mall, architect and planner Gruen wrote this treatise on how to approach the redevelopment of cities.He viewed malls as the center pieces ofnew urban towns.35.The Organization ManWilliam H. Whyte1956“Reco gnized as a benchmark, Whyte’sbook reveals the dilemmas at the heartof the group ethos that emerged inthe corporate and social world of thepostwar era.‖ This is Nathan Glazer’s assessment. The book examines theimpact of large scale organization onsociety, including planned suburban communities and the belief in theendless perfection of life and society.Whyte revealed the cost to theindividual in terms of initiative andcreativity.cation for PlanningCity, State, and RegionalHarvey S. Perloff1957This book became the foundationfor planning education as Perloffgave intellectual coherence to thefield. He outlined what he called ―theintegrated set of learning experienceswhich would permit the student … to rediscover … principles … and lear nto apply them in a problem-solvingsetting.‖37.Standard IndustrialClassificationBureau of the Budget1957The standard classification projectbegan in 1937 and in the 1950s abroader project was undertaken toclassify both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing in the United States.This massive effort integrated diversestatistical data that allowed planners, researchers, and communities to accesswide ranging data in standardizedclassifications such as types of employment.38.Urban Land Use PlanningF. Stuart Chapin1957Accepted as one of the standardtexts on planning practice, the book describes planning as a ―big stakes game in a multi-party competition.‖Therefore, the book continues the tradition of looking at planning within a political and local governmental context, but also as a competition among interests.39.The Image of the CityKevin Lynch1960A book that appears on almost every planner’s list of essential books, this work is still in use almost 50 years later. Lynch argued that people create mental maps of their surroundings with five key features: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. He also introduced the terms wayfinding and imageability into the discourse, influencing the way people think and talk about urban space.40.The Cit izen’s Guideto PlanningHerbert H. Smith1961One of the first books addressed to planning commissioners and their role. Smith helped both citizens and appointed officials understand the basics of planning. He untangledthe different roles of planning commissioners and professionals and examined topics such as the master plan, capital improvement programs, zoning, and the regulation of land subdivision. In this classic, he offers a highly personal insider’s account of thereal world of the planning process. 41.The City in HistoryIts Origins, Its Transformations,and Its ProspectsLewis Mumford1961Winner of the 1961 National BookA ward, Mumford’s book traces the development of cities from ancient Greece and Rome to the modern forms of suburb and megalopolis. Mumford describes the genesis of cities and analyzes their purpose in a sweeping narrative that proposes a more ―organic‖and humane relationship between people and their environment. Mumford helped popularize planning for the general public through his Skyline feature in The New Y orker. 42.The Death and Life of Great American CitiesJane Jacobs1961A writer with no formal training in architecture or planning, Jacobs dared to write what she called ―an attack on current city planning and rebuilding‖that set out new, more human, principles for city planning. The result has become one of the must-read books of the planning profession. Empirical and highly readable, this book is based on Jacobs’s observations about city life. She observed what made streets safe or unsafe, what constituted a neighborhood, andwhat function a neighborhood served within the larger organism of a city. She analyzed why some neighborhoods remained impoverished while others regenerated.43.Silent SpringRachel Carson1962Carson brought environmental concerns into the mainstream with this book on the harmful effects of pesticides on mosquitoes and birds. Widely credited for spurring the environmental movement, Carson’s work inspired planners to consider the importance of environmental protection in their daily lives and in urban development projects.44.The Urban VillagersGroup and Class in the Life of Italian-AmericansHerbert Gans1962Gans, a sociologist and city planner, told the story of Boston’s West End working-class Italian- American community. He illustrated the importance of family and neighborhood, taking a captivating anthropological view of a distinctly urban environment. The sociology of how people live in cities and interact with their environment was an influential thread in planning literature.45.The Federal BulldozerA Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal, 1949-1962Martin Anderson1964This book signaled a turn away from the idealistic ―tear down and build new and better‖ approach to city planning. Anderson’s early history of urban renewal detailed the mechanisms and legislation used to push the program forward, showing how its idealistic goals quickly gave way to destruction for its own sake. Anderson became a domestic policy adviser to Presidents Nixon and Reagan.46.The Urban General PlanT. J. Kent, Jr.1964In a contemporary review of the book, Kenneth L. Kraemer notedthat the philosophy of planning had evolved. Planning was now more comprehensive and seen as ―multilayered matrixes.‖ The goal of planningwas no longer an ideal state, but ―an activity stream relating to problems and goal definition, program design …and evaluation.‖ Kent exemplified the change and provided a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.47.The Making of UrbanAmericaA History of Planning in theUnited StatesJohn Reps1965Over the years, Reps’s expansive studies have looked at the original plans of all types of communities in the United States. In addition, he examined how key cities and towns developed intheir first decades and followed upwith more intensive regional studies. This comprehensive history of early American town and city developmentis filled with detailed drawingsand maps outlining how America urbanized.48.The Zoning Game: Municipal Practices and PoliciesRichard Babcock1966A. Dan Tarlock writes: ―The Zoning Game caught the crest of the emergence of local land-use controls from a marginal subject of interest ...to a major national issu e in the 1970s.‖It was twice cited by the U.S. Supreme Court. The book proposes sensiblereforms to one of the earliest tools of planning and also provides a critique, asking whether zoning as it is practiced really promotes its stated goals. Babcock believed that zoning, when done correctly, was a critical means of implementing land use decisions that benefited the community as a whole. 49.Design of CitiesEdmund Bacon1967Bacon’s powerful urban design concepts shaped Philadelphia, where he had as much influence as Daniel Burnham in Chicago and Robert Moses in New Y ork. A planner, architect, architectural historian, and theorist, Bacon relates the international workof great city designers through the ages to the contemporary city, with illustrative examples.50.Design with NatureIan McHarg1969This pioneering, inspirational work on environmental planning was notable for its use of map overlays to identify land development constraints. An influential landscape architect who spoke to planners, McHarg showed how to achieve the ideal fit between built environments and natural surroundings.51.American City Planning Since 1890A History Commemoratingthe Fiftieth Anniversary of the American Institute of PlannersMel Scott1969Not only was this book invaluable in developing this essential books list, it is the standard text on American city planning history up to 1969. Scotthelped illuminate the intellectual as well as the practical develops in the field drawing clear paths from the Progressive and sanitary movements to the planning in the postwar eras.52.The Uses of DisorderPersonal Identity and City Life Richard Sennett1970Influential urban sociologist Sennett examines how excessive order produced dull urban life, but was socially destructive and led to the cultivation of violent, narrow, repressed societies. His appreciation of the complexity and essential unregulated nature of good urban life challenged planners to do more than impose solutions.53.Learning from Las V egasRobert V enturi, Denise Scott-Brown, Steven Izenour1971A landmark work filled with wit and insight into how people actually use and enjoy landscapes of pleasure.The book challenged architects and planners to consider the overlooked vernacular and understand how it created an order and form of its own, and responded creatively to the people who inhabited commercial landscape. It was the first book to examine the phenomenon of the strip in the American city.54.Site PlanningKevin Lynch, Gary Hack1971This thorough work on all the technical aspects of site planning is infused with a deep understanding on how humans inhabit their environment, the need to avoid ugliness, and the importance of understanding the consequences ofdesign. The book remains a standard in the field of planning.55.A Reader in Planning Theory Andreas Faludi1973These essays covered the full complement of 20th centuryplanning theory, including rational planning, advocacy planning, and incrementalism. Each one challenged the utility and methods of planning in determining the public interests andthe role of the planner. Of particular note are Paul Davidoff’s ―Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning‖ and Martin Meyerson’s ―Building the Middle-Range Bridge for Comprehensive Planning.‖56.Urban Design as PublicPolicyPractical Methods forImproving CitiesJonathan Barnett1973Barnett discussed how to bridge the gap between the design and planning professions. An architect, planner, and teacher, Barnett focused on how to actually bring about the qualities of urban life that Jane Jacobs and others espoused.57.Close UpHow to Read the American City Grady Clay1973Clay is one of the great proponents of close observation of landscapes and built environments, and in his first book he introduced a new taxonomy and vocabulary for describing wherewe live, what we see, and how we feel about places. Importantly for planners, he stressed the subjective and perceptual nature of places rather than grand, abstract plans for them.58.Small Is BeautifulEconomics as if PeopleMatteredE.F. Schumacher1973Schumacher was an early proponentfor the concept of sustainability.He examined how it applied to economics and planning for human organizations and communities. His essays on ―Buddhist Economics,‖ the limits of natural resources, and scale are essential to modern planning thought. The book had a large popular audience.59.The Power BrokerRobert Moses and the Fall ofNew YorkRobert Caro1974Journalist Caro grapples with the motivation, methods, and impacts of Moses, a builder of New Y ork public works who abjured planning as a discipline but understood how to ―get things done.‖ This book was especially influential in how it crystallized the change in values that had taken place over the 20th century, with large-scale patriarchal Modernist planning falling out of favor.60.Urban Planning AnalysisMethods and ModelsDonald A. Kruekeberg, Arthur A. Silvers 1974This clearly written introduction to basic quantitative techniques of urban planning and policy analysis includes solid chapters on survey researchand analysis, population forecasting, transportation modeling, and program analysis and management, including time-sequence scheduling.61.A Pattern LanguageTowns, Buildings, ConstructionChristopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein1977This timeless and detailed accounting of the patterns of urban architecture illuminates the populist turn inurban design in the wake of Jane Jacobs’s work. These patterns are the composition of a distinct language invented and used by everyday people. Planners can learn about place and its people by interpreting the details ofits form.62.The Fiscal Impact Handbook Robert Burchell, David Listokin, et al. 1978A planning classic on the important topic of assessing development impact on the fiscal condition of the local government. This is a comprehensive treatment of cost-revenue analysis and the limitations of different approaches.63.Making City Planning WorkAllan Jacobs1978As San Francisco’s planning director, Allan Jacobs faced a memorable fight with developers and commissioners who proposed to build three high rise towers on the waterfront Embarcadero Center property. One of the first planning books of its kind, Jacobs’s memoir is both practical and political; he offers case studies illustrative of typical planning issues and intersperses these with more personal ―behind the scenes‖ stories of what city planning was really like in San Francisco.64.The Practice of Local Government PlanningFrank So, et al.1979The ―green book‖ has served as core text of planning since its inception.Produced in partnership with ICMA the book comprehensively covers American city planning history, planning functions, and, most important, the public administrative aspects of planning, including agency management and budgeting. The book has been updated in several new editions and is still in use.65.The Social Life of SmallUrban SpacesWilliam H. Whyte1980Whyte’s careful examination of small spaces and how people behave in them revealed the moral dimensionof planning––the responsibility to create healthy public spaces. Whyte’s observations were fascinating enough to draw a public readership for his studies.66.A Theory of Good City Form Kevin Lynch1981A philosophical classic, the book calls attention to all that we take for granted as normative urban life. In this third of Lynch’s influential books, he relates humanist priorities to the actual form of cities, while trying to illuminate what our best and worst physical environments say about us as well as what we can learn from them.67.Liveable StreetsDonald Appleyard1981Appleyard was a precise observer of street conditions and traffic qualities. His analysis of streets and their traffic patterns demonstrated the link between urban design and social relationships. The book provided quantitative data to support traffic calming polic ies and established。
城市规划文献翻译
<文献翻译一：原文>Planning, Governing, and the Image ofthe City1THE SEPARATION OF KNOWLEDGE FROM ACTION,AND THE IMAGE AS A TIE THAT BINDS THEMPlanning theory has tended to emphasize the separation of knowledge from action, as evidenced by the subtitle of a main text, Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action (Friedmann 1987). Doing so has perpetuated a long line of enlightenment thinking that nourishes the epistemological roots of endeavors such as planning and design. Hannah Arendt (1958) identified knowledge with command and action with obedience to command. Thus she was able to claim that the separation of knowing and doing is the root of domination. Arendt was influenced by Martin Heidegger who, in his famous essay "The Question Concerning Technology," questioned how society questions technology (1977). What he achieved by this was a radical rethinking of what technology is, and how society mediates thought and action by technology. For Heidegger, technology is not limited to machines nor popular ascriptions like means and tools. For him the essence of technology is enframing. Technology enframes the real and transforms it into a standing reserve. Everything lies in wait to be used and transformed by technology. In this sense institutions are a technology that turns agents and ideas into objects subject to institutional technology. This places agents and ideas in a subordinate relation to the institution. In Heidegger's analysis, knowledge is both subordinate to institutional action and superordinate to the power that enables the institution to act. In contrast, Arendt's analysis of the individual person places knowledge in a position superior to action.The separation of knowledge from action, object from subject, being from doing, and command from obedience is picked up in the historical studies of Michel Foucault and his theorizing on power and knowledge (Foucault 1978, 1979, 1980). Juirgen Habermas is also sympathetic to Arendt's treatment of knowledge and action (1974, 1979).These fecund lines of thought opened up a host of pathways for critical social, political, philosophical, and professional analyses. Not in the least, they helped bring the institution back in, to paraphrase Theda Skocpol (1985).1． Michael Neuman．Planning, Governing, and the Image ofthe City [D]．Current Issue，（J）：December 2012．In the sphere of planning, Friedmann's "knowledge before action" can be traced back to Patrick Geddes's survey before plan，if not earlier (Geddes 1915). Friedmann (1987) cloaked a rational model similar to the choice theory put forth by Davidoffand Reiner a generation earlier (1962) in radical transactive garb. Friedmann underscored the link that politics makes between scientific/technical knowledge and societal guidance. He ironically set up a consulting capacity for planners in which they advise decision makers. If planners are cast into this advisory role, they can do nothing but fulfill the dichotomy signalled by the phrase "from knowledge to action" (emphasis added).Moreover, in his prescription for radical planning, references to vision, images, and institutions do not appear, if one excepts macro-institutions such as the market, government, and society.The divorce of knowledge from action, of content from process, is nearly complete in planning theory. The primacy of process is held firm under the grip of theories of communicative action. The communicative paradigm has unearthed fertile soil for a cadre of theorists using rubrics suchas discourse, consensus building, debate, story telling, equity planning, and interactive planning (Innes 1995). But to remove images in any of their forms from discourse results in a partial analysis, and will eventually result in communicative theories coming to a standstill. Not only are images and plans important to planning and governing, images are critical parts of and influences on daily life. "Pervasive images" is a pleonasm. Is it not our responsibility as scholars to come to grips with this phenomenon? Rodowick, for one,claimed that "electronic and digital arts are rapidly engendering new strategies of creation and simulation, and of spatial and temporal ordering, that linguistic philosophies are ill-equipped to understand" (Rodowick 1991, 12,quoted in Boyer 1994, 490).Boyer, writing on North American city planning, claimed "the past failures of the architect-planner to build images of the city reflect the refusal to allow the past to be experienced with the present in a new constellation. In consequence our modern cityscapes show little awareness of their historical past" (1983, 286). We can add that the present failures of planning theorists to build theories incorporating images and plans reflect the refusal to allow planning's past to be experienced with its present. We can rest somewhat easier knowing that practice has gone ahead of theory by reincorporating the image and rediscovering the plan (Neuman 1996).<文献翻译一：译文>规划、指导、形象和城市理论与实践的分离形象作为其纽带如《不受限制的规划：从知识到实践》(Friedmann 1987 年)的标题所言，规划理论已倾向于将知识从实践分离出来。
城市规划外文翻译
城市规划外文翻译集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#外文文献翻译河北工程大学建筑学院城市规划1101A KNOWLEDGE-BASED CONCEPTUAL VISION OF THE SMART CITYElsa NEGRE Camille ROSENTHAL-SABROUX Mila GASCóLAMSADE LAMSADE Center for Innovation in CitiesParis-Dauphine University Paris-Dauphine University Institute for Innovation SIGECAD Team SIGECAD Team and Knowledge ManagementFrance France ESADE-Ramon Llull UniversityAbstractThe term smart city is a fuzzy concept, not well defined in theoretical researches nor in empirical projects. Several definitions, different from each other, have been proposed. However, all agree on the fact that a Smart City is an urban space that tends to improve the daily life (work, school,...) of its citizens(broadly defined). This is an improvement fromdifferent points of view: social, political, economic, governmental. This paper goes beyond this definition and proposes a knowledge-based conceptual vision of the smart city, centered on people’s information and knowledge of people, in order to improve decision-making processes and enhance the value-added of business processes of the modern city.1. IntroductionOver the past few decades, the challenges faced by municipal ,such as urban growth or migration, have become increasingly complex and interrelated. In addition to the traditional land-use regulation, urban maintenance, production, and management of services, governments are required to meet new demands from different actors regarding water supply, natural resources sustainability, education, safety, or transportation (Gascóet al,2014). Innovation, and technological innovation in particular, can help city governments to meet the challenges of urban governance, to improve urban environments, to become more competitive and to address sustainability concerns. Since the early 90s, the development of Internet and communication technologies has facilitated the generation of initiatives to create opportunities for communication and information sharing by local authorities. This phenomenon appeared in the United States then moved to Europe and Asia. Indeed, in oureveryday life, we are more and more invaded by data and information. This flow of data and information is often the result of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Moreover, potentialities of ICT, that have almost exponentially increased have given rise to a huge mass of data to treat (Batty, 2013). The world is becoming increasingly digital and people are affected by these changes. Also, the digital infrastructure infers an information environment that is “as imperceptible to us as water is to a fish”(McLuhan & Gordon, 2011).There exists a kind of parallelism between technologies and humans. On one hand, people use technologies more and more and are hyperconnected, and, on the other hand, (numeric) systems are more and more user-centered (Viitanen &Kingston, 2014). Thus, within cities, systems have to adapt to hyper-connected citizens, in a very particular environment, the one of cities in constant evolution where systems and humans arenested. The advent of new technologies also confronts the city to a large influx of data (Big Data) from heterogeneous sources, including social networks. Itis also important to note that much information and /or knowledge flow between different people (with different uses and backgrounds) and between different stakeholders (Kennedy, 2012). In this respect, the city sees that numerous data circulate via the internet, wireless communication, mobile phones,…Finally, smart cities are exposed to technological issues tied to the huge mass of data which pass within them. These data can carry knowledge and, by the way, the smart city, and de facto, the smart city,aware of the existence and of the potential of this knowledge, can exploit and use them.Note that, for a city, all citizens become knowledgecitizens, especially those whose knowledge is the crucial factor enabling them to improve theirdecision-making processes. In this respect,knowledge is fundamentally valuable to make better decisions and to act this context, this paper focuses on knowledge in the smart city. The paper discusses both explicit knowledge (knowledge extracted from data which flows within the city) and tacit knowledge(that is, citizen’s knowledge). Our argument is twofold:on one hand, we believe that, due to the importance for the city management of tacit knowledge, the city should be closer to its citizens(Bettencourt, 2013). On the other, a city can become smarter by improving its decision-making process and, therefore, by making better decisions. ICT can help in this respect: more data and better-managed data result in, not only more information, but also more knowledge. More knowledge gives rise to better decisions (Grundstein et al, 2003; Simon,1969).The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Next, we present some literature on smart cities and knowledge. Subsequently, we describe the opportunities and challenges smart cities offer for cities development and growth. The City’s Information and Knowledge System is then introduced. Finally, we bring to a close, drawing some conclusions on what a knowledge-based smart city is.2. Related Work. On smart citiesThe origins of the smart city concept are related to the European Union’s energetic efficiency programs that aimed at making cities sustainable(AMETIC, 2013). However, important conceptual trends have also contributed to the emergence of this term. In particular, the influence of open innovation has been key. Chesbrough (2006 & 2003) defines open innovation as a strategy by which firms commercialize external (as well as internal) ideas by deploying outside (as well as in-house) pathways to the market. Inaddition, “ideas can also originate outside the firm’s own labs and be brought inside for commercialization. In other words, the boundary between a firm and its surrounding environment is more porous, enabling innovation to move easily between the two”(Chesbrough, 2003: 37).Despite open innovation was born in relation to the industry and the business world, several authors think this theory can be easily implemented in different fields. In this respect, while historically the public sector has lagged on the innovation curve,today information technology is opening up new opportunities to transform governance and redefine government-citizen interactions, particularly within cities (Chan, 2013; Pyrozhenko, 2011; Almirall &Wareham, 2008). In this context, a smart city can be understood as an environment of open and userdriven innovation for experimenting and validating ICT-enabled services (Schaffers et al., 2011).A second relevant stream of theory that has contributed to the development of smart cities is urban planning and urban development (Trivellato etal., 2013). Ferro et al. (2013) state that the term smart city probably finds its roots in the late nineties with the smart growth movement calling for smart policies in urban planning. According to Anthopoulos & Vakali (2011), urban planning controls the development and the organization of a city by determining, among other, the urbanization zones and the land uses, the location of various public networks and communal spaces, the anticipation of the residential areas, and the rules for buildings constructions. Traditionally, urban planners have been concerned with designing the physical infrastructure of communities, such as transportation systems, business districts, parks and, housing development (Fernback, 2010). Currently, in doing so, urban planners find in technology an enormous opportunity to shape the future of a city (Townsend,2013), particularly for urban planning is a complextask requiring multidimensional urbaninformation, which needs to be shared and integrated.Regardless of its origins, various attempts have been made to academically define and conceptually describe a smart city. AlAwadhi & Scholl (2013) state that, actually, these definitions depend on different types and groups of practitioners think about what a smart city is. In this respect, although no generally accepted academic definition has emerged so far, several works have identified certain urban attributes that may characterize what a smart city start with, Giffinger et al. (2007) rank 70 European cities using six dimensions: smart economy (competitiveness), smart people (human and social capital), smart governance (participation), smart mobility (transport and ICT), smartenvironment(natural resources), and smart living (quality of life).As a result, they define a smart city as “a city well performing in a forward-looking way in these six characteristics, built on the ‘smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive,independent and aware citizens”(p. 11). Moreover, Nam & Pardo (2011) suggest three conceptual dimensions of a smart city: technology, people, and community. For them, technology is key because of the use of ICT to transform life and work within a city in significant and fundamental ways.However, a smart city cannot be built simp ly through the use of technology. That is why the role of human infrastructure, human capital and education, on one hand, and the support of government and policy, on the other, also become important factors. These three variables considered, the authors conclude that “a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance a quality of life, through participatory governance”(p. 286).In turn, Leydesdorff & Deakin (2011) introduce a triple helix model of smart cities. They argue that can be considered as densities in networks among three relevant dynamics: the intellectual capital of universities, the wealth creation of industries, and the democratic government of civil society. Lombardi et al. (2011) build on this model and refer to the involvement of the civil society as one of the key actors, alongside the university, theindustry and the government. In Lombardi’s words(2011)“this advanced model presupposes that the four helices operate in a complex urban environment, where civic involvement, along with cultural and social capital endowments, shape the relationships between the traditional helices of university, industry and government. The interplay between these actors and forces determines the success of a city in moving on a smart development path”(p. 8).Yet, so far, one of the most comprehensive and integrative framework for analyzing smart city projects has been presented by Chourabi et al. (2012).The authors present a set of eight dimensions, both internal and external, that affect the design,implementation, and use of smart cities initiatives:1) Management and organization: Organizational and managerial factors such as project size, leadership or change management. 2)Technology: Technological challenges such as lack of IT skills.3) Governance: Factors related to the implementation of processes with constituents who exchange information according to rules and standards in order to achieve goals and objectives.4) Policy context: Political and institutional components thatrepresent various political elements and external pressures.5) People and communities: Factors related to the individuals and communities, which are part of the so-called smart city, such as the digital divide or the level of education.6) Economy: Factors around economic variables such as competitiveness,innovation,entrepreneurship, productivity or flexibility.7)Built infrastructure: Availability and quality of the ICT infrastructure.8) Natural environment: Factors related to sustainability and better management of natural resources. Finally, according to Dameri (2013), within the European Union, the concept of smart city is based on four basic elements that composed the city:1) Land: The territorial dimension is not limited to the administrative boundaries of the city but may extend to the region. Sometimes, cities group together and form a network to share knowledge and best practices to tackle urban problems. The city is subjected to influences and regulations of the nation, which itself is affected by more global prerogatives.2)Infrastructures: Buildings, streets, traffic and public transports impact the quality of urban life and urban environment.3) People: All the stakeholders who are linked to the city (students, workers, neighbors, friends, tourists, …).4) Government: Urban policies are defined at the local level, and also at the central level, or even at a more global level, such as the European level, depending on the topic, the action, the project, However, a definition of a smart city is indispensable to define its perimeter and to understand which initiatives can be considered smart and which cannot. Moreover, a standard definition is also the first step for each city to specify its own vision of a smart city strategy. The definition and the comprehensive smart city framework(threats,opportunities,…) are the necessary basis on which to build the smart city goals system. That is why, in this paper, we agree with the Chourabi, et al’s framework(2012) and the Caragliu, etal.’s definition (2009) and consider that cities are smart when investments inhuman and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuelsustainable economic growth and a high quality oflife, with a wise management of natural resources,through participatory governance.. On knowledgeAs mentioned in the introduction, the smart city must be able to exploit knowledge that result from data management. This knowledge will result in better decisions in order for the 21st century city to address its main challenges (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Wesuggest an approach to digital information systems centered on people’s information and knowledge of people, in order to improve decisionmaking processes and enhance the value-added of business processes of the city.ICT allow people located outside a city to communicate with other people and to exchange knowledge. These observations concerning knowledge in the city context highlight the importance of tacit knowledge. It points out the interest of creating a favorable climate for both the exchange and sharing of tacit knowledge and its transformation into explicit knowledge and therefore extending the field of knowledge which will come under the rules and regulations governing industrial property (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Moreover, we should emphasize the fact that capitalizing on city’s knowledge is an ongoing issue, omnipresent in everyone’s activities, which specifically should have an increasing impact on management functions of the city. Polanyi (1967) classifies the human knowledge into two categories: tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. He says: “tacit knowledge is personal,context-specific, and therefore hard to formalize andcommunicate. Explicit or 'codified' knowledge, on the other hand, refers to knowledge that is transmittable in formal, systematic language" . Our point of view can be found in the work of Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995), with reference to Polanyi (1967), considering that “tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge are not totally separated but mutually complementary entities”(Nonaka &Takeuchi, 1995: 61). For Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995), explicit knowledge can be easily expressed in written documents but is less likely to result in major decisions than tacit knowledge, which is to say that the decision process stems from knowledge acquired through experience, albeit difficult to express in elements are “explicit knowledge”. Heterogeneous, incomplete or redundant, they are often marked by the circumstances under which knowledge was created. They do not express the unwritten rules of those who formalized knowledge, the “unspoken words”. They are stored and disseminated in archives, cabinets, and databases, ...(Polanyi, 1967).Intangible elements are “tacit knowledge”.Acquired through practice, they are adaptable to the situations. Explicitly or non-explicitly, they are often transmitted by implicit collective apprenticeship or by a master-apprentice relationship. They are located in people's minds (Polanyi, 1967).By analogy with the works of Polanyi (1967),Nelson and Winter (1982), Davenport & Prusak(1998) and Grundstein et al. (2003), the city’s knowledge consists of tangible elements (databases,procedures, drawings, models, documents used for analyzing and synthesizing data, …) and intangible elements (people's needs, unwritten rules of individual and collective behavior patterns, knowledge of the city’s history and decision-making contexts, knowledge of the city environment(citizens, tourists, companies, technologies,influential socio-economic factors, …). All these elements characterize the city’s capability to innovate, produce, sell, and support its services. They are representative of the city’s experience and culture. They constitute and produce the added-valueof the city.These observations concerning knowledge in the city context highlight the importance of tacit knowledge. They point out the interest in taking into account tacit knowledge in decision processes. As a reminder, we believe that the decision in the context of smart cities, where data and knowledge flow, is permanent and important. 3. Opportunities and challenges of the smart citiesCities are confronted to a continuous improvement process and have to become smarter and smarter (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014). In doing so, they are confronted with threats and opportunities.Opportunities in cities are given by innovation,education, culture, companies, public organizations and public spaces where people can exchange, make sport, share experiences, meet each other, …On the other side, difficulties related to urbanization, environment protection, pollution,inefficient public transports, traffic, lack of green spaces, social differences, …are threats to city.To deal with these threats and opportunities,questions regarding knowledge in the city arise: How should we link knowledge management to the smart city strategy What activities should be developed and promoted What organizational structures should be put in place How should we go about creating them How can we implement enabling conditions for knowledge management initiatives What impact and benefit evaluation methods should be installedHow can we go about provoking cultural change towards a more knowledge-sharing attitude Within this perspective, we must keep in mind that cities need to evolve through their own efforts, by intensifying diversity and creating new foundations for thought and behavior.A knowledge-based city requires that each citizen takes responsibility for objectives, contributions to the city and, indeed, for behavior as well. This implies that all citizens are stakeholders of the city.This vision places strong emphasis on the ultimate goal of the digital information system which is providing knowledge-citizens,engaged in a daily related decision process, with all the information needed to understand situations they will encounter to make choices - which is to say, to make decisions –to carry out their activities, capitalizing the knowledge produced in the course of performing these tasks.The use of high technology help to improve a better way of life in the city because citizens are more informed, connected and linked. Moreover,using Information and Communication Technology(ICT) is essential to create social inclusion, social communication, civil participation, higher education and information quality.Finally, it is important to note that if smart cities are too connected/linked, they can become ICTaddicts(Viitanen & Kingston, 2014). In that case, it is possible that, one day, some smart cities will be confronted to problems of cyber-security and/or resilience, such as in the new video game “Watch Dogs”(Ubisoft) in which the player is at the heart of a smart and hyper-connected city in which his smartphone gives him/her control of all infrastructures of the CTOs (Central Operating System - high performance system that connects infrastructures and facilities of public security of the city to a centralized exchange pole). The player can handle the traffic lights to create a huge pile or stop a train to board and escape the forces ... Everything that is connected to the network can become a weapon.Opportunities and challenges should be more related to knowledge in the smart city. Therefore, in the next section, we propose to adapt the concept of Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System(EIKS) introduced by Grundstein & Rosenthal- Sabroux (2009) to smart cities to address challenges related to knowledge in the smart city.4. The Smart City’s Information and Knowledge SystemIn general, an information system “is a set ofelements interconnected which collect (or recover),process, store and disseminate information in order tosupport decision and process control” (Laudon &Laudon 2006). Grundstein & Rosenthal-Sabroux(2009) introduced the notion of knowledge into the information system and proposed the concept of Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System(EIKS). In this section, by analogy, we propose our Smart City’s Information and Knowledge System(CIKS) where data and knowledge flow within.Under the influence of globalization and the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) that modify radically our relationship with space and time, the city increasingly develops its activities in a planetary space with three dimensions:A global space covering the set of cities (the nation).A local space corresponding to the city located in a given geographic area.An area of influence that covers the field of interaction of the city with the other cities.The city locked up on its local borders is transformed into an extended city, without borders,opened and adaptable. The land is the territorial dimension of a city, with different levels. These levels range from the local dimension, to regional, network, national and finally the global dimension.Furthermore, this city is placed under the ascendancy of the unforeseeable environment that leads towards uncertainty and doubt.The city meets fundamental problems of information exchange and knowledge sharing among,on the one hand, its formal entities distributed in the world and on the other hand, the city's people(nomadic or sedentary), bearers of diversified values and cultures according to the origin. Two networks of information overlap:A formal information network between the internal or external entities, in which data and explicit knowledge circulate. This network is implemented by means of intranet and extranet technologies.An informal information network between nomadic or sedentary peoples. This network favors information exchange and tacit knowledge sharing. It is implemented through converging Information and Communication Technologies (for example the new IPOD with Web .The problems occur when nomadic people(tourists or students for example) placed in new,unknown or unexpected situations, need to get“active information”, that is, information and knowledge they need immediately to understand the situation, solve a problem, take a decision, and act.That means that ICT provide the information needed by people who are the heart of the city. By extension, our reflection is: ICT bear potentialities,they bring new uses, they induce a new organization,and they induce a new vision of city, what we call a “smart city”. And, ICT are the heart of the smart city.Building on this, a city can be seen as an information system and because of its hyperconnected nature, smart city can be seen as more than an information system: an information and knowledge system. In fact, the City’s Information and Knowledge System (CIKS) consists mainly in a set of individuals (people) and digital information systems. CIKS rests on a socio technical context,which consists of individuals (people) in interaction among them, with machines, and with the very CIKS. It includes:Digital Information Systems (DIS), which are artificial systems, the artefacts designed by ICT.An information system constituted by individuals who, in a given context, are processors of data to which they give a sense under the shape of information. This information, depending of the case, is passed on, remembered, treated, and diffused by them or by the DIS.A knowledge system, consisting of tacit knowledge embodied by the individuals, and of explicit knowledge formalized and codified on any shape of supports(documents, video, photo, digitized or not).Under certain conditions, digitized knowledge is susceptible to be memorized, processed and spread with the DIS.We must identify information and knowledge to a city’s activities and for individual and collective decision-making processes. The objective could be to design a Digital Information System (DIS) which would allow the city’s stakeholders to receive, to gain access to, and to share the greatest variety of information and knowledge they deem necessary, as rapidly as possible, in order to accelerate decisionmaking processes and to make them as reliable as possible.5. ConclusionThe city has evolved over time: it started with scattered houses, then these houses were grouped into cities, which were industrialized and mechanically connected to other cities and, now, we have hyper connected cities (with citizens who are connected,who need access to different information, and with cities that are connected to the rest of the world)(Kennedy, 2012).In this paper, we propose a conceptual vision of the smart city, based on knowledge. Knowledge can be: explicit knowledge (knowledge extracted from data which flows within the city) and/or tacit knowledge (that is, citizen’s knowledge). According to the previous works on the area of smart cities and knowledge management and the study of threats and opportunities of cities, one specific challenge appears(among some): knowledge must be integrated into the city. Thus, we introduce our Smart City’s Information and Knowledge System (CIKS) where data and knowledge flow within.The smart city is more than Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and more thanpeople. It also has to do with knowledge (Kennedy,2012; Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Our vision is an approach that takes into account people, information, knowledge and ICT. From our point of view, knowledge is a factor of competence in order to improve the “smartness”of the city and to handle the complexity of the cities (du, in part, to ICT).6. ReferencesAlAwadhi, S. & Scholl, H. J. (2013). “Aspirations andrealizations: the smart city of Seattle”. Paper presented at the 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Maui, HI, January 7-10.Almirall, E. & Wareham, J. (2008). “Living labs and openinnovation: Roles and applicability”. The ElectronicJournal for Virtual Organizations and Networks, 10(special issue): (2013). Smart cities. Barcelona: AMETIC. Anthopoulos, L. & Vakali, A. (2012). “Urban planning andsmart cities: Interrelations and reciprocities”. In F. Alvarezet al. (eds.). Future Internet Assembly 2012. From promisesto reality. New York: Springer (pp. 178-189). Batty, M. (2013). “Big data, smart cities and city planning”.Dialogues in Human Geography, November 2013 vol. 3no. 3 274-279Bettencourt, L. (2013). “Four simple principles to plan thebest city possible”. New Scientist, 18 (December):30-31.Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C. & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart citiesin Europe. Technical , C. (2013): “From open data to open innovationstrategies: Creating e-services using open governmentdata”. Paper presented at the 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Big Island (HI), , H. (2006).译文:基于知识理论角度的智慧城市作者：艾尔莎内格雷卡米尔·罗森塔尔摘要术语智慧城市是一个模糊的概念，没有很好地在理论研究亦或是在实证项目的定义。
History and Civilization of the City 城市规划方面英文论文(专业、雅思、托福等可用)
History and Civilization of the CityAs a saying goes, there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand audience's eyes, undoubtedly, a city has a great number of images in citizens' minds because every city definitely has its long-standing history and splendid civilization just like every individual has its memory. If all of our cities abandon them in order to become what called the "modern city", which is more advanced than it before, citizens would have much less impression of the city's tradition. Is this good for our cities? I suppose not. It can be imagined that if Hamlet had monotonous character, audience would no longer like it. Consequently, in my opinion, a city should not abandon its traditional civilization when in the process of urbanization.There is a concept called "urbanization", which not only means modernizing the city, but also means making the rural area alter to city. Some people, however, give an additional meaning that abandoning the traditional culture to it. Maybe, as is known to them, when taking the tradition into consideration, it is no more a significant element to the modern city. Yet as far as I know, the traditional culture is crucial and fundamental fortune. When we are facing to various type of lure, the government should not lose itself and should protect the valuable treasure. For instance, Nanjing is a big city which owns over 2470 years of history, and Nanjing was the capital of many dynasties of ancient China. In the construction, the government reserves its quadruple castles and ancient bridges of the Ming Dynasty and lots of other historical sites. In addition, establishing ten protection zones such as Ming Palace and Confucius Temple is another brilliant method to prevent the traditional civilization from damaging during the process of modernization or urbanization. There is no doubt that the government attaches great importance to it in urban construction.Thus, on the one hand, the tradition of a city is definitely a significant element and fortune which we should consider and protect in urbanization. On the other hand, it also can benefit the development of the city even the whole country.History and culture are root and soul of the city, because when citizens know the history, they know the derivation of themselves, similarly, when they understand the culture of the city, they understand the spirit of it. Furthermore, the people from other area will be attracted. There are many instances we can learn from them, such as Pingyao, Lijiang, Wuzhen, etc. They are all famous ancient towns with less tall buildings and cars. Nevertheless, their long history and various cultures attract numerous tourists every year. Taking Pingyao for the example, about ten years ago, it had already attracted 1.5 million tourists as well as earned more than 200 million from them, it can be imagine that the number is much more tremendous today. As the same time, the native people not only remember themselves’ cultures but have more chances to work for hometown, and the government have fund to protect the ancient buildings, augment the planting or prevent the pollution rather than waste money to build excess similar modern buildings. As far as I am concerned, the developing of our city cannot be separated from the history and traditional culture.As a philosopher told us, to know the passed one thousand year is to better develop the next five hundred years of the future, no matter which type of city we want in the future, we should not forget the long history and abandon the splendid traditional civilization. After all, memorizing and inheriting is our responsibility.。
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscapeforms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscapeand ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, tothousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "halfnatural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the righttemperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plant form the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and longgrowth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increase in the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is thefoundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 1992城市与景观摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。
城市规划外文文献翻译
学校代码：学号：本科毕业设计说明书（外文文献翻译）学生姓名：学院：建筑学院系别：城市规划系专业：城市规划专业班级：指导老师：二〇一三年六月外文文献1题目：城市的共同点简要说明：美国是一个幅员辽阔的大陆规模的国家，国土面积大，增加人口或国内生产总值明显。
美国的趋势，乡村的经济发展的时候，例如考虑如何美国新城市规划的已经席卷英国，特别是在约翰·普雷斯科特满腔热情地通过了。
现在，在欧洲，我们有一个运动自愿自下而上的地方当局联合会，西米德兰兹或大曼彻斯特地区的城市，这意味着当地政府的重新组织。
因此，在大西洋两侧的，这可能是一个虚假的黎明。
这当然是一个看起来不成熟的凌乱与现有的正式的政府想违背的机构。
但是，也许这是一个新的后现代的风格，像我们这样的社会管理自己的事务的征兆。
有趣的是，在法国和德国的类似举措也一起萌生，它们可以代表重大的东西的开端。
出处：选自国外刊物《城市和乡村规划》中的一篇名为《城市的共同点》的文章。
其作者为霍尔·彼得。
原文：That long-rehearsed notion of American exceptionlism tends to recur whenever yo u seriously engage withevents in that country. For one thing, the United States is a vast continental-scale country--far larger in area, although not of course inopulation or GDP, than our European Union, let alone our tiny island or the even tinier strip of denselyrbanised territory that runs from the Sussex Coast to the M62. For another--an associated (but too oftengnored)thing--the United States has a federal system of government, meaning that your life (and even, if youappen to be a murderer, your death) is almost totally dependent on the politics of your own often-obscure Stateapitol, rather than on those of far-distant Washington, DC.And, stemming from those two facts, America is an immensely Iocalised and even islatednation. Particularlyif you happen to live in any of the 30 or so states that form its deep interior heartland, from an Americanvantage point the world--even Washington, let alone Europe or China--really is a very long way away.Although no-one seems exactly to know, it appears that an amazingly small number of Americans have apassport: maybe one in five at most. And since I was reliably told on my recent visit that many Americans thinkthey need one to visit Hawaii, it's a fair bet that even fewer have ever truly ventured abroad.That thought recurred repeatedly on the flight back, when in the airport bookstall I picked up a best-sellingpiece of the higher journalism in which America excels, What's the Matter with Kansas?, by Thomas Frank. Anative of Kansas, Frank poses the question: why in 2000 (and again in 2004) did George W. Bush sweep somuch of his home state--as of most of the 'red America' heartland states--when the people who voted for himwere voting for their own economic annihilation? For Frank convincingly shows that they were denying theirown basic self-interests--sometimes to the degree that they were helping to throw themselves out of work.The strange answer is that in 21st-century America, the neo-conservatives have succeeded in fighting electionson non-economic, so-called moral issues--like abortion, or the teaching of intelligent design in the publicschools. And the people at the bottom of the economic pile are the most likely to vote that way.Well, we're a long way behind that curve--or ahead of it, you might say. But American trends, howeverimplausible at the time, have an alarming way of arriving in the UK one or two decades later (just look at trashTV). Who knows? Maybe by 2016, orearlier, our own home-grown anti-evolutionists will be busily engaged inmass TV burnings of 10 [pounds sterling] notes--assuming of course that by then the portrait of Darwin hasn't been replaced by a Euro-bridge. Meanwhile, vive la difference.Yet, despite such fundamental divides, the interesting fact is that in academic or professional life the intellectualcurrents and waves tend to respect no frontiers. Considerfor instance how the American New Urbanismmovement has swept the UK, particularly after John Prescott so enthusiastically adopted it and made it aLeitmotif of his Urban Summit a year ago. And now, as Mike Teitz shows in his piece in this issue of Town&Country Planning, there's yet another remarkable development: apparently in complete independence, acityregionmovement is spring up over there, uncannily similar in some ways to what's happening here.Just compare some parallels.Here, we had metropolitan counties from 1973, when a Tory government created them, to 1986, when a Torygovernment abolished them. There, they had a movement for regional 'councils of governments'--but they wereweak and unpopular, and effectively faded away.Now, we have a movement for city-regions as voluntary bottom-up federations of local authorities in certainareas, like the West Midlands or Greater Manchester, but without any suggestion that this means localgovernment re-organisation. And there, they have what Mike Teitz calls regionalism by stealth: in California'slarger metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles or the San Francisco Bay Area, there is a new movement thatmakes no attempt to create new regional agencies, but instead uses any convenient existing agency in order toinvolve local governments closely in updating their land use plans to reflect regional goals.There's one significant feature of the Californian model that maybe has no parallel on this side: it usesincentives, such as the availability of federal transportation improvement funds, to win local collaboration. Butina sense, you could argue that a major new initiative from our Department for Transport—regionalprioritysation, whereby the new regional planning bodies set their own priorities for investment--could work inthe same way: these bodies, all of which are producing new-style regional spatial strategies, are now having torelate these to their planned investments in roads or public transport.Of course, there are huge differences. First, ours is a typical top-down initiative, a kind of downward devolutionby order of Whitehall, and it remains unclear whether Whitehall won't after all second-guess the regionalpriorities, as with the 260 million [pounds sterling] Manchester Metrolink extensions which form a huge chunkof the North West priority list but which have already been rejected by Alistair Darling. And second,theexercise is being performed by regional strategic planning bodies that operate at a much larger spatial scale thanthe city-regions: the North West, for instance, contains no less than three such city-regions as defined in theNorthern Way strategy--or three somewhat different city-regions (plus one other) as defined in a new report forOffice of the Deputy Prime Minister from the Universities of Salford and Manchester, AFramework for CityRegions.Nonetheless, it's precisely since John Prescott's failed attempt to give such bodies democratic legitimacy, in theNorth East referendum, that the city-regionidea hassurfaced--clearly as an alternative to it. It's not entirely outof the question, although it would be exceedingly messy, to conceive of a new city-regional structure carved outof the present regional structure.So, on either side of the Atlantic, this may be a false dawn. It's certainly one that looks inchoate, untidy and atodds with existing formal structures of government. But perhaps that's symptomatic of a new postmodern (orpost-postmodern) style by which societies like ours run their affairs. Interestingly, similarinitiativesareemerging in France and Germany. Together, they could represent the beginnings of something significant.Sir Peter Hall is Professor of Planning and Regeneration in the Bartlett School of Planning, University CollegeLondon, and President of the TCPA. The views expressed here are his own.翻译内容：城市的共同点霍尔·彼得每当认真参与并研究这个国家的大事时长期存在的美国例外论就会反复出现在脑海里。
现代城市规划与智慧城市建设(英文中文双语版优质文档)
现代城市规划与智慧城市建设（英文中文双语版优质文档）Cities are symbols and important signs of the development of human society, and are also the main places for human activities. In the process of rapid urbanization, modern urban planning and smart city construction have become hot topics of concern. This article will focus on the relevant content of modern urban planning and smart city construction.1. Modern urban planningModern urban planning refers to the rational planning and management of cities in the process of urbanization development according to the functional needs of the city, the needs of social development and the characteristics of the natural environment, so as to achieve the goals of urbanization and sustainable social development.1. The development history of urban planningThe development process of urban planning can be divided into the following stages:(1) Early urban planning (17th to 18th centuries)Early urban planning was mainly aimed at the internal planning of the city, focusing on the planning and design of urban streets, public facilities and buildings.(2) Urban garden planning (18th century to 19th century)Urban landscape planning is a development based on early urban planning, focusing on the planning and design of urban greening and garden landscape, adding beauty and environmental protection to the city.(3) Modern urban planning (from the 20th century to the present)Modern urban planning takes urban functions as the core, pays attention to the balance of social, economic and environmental factors, comprehensively considers the various needs of the city and the future development trend, and realizes the sustainable development of the city.2. Characteristics of modern urban planningModern urban planning has the following characteristics:(1) Pay attention to urban functions and services, and realize the diversified and sustainable development of the city.(2) Pay attention to the balance of society, economy and environment, and realize the sustainable development of the city.(3) Pay attention to the humanized design of the city and improve the quality of life in the city.(4) Pay attention to the informatization and intelligence of the city, and realize the digital transformation of the city.3. Challenges and future development of modern urban planningModern urban planning faces the following challenges:(1) Urban planning problems brought about by the rapid development of urbanization.(2) Contradictions and conflicts between different stakeholders during the implementation of urban planning.(3) The urban planning and management system is not perfect and flexible enough.Future direction:(1) Strengthen the construction of urban planning management system, improve urban planning laws and related rules and regulations.(2) Strengthen the coordination between urban planning and social, economic and environmental factors to achieve sustainable urban development.(3) Strengthen the informatization and intelligence of urban planning, and improve the efficiency of urban management and service levels.2. Smart city constructionSmart city refers to the use of advanced information technology and intelligent equipment to integrate, optimize and manage various resources in the city, so as to improve the management efficiency of the city, the quality of life of residents and the sustainable development of the city.1. The development history of smart citiesThe development process of smart cities can be divided into the following stages:(1) Smart City 1.0 Era (2000-2010)The smart city 1.0 era is mainly characterized by urban informatization, focusing on the integration and sharing of information from various departments in the city.(2) Era of Smart City 2.0 (2010-2015)The era of smart city 2.0 mainly focuses on the intelligentization and digital transformation of the city, and the construction of the city's digital infrastructure and cloud platform.(3) Era of Smart City 3.0 (2015 to present)The era of smart city 3.0 mainly focuses on the smart and intelligent construction of cities, promotes the integration and optimization of various urban resources, and realizes the digital transformation of cities.2. Characteristics of smart citiesA smart city has the following characteristics:(1) Pay attention to the application of information technology and intelligent equipment to realize the integration and optimization of various urban resources.(2) Pay attention to the intelligent and digital transformation of the city, improve the efficiency of urban management and the quality of life of residents.(3) Pay attention to the sustainable development of the city and realize the coordinated development of the city's ecology, economy and society.3. Challenges and future development of smart citiesSmart cities face the following challenges:(1) The investment in urban informatization construction and intelligent construction is large, requiring a lot of financial and social resources.(2) The construction of smart cities requires the coordinated operations of multiple city departments, and it is necessary to solve the problems of data sharing and privacy protection among different departments.(3) The construction of smart cities needs to solve the popularization and security issues of smart devices to prevent hacker attacks and personal information leakage.Future direction:(1) Strengthen the informatization and intelligent construction of smart cities, improve the efficiency of urban management and the quality of life of residents.(2) Promote the deep integration of smart cities and new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, big data, etc., to achieve more efficient urban management and smarter public services.(3) Pay attention to the sustainable development of smart cities and realize the coordinated development of urban ecology, economy and society.(4) Strengthen public safety protection in the construction of smart cities to ensure the safety of citizens' lives and properties.(5) Explore the international cooperation and shared development of smart cities, and promote the development of global smart city construction.城市是人类社会发展的象征和重要标志，同时也是人类活动的主要场所。
城市规划英文
城市规划英文Urban PlanningUrban planning is the process of designing and organizing the physical layout and infrastructure of a city. It focuses on creating sustainable, livable, and efficient cities that meet the needs of its residents. Urban planners work closely with architects, engineers, and policymakers to make decisions about land use, transportation systems, public services, and amenities.The main goal of urban planning is to create a city that promotes the well-being and quality of life of its residents. This involves ensuring that there is sufficient housing, employment opportunities, and public transportation. It also involves creating green spaces, such as parks and gardens, to improve the aesthetics and environmental sustainability of the city.One of the key challenges in urban planning is balancing the needs of different stakeholders. For example, developers may prioritize economic growth and profitability, while residents may prioritize affordable housing and access to public services. Urban planners must consider the needs and interests of all parties involved to create a city that is equitable and sustainable.In addition, urban planning also takes into account the long-term impacts of development. It considers factors such as population growth, climate change, and technological advancements to ensure that cities are prepared for future challenges. This involves anticipating future trends and making strategic decisions to future-proof the city.There are several key principles of urban planning that guide the decision-making process. First, planners must consider the existing context and culture of the city. They must understand the history, heritage, and identity of the city to ensure that new development is in harmony with the existing built environment.Second, urban planning emphasizes the importance of public participation. Planners must engage with the community and gather input and feedback to ensure that the city reflects the needs and aspirations of its residents. This can be done through public consultations, surveys, and community meetings.Third, urban planning aims to create mixed-use and walkable neighborhoods. This means that residential, commercial, and recreational spaces are integrated together, allowing residents to access amenities and services easily. It also promotes pedestrian-friendly streets, bike lanes, and public transportation to reduce reliance on private cars and promote healthy and sustainable modes of transportation.Finally, urban planning strives to create a sustainable and resilient city. This involves incorporating green infrastructure, such as renewable energy, green roofs, and rainwater harvesting systems. It also involves designing buildings and public spaces that are energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. By doing so, urban planners can mitigate the impacts of climate change and create a city that is both environmentally and economically sustainable.In conclusion, urban planning is a multidisciplinary field that isessential for creating sustainable, livable, and efficient cities. It involves making decisions about land use, transportation systems, public services, and amenities to meet the needs of residents. By considering the interests of different stakeholders and anticipating future challenges, urban planners can create cities that are equitable, sustainable, and resilient.。
城市规划书英文报告
Title: Urban Planning Report: Creating Sustainable and Livable CitiesIntroduction:Urban planning plays a crucial role in shaping the physical, social, and economic aspects of cities. It involves the systematic organization of land use, transportation, infrastructure, and public spaces to create sustainable and livable urban environments. This report aims to outline the key components of urban planning and propose strategies for creating vibrant, inclusive, and resilient cities.1.Analysis of Current Urban Challenges:o Rapid Urbanization: The world is experiencing unprecedented rates of urbanization, leading to increased pressure on infrastructure, housing, and natural resources.o Environmental Degradation: Urban sprawl, pollution, and deforestation are threatening the ecological balance of cities, impacting air and water quality, and exacerbating climate change. o Social Inequality: Urban areas often face socio-economic disparities, with marginalized communities facing limited access to essential services, education, and employment opportunities.o Transportation Congestion: Inefficient transportation systems contribute to traffic congestion, air pollution, and increased commute times, affecting both the environment and quality of life.1.Principles of Sustainable Urban Planning:o Mixed-Use Development: Promote compact, mixed-use neighborhoods that integrate residential, commercial, and recreational spaces to reduce dependency on cars and promote walkability.o Green Infrastructure: Prioritize the preservation of green spaces, parks, and urban forests to improve air quality, mitigate the urban heat island effect, and provide recreational amenities for residents.o Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Develop high-density, mixed-use developments around public transit nodes to encourage sustainable modes of transportation and reduce reliance on private vehicles.o Affordable Housing: Implement policies to ensure the availability of affordable housing options for residents of all income levels, including social housing initiatives and inclusionary zoning regulations.o Community Engagement: Foster participatory decision-making processes that involve residents, stakeholders, and community organizations in the urban planning and development process, ensuring that projects reflect local needs and priorities.1.Case Studies and Best Practices:o Curitiba, Brazil: Known for its innovative Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, Curitiba has successfully integrated public transportation with land use planning, reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality.o Copenhagen, Denmark: With its extensive network of cycling lanes and pedestrian-friendly streets, Copenhagen has emerged as a model for sustainable urban mobility, promoting active transportation and reducing carbon emissions.o Vancouver, Canada: Vancouver’s focus on compact, mixed-use development and green building standards has made it one of the most livable cities in the world, with high-quality public amenities and a strong sense of community.1.Recommendations for Future Urban Development:o Prioritize Sustainability: Integrate principles of sustainability and resilience into all aspects of urban planning, from land use and transportation to energy efficiency and waste management.o Invest in Public Transit: Expand and improve public transit infrastructure to provide affordable, accessible, and efficient transportation options for residents, reducing reliance on private vehicles.o Enhance Green Spaces: Increase investment in parks, greenways, and urban forests to enhance biodiversity, improve air quality, and provide recreational opportunities for residents of all ages.o Address Housing Affordability: Implement policies to address housing affordability challenges, including the development of affordable housing units, tenant protections, and incentives for mixed-income developments.o Promote Equity and Inclusion: Prioritize equity and inclusion in urban planning efforts, ensuring that all residents have equal access to essential services, amenities, and opportunities for economic prosperity.Conclusion:Creating sustainable and livable cities requires a holistic approach to urban planning that prioritizes environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic prosperity. By implementing innovative strategies and fostering community collaboration, cities can become vibrant, resilient, and inclusive places where all residents can thrive.。
城市规划外文翻译精编版
A KNOWLEDGE-BASED CONCEPTUAL VISION OF THE SMART CITYElsa NEGRE Camille ROSENTHAL-SABROUX Mila GASCóLAMSADE LAMSADE Center for Innovation in CitiesParis-Dauphine University Paris-Dauphine University Institute for Innovation SIGECAD Team SIGECAD Team and Knowledge ManagementFrance France ESADE-Ramon Llull Universityelsa.negre@dauphine.frcamille.rosenthal-sabroux@dauphine.frmila.gasco@AbstractThe term smart city is a fuzzy concept, not well defined in theoretical researches nor in empirical projects. Several definitions, different from each other, have been proposed. However, all agree on the fact that a Smart City is an urban space that tends to improve the daily life (work, school,...) of its citizens(broadly defined). This is an improvement fromdifferent points of view: social, political, economic, governmental. This paper goes beyond this definition and proposes a knowledge-based conceptual vision of the smart city, centered on people’s information and knowledge of people, in order to improve decision-making processes and enhance the value-added of business processes of the modern city.1. IntroductionOver the past few decades, the challenges faced by municipal ,such as urban growth or migration, have become increasingly complex and interrelated. In addition to the traditional land-use regulation, urban maintenance, production, and management of services, governments are required to meet new demands from different actors regarding water supply, natural resources sustainability, education, safety, or transportation (Gascóet al,2014). Innovation, and technological innovation in particular, can help city governments to meet the challenges of urban governance, to improve urban environments, to become more competitive and to address sustainability concerns. Since the early 90s, the development of Internet and communication technologies has facilitated the generation of initiatives to create opportunities for communication and information sharing by local authorities. This phenomenon appeared in the United States then moved to Europe and Asia. Indeed, in oureveryday life, we are more and more invaded by data and information. This flow of data and information is often the result of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Moreover, potentialities of ICT, that have almost exponentially increased have given rise to a huge mass of data to treat (Batty, 2013). The world is becoming increasingly digital and people are affected by these changes. Also, the digital infrastructure infers an information environment that is “as imperceptible to us as water is to a fish”(McLuhan & Gordon, 2011).There exists a kind of parallelism between technologies and humans. On one hand, people use technologies more and more and are hyperconnected, and, on the other hand, (numeric) systems are more and more user-centered (Viitanen &Kingston, 2014). Thus, within cities, systems have to adaptto hyper-connected citizens, in a very particular environment, the one of cities in constant evolution where systems and humans are nested. The advent of new technologies also confronts the city to a large influx of data (Big Data) from heterogeneous sources, including social networks. Itis also important to note that much information and /or knowledge flow between different people (with different uses and backgrounds) and between different stakeholders (Kennedy, 2012). In this respect, the city sees that numerous data circulate via the internet, wireless communication, mobile phones,…Finally, smart cities are exposed to technological issues tied to the huge mass of data which pass within them. These data can carry knowledge and, by the way, the smart city, and de facto, the smart city,aware of the existence and of the potential of this knowledge, can exploit and use them.Note that, for a city, all citizens become knowledgecitizens, especially those whose knowledge is the crucial factor enabling them to improve theirdecision-making processes. In this respect,knowledge is fundamentally valuable to make better decisions and to act accordingly.Given this context, this paper focuses on knowledge in the smart city. The paper discusses both explicit knowledge (knowledge extracted from data which flows within the city) and tacit knowledge(that is, citizen’s knowledge). Our argument is twofold:on one hand, we believe that, due to the importance for the city management of tacit knowledge, the city should be closer to its citizens(Bettencourt, 2013). On the other, a city can become smarter by improving its decision-making process and, therefore, by making better decisions. ICT can help in this respect: more data and better-managed data result in, not only more information, but also more knowledge. More knowledge gives rise to better decisions (Grundstein et al, 2003; Simon,1969).The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Next, we present some literature on smart cities and knowledge. Subsequently, we describe the opportunities and challenges smart cities offer for cities development and growth. The City’s Information and Knowledge System is then introduced. Finally, we bring to a close, drawing some conclusions on what a knowledge-based smart city is.2. Related Work2.1. On smart citiesThe origins of the smart city concept are related to the European Union’s energetic efficiency programs that aimed at making cities sustainable(AMETIC, 2013). However, important conceptual trends have also contributed to the emergence of this term. In particular, the influence of openinnovation has been key. Chesbrough (2006 & 2003) defines open innovation as a strategy by which firms commercialize external (as well as internal) ideas by deploying outside (as well as in-house) pathways to the market. In addition, “ideas can also originate outside the firm’s own labs and be brought inside for commercialization. In other words, the boundary between a firm and its surrounding environment is more porous, enabling innovation to move easily between the two”(Chesbrough, 2003: 37).Despite open innovation was born in relation to the industry and the business world, several authors think this theory can be easily implemented in different fields. In this respect, while historically the public sector has lagged on the innovation curve,today information technology is opening up new opportunities to transform governance and redefine government-citizen interactions, particularly within cities (Chan, 2013; Pyrozhenko, 2011; Almirall &Wareham, 2008). In this context, a smart city can be understood as an environment of open and userdriven innovation for experimenting and validating ICT-enabled services (Schaffers et al., 2011).A second relevant stream of theory that has contributed to the development of smart cities is urban planning and urban development (Trivellato etal., 2013). Ferro et al. (2013) state that the term smart city probably finds its roots in the late nineties with the smart growth movement calling for smart policies in urban planning. According to Anthopoulos & Vakali (2011), urban planning controls the development and the organization of a city by determining, among other, the urbanization zones and the land uses, the location of various public networks and communal spaces, the anticipation of the residential areas, and the rules for buildings constructions. Traditionally, urban planners have been concerned with designing the physical infrastructure of communities, such as transportation systems, business districts, parks and, housing development (Fernback, 2010). Currently, in doing so, urban planners find in technology an enormous opportunity to shape the future of a city (Townsend,2013), particularly for urban planning is a complextask requiring multidimensional urbaninformation, which needs to be shared and integrated(Wangetal.2007).Regardless of its origins, various attempts have been made to academically define and conceptually describe a smart city. AlAwadhi & Scholl (2013) state that, actually, these definitions depend on different types and groups of practitioners think about what a smart city is. In this respect, although no generally accepted academic definition has emerged so far, several works have identified certain urban attributes that maycharacterize what a smart city is.To start with, Giffinger et al. (2007) rank 70 European cities using six dimensions: smart economy (competitiveness), smart people (human and social capital), smart governance (participation), smart mobility (transport and ICT), smart environment(natural resources), and smart living (quality of life).As a result, they define a smart city as “a city well performing in a forward-looking way in these six characteristics, built on the ‘smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive,independent and aware citizens”(p. 11). Moreover, Nam & Pardo (2011) suggest three conceptual dimensions of a smart city: technology, people, and community. For them, technology is key because of the use of ICT to transform life and work within a city in significant and fundamental ways.However, a smart city cannot be built simp ly through the use of technology. That is why the role of human infrastructure, human capital and education, on one hand, and the support of government and policy, on the other, also become important factors. These three variables considered, the authors conclude that “a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance a quality of life, through participatory governance”(p. 286).In turn, Leydesdorff & Deakin (2011) introduce a triple helix model of smart cities. They argue that can be considered as densities in networks among three relevant dynamics: the intellectual capital of universities, the wealth creation of industries, and the democratic government of civil society. Lombardi et al. (2011) build on this model and refer to the involvement of the civil society as one of the key actors, alongside the university, theindustry and the government. In Lombardi’s words(2011)“this advanced model presupposes that the four helices operate in a complex urban environment, where civic involvement, along with cultural and social capital endowments, shape the relationships between the traditional helices of university, industry and government. The interplay between these actors and forces determines the success of a city in moving on a smart development path”(p. 8).Yet, so far, one of the most comprehensive and integrative framework for analyzing smart city projects has been presented by Chourabi et al. (2012).The authors present a set of eight dimensions, both internal and external, that affect the design,implementation, and use of smart cities initiatives:1) Management and organization: Organizational and managerial factors such as project size, leadership or change management.2)Technology: Technological challenges such as lack of IT skills.3) Governance: Factors related to the implementation of processes with constituents who exchange information according to rules and standards in order to achieve goals and objectives.4) Policy context: Political and institutional components that represent various political elements and external pressures.5) People and communities: Factors related to the individuals and communities, which are part of the so-called smart city, such as the digital divide or the level of education.6) Economy: Factors around economic variables such as competitiveness,innovation,entrepreneurship, productivity or flexibility.7)Built infrastructure: Availability and quality of the ICT infrastructure.8) Natural environment: Factors related to sustainability and better management of natural resources. Finally, according to Dameri (2013), within the European Union, the concept of smart city is based on four basic elements that composed the city:1) Land: The territorial dimension is not limited to the administrative boundaries of the city but may extend to the region. Sometimes, cities group together and form a network to share knowledge and best practices to tackle urban problems. The city is subjected to influences and regulations of the nation, which itself is affected by more global prerogatives.2)Infrastructures: Buildings, streets, traffic and public transports impact the quality of urban life and urban environment.3) People: All the stakeholders who are linked to the city (students, workers, neighbors, friends, tourists, …).4) Government: Urban policies are defined at the local level, and also at the central level, or even at a more global level, such as the European level, depending on the topic, the action, the project, However, a definition of a smart city is indispensable to define its perimeter and to understand which initiatives can be considered smart and which cannot. Moreover, a standard definition is also the first step for each city to specify its own vision of a smart city strategy. The definition and the comprehensive smart city framework(threats,opportunities,…) are the necessary basis on which to build the smart city goals system. That is why, in this paper, we agree with the Chourabi, et al’s framework(2012) and the Caragliu, etal.’s definition (2009) and consider that cities are smart when investments inhuman and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuelsustainable economic growth and a high quality oflife, with a wise management of natural resources,through participatory governance.2.2. On knowledgeAs mentioned in the introduction, the smart city must be able to exploit knowledge that result from data management. This knowledge will result in better decisions in order for the 21st century city to address its main challenges (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).We suggest an approach to digital information systems centered on people’s information and knowledge of people, in order to improve decisionmaking processes and enhance the value-added of business processes of the city.ICT allow people located outside a city to communicate with other people and to exchange knowledge. These observations concerning knowledge in the city context highlight the importance of tacit knowledge. It points out the interest of creating a favorable climate for both the exchange and sharing of tacit knowledge and its transformation into explicit knowledge and therefore extending the field of knowledge which will come under the rules and regulations governing industrial property (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Moreover, we should emphasize the fact that capitalizing on city’s knowledge is an ongoing issue, omnipresent in everyone’s activities, which specifically should have an increasing impact on management functions of the city. Polanyi (1967) classifies the human knowledge into two categories: tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. He says: “tacit knowledge is personal,context-specific, and therefore hard to formalize andcommunicate. Explicit or 'codified' knowledge, on the other hand, refers to knowledge that is transmittable in formal, systematic language" (p.301). Our point of view can be found in the work of Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995), with reference to Polanyi (1967), considering that “tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge are not totally separated but mutually complementary entities”(Nonaka &Takeuchi, 1995: 61). For Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995), explicit knowledge can be easily expressed in written documents but is less likely to result in major decisions than tacit knowledge, which is to say that the decision process stems from knowledge acquired through experience, albeit difficult to express in words.Tangible elements are “explicit knowledge”. Heterogeneous, incomplete or redundant, they are often marked by the circumstances under which knowledge was created. They do not express the unwritten rules of those who formalized knowledge, the “unspoken words”. They arestored and disseminated in archives, cabinets, and databases, ...(Polanyi, 1967).Intangible elements are “tacit knowledge”.Acquired through practice, they are adaptable to the situations. Explicitly or non-explicitly, they are often transmitted by implicit collective apprenticeship or by a master-apprentice relationship. They are located in people's minds (Polanyi, 1967).By analogy with the works of Polanyi (1967),Nelson and Winter (1982), Davenport & Prusak(1998) and Grundstein et al. (2003), the city’s knowledge consists of tangible elements (databases, procedures, drawings, models, documents used for analyzing and synthesizing data, …) and intangible elements (people's needs, unwritten rules of individual and collective behavior patterns, knowledge of the city’s history and decision-making contexts, knowledge of the city environment(citizens, tourists, companies, technologies,influential socio-economic factors, …). All these elements characterize the city’s capability to innovate, produce, sell, and support its services. They are representative of the city’s experience and culture. They constitute and produce the added-valueof the city.These observations concerning knowledge in the city context highlight the importance of tacit knowledge. They point out the interest in taking into account tacit knowledge in decision processes. As a reminder, we believe that the decision in the context of smart cities, where data and knowledge flow, is permanent and important.3. Opportunities and challenges of the smart citiesCities are confronted to a continuous improvement process and have to become smarter and smarter (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014). In doing so, they are confronted with threats and opportunities.Opportunities in cities are given by innovation,education, culture, companies, public organizations and public spaces where people can exchange, make sport, share experiences, meet each other, …On the other side, difficulties related to urbanization, environment protection, pollution,inefficient public transports, traffic, lack of green spaces, social differences, …are threats to city.To deal with these threats and opportunities,questions regarding knowledge in the city arise: How should we link knowledge management to the smart city strategy? What activities should be developed and promoted? What organizational structures should be put in place? How should we go about creating them? How can we implement enabling conditions for knowledge management initiatives?What impact and benefit evaluation methods should be installed?How can we go about provoking cultural change towards a more knowledge-sharing attitude? Within this perspective, we must keep in mind that cities need to evolve through their own efforts, by intensifying diversity and creating new foundations for thought and behavior.A knowledge-based city requires that each citizen takes responsibility for objectives, contributions to the city and, indeed, for behavior as well. This implies that all citizens are stakeholders of the city.This vision places strong emphasis on the ultimate goal of the digital information system which is providing knowledge-citizens, engaged in a daily related decision process, with all the information needed to understand situations they will encounter to make choices - which is to say, to make decisions –to carry out their activities, capitalizing the knowledge produced in the course of performing these tasks.The use of high technology help to improve a better way of life in the city because citizens are more informed, connected and linked. Moreover,using Information and Communication Technology(ICT) is essential to create social inclusion, social communication, civil participation, higher education and information quality.Finally, it is important to note that if smart cities are too connected/linked, they can become ICTaddicts(Viitanen & Kingston, 2014). In that case, it is possible that, one day, some smart cities will be confronted to problems of cyber-security and/or resilience, such as in the new video game “Watch Dogs”(Ubisoft) in which the player is at the heart of a smart and hyper-connected city in which his smartphone gives him/her control of all infrastructures of the CTOs (Central Operating System - high performance system that connects infrastructures and facilities of public security of the city to a centralized exchange pole). The player can handle the traffic lights to create a huge pile or stop a train to board and escape the forces ... Everything that is connected to the network can become a weapon.Opportunities and challenges should be more related to knowledge in the smart city. Therefore, in the next section, we propose to adapt the concept of Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System(EIKS) introduced by Grundstein & Rosenthal- Sabroux (2009) to smart cities to address challenges related to knowledge in the smart city.4. The Smart City’s Information and Knowledge SystemIn general, an information system “is a set ofelements interconnected which collect (orrecover),process, store and disseminate information in order tosupport decision and process control” (Laudon &Laudon 2006). Grundstein & Rosenthal-Sabroux(2009) introduced the notion of knowledge into the information system and proposed the concept of Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System(EIKS). In this section, by analogy, we propose our Smart City’s Information and Knowledge System(CIKS) where data and knowledge flow within.Under the influence of globalization and the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) that modify radically our relationship with space and time, the city increasingly develops its activities in a planetary space with three dimensions:•A global space covering the set of cities (the nation).• A local space corresponding to the city located in a given geographic area.•An area of influence that covers the field of interaction of the city with the other cities.The city locked up on its local borders is transformed into an extended city, without borders,opened and adaptable. The land is the territorial dimension of a city, with different levels. These levels range from the local dimension, to regional, network, national and finally the global dimension.Furthermore, this city is placed under the ascendancy of the unforeseeable environment that leads towards uncertainty and doubt.The city meets fundamental problems of information exchange and knowledge sharing among,on the one hand, its formal entities distributed in the world and on the other hand, the city's people(nomadic or sedentary), bearers of diversified values and cultures according to the origin. Two networks of information overlap:• A formal information network between the internal or external entities, in which data and explicit knowledge circulate. This network is implemented by means of intranet and extranet technologies.•An informal information network between nomadic or sedentary peoples. This network favors information exchange and tacit knowledge sharing. It is implemented through converging Information and Communication Technologies (for example the new IPOD with Web 2.0).The problems occur when nomadic people(tourists or students for example) placed in new,unknown or unexpected situations, need to get“active information”, that is, informationand knowledge they need immediately to understand the situation, solve a problem, take a decision, and act.That means that ICT provide the information needed by people who are the heart of the city. By extension, our reflection is: ICT bear potentialities,they bring new uses, they induce a new organization,and they induce a new vision of city, what we call a “smart city”. And, ICT are the heart of the smart city.Building on this, a city can be seen as an information system and because of its hyperconnected nature, smart city can be seen as more than an information system: an information and knowledge system. In fact, the City’s Information and Knowledge System (CIKS) consists mainly in a set of individuals (people) and digital information systems. CIKS rests on a socio technical context,which consists of individuals (people) in interaction among them, with machines, and with the very CIKS. It includes:•Digital Information Systems (DIS), which are artificial systems, the artefacts designed by ICT.•An information system constituted by individuals who, in a given context, are processors of data to which they give a sense under the shape of information. This information, depending of the case, is passed on, remembered, treated, and diffused by them or by the DIS.• A knowledge system, consisting of tacit knowledge embodied by the individuals, and of explicit knowledge formalized and codified on any shape of supports(documents, video, photo, digitized or not).Under certain conditions, digitized knowledge is susceptible to be memorized, processed and spread with the DIS.We must identify information and knowledge to a city’s activities and for individual and collective decision-making processes. The objective could be to design a Digital Information System (DIS) which would allow the city’s stakeholders to receive, to gain access to, and to share the greatest variety of information and knowledge they deem necessary, as rapidly as possible, in order to accelerate decisionmaking processes and to make them as reliable as possible.5. ConclusionThe city has evolved over time: it started with scattered houses, then these houses were grouped into cities, which were industrialized and mechanically connected to other cities and, now, we have hyper connected cities (with citizens who are connected,who need access to different information, and with cities that are connected to the rest of the world)(Kennedy, 2012).In this paper, we propose a conceptual vision of the smart city, based on knowledge. Knowledge can be: explicit knowledge (knowledge extracted from data which flows within the city) and/or tacit knowledge (that is, citizen’s knowledge). According to the previous works on the area of smart cities and knowledge management and the study of threats and opportunities of cities, one specific challenge appears(among some): knowledge must be integrated into the city. Thus, we introduce our Smart City’s Information and Knowledge System (CIKS) where data and knowledge flow within.The smart city is more than Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and more thanpeople. It also has to do with knowledge (Kennedy,2012; Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Our vision is an approach that takes into account people, information, knowledge and ICT. From our point of view, knowledge is a factor of competence in order to improve the “smartness”of the city and to handle the complexity of the cities (du, in part, to ICT).6. ReferencesAlAwadhi, S. & Scholl, H. J. (2013). “Aspirations and realizations: the smart city of Seattle”. Paper presented at the 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Maui, HI, January 7-10. Almirall, E. & Wareham, J. (2008). “Living labs and openinnovation: Roles and applicability”. The ElectronicJournal for Virtual Organizations and Networks, 10(special issue): 21-46.AMETIC (2013). Smart cities. Barcelona: AMETIC.Anthopoulos, L. & Vakali, A. (2012). “Urban planning andsmart cities: Interrelations and reciprocities”. In F. Alvarezet al. (eds.). Future Internet Assembly 2012. From promisesto reality. New York: Springer (pp. 178-189). Batty, M. (2013). “Big data, smart cities and city planning”.Dialogues in Human Geography, November 2013 vol. 3no. 3 274-279Bettencourt, L. (2013). “Four simple principles to plan thebest city possible”. New Scientist, 18 (December):30-31.Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C. & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart citiesin Europe. Technical report.Chan, C. (2013): “From open data to open innovationstrategies: Creating e-services using open governmentdata”. Paper presented at the 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Big Island (HI), January7-10.Chesbrough, H. (2006).。
城市规划与发展毕业论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
城市规划与发展毕业论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Urban planning and development inTehranWith a population of around 7 million in a metropolitan region of 12 million inhabitants, Tehran is one of the larger cities of the world. This paper charts its planning and development through the ages, particularly since the mid-20th century, a period in which the city has gained most of its phenomenal growth. Three phases are identified in this historical process, with different types of urban planning exercised through infrastructure design and development, land use regulation, and policy development._ 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Planning, Urban growth, Iranian citiesPlanning through infrastructure design and development: foundations for growth The first phase of Tehra n’s planning refers to the period before the Second World War, whereby at least three major efforts set the framework for the city’s growth and development: walling the city (1550s) , expanding the walled city (1870s) and building a new urban infrastructure (1930s). They were all led by the government’s ability and desire to instigate change and shape the city through undertaking large-scale infrastructure projects.Tehran was a village outside the ancient city of Ray, which lay at the foot of mount Damavand, the highest peak in the country, and at the intersection of two major trade highways: the east–west Silk Road along the southern edge of Alburz mountains and the north–south route that connected the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. Ray had been inhabited for thousands of years and was the capital of the Seljuk dynasty in the 11th century; however, it declined at the end of the medieval period, when Tehran started to grow (Lockhart, 1960).The first large-scale town planning exercise in Tehran was undertaken in 1553, with the construction of a bazaar and city walls, which were square and had gates on four sides, in accordance with the pattern of ancient Persian cities (Barthold, 1984). This set the framework for other developments that followed, and the city grew in significance, eventually to be selected in 1785 as the capital of the Qajar dynasty (1779–1925).On becoming the capital, the city swelled by courtiers and soldiers, who were followed by trades and services. From a population of 15,000 at the end of the 18th century, Tehran grew tenfold by the德黑兰的城市规划与发展1860s, with a 10th of its inhabitants now living outside the old walls (Ettehadieh, 1983). The country’s military defeats in its encounters with Britain and Russia had engendered a process of reform, which was now being extended to the capital city. The second large-scale town planning exercise in Tehran, therefore, was conducted for accommodating growth and introducing modernization and reform. Starting in 1868 and lasting for 12 years, new city walls, in the form of a perfect octagon with 12 gates, were constructed, which were more useful for growth management and tax collection than for their defensive value. Selection as the capital city and these transformations, which included a new central square, new streets, a bank, an institute of technology, a hospital, a telegraph house, hotels and European-style shops, were, according to a British observer, a ‘‘twofold renaissance’’ for Tehran (Curzon, 1892, p. 300).The city continued to grow and pressure for modernization intensified, which was manifested in the Constitutional Revolution of 1906. A modern municipality was established in 1910, transforming the old system of urban governance. After the First World War, the Pahlavi dynasty came to power and this l asted from 1925 to 1979. The new regime’s emphasis was on secularism and nationalism, which were reflected in administrative centralization, modernization of the army, expansion of bureaucracy, development of a transport network, integration of regions into a national market, and restructuring towns and cities (Abrahamian, 1982). The 1930s witnessed widespread road-widening schemes that tore apart the historic urban fabric, making them accessible to motor vehicles. The city of Tehran thus went through its third major town planning exercise. The city walls of the 1870s were far too restrictive for a growing city. By 1932, population density had doubled to 105 persons per hectare and a third of the population lived outside the walls. In addition to demographic pressure, the arrival of motor vehicles, the regime’s desire to control urban populations and to modernize the urban infrastructure led to a substantial transformation of the capital, in which it was ‘‘radically re-planned and re-built’’ (Lockhart, 1939, p. 11). New boulevards were built on the ruins of the city walls and moats, as part of a transport network of 218 km of new roads. The walled royal compound was fragmented and replaced by a new government quarter; retailers were encouraged to move to new streets and to abandon the old streets of the bazaar; and new buildings and institutions sprang up all over the city. The new street network was imposed on the winding streets of old neighborhoods, with the aims of unifying the space of the city, overcoming the traditional factional social structure, easing the movement of goods, services and military forces, strengthening the market economy and supporting the centralization of power. The city was turned into an open matrix, which was a major step in laying the foundations for further modernization and future expansion. The immediate result was the growth of the city from 310,000 inhabitants in 1932 to 700,000 in 1941.These large-scale urban planning and development phases of Tehran were all efforts at modernization, instigating and managing radical change. However, while the first phase had used distinctively ancient Persian imagery and local expertise, the second and third phases employed European images and experts, primarily from France and Germany. What these early town planning efforts shared was that they were all envisaging a particular new form and implementing it through the (re)development of the urban environment; they were all plans for a major series of physical changes executed in a relatively short period of time.The reforms in the second half of the 19th century opened up the city’s society and space to new economic and cultural patterns, and unleashed centrifugal and dialectic forces that exploded in two major revolutions. Economically, the city started to be integrated into the world market as a peripheral node. Embracing the market economy divided the city along the lines of income and wealth, while new本科毕业设计（外文翻译）cultural fault lines emerged along lifestyle and attitude towards tradition and modernity. Rich and poor, who used to live side by side in the old city, were now separated from one another in a polarizing city. Moreover, modernizers welcomed living in new neighborhoods and frequented new streets and squares, while traditionalists continued to live and work in the older parts of the city. Ever since, these economic and cultural polarizations—and their associated tensions—have characterized Iran’s urban conditions.Planning through land-use regulation: harnessing speculative developmentThe second type of planning to emerge in Tehran was in the 1960s, which saw the preparation of plans to regulate and manage future change. The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent that its spatial management needed additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipal organization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, and strugglesover the control of oil. This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years. With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before. By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million; its size grew from 46 km²in 1934 to 250 km²in 1976 (Kari man, 1976; Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy. An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran. The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth. This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy. Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world,wa s firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development. Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available; hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran. The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements. This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless. A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’ (Nafisi, 1964, p. 426). There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans. A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city. The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968. It was produced by a consortium of Aziz德黑兰的城市规划与发展Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner (Ardalan, 1986). The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre; expansion of commercial activities along the main roads; pollution; inefficient infrastructure; widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran. The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric (Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968). The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis. The future of the city was envisaged tobe growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre. The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts, each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings. Each district (mantagheh) would be subdivided into a number of areas (nahyeh) and neighborhoods (mahalleh). An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities. A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre. These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route. The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density. A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas (Far manfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns. In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen (1965) had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities, each with its own centre. This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s (1960, p. 142) ‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities. In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used. Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci. The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States (Mumford, 1954). These ideas remained, however, largely on paper. Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed parts of the sprawling metropolis; zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas; and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution (1979–1988), reconstruction (1989–1996), and reform (1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily本科毕业设计（外文翻译）combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism. Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses. Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible. In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership. However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization. In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troub led efforts at progressive transformation (Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war (1980–1988) with Iraq, which halted economic development. Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities. The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre. Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986. The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline (Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which lasted for most of the 1990s. This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran. Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it. The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change. In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation (Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991. A firm of Iranian consultants (A-Tech) was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996. After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council. This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood. It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city. It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre (Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement. The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipal ty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80. Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them. It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services; the pace and pattern of urban growth; environmental pollution; the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy. The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major c haracteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of德黑兰的城市规划与发展new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation (Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan; opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city. Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning. This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality. This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens. Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment. The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to high-rise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways. In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side. The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to encompass 22 district municipalities in 700 km².This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which re-launched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality. The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2001, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, non-governmental organizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject. The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles (Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).Currently, detailed plans are being prepared for the city’s 22 districts, and work is unde r way on a strategic plan to link these detailed plans and to guide the future development of the city as a whole. Even though the city is more integrated and democratic than before and has a more coherent approach to planning (Hourcade, 2000), some authorities still see plans as isolated documents, rather than seeing planning as a continuous process. Land use plans are produced by private sector consultants for a specified period. The role of the municipality is merely implementation of these plans, rather than generating and revising them. New schemes for urban motorways and large-scale radical redevelopment of the central and decayed areas continue to be prepared and implemented. The last mayor, who was elected the president of the republic in 2005, was a civil engineer, putting road building schemes high on his agenda, even aiming to widen parts of the most beautiful boulevard in the city (Vali Asr) to ease traffic flows. Meanwhile, the city continues to suffer from acute social polarization, high land and property prices, heavy traffic congestion and some of the worst atmospheric pollution in the world, and remains unprepared for any serious earthquake.Managing change in a metropolisLeaving aside the earlier phases, the key urban planning stages in the 20th century (1930s, 1960s, 1990s) show some broad similarities: they mark the periods of relative economic and political strength, in which at once urban development flourishes and the government feels able enough to manage growth. Iran’s oil econo my is so much integrated with the global economy that these periods parallel the international economic cycles and periods of urban development booms. These planning stages also本科毕业设计（外文翻译）show cyclical development pressure, cyclical attention to planning matters, within an overall move towards democratic urban governance, to sophistication of municipal organization and city planning approaches, which are nevertheless far behind the momentous process of urban growth and development. The main focus has remained management of physical development. Each phase, however, has added a new dimension to city planning: from design to regulation and policy development; each new approach adding to the complexity of the process, rather than replacing the previous approach.The other feature they all share is their preference for redevelopment, which is the hallmark of a country with a young population caught in the fever of modernization, despite its upheavals and setbacks. Post-revolutionary governments claimed to revive many traditional forms and practices, as a reaction to radical modernization of the past. In relation to the built environment, however, they have shown strong modernist tendencies, with redevelopment remaining their favourite device, similar to previous generations. This is mainly due to the pressure for change that characterizes the modern history of Iran, as reflected in the advent of two revolutions, i.e., radical breaks from the past. It is also partly due to institutional continuity, whereby legal and institutional arrangements for urban planning remained almost intact, despite change of individuals, and despite structural changes at the higher levels of government after 1979. Also, the expert communities and their technocratic culture passed through the revolution without major internal changes, despite the flight of many professionals from the country.Tehran’ governance has been dominated by the central government. Although the municipality has grown in size and complexity, it is still under the shadow of government ministries, even after the launch of an elected city council and a degree of financial autonomy. It is only charged with implementing the plans, rather than preparing them; and yet it is expected to have financial autonomy, resulting in controversial ways of implementing or changing planning regulations. It is only charge d to manage its 22 districts, and yet the urban region covers 5 million inhabitants outside the city’s boundaries. Without empowering the municipality to take full control of planning for its jurisdiction within a democratic and accountable framework, and to collaborate with other authorities in charge of the urban region, planning and management of the metropolis remain less than effective.ConclusionTeh ran’s planning history shows early stages in which new infrastructure was designed and developed by the government as part of its strategy for modernization and growth management. The intensity of speculative development after the Second World War met the demands of the exponential growth of the city’s population. This, however, needed to be controlled and regulated through a planning process, which produced Tehran’s comprehensive plan of 1968. Within a decade, the revolution interrupted its implementation, and growth could only be managed through piecemeal efforts. The period of reconstruction in the 1990s relaxed some of the limits of the 1968 plan, which showed the urgent need for an updated planning framework. Several planning documents were launched in this period, which show a stronger role for the municipality and attention to policy development. Work on a strategic plan for the city continues today. These plans all have much that has remained unimplemented, although they have managed to some extent to steer the course of events and develop a more sophisticated approach to planning. And yet social and economic upheavals of the past three decades, the intensity of speculative development—especially since the Second World War—and the speed of events seem to have left the city authorities and citizens alike feeling trapped in a turmoil, lagging behind the events, and unable to manage change. The city continues to suffer from a range of problems, including traffic德黑兰的城市规划与发展congestion, environmental pollution, and unaffordable property prices.德黑兰的城市规划与发展摘要：德黑兰是世界上较大的城市之一，拥有居民人口1200万，都市人口约700万，本文主要介绍其规划和历代的发展，特别是自20世纪中期，在这个时期城市获得了其最显着的增长。
城市规划中英文对照外文翻译文献
城市规划中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Rigid-flexible and economic - on the Beijing-controlled regulation block level awareness and considerAbstract: The article, through the traditional regulatory detailed planning analysis, pointing out that the planning results difficult to translate into public policy planning and management, in the face of a lack of adaptability to changes in the market can not be directly related to macroeconomic issues such as convergence planning. Then put forward in recent years through the Beijing neighborhood-level case-control regulatory interpretation, introduction and analysis, study the preparation of district level (2-3 square unit) of the control regulation in response to the traditional regulatory control problem often encountered when has the advantage and flexibility, in particular, to highlight it for the planning and management department can provide a new tool for management and coordination and more flexible to deal with complex changes in the market diversity, the protection of the Government of the characteristics of public service functions. Finally, the future also need to block-level control regulation of the legal status of the application of planning and management tools, the traditional elements of space control and guide and so on to conduct in-depth study and discussion.Key words: block-control regulations controlling the detailed planning of rigid and flexible planning1.Traditional control regulations in the preparation of the practical problems facingTraditional regulatory plan, since the emergence of the last century 90's has been in the interests of all of the game and balance problems are. The crux of the matter focused on how to coordinate the planning required to manage the rigid control and flexible response to market adaptability on:1.1Traditional regulatory control can not fully reflect the transformation of government functionsTraditional regulatory control can only be a direct reflection of the general land development and construction of the nature and intensity, as well as the embodiment of city space environment harmonization and unification of the core concerns are space and vision on the aesthetic effect, planners through a series of indicators to determine spatial form of land control. This form at all-fit-oriented government under the guidance of implementation, "a chess city" in the development and construction.With the deepening of reform, the government functions under the planned economic system by the all-around type to a service-oriented transformation of the functions of the Government focuses on government control and the provision of public services two aspects: First, we must deal with social activities in the various questions, function of maintaining social stability and order; two social development is to provide the necessary public goods, in particular, the market can not afford or are unwilling to provide public goods. At city-building, more and more real estate enterprises and industrial enterprises have become the mainstay of city development and construction, more and more with the right to speak, when the government must release the necessary permissions in order to play the role of market mechanisms, while at the same time be able to achievemaintaining the social function of stability, and ensure the supply of public goods, needed to reflect the Government represented by the maximization of public interest, this is not the original space-based content-control regulations can be reflected.1.2Traditional regulatory control results to the transformation of public policy have a considerable gap City planning as a public policy, determined at the overall planning of urban and rural spatial distribution, the city's public resources to conduct an effective configuration of the living environment to make the corresponding request, the need for further construction of the city to conduct a comprehensive coordination, guidance and restraint, and made available to the management of the T own Planning Department of a management tool. Traditional control regulations although the preparation of a comprehensive set of control indicators and measures, but because of its factual findings to the block-type control chart is provided in the form of a lack of overall balance is always the aspect as well as the flexibility to respond to changes in the market.Common situation is: immediately after the recent construction sites will have to put in complicated and ever-changing market situation, often want to change the nature of the land, improve the rate of volume and height, adjust the layout of such request, then the planning and management department, the general Choose only the traditional outcome of outside regulatory control, through the block, the conditions for the demonstration, the addition of a planning conditions change and audited proof aspect, from the audited results, because of the lack of adequate planning at the restrictive conditions, improve lot of floor area ratio, a high degree of planning control to adjustthe conditions of application can only "successfully" through. A lot of planning and management department have met with a similar dilemma: developer proposed to control the regulation of a plot to determine floor area ratio from 1.5 to 1.8 adjust, whether it is technically from the planning or management of policy, can not find the reasons for denying the application, and if these separate plots look all passed, up from the overall regulatory control is equivalent to waste a still, "there is no space under the management of poor-control regulation has been hard to manage."1.3 Changing market demand in the face of too rigidAccording to regulations covering the preparation of full-control regulation, in the face of long-term with no fixed pattern of development and development of the main city of the new area, can only rely on the experience and the limited regulatory requirements to set a blueprint for the ultimate, often required the assumption that the area will attract Whatis the nature of the industry, and what mode of transportation and living elements and so on. Often wait until the need to implement when the city-building mechanisms have taken place in very many changes in the main body of investment, development patterns, construction and operation of regional mechanisms and so on with the original planning assumptions are inconsistent, industry, transport, mode of living have been Ultra-out the original, this time charged with the regulation already completed will become very out of date.1.4 Upper face of the macro-planning difficult docking requirementsOverall planning in order to meet the needs of urban and rural economic and social comprehensive, coordinated andsustainable development requirements, tend to make some macro measures such as content development model. These property with public policy measures, in order to land for the purpose of the traditional regulatory control it is difficult to fully reflect and docking. Beijing Daxing Metro as an example: In accordance with the "Beijing Urban Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)", Daxing Beijing Metro are the future-oriented regional development important node, in Beijing, the development of an extremely important strategic position, will guide the development of biological medicine, modern manufacturing, as well as commercial logistics, culture, education and other functions, are carrying the future city of Beijing to ease the population centers and functions of one of 11 Metro. 2020 Metro style scale land use planning 65 square kilometers, population 600,000 people scale.Prior to this, as are Beijing's Daxing county, to carry out the construction of satellite towns, the status quo conditions and Metro Planning has a larger gap between the objectives, the lack of sufficiently attractive to the urban areas can not effectively alleviate the stress. For instance: the lack of public facilities, facilities standards have been too low, with the center city poor transport links and so on. How to achieve the status quo to the Metro from the blueprint for change? At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" from the Metro's construction to start the implementation process, identified through the construction of rail transit, urban road construction, public service facilities, the transfer of administrative functions, cultural and educational function of the introduction of the introduction of leading industries six elements of the main construction of the Metro guide: the role of these elements together, and based on theirspatial characteristics influence thescope and timing on reasonable arrangements to promote the development of Metro's construction, so that Metro be able to at the planning blueprint for the status quo gradually on the foundation can be achieved.Epistasis plans face similar macro-planning requirements, is clearly not a specific plot plan can be fully reflected in, let alone to cope with up to 15 years in the planning of the implementation process of various elements of the Change.2. Block-level regulatory control of the preparation of the contents of the formIn recent years, Beijing made the preparation of block-level control rules to deal with from a certain extent on the traditional block-control regulations that prevail in question. Metro style neighborhoods to control regulation as an example:First of all, divided into blocks. At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" the division of seven patches, three groups on the basis of the General consider regional characteristics, the layout of public service facilities, municipal service capacity transport facilities and space environmental capacity and other influencing factors to the Neighborhood (between block and block units, with a river, natural obstacles, primary and secondary roads, street boundaries offices, special function areas such as border Kaifong boundary) for the division of units, divided into 38 blocks , each block 2 ~ 3 square kilometers.Then, in the Metro to determine the scope of the whole block of lead, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction elements of the scope. Metro based planning, decomposition of the implementation of the dominant features of each block, thatis blocks the function of positioning and the main direction of development to determine the largest block of land and has assumed a leading role in the nature of the land; from the overall economic strength and functions of the positioning of a comprehensive traffic capacity, public facilities Service capacity, municipal facilities, service capabilities, the capacity of the space environment in five aspects, such as integrated carrying capacity analysis, will be Metro's 600,000 population overall refinement scale decomposition to the block level, and to determine the total amount of block construction and classification of scale construction; in accordance with the Metro morphological characteristics of the overall space to determine the building height control framework and four baseline height, divided into low(18 m), Medium (18-45 meter), high (45-60 m) and 60 meters above 4, the implementation of each blocks range of benchmarks; to improve the living environment in accordance with the overall goals and other conditions, strength of construction will be divided into blocks of low-density, medium density, high-density third gear.And, through a comprehensive analysis of the status quo, implement the above decomposition of the conditions, separately for each block to determine the nature and scale, the configuration of the facilities and arrangements, a high degree of control elements, such as urban design, implementation timing, but also questions the need for further research, etc. specific content, which will eventually block the plans submitted in the form of results.3.1Effective extension of epistatic planning, for planning and management to facilitateTo block as a unit, decomposition and quantify the epistatic planning functions and development goals, and clearly the general character of each neighborhood and the development of intensity differences, in fact this job is to regulate, such as the total epistatic to quantify the macro-planning process. To block as a unit for total control and balance, ease of basic facilities at all levels, public service facilities, urban safety facilities, transportation facilities, to conduct an overall balanced layout, more conducive to neighborhoods as a unit for analysis and monitoring. Beijing have been identified as a further refinement put blocks of land plots to control the minimum regulatory scope of the study and city planning and management of the basic unit.Dominant in determining the neighborhood function, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction scope of the facilities after the configuration of such factors, whether developers are still at all levels of government to entrust the preparation of land-control regulations, planning and management departments have a strong public policy based on quantifiable and can be used to guide and monitor the preparation of regulatory control block content, can ensure the configuration of the various facilities such as the contents of rigidity to the implementation, but also be able to through the overall control and strength to the block classification must control regulations left behind the flexibility of space.3.2 Responding flexibly to market changesBlock-level control regulations after wide coverage, its construction and classification of the total construction scale of indicators as the preparation of the detailed planning of the next level of control conditions, the guidance of land developmentand construction of concrete blocks at the scope of activities carried out within the overall balance. Block unit through the benchmark land prices, ownership, facilities, supply capacity factors such as a comprehensive assessment can be reflected to some extent on location, infrastructure conditions, such as market-sensitive elements on the differences in regulatory control in the preparation of land, they can further study the market demand effectively adjust to allow the market to be able to in the government's macro-control of the allocation of resources to play its basic role.At the same time, district-level planning at the preparation of regulatory control after the completion of the management of the implementation process can also be quantified using a variety of control means to effectively deal with changes in the market. To floor area ratio as an example, at district level because of regulatory control, the set up of the neighborhood's population and the total construction volume of construction and classification of the concept of a land plot development and construction are necessary to adjust the strength of blocks related to the total changes and changes in the demand for associated facilities, so that at least from the district coordination framework to achieve the purpose of breaking the individual review of the original plot to control the lack of indicators adjust based on the embarrassment, from the process reflects on the changes in construction activity the surrounding urban environment brought about by the impact. On this basis, the study implemented a similar "transfer of development rights" of the administrative system before operational.3.3Highlight the protection of the Government's public service functionsBlock-level control regulations, all land classified as Class A land (for the city to provide basic support and services) and Class B land (Government under the guidance of the market development of land), as well as X-type sites (sites to be studied) three categories. One of, A-type sites are the main green space, infrastructure, public service facilities, etc. must have a public property, mainly by the Government as an investment and management entities of the public space, its emphasis on the priority the implementation of space, thereby protecting the public interest priority . Comparativelyspeaking, the original concern of the traditional regulatory control elements at street level space of the controlled regulation of "take a back seat," the.4.Also necessary to further explore the question:In general, block-level regulatory control to add a meso-level studies, preparation of regulatory control block provides a fresh discussion of the work platform, as well as planning and management provided some actionable public policy basis for improved traditional regulatory control of some problems. However, block-level control regulation as a new thing also have a number of issues need to be further explored and research:First of all, the necessary clarity of its legal status and recognition. Because ofblock-level control is a regulation relating to a variety of factors (population, the facilities and so on) the overall balance of technological achievements, in particular, are some of the priority the protection of the facilities involved in city construction and operation of other government departments, administrative actions, a reasonable decide the legal status of its coordination and control of the key. Moreover, as the capital ofBeijing and municipalities, and other city planning and construction management system must have differences in this municipality in Beijing can well-established system should not be able to copy to the city in general go. How to promote neighborhood-level control regulatory experience gained enhance the legitimacy of its reasonable, but also required further study.Secondly, the required supporting management measures on the corresponding.Block-level control regulation is not only a many-level planning so easy that it give planning and management in the overall planning and control regulation of traditional land between the development of a new management platform, therefore, should give full play to its role, from the can not be supporting the planning and management measures on innovation. Such as in the control plots on the regulation of convergence can be the implementation process for some of the demand, derived from "transfer of development rights" and other related management measures and control means.Finally, the traditional elements of how the matching Spaces guide. Block-level control regulations to strengthen the government's public service functions, improve the public benefits of priority, relatively speaking, the traditional elements of the shape is relatively weakened. Visual imagery, body mass, Feel places the elements of these traditional control regulations usually take into account urban design elements, not at street level regulatorycontrol to be reflected, then the block-level control regulations should be space elements which control what should be done about the city on the block level design elements toguide them accordingly? Looking forward to the future as soon as possible answers to those questions.References1, Beijing City Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)2, Tai Hing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)3, Tai Hing New regulatory plan (block level) .2007 years4, WEN Zong-yong. Control the underlying causes of regulatory changes and countermeasures. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :11-135, Yang Chun. Beijing City Center, the preparation and implementation of regulatory control of the background. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :14-156, Yang Jun, Yang Ziming. Beijing-controlled regulation of 1999-2006. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :37-407,Guohui Cheng,Li Shi, HUANG Jie. Rigid-flexible and relief: for controlling the operation of the detailed planning. Town Planning .2007 (7) :77-808, Lin audience. Public Management from the Perspective of the adaptive control consider the detailed planning. Planners .2007 (4) :71-749, Wang Yin, Jun Chen. "Sharpen come true" - Interpretation of the Beijing Municipal Area "Control Regulation", prepared yesterday and today .. Beijing plans to build .2007 (5) :23-26 10, Lan Zhou, Ye Bin, Xu Yao. Explore the detailed planning of the management control system architecture. .2007 City planning (3) :14-1911, Li Tian. Our country controlled detailed planning and a way out of confusion. .2007 City planning (1) :16-2012, city planning approach to make People's Republic of China Ministry of Construction No. 146 2005-12-31刚柔并济——对北京街区层面控规的认识与思考摘要文章通过对传统的控制性详细规划进行分析，指出规划成果难以转化为规划管理的公共政策、面对市场变化缺乏应变能力、无法直接与宏观规划衔接等问题。
规划城市发展英语作文
规划城市发展英语作文English:Urban development planning plays a critical role in shaping the future of cities, ensuring sustainable growth, and improving the quality of life for residents. It involves comprehensive analysis, strategic foresight, and collaboration among various stakeholders. Firstly, understanding the current state of the city, including its demographics, infrastructure, economy, and environmental conditions, is essential. This analysis forms the basis for identifying key challenges and opportunities. Secondly, strategic foresight is crucial in anticipating future trends and challenges such as population growth, technological advancements, and climate change impacts. This involves scenario planning and considering multiple possible futures to develop resilient strategies. Thirdly, effective urban development planning requires collaboration among government agencies, private sector entities, community groups, and academia. Engaging stakeholders in the decision-making process fosters ownership and ensures that diverse perspectives are considered. Moreover, integrating principles of sustainability, resilience, and inclusivity into urban planning frameworks is essential.This includes promoting mixed land use, efficient transportation systems, green infrastructure, affordable housing, and equitable access to services and amenities. Additionally, leveraging technology and data analytics can enhance decision-making processes and optimize resource allocation. Overall, by prioritizing long-term sustainability and inclusivity, urban development planning can create cities that are vibrant, resilient, and equitable, fostering a high quality of life for all residents.中文翻译:城市发展规划在塑造城市未来、确保可持续增长和改善居民生活质量方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
城市规划外文文献翻译（适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照）
城市规划外⽂⽂献翻译（适⽤于毕业论⽂外⽂翻译+中英⽂对照）外⽂⽂献翻译（⼀）题⽬：HongKong:The FactTown Planning⼀、内容简介：近年来，⾹港城市规划的⽬的是提供⼀个优质的⽣活环境，促进经济发展，促进健康，安全，指导和控制的发展和⼟地使⽤的⽅便和⼀般社区福利。
遵循可持续发展的原则，城市规划旨在带来⼀个有组织的，有效地为社会⽣活和⼯作中的和可取的。
在⾹港⼟地适宜性发展是稀缺的，有需要的⽅式利⽤有限的⼟地资源的竞争性需求的住房，商业，⼯业，交通，娱乐，⾃然保护的平衡，和其他社区的需求。
⾹港的城镇规划系统：⾹港的发展战略规划法定部门计划在当地⽔平的领⼟和各种类型。
指导的制备是⾹港规划标准和指导⽅针，发展有关的相关政策的原则和社会各界的意见。
⼆、外⽂⽂献原稿HongKong:The FactTown PlanningPurpose of Town Planning: Town Planning aims atproviding a quality living environment, facilitating economicdevelopment, and promoting the health, safety, convenienceand general welfare of the community by guiding andcontrolling development and the use of land. Following theprinciple of sustainable development, town planning seeksto bring about an organized, efficient and desirable place forthe community to live and work in. As land suitable fordevelopment in Hong Kong is scarce, there is a need tostrike a balance in utilizing the limited land resource to meetthe competing demands for housing, commerce, industry,transport, recreation, nature conservation, heritagepreservation and other community needs.Planning Organisations: The Planning and Lands Branchof the Development Bureau is in charge of the policyportfolios of planning, land use, buildings and urbanrenewal in Hong Kong. Taking directives from theDevelopment Bureau,the Planning Department (PlanD) isresponsible for formulating, monitoring and reviewing landuse at the territorial level. PlanD also prepares district/localplans, area improvement plans, the Hong Kong PlanningStandards and Guidelines as well as undertakes actionsagainst unauthorized land uses.The principal body responsible for statutory planningin Hong Kong is the Town Planning Board (TPB). It isformed under the Town Planning Ordinance (TPO) andserved by the PlanD. Comprising predominantlynon-official members, the TPB oversees the preparation ofdraft statutory plans, considers representations to suchdraft plans and considers applications for planningpermission and amendments to plans. There are twostanding committees under the TPB, namely, the MetroPlanning Committee and the Rural and New TownPlanning Committee. Under the TPO, the TPB may alsoappoint a committee among its members to considerrepresentations to draft statutory plans.Planning System: Hong Kong’s planning systemcom prises development strategies at the territorial leveland various types of Statutory and Departmental Plans atthe district/local level. Guiding the preparation of theseplans is the Hong Kong Planning Standards andGuidelines, relevant development related policy andprinciples and community views.Territorial Development Strategy: The strategy aims atproviding a broad planning framework to guide futuredevelopment and the provision of strategic infrastructure inHong Kong. It also serves as a basis for the preparation ofdistrict plans. The findings of Hong Kong 2030: PlanningVision and Strategy (the HK2030 Study), a study toformulate the planning framework for Hong Kong up to2030, were promulgated in October 2007. The HK2030Study has adopted sustainable development as itsover-arching goal. The recommended strategy, focusing onthe three broad directions of providing a quality livingenvironment, enhancing economic competitiveness andstrengthening links with the Mainland, aims to help HongKong achieve its vision as “Asia’s world city”.With increasing economic integration and socialinteraction between Hong Kong and the Mainland,cross-boundary surveys are commissionedregularly tocollect statistical information on various aspects ofcross-boundary activities, e.g. travel pattern andbehaviour, Hong Kong residents’ experience of andaspirations for taking up residence in the Mainland. Thefindings of these surveys provide valuable input for theplanning of cross-boundary infrastructure and theformulation of development strategies. The planning studytitled Coordinated Development of the Greater Pearl RiverDelta Townships, jointly commissioned by Hong Kong,Guangdong and Macao to formulate a regionaldevelopment framework, was completed and its findingswere promulgated in October 2009.Statutory Plans: Two types of statutory plans areprepared and published by the TPB under the provisions ofthe TPO. In 2005, the TPO was amended to streamlinehe plan-making process and planning approvalprocedures, enhance the openness and transparency ofthe planning system and strengthen planning enforcementcontrol in the rural New Territories.The first type is Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) whichmajor road systems of an individual planning area. Areascovered by OZPs are in general zoned for uses such asresidential, commercial, industrial, green belt, openspace,government/institution/community uses or other specifiedpurposes. Attached to each OZP is a Schedule of Notesshowing the uses which are always permitted (Column 1uses) in a particular zone and other uses for which priorpermission from the TPB must be sought (Column 2 uses).The second type is Development Permission Area(DPA) Plan. DPA Plans are prepared to provide interimplanning control, and development guidance for rural areasin the New Territories until more detailed OZPs areprepared. DPA Plans indicate broad land use zones andare also accompanied by Schedules of Notes showingColumn 1 and 2 uses. DPA Plans are effective for a periodof 3 years and will be replaced by /doc/c14524397f21af45b307e87101f69e314332fa02.html rmation on statutory plans, related guidelines andprocedures as well as the agenda and decisions of theopen meetings of the TPB and its Committees can beaccessed online from the TPB website at/doc/c14524397f21af45b307e87101f69e314332fa02.html .hk/tpb/ and the Statutory PlanningPortal at/doc/c14524397f21af45b307e87101f69e314332fa02.html .hk/. The public may alsoobserve those open meetings in the Public Viewing Roomlocated in North Point Government Offices, 333 JavaRoad, North Point, Hong Kong. Departmental Plans: Outline Development Plans andLayout Plans are administrative plans prepared within theframework of the statutory plans. With a much larger scale,these departmental plans show more detailed levelplanning parameters e.g. site boundaries, location ofaccess points and footbridges, specific types ofgovernment or community uses to facilitate thecoordination of public works, land sales and landreservation for specific uses.Views from the public are essential considerations forthe formulation of development strategies and preparationof plans. Public engagement in the form of public forums,workshops, exhibitions, etc. has become a very importantcomponent of the planning process.Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines: It is areference manual setting out the criteria for determiningthe scale, location and site requirements of various landuses and facilities. It is used in the preparation of townplans and planning briefs and is a tool that helps toregulate development.Urban Renewal and Regeneration: The Urban RenewalAuthority (URA) is a statutory body established in 2001 tospeed up the renewal of old urban areas and to executethe Urban Renewal Strategy formulated by theGovernment. PlanD co-ordinates with the URA under thestatutory provisions in the planning of urban renewal andregeneration projects for the improvement of the old urbanareas.The Government has launched a review of the UrbanRenewal Strategy in 2008 in three stages – envisioning,public engagement and consensus building, and isscheduled for completion in 2010. The Strategy willprovide a broad policy guidance for urban renewal in HongKong.New Town and New Development Areas: Large-scalenew town development in the New Territories began in theearly1970s. PlanD’s District Planning Offices have workedclosely with the Civil Engineering and DevelopmentDepartment’s Development Offices t o prepare plans andoversee the development of these new towns. At present,nine new towns, namely, Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun,Tai Po, Yuen Long, Fanling/Sheung Shui, Tseung Kwan O,Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau are in various stages ofdevelopment and will accommodate about four millionpeople upon full development. However, large-scale newtowns will not be pursued in the foreseeable future. Instead,medium-scale new development areas such as Kai Tak andnew development areas in the New Territories will bedeveloped. Enquiry Counters located at:- 17/F, North Point Government Offices,333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong- 14/F, Sha Tin Government Offices,1 Sheung Wo Che Road, Sha Tin, New TerritoriesFor enquiries, please call 2231 5000, fax to 2877 0389 ore-mail to enquire@/doc/c14524397f21af45b307e87101f69e314332fa02.html .hk.三、外⽂翻译部分城市规划：城市规划的⽬的是提供⼀个优质的⽣活环境，促进经济发展，促进健康，安全，指导和控制的发展和⼟地使⽤的⽅便和⼀般社区福利。
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浙江师范大学本科生毕业论文（设计）外文文献翻译毕业设计题目* * * * * * * 翻译（1）题目城市设计和人类健康条件的关系翻译（2）题目将法规和一体化反映在道路设计之中学院旅游与资源管理学院专业城市规划班级*** 姓名*** 学号****** 要求：每篇在3000 字以上，翻译准确，质量高，并按封面→翻译1→翻译1 原文→翻译2→翻译2 原文顺序装订。
备注：外文翻译一式两份，一份留学院，一份送交教务处实践科。
[范文] 城市设计和人类健康条件的关系（宋体二号加粗居中）Laura E. Jackson（楷体四号居中）摘要：解决方法在个人的和专业的水平上被讨论,它强调在城市规划和设计中交叉规律的选用和参与居住区的规划和它们的生活环境的规划。
在小范围内，绿色植物和视觉上而且身体上地是健康的主要关键。
这些要素一定被组合到相对地高密度的附近区域中包括公共建筑，广场，综合地块等的设计中, 并且应该和增加步行道的密度和提高城市中的健身活动场地。
最后，邻近地段必须建立在原来的城市结构框架中，以便提供更大更广泛的文化底蕴和商业机会从而减少对机动车的依靠。
更进一步的研究表明加强在设计和健康两者这间的联系和研究。
增加在这一个主题上的沟通交流在城市设计和健康这两个专业的研究者、它们的建设单位和同事之间也是必不可少的。
关键词：生态设计；公众的健康；社会支柱（楷体四号居中）1 简介（黑体四号）现代的社会逐渐认识到人和文化是组成自然环境的组成部分,而且人类的健康条件和周围的环境情况有着密切的关系的。
因此,为他们的潜在性在人和环境的健康方面的不利效果探究人类的居民点和风景的方法和式样修正是有用的。
园林生态和风景建筑学的场地,尤其是,已经产生在城市用地使用的环境结果上的富有文学。
藉着比拟，研究和讨论高度地在人类的效果相关的议题上被限制。
全民健康的专业人员主张健康的个人胜过送进专门的治疗机构依靠医疗机械。
人类文明的进步和对自然领域的一步步地扩张，生态学上所定义的健康需要不断地修改，由于数不尽的不同的生活方式和越来越多的自由职业者。
在个人的选择巨大的排列中埋入是那所影响的那些建筑学，景观美化和都市的设计。
后工业文化的被建造的环境为改良人和环境的健康表现巨大的不调查资源。
这篇论文研究城市设计对人类的情况有益的最大可能性和包含实际的身体和心智的安宁,环境质量和人们生活的总的质量。
它证明科学的状态把城市设计和人类的健康情况相连, 和让建筑师，设计者和市民改良生活环境的方法。
现在的学界认识和理解到这个逐渐广泛和让人惊讶的理论时我们就取得了里程碑式的成就。
数据来源包括了从公众的健康，药的源产地来的同期检讨的文学和会议进行,心理学，环境学，健康学，自然资源管理，交通运输和城市设计和来自新闻媒体的各种资料, 拥护在英特网上的论文, 和多媒体。
调查结果在三个符合人类的居民点的一个空间的阶级组织的区段中被概述: 建筑物和空地，邻里关系，和城镇区域。
当城市的设计议题没有总是单独地说划入这三类的一种或另外一种之内的时候,他们提供组织数据的有用方法, 而且表现个人的和专业的控制一个倾斜度。
（宋体小四号）2 建筑和空地除了建筑材料本身,多数的医生和社会科学研究在这一个尺度把重心集中在到了户外的视觉和实际的通路。
由文学看来,最有益健康的建筑学是让居民居住在天然和充足的光照下，同时又有很好的通风环境。
绿叶的视野和结束对户外的绿地接近。
绿色建筑学似乎在最精确的解释了和满足了人们对环境的要求和自身生活上的方便程度却又不污染环境。
Lindheim、Syme、Evans、Wells共同研究得出一个结论：居住在高楼大厦较高层上的小孩子们有着比平常小孩较低的身体灵活性和更多的活动上的问题和呼吸疾病，有更多的神经上的疾病和社会孤立在单亲家庭。
深思那些受到限制不能到户外的活动的不利的健康效果的主要因素。
Lindheim 和Syme 强调在5岁以下的孩子母亲们，和这些孩子,是最容易被影响的人群在这种高层建筑的生活中，当年轻人和老年人可能找它较好的时候。
在现今的许多研究看，和户外的保持通畅在国内的设定外面为自然经验用很少的机会包括被俘的人口。
当设计人员建议用比较宽的书房时候, 它出现所有的更重要被设计，作为个别项目的都市居民的建筑物合并绿叶和方法视觉上而且身体上地存取它。
大多数的研究员主张用好的环境去改良
人们的健康和社会福利而不是说在景观美化和人类健康中二选一。
他们一般都会报导绿色植物的有益效果。
然而，当人们在家、学校、商业区空地、广场的空地上都选择用草坪去铺，而不适当的使用一些高大的乔木，从而导致了一个人们难以想象的后果――水源的干枯、生态资源的急剧减少、有毒气体的扩散、野生动植物生存环境的越来越恶劣。
生态学者和癌症生还者桑德拉报导说草坪的照料杀虫剂能增加野生动植物和人类的癌症的发病率,长期数暴露在室外的家庭成员的发病周期比长期在户内的成员的周期长。
Lyman发现来自剪草机的总发射已经超越引起新鲜的空气形成的一些污染物质的来自轿车。
这些和其他的否定调查结果已经引起很多人主张在旷地上种高大的植物而不是铺上草坪。
聪明地选择,是让这片土地上的植物吸收雨水而且过滤城市的表面流水，提供食物而且给小的野生植物庇护，而且为前往城市的居民视觉上的享受。
如果建筑和空地的设计是为吸引人们的眼球而竞争的话(Nassauer,1997), 自然的种植在有益健康肯定能成功地胜过人工的草坪。
3 邻里关系我们的社会关系是由一个个的邻里关系组成的。
依照Putnam ，期中一个最早使用这个术语在简.雅各布的书“美国城市的死亡和生命”。
雅各布(1961) 说,这种邻里关系达到最佳化就会使得附近居住区的犯罪率降低，小孩子们受到更好的教导有很好的成长环境，人们也会更乐于表达他们的喜悦因为他们身体和精神上的舒适。
Kuo et al.(1998) 证明绿地是能够增加非正式接触一个方法。
再一次研究低收入居民,研究者们发现在以别的方式同一的公众住房中的树和草的出现被和在邻居之中的强烈社会的关系形成联合。
这个示范可接近的绿地在附近尺度和个别的包裹对人类的福利很重要。
在邻居关系的区域中在单一结构里面,Lyle(1994) 一个柏林公寓合成物的居民由于一个洼地废水治疗植物比其他的公寓居民显示了社会的结合报告。
这是设计社会的柱头消磨也提供环境的利益建造的一个例子。
3.1 格调、地界标、公共建筑（楷体小四号）居住区的设计是涉及到人类健康和幸福，它的影响因有很多，其中也包括了公共建筑建立和地界标的设立。
Kaplan 和Kaplan很久以前就已经写过有关环境结构的方向定位的重要性(例Kaplan et al.,1998)。
视觉的陆标和合乎逻辑的经过设计思路在到达他们的目的地方面协助人。
精神性的，这些设计元素提供一个安逸感和安慰。
Kaplan et al。
(1998)而且Berleant(1992) 对人类的智力秘密和探险也讨论重要。
为了要探究不熟悉的设定,很必要地，人觉得安全。
史密斯(1977) 向东陆标的出现在的心理健康病人组织化的被和减少的惯常犯罪行为联合的报告。
减少惯常的犯罪行为也被观察前病人有机会接近公共建筑, 像是图书馆，教堂和社区中心哪里。
这些市的适意视为来自都市的噪声和交通的港口, 当在社会中属于提供感觉的时候。
因此, 在附加的对他们的心理学的利益，人的尺度附近设计，而且公共建筑的出现是社会的柱头重要的成分。
3.2 有益的步行道城市的居民(联邦疾病控制中心,1998) 和低收入的妇女们大体上在业余的空闲上很少会有去锻炼身体的。
因此, Jackson和Kochtitzky 主张在附近就提供给人们锻炼身体的机会而这一设想可以让人们在步行时也能完成。
在是日常生活中,就像是去购物和去工作. Andersen (1999)发表说这些生活方式和生活活动当你做有氧的器械运动去减肥时同样地有效果。
对这一方法各界的看法都是觉得它对邻里生活区的设计都是有益的。
4 城镇区域 4.1 交换空间（本部分省略）4.2 不透水面层（本部分省略）4.3 向低密度发展（本部分省略）5 结论（本部分省略）参考文献：（黑体小四号）（本部分省略）。