英语科技论文常用句型结构
英语科技论文常用句式结构
Another typical example is …
Ⅸ 状态的转换或变化
change
transfer
convert … (变化前) to into … (变化后)
transform
translate
The silicon controlled rectifier is able to change
英语科技论文常用句型结构
1) 表达不同功能的常用句型 Ⅰ 定义
means… signifies… is considered to be… is taken to be …
The term superconductor
refers to…
In this article
In this paper
will be taken to mean … will be used in the … network
treated in this standard.
Although both the planer and the shaper are adapted
to the machining of flat surfaces, they differ widely in construction and in method of operation.
Iron unlike rubber, is a good conductor of electric
current.
C. 相当于
One turn of the hand-wheel is equivalent to 2 mm
stroke.
For finishing electrodes, the foil thickness
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文是学术交流和研究成果发布的重要形式之一，对于科学研究人员而言，掌握科技论文的常用句型和写作要点是提高论文质量和影响力的关键。
本文将介绍一些常用的科技论文句型，并分享一些写作要点，帮助科研人员写出更加精彩和专业的科技论文。
一、常用句型1.表达引言和目的：–In recent years, there has been growing interest in…–The purpose of this study is to…–This paper aims to…–The intention of this research is to…这些句型常用于引出研究的背景和目的，为读者提供对研究主题的整体认识。
2.阐述问题：–One of the key research questions is…–The main problem addressed in this study is…– A major challenge in this field is…这些句型用于明确和阐述研究中需要解决的问题和挑战，引起读者的兴趣。
3.描述方法和实验过程：–The research was conducted using a quantitative/qualitative approach.–The experimental setup consisted of…–Data collection was performed through…在描述研究方法和实验过程时，可以使用这些句型来说明研究使用的方法和实验设计的细节。
4.呈现结果和数据分析：–The results of the study indicate…–The data analysis revealed that…–From the findings, it can be concluded that…通过使用这些句型，可以简明扼要地呈现研究的结果和对数据的分析。
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文的常用句型与写作要点在撰写科技论文时，合理的句型和写作要点能够使文章更加准确清晰地传递信息。
下面是一些常用的句型和写作要点，希望能对你的科技论文写作有所帮助。
一、引言部分1. 开篇引出研究主题- Nowadays, with the rapid development of technology, the issue of [研究主题] has gained significant attention.- In recent years, [研究主题] has become an important topic in the field of [相关领域].- The study of [研究主题] has attracted growing interest in both academia and industry.- The purpose of this paper is to investigate [研究主题] and propose a novel approach to address this problem.2. 简述研究现状和研究意义- Previous studies have shown that [现有研究结果].- However, there are still some unresolved issues in this area, including [未解决问题].- Therefore, it is necessary to further explore [研究主题].- The findings of this study will contribute to our understanding of [研究主题] and provide practical guidance for [相关领域].二、方法部分1. 描述研究对象- The samples used in this study were [样本来源和特点].- In order to achieve a representative sample, we selected [选择方法].- The data was collected from [数据来源] and verified by [其他数据].2. 介绍研究设计- This study adopts a [研究设计] approach.- A combination of [多个方法] was used to analyze the data.- We conducted a series of experiments to test the hypothesis.3. 讨论研究结果- The results indicate that [结果].- Our findings suggest that [发现].- It can be concluded that [总结].- The results are consistent with previous studies, which support the validity of our hypothesis.三、讨论部分1. 解释研究结果- The observed differences can be attributed to [解释原因].- It is likely that [可能原因].- The variation in [结果] may be due to [原因].- These findings provide evidence for [研究结论].2. 探讨研究局限性- One limitation of this study is that [局限性].- The sample size was relatively small, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.- Future research should consider [应注意问题].3. 提出研究建议- Future studies should focus on [进一步研究方向].- It is recommended that [建议].- More research is needed to explore the impact of [研究主题] on [相关领域].- Practical implications and potential applications of the findings should also be considered.四、结论部分1. 简述研究成果- In summary, this study has provided valuable insights into [研究主题].- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of [研究主题].- These results have important implications for [相关领域].2. 总结研究贡献- This study has advanced the knowledge in [相关领域].- The methodology and findings of this study can be applied in [其他领域].- The results of this study fill a gap in the literature and provide afoundation for future research.3. 展望未来研究方向- Future research should focus on [发展方向].- It is recommended to explore [进一步研究内容].- Further investigation is needed to address [相关问题].总之，科技论文的写作要点包括明确引出研究主题、描述研究方法、讨论研究结果和提出研究建议。
英文科技写作句型和词汇表达总结
以前的研究：过去时，自己研究中做过的事：过去时，其他都用：现在时态。
研究发现的可能解释理由用助动词：can, may, might, it seems that, could,研究结果的评论不确定语气：appear, seem, it is likely that,二.词汇和常用表达结构1.图表所示、发现、揭示等as illustrated(seen, shown, observed) in Fig.1, as is evident fromfrom Fig.2, from the results,by observing Fig.2, based on the above analysis,Fig shows that, the results show,It is (can be) revealed (proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen, believed) that, it is clear to see/observe that, it indicates(shows, imply) that, find out，it is evident that , it is assumed that ,As described below, as seen from, as explained above, as evident from, exhibitit follows that 由此断定…，由此得出结论…point outcast doubt on：对产生疑心2.得到、获得、obtain, get, attain, capture, acquire, achieve, gain,完成，实现: complete, accomplish, realize,通过什么方式去做，利用/使用through/via/by/with doing sth, using sth,by use of, by means of, make use of, with the aid ofuse, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put into use, apply,影响Affect, influence, impact on, have an effect on,发生，开始，occur, take place, happen, commence, begin, start, to start with, to begin with, at the beginning,显然、明显，Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly, apparently, remarkable, as seen, conspicuous,striking, dramatically解释，说明，考虑Explain, account for, allow for，take account for/of, be indicative of (说明，说明)Considering, take into account, with/without/in consideration of, regarding, concerning,描述、提出、说明：Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate, cite, describe, summarize, depict, annotate, appear, take on, plot, demonstrate, propose, put forward, put forth,比拟大小、多少Less than, greater, more, larger, comparable(可比拟的，相当的)经验的Empirical, experimental,做，执行等，Carry out, conduct, perform, do, implement,Have a good agreement, in good agreement with, match very well with, agree well with, show good agreement, in full agreement with, in line withcorresponding to/with, consistent with, in good accordance with, coincide with, concord with, fit well with研究，调查Study, investigate, explore, exploratory examine, make an investigation on/of/into, carry out a research到达，To reach this objectiveReach, approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive, beyond, out of reach,验证，假设Validate, verify, justify，hypothesizeAssume, suppose, assumption, hypothesis,assume to be, it is assumed that… postulate 公设增加、上升、减少、下降Increase, decrease, reduce, reduce to, increase by(增加了多少), increase up to(增加到), rise to, give rise to, sth arise, increase with (随…增长/增加)完全地，根本地，详细地，具体地，深入的,类似地，Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly, indeed, really, actually, mainly, primarily, detailed, in detail, in great detail, in more detail, for more details,Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,similarly, inadequately, notably, overly(过度地、极度地),Experimentally,改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance, facilitate,相关，包括，大约大概：concerned with, relate to, with regard to,Be involved in/with, with respect to, be concerned with, as for,Around, about, approximately,决定：determine, decide, depend on ,rely on目的、试图：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to, the objective is, in order to, the aim of is tothe aim of this research is to do the purpose is , be aimed at,经历，保持: hold, keep, undergo, experience, remain, retain,导致：cause, induce, lead to, result in, originate from, arise from,根据，基于：according to, in terms of, in the light of, judge by, on the basis of, in view of, based on,On behalf of, in the form of, referring to, with reference to, in reference to除了：other than, apart from, with the exception of, except for/that, besides, in addition, additionally,理论上，事实上：in principle, in practice, in fact, in reality, in theory, theoretically,从某种程度上：To some extent, to a large/certain extent, in a way, in a sense, to some degree, in some sense,from the viewpoints of , from the perspective of,得出结论：draw a conclusion, come to/reach a conclusion,推断,猜想：Infer，derive from, deduce, speculate,认为，当作Consider as, regard as, refer to as,建立模型establish, create，build，run/do the simulationin the case of : 在…情况下遵循趋势：obey, follow trend, tendency，组成consist of , contain, be composed of, include,强调：highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the emphasis is layed on集中：focus on, concentrate on , be centered on设定为to set to be区分、区分：discern，differentiate，identify as,其他专业词汇表达small batch production, small quantity production, high volume production, mass production,metal-formed product, micro-formed part,reproducibility: 再现性、重复性experimental determination,in particular, especially,评估，评价：evaluate, assess,扮作：act as,别离，隔绝，separate from, isolate, set apart from缺少：in the absence ofby convention：按照传统，惯例，使成为：make sth sthno longer〔不再〕but rather(相反的)be typical of (典型的)成反比：inversely scale with涉及，牵涉到：involve, cover,拓展：extend into最近，新近more recently，到目前为止，迄今to date,解释、提示原因或结果的转接词：attribute to, because, as a result of, therefore, thereby, in general, consequently, as predicted, in conclusion, since, as for, finally, hence, thus, as, for, due to, in summary, because of, when, cause, on account of, result in, owing to, contribute to, thanks to, lead to, the reason is, that is because, devoted to, accordingly, as a consequence of, arise from起逻辑演进作用的转接词：递进关系，不但…而且…等Furthermore, in addition, besides, first, second, third, finally, lastly, moreover, incidentally, in fact, in truth, as a matter of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for instance, take an instance of , likewise/as such(同样), again〔此外〕, at root, as well as, as follows, in the following, below, based on, above, above-mentioned, aforementioned, as with(正如，与一样，就来说)，as noted(正如前面所提到的)，additionally, in parallel,as stated( 如上所述)meanwhile：同时比照词，表示逻辑演进方向即将改变如但是等But, however, instead, nevertheless, despite, surprisingly, in spite of, nonetheless, in/by contrast to/with , for comparison, whereas, while, even though, although, compared with, regardless of, as compared to, with regard to, in relation to, by contrast, irrespective of, in comparison to与联系，联合：in association with同时，同样的，at the same time, in the same way, in the same time对应关系A vs.B versus三.英文研究论文中的表达句子substitute equation (1) into equation (2)把代入等式The scale in Fig (a) runs from black for low values to white for the highest Schmid factors.offers more insight into,holds for all three materials，四.英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看a)如何指出当前研究的缺乏以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在表达了前人成果之后，用However来引导缺乏，比方However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previous results areinconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。
英文科技论文特点及常用句式
1、研究目的的表示方法The purpose of this investigation was to ...It was the purpose of the studies reported here to ...The main focus of this study was ...The objective of the present work is to ...The aim of the present study was to ...The present study was aimed at ...The present study was designed to ...The present study is an attempt to ...It was the intent of this study to determine if ...We have embarked on research attempting to ...This study was undertaken with the intent of ...The present investigation was conducted to ...This study was undertaken to ...To gain a better understanding of ...The investigation concentrated on efforts to ...The present study was performed in an effort to ...2、研究动机的表示方法Since the early literature contained a few reports of ...Because of the potential importance of ..., we have investigaed ...Because of the economic potential of ..., we decided to study ...Current work in this laboratory ..., stimulated interest in determining some of ... Prompted by ..., we initiated an examination of ...In view of ..., this study was conducted to examine ...The finding of ..., led us to reinvestigate ...A recent report ..., encouraged us to ...Little attention/effort has been given to ...... are poorly understood ...... have been poorly characterized ...The question have been raised as to whether or not ...... the question arose...3、研究内容的表示方法This article examines ...This research assessed ...This study documents ...The present work has shown ...This report describes ...The paper presents ...Work presented here introduces ...Our forthcoming studies will establish ...In this report, we report ...Here we describe ...In this report we examine ...In this reprot we describe ...... this is the first report of ...This is the first report ...This report contains the first ...Our results are the first report on ...We report here for the first time ...This ..., is the first to ..., reported for ...,This report documents the first ...... this is the first time that ,,,The novelty of this research lies in ...Of particular interest and novelty is ...The evidence presented in this communication demonstrtes ... The data presented in this report represent ...The major idea addressed in this studies ...The emphasis of this study is ...This study is an attempt to ...4、研究报告的数量表示方法..., much efforts has gone into the study of ...Many research groups have recently been involved with ... ... have received fairly intensive study... have done a considerable amount of work on ...Many studies have addressed ...There have been many investigations into ...There have been numerous studies ...A substantial amount of ... information is available on ... There are only a few reprots of ...Only a few studies have dealt with ...Only a few studies have bean performed on...... there are very few studies ...Few studies have involved ...Few studies have centered on ...Investigations ... are extremely few ...A surprisingly limited amount of information exists on ... Reports on ... are extremely scarce.... has been the subject of only a limited number of studies. Information ... is limited.We found no reprots of ...We know of no report concerning ......, no studies ... have been reported ...There are no reports on ...no ... have been documented ...... no information is available concerning ...No data have been published ...To date, no reports have appeared concerning ...None have been reported for ...... information ... is ... lacking ...Virtually nothing is known about ...Little is known of ...very little actually is known about ...There is little known about ...5、注意、兴趣的表示方法... has not received as much attention ...Less attention has been paid ...Relatively little attention has been directed ...... have received very little attention ...Little attention has been given to ...Attention was focused on ...... has recently received increased attention.There is currently great interest in ...... has been the focus of intense research interest. ... has been become a subject of considerable interest.6、研究正在进行的表示方法Studies are under way to ...... are currently under study.Further work is in progress ...Further experiments are in progress to ...Further investigations are in progress to ...Attempts to ... are currently in progress.Efforts continue ...We are presently attempting to determine ...Further studies ... are being conducted ...Our laboratory presently is involved with ...... is being investigated.7、将来工作的建议的表示方法Further work is needed ...Further work is required ...... is worthy of further study.Much more research is needed ...... has to be elucidated.... have to be determined.... requires further testing ...... makes ... worthy of further study.Further studies are contemplated to ...Further research is planned to ...continuing studies will yield further insight into ... Further research ... may yield...Further research should explore ...Further studies should clarify ...... remains to be determined.... remain to be investigated, and ... remains to be tested.... remains to be established.What remains to be resolved ...... remains to be shown.... remains unexplained...., it remains unknown.... remain unanswered ...8、结论的表示方法In conclusion, ...This conclusion is supported ... by ... finding that ...... leads to the conclusion that ...一．科学技术论文的含义科学技术论文简称科技论文。
科技论文写作常用句型
科技论文写作常用句型1.摘要（1）文章内容与作者观点•常用词：deal with ,describe ,explain ,illustrate(vt) ,introduce ,present ,report等。
•例句：The basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念和所采集的数据。
（2）文章研究课题：•常用词: analyze(vt),consider ,develop ,discuss ,investigate(调查研究) ,state ,study等。
•例句:The relationship between mass(质量) and energy in nature is discussed briefly.简要地讨论自然界中质量与能量的关系。
（3）文章涉及范围•常用词：consist of ,contain ,cover ,include 等。
•例句：This article consists of four parts : introduction，theory ,experimental method ,and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实践方法与结论四部分组成。
（4）综述某一个领域的研究课题。
•常用词：abstract ,outline ,review ,summarize 等。
•例句: The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.简单概述了基于材料科学的理论。
（5）文章重点：•常用句型： Attention i s concentrated on …T here is a focus on …A ttention is paid to …T he emphasis is on …•例句：Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重点在掌握量子理论上。
SCI句子的结构+时态
第一种基本句型，主语＋谓语。
这一类句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，后面可有副词或介词短语等。
比如，“Each stimulus lasted for 1.0 sec.”(介绍实验方法，通常用过去式)。
这里也顺便提一下，现在有很多方便快捷的辞典，有可下载的、有网上的。
如果对一个词的属性不太清楚（比如这里的“last”），建议用辞典迅速查一下，是及物还是不及物动词？或是从辞典的例句中学习该单词的正确用法。
第二种基本句型，主语＋系动词＋表语。
举几个个例子。
“The findings of the present study are of great importance for deciphering the mechanism of …”在摘要部分经常会这样说，“The goal of this study was to compare method A and method B in the diagnosis of XXX disease.”（不定式做表语）又如在结果部分经常用到的，“The level of XX in group A was significantly higher than that in group B.”（注，这里than是介词）另一种常用的是There be结构。
比如，“There were 58 participants in group A.”第三种基本句型，主语＋谓语＋宾语。
上面的最后一个例句也可以这么说，“Group A included 58 participants.”在这种句型中，谓语动词是及物动词。
这种句型也可以使用被动语态，比如“The status of XXX was monitored during XXX.”这类句型在科技论文写作中可能用的是最多的之一。
当然因为论文中描述的现象、数据或者观点一般都比较复杂，通常会涉及从句。
比如，“A number of studies have shown that …”从句的问题后面会专门谈到。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
（known /h eard/h ad/r ead, etc）Lack of in ter p ers on al sk ills is one of th e mos t serious d ef ec ts t hat we h ave ever kn ow n about t od ay' s（olle ge s tudents.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、No th i ng is + ------- er th an to + VN oth i ng is + m or e + 形容词+ t ha n to + V例句：For pare nts, n o th i ng is m or e imp ort a nt t h a n to ed uc ate c h ildr en in a p ro per w ay. 没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、 -- c ann ot em ph asiz e t he imp ort ance of ------------- to o m uch.（再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过。
）例句: We c an not em ph asiz e th e im por ta nee o f p rotec ting c ele br it ies ' pr iv acy to o m uch.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、T h ere is n o de ny i ng t hat + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句: T h ere is no denying th at the pr act ic al it y of o ur high er ed ucat i on h as g o ne fro m bad t o w ors e.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
英文科技论文写作常用句式
Abstract:1、Introduction (Motivation/ purpose/goal/aim/objective/importance) (present tense)1）The aim of this paper is to assess the accuracy of steady-state scale-up for small-scale sedimentary structures.2）An important objective of these well-constrained experiments is to evaluate current theoretical models of PGE solubility.2、Scope/perspective (past/present tense)1）This study examined fecal coliform reduction in domestic wastewater after receiving treatment through a constructed open water wetland, a slow sand filter, and a portable ultraviolet disinfection unit.2）The scope of this study was to compare the behavior and character of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during soil-aquifer treatment at different field sites in Arizona and California.3、method/procedure/approach (past tense)1）In this study, a lab-scale aerobic biofilter-biotrickling tower system packed with particulate plastic media (1.5 cm, hexagon in shape) was used to treat the salty artificial wastewater polluted by mineral oil (diesel fuel) mixed with chemical dispersant (CPC OD-10) and inorganic nutrients. 2）It involved recycling a small portion of the primary sludge and then activating it to enhance its biosorptive and flocculent properties through 30-min aeration. The aerated sludge was then brought into contact with raw sewage to induce rapid biosorption of soluble COD and flocculation of colloidal organic before the mixture was settled in a regular primary clarifier.4、Results/findings/products (past tense)e.g. Three granitoid magmatic events were identified at 815 Ma, 700-730Ma, and 620-625Ma, which were marked by emplacement of the calc-alkaline Ujjukka granite and granodiorite, the anatectic Suqii-Wagga two-mica granite and the Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granite, and the anorogenic Ganjii monzogranite, respectively.5、Discussion/Conclusions (present/past tense)e.g. The results showed that under traction free conditions subsidence was a three-dimensional problem and one-dimensional subsidence models tended to focus excessive amounts of vertical deformation near the pumped well. The magnitude of vertical deformation in one-dimensional subsidence models was exacerbated as the grid size becamesmaller in the vicinity of the pumping well. This was due to increased calculated drawdown in the vicinity of the well for more finely-spaced grids.6、Implications/applications (present tense)e.g. Our experimental results are directly applicable to porphyrycopper systems because in such systems temperature, PH, salinity and oxygen fugacity are similar to the experimental parameters. Application of our experimental results indicate that a typical porphyry systems can transport at least 40 tons of Pd if sources of platinum group elements (PGE) are available and the solubility-controlling phase is metallic Pd.7、limitations and suggestions for further studies (past/present tense for limitations, present/future tense for suggestions)e.g. 1) This study suggests that in order to achieve the highesttreatment level of secondary unchlorinated wastewater, acombination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flowwetlands may be necessary.2) In general, source water quality, drinking water andwastewater treatment should be viewed as one system in indirect potable re-use projects.3) However, because constructed wetlands, besides the waterquality improvement function, perform a multitude of other functions such as biodiversity, habitat, climatic, hydrological and public use functions, methodologies need to be developed to evaluate these functions and to weigh them in relation to the water quality issue.Structure of an Abstract：1、The first sentence in the Abstract:♦The purpose of this research is…♦The primary goal of this research is…♦The intention of this paper is to survey…♦The overall objective of thi s study is…♦The chief aim of the present work is to investigate…♦The purpose of this paper is to explain why…♦The primary object of this fundamental research is to reveal…♦The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain…♦The experiment made here is aimed at …♦The emphasis of this study lies in…♦The problem we have outlined here deals largely with the study of…♦This study examined…. (past tense)2、The next sentences：♦The method used in the study was…♦The technique applied is referred to as…♦The procedure was as follows…♦The approach adopted extensively is called…♦The experiment consisted of three steps:…♦Included in the experiment were…♦The test equipment which was used consisted of…♦Several sets of experiments were carried out to test the validity of…♦This formula is verified by…3、The ending part of an abstract：♦The results of the experiment indicated that …♦The studies showed that…♦The studies we carried out demonstrated that…♦The research suggested that…♦The investigation carried out by… revealed that…♦All the preliminary results threw light on …♦As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…♦From the experiments, we realized that…♦This fruitful work provided explanation to …♦The research work brought about a discovery of…♦These findings of the research led the author to the conclusion that…4、The last sentences:♦…should be further studied in relation to ...♦…should do…♦Further research into…is necessary.♦Further study should be made in relation to…♦Further investigation into…is needed.Introduction：Step 1: the nature and scope of the problem investigated. interest or importance, many other investigators active in the area.♦Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to…♦In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly in terested in…♦Recently, there has been wide interest in…♦The well-known…phenomena…have been favorite topics for analysis both in…♦Knowledge of …has a great importance for…♦The study of …has become an important aspect of…♦The effect of …has been studied exte nsively in recent years.♦Many investigators have recently turned to…♦The relationship between …has been studied by many authors.♦ A central issue in…is the validity of…Step 2: making a topic generalization.statements about knowledge or practice:♦The pathology of… is well known.♦There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that…♦The …properties of …are still not completely understood.♦ A standard procedure for assessing has been…♦Education core courses are often criticized for…phenomena:♦…is a common finding in patients with…♦An elaborate system of…is found in the …♦English is rich in related words exhibiting “stress shifts”.♦There are many situations where examination scripts are marked and then re-marked by another examiner.Step3:Discuss the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are investigating.Examples of integral citation forms（直接引用方式）:♦Halliday (2008) showed that the moon is …..♦Halliday’s theory (2008) claim s that …...♦Halliday’s (2008) theory of lunar composition has general support.♦According to Halliday (2008), the moon is…...Examples of indirect citation forms（间接引用方式）:♦Previous research has shown that the moon is …..(Brie, 1988).♦It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦It has been established that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦The moon may be made of cheese (cf. Rock, 1989).Step4:Indicate a gap.♦No research has been don e on …♦Little effort has been spent on the study of…♦(Very) few researchers have investigated…♦The nature of…is overlooked.♦Researchers have failed to notice that…♦The result is misleading/questionable/inconclusive/limited.♦The result of…has several limita tions.♦The research can rarely cover…Step5: State the purpose♦The purpose of this study was to....♦We investigated three possible mechanisms to explain the ...(1) …….(2) …….♦This paper reports on the results obtained…♦The aim of the present paper is to give…♦The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to…♦This study was designed to evaluate…♦This paper aims to report the interaction of…Step6: rationale and approachFor example: State briefly how you approached the problem (e.g., you studied oxidative respiration pathways in isolated mitochondria of cauliflower). This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the Introduction. Step7: the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction.●This paper is divided into five major sections: Section one opens with…. Section two presents…Section three deals with… Section Four reveals…Section five concludes the paper.●We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way…●This paper is structured as follow s…●The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes…Materials and Methods1.… (method) was used to do….2.The study used/made use of/employed the method that….3.描述方法过程的连接词：and/and then/then/next/the next step/before that/after that.Conclusion or Discussion：•Based on the above discussion, the following conclusion can be made that …•From .., it can be concluded that…•In conclusion, the result shows that…•These findings of the research led to the conclusion that..•To sum up, t he research/this study reveals that…•In summary, the result of the experiment demonstrates that…•As a result of our experiments we concluded that…The results：•The data of the experiment are briefly summarized as follows.•Figure 4 shows the results of the study.•Table 6 presents the data obtained in the experiment.•This table summarizes the data collected in this study.•The findings of this study are summarized/listed in Table 7.•The outcome of the experiment is reported in the following table.ABSTRACTProcessing AIT logging information can get more accurate layer real resistivity and mud invasion depth and section. AIT results help to differentiate layer infiltration ability and fluid type, the calculation of mud invasion depth can instruct the level of oil reservoir to be polluted by well drilling directly and offer reference basis for the following work. The development of AIT offers new method to differentiate oil reservoir mud invade and thin layer and means and condition for establishing the explainable method of complex oil reservoir and raising the appraisement precision. This paper studied AIT principle and explainable method as well ascontrast aspect with conventional induction resistivity. This paper presents some application examples of Huabei oilfield logging series optimization technology.Subject Terms：AIT logging contrast the method based of radial resistive rateInvasion thin layer apply1. 油集团从油田勘探开发的瓶颈问题入手，研究出一套较高勘探程度富油气凹陷的精细勘探方法，提出并实践了适合该区地质特点的勘探开发一体化地质研究与管理模式。
英语论文常用句型结构
英语论文常用句型结构A. In topic statements:The purpose of this essay / papers / analysis / overview is to take a look at / examine / discuss…The main emphasis /focus / goal / purpose of the paper / project is to analyze / provide an overview / discussion of …This essay addresses / examines / is designed to analyze / take a look at …B. In organization statements:This paper (will) compare(s) describe / illustrate …firstly by analyzing / comparing / demonstrating …, then by …, and finally by …This paper first analyzes / discusses …, followed by an examination / illustration / overview of …It can be claimed/ assumed that …C.目的常用的句型有：The (chief aim、main purpose、primary object、major objective、principal goal is …)· This article aims at discussing new developments in component material and techniques.D.举例常见表达举例的句型有：· This can be illustrated by…·A specific case can be provided to show…·An example of this involves…· This can be demonstrated through…·Another typical example is…·One example will suffice…E.比较I.常见表达比较的短语有：as a comparison, by comparison, by contrast, in contrast, by way of contrast等.II．不同于A be different、distinct from B、distinguished· We must distinguish sliding friction from rolling friction.III．相当于· be equivalent to、corresponds to。
科技英语
本书简要地介绍了数字计算机的基础知识。 Fundamentals of a digital computer is briefly introduced in this book. → A brief introduction is given to fundamentals of a digital computer in this book. 电流用整流子进行整流 The current is rectified by means of a commutator． → Rectification of the current is obtained by means of a commutator．
（5）趋于用名词来表示动作。例如： 我们把无线电波与水波作了比较。 Radio waves are compared with water waves → A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made． 本文对这一设备的性能进行了分析。 The performance of this device is analyzed in the paper． → An analysis of the performance of this device is made in the paper．
examine discover propel maintain invert ignite weaken dismantle liquefy be composed of
（2）注意词汇搭配。 晶体管和电子管相比有不少优点。 Transistors have several advantages over electron tubes 必须求出该电阻上的电流与电压。 It is necessary to find out the current through and the voltage across the resistor． (本句中要注意在current和voltage后要用不同的介词，不 能写成 the current and voltage on the resistor.）
科技英语表达常用句型
2. “完成”、“达到”、“实现”等的表示法常用的动词有:accomplish 完成achieve 完成；达到finish 结束, 完成attain 达到；完成fulfil(l) 履行；执行；完成carry out 执行；进行；实现perform 执行, 完成complete 完成；结束reach 达到do 实行；完成realize 实现effect 实现；达到proceed 进行常用名词有:accomplishment 完成achievement 完成, 达到fulfil(1)ment 实现, 完成；达到attainment 达到, 完成performance 执行, 完成completion 完成, 结束realization 实现4. “优点”、“好处”、“益处”等的表示法常用词语有:advantage 优点, 好处benefit 好处；利益excellent/good/outstandingmerit 优点；长处features 优点；优异的特点profit 益处；得益virtue 优点, 长处goodness 优良, 优势good qualities 优点superiority 优越性strong points 优点5. “一致”、“符合”的表示法accord 符合, 一致be in agreement with …agree 符合, 一致be in accord with …coincide 一致, 相符be in conformity with …conform (使)一致, （使）符合be consistent with …correspond to …符合于…bring … into correspondence with …使…与…一致起来- 3 -常用的名词有: 常用的形容词有:accord 一致, 符合consistent 一致的, 符合的agreement 符合, 一致accordant 一致的coincidence 符合, 一致conformable 一致的, 符合的correspondence 符合, 一致corresponding 一致的, 符合的6. “让步”的表示法常用词语有:although／whereas／while／whilst 虽然in spite of／despite尽管, 虽然in spite of the fact that …虽然irrespective of／regardless of …不论, 不管no matter+疑问词(how, what, when, where等)无论…whatever 无论什么, 不论什么whichever 无论哪个whenever 无论何时wherever 无论在哪里whether … or …不管…还是…even if／even though 即使however + adj./ adv. 无论怎样adj./ adv.+ as 尽管，虽然in any case 无论如何常用词语结构有:appear / seem + to V 看来, 似乎appear / look / seem + like + NP 看来像…, 看来是…的样子look + as if / though …看来好像…It appears / looks／seems + as if/though. . . 看来好像(仿佛)…It appears / seems + that …看来…10. “大约”、“近似”的表示法常用副词或词组有:about 近于, 大约around 大约approximately 大约, 近似near 差不多, 几乎nearly 差不多, 几乎or so …左右, 大约in／of the order of …约为, 大约常用动词有:approximate 接近approach 接近, 靠近come near 接近, 将近range from ...to... 从…到…左右, 在…范围内不等vary from ...to... 在…范围内变化12. “平衡”、“抵消”、“补偿”等的表示方法常用的动词及词组有:balance 平compensate for 补偿counterbalance （使）平衡, 抵equalize 使均衡（均等）, （使）平衡, 补偿make up for 弥补；补偿常用名词有:balance 平衡13. “建造”、“制造”等的表示法常用动词有: 常用名词有:build 建造；建筑building 建造, 建筑construct 建造；建筑construction 建造；构筑fabricate 制造；装配fabrication 制作；装配generate 产生；发生;发（电）generation 产生；发生；发（电）manufacture （大量）制造, 加工manufacture （大量）制造, 加工prepare 制备, 配制, 调制preparation 制备, 配制, 调制produce 制造, 生产production 制造, 生产14. “能力”的表示法常用词语有:be able / unable to + V 能(够)／不能be capable / incapable of + -ing 能够／不能be in a position + to V 能够can / cannot +V 能／不能will / will be + V 能／不能enable … + to V 使…能…have the ability / capability / capacity / power + to V 用…的能力, 能够…15. “引起”、“导致”、“产生”等的表示法常用词语有:be due to …是由……所引起的, 是由于……bring about / on …引起lead to …导致…produce 产生, 引起cause 引起, 产生；发展provoke 激起, 引用, 诱发develop 引起；激起raise 引起, 唤起generate 产生；引起result in …导致；产生give rise to …引起set off/up …引起,16. “肯定”、“一定”、“相信”等的表示法常用词语结构有:be certain / sure / confident of + NP 确信, 深信be certain / sure / confident + that …确信, 深信……be certain / sure / + to V 一定（必会）会……be convinced of + NP / that …相信……believe + that …相信, 认为……have / there is no doubt + that …毫无疑问……know for a certainty + that …确实知道……it can be said with certainty + that 可以断言……it is clear / certain + that …显然……/可以肯定……it is sb.’s belief / opinion + that …某人认为/某人的看法是……。
科技论文英文的规范表达-句法
10
语态 1，没有被动语态的几种情况 不及物动词、不及物短语动词(如take place)、具有 被动含义的不及物短语动词(如consist of)以及具有被 动含义的动宾结构的短语动词(如find use (application) in)和有些表示状态、特征的及物动词 (如have)均没有被动语态形式。
第十一章 科技论文英文 的规范表达-句法
1
一 、插入语、否定、时态、语态、形容词和副 词的比较级 具有主谓结构的插入语 位于主句中一般处于主语或连系动词之后，有 逗号分开。
This book is, we hope, a concise introduction to communications systems.
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2)，表示“当……时候”的连词 以下三个词在科技文中使用时常见有如下的基本区 别(虽然它们时常可相互换用)： (1)when：它引出的从句表示的动作往往为一点，而 这时主句的动作也多表示为一点。 When a rocket is launched from the earth's surface， the thrust of its engines must exceed its weight for it to rise from the ground． 当火箭从地球表面发射时，其发动机的推力必须超 过其重量以使它升离地面。
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(4)for：由它引出的句子使人觉得所述的理由只是一 种补充说明而已，它是一个等立连词，引出的句子 为并列句而不是状语从句，它只能放在前一句的后 面。偶尔也有单独成为一句的。 In previous chapters we did not use the trigonometric， inverse trigonometric，exponential，or logarithmic functions，for the derivative of each of these is a special form. 在前面几章我们并没有使用三角函数、反三角函数、 指数或对数函数，因为其各自的导数均为一种特殊 的形式。
英语科技论文常用句型结构 new
英语科技论文常用句型结构1. Introduction(引言):引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。
1）研究目的（1）论文导向使用paper, thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词，直接提及研究论文本身，而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。
常用的句型有：The purpose of this paper is…/The aim of this report is…/The objective of the paper is to obtain quantitative about the particles size distribution/to model the dynamic behavior in the super-or near-critical CO2 extraction.（2）研究导向study, research, investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。
这类句子是表达已经过去的事情，所以使用一般过去时态。
The purpose of the experiment reported here was…/The aim of this study was…/The objective of this research was to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit./to examine the apparent osmotic behavior of some contemporary commercial reverse osmosis membranes.或用被动结构：In the research described here, /In this study, /In the present investigation, /In this research, /In the experimentsreported here, vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 20 kilometers off the coast was examined.描述研究目的时，最简单的句型是用this paper, this study, this project, this research等词做主语，后面用实意动词作谓语，如investigate, discuss, examine, test等，宾语为研究内容。
英语科技论文写作的常用句式
英语科技论文写作的常用句式英语科技论文写作的常用句式导语：英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。
那么它的写作句式都有哪些？以下是小编为大家搜集的文章，欢迎大家阅读与借鉴！研究现状模块的常用句式研究现状模块，主要阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作，通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。
研究现状这部分的目的是引出存在的问题。
“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作，一般用现在完成时：(1)用主动语态时，常用researcher／author／investigator／writer等作主语，如：Many／Several／A number of／Few researchers have studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on／discussed／considered+研究主题．(2)用被动语态时，常用study／research／investigation／experiment／work／attention等作主语。
如果描述“研究主题”的单词少，那么“研究主题”可置于句中，如：Many studies／researches／investigationes／experimentes on+研究主题+have been performed／done／published．当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时，可置于句末，如：Much work／attention has been performed／done／published on+研究主题．用被动语态时，也可用“研究主题”作主语，如：研究主题+has been studied／investigated／examined／explored／reported on ／discussed／considered by many investigators／several researchers／a number of authors／few writers．又如：The study of+研究主题+has been widely reported／found／published in the literature．“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。
科技论文常用句型
英文科技论文写作常用句型Beginning1.In this paper,we focus on the need for2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper,we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section,after a statement of the basic problem,various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated:first,an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section2.3.In the next section,a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section,a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section2reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section1.1briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action,while1.2looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1.Section1defines the notion of robustness,and argues for its importance.2.Section1devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section2gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4.Section2discusses some problems with and approaches to,natural language understanding.5.Section2explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6.Section3discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section3describes the system itself in a general way,including the…..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section3describes a new measure of xx.9.Section3demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section3is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section3,is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section3while Section4describes the xx strategies.13.Section3and4show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section4discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section4gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section4is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section4contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section2and3.18.Section4applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section5presents the primary results of the paper:a fuzzy set model..20.Section5contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section6illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section2.23.In Section2are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24.In Section2we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section2of this paper,we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section3,we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27.In Section5is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1.In this section,the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However,it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section,and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section5.2.Section5summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section5gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section7provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally,conclusions and future work are summarized6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section7is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter0.Abstract1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of:xx,xx22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost,and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter1.IntroductionTime1.Over the course of the past30years,..has emerged form intuitive2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the4.The development of...is explored5.During the past decade,the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing,there is still no standard way of xx11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses,the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx[1965].13.To date,none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective/Goal/Purpose1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads,and to provide intelligent,computer aidedinstruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx4.The scope of this research lies in5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10.The main objective of such a...system is to11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives,an xx must meet the following requirements:13.In order to take advantage of their similarity14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed15.In this trial,the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose,four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data:xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods20.This illustration points out the need to specify21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter2.Literature Review23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature,for example,regarding xx24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning27.However,these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then,the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32.Many complex processes unfortunately,do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore,not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and/or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators,however,these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to37.Characterized the...system as38.Developed an algorithm to39.Developed a system called...whiches an iterative algorithm to deduce41.Emphasized the need to42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown/showed/Address/ Highlights46.Point out that the problem of47.A study on...was done/developed by[]48.Previous work,such as[]and[],deal only with49.The approach taken by[]is50.The system developed by[]consists51.A paper relevant to this research was published by[]52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]'model draws attention to evolution in human development54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that58.Their work is based on the principle of59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established61.The...studies indicated that62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years,effort in analyzing xx,especially xx,is lacking.Problem/Issue/Question63.Unfortunately,real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy/solve/alleviate these problems67....is a difficult problem,yet to be adequately resolved68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed69.An unanswered question70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed73.The three prime issues can be summarized:74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to76.It is expected to be serious barrier to77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
小论文(SCI科技文)Results写作常用句型(入门)
Results一、表示不同组之间比较存在显著性差异的句型和句式1 、…is higher/lower/increase/decrease…in/by/with or after the administration of A than/compared with B；2、Significantly increased/decreased…was observed in A compared with B。
3、Significant differences in…were observed/witnessed between A and B；4、Enhanced/Decreased…in response to A/B was observed…;5、A showed significant/better effect on…than/compared with B;6、A significantly decreased/increase/improve…二、表示不同组之间存在某种趋势，可以使用如下的句型或句式：1、A similar trend was observed in…;2、A compared toC additionally trended to…；3、…tend to…in A compared with B；4、A tendency towards higher/lower…was seen in…三、用来表示组之间结果相似或者差异性不显著的句型和句式：1、No impact of A/B/(A and B)on…was demonstrated in the presented experiment；2、No effect on…occurred with or after the administration of A/B/(A and B)；3、No difference in…was observed/witnessed between A and B；4、There was no difference in…；5、…in A and B did not differ；6、…was not significantly altered by …treatment…；7、…was simila in all (between) groups and ranged from…to…。
英文论文基本结构
英文论文难，不是难在写作素材上，而是难在不熟悉专业的词汇，中国的留学生大多本身的英语基础不好，很多都是应付各种考试而准备的词汇，和英语母语的外国学生相比，中国学生写作能力则欠缺不少。
还有一点，用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。
本文主要在于讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，对于很多初次写作的新手来说应该有所帮助，大家可以模仿和学习，以便自己的英文论文化难为易。
下面我们来看看英文论文的写作技巧有哪些？一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录) Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中 Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference 等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。
在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。
也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction 写得好坏。
因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。
这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。
Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。
它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。
英语科技论文常用句式结构PPT文档共58页
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。——邓拓 12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。——爱尔兰 13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。——老子 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。——歌德 15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·F·斯特利
英语科技论文常用句式结构
56、极端的法规，就是极端的不公。 ——西 塞罗 57、法律一旦成为人们的需要，人们 就不再 配享受 自由了 。—— 毕达哥 拉斯 58、法律规定的惩罚不是为了私人的 利益， 而是为 了公共 的利益 ；一部 分靠有 害的强 制，一 部分靠 榜样的 效力。 ——格 老秀斯 59、假如没有法律他们会更快乐的话 ，那么 法律作 为一件 无用之 物自己 就会消 灭。— —洛克
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英语科技论文常用句型结构2.6.1 表达不同功能的常用句型1）定义定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的确切简要的说明，常见的表达方式和句型有：The term macromolecule(means … 、sinnifies ... is considered to be … 、is taken to be … 、refers to …)(In this article、In this paper、In this essay、In this context、In computer science、For this purpose) network (will be taken to mean … 、will be used in the 、will be considered to be …、will refer to … 、will be used in…)为了说明上述表达方式的用法，现举例如下：Paradigm refers to models of inquiry that guides scientific work.在对某些事物进行定义时，还可使用以下固定形式。
(the words to be defined) is a kind of (class) which (distinguishing features)从以上例子中可以看出，一般定义的组成部分是：概念+属性+种差，例如：A solar cell（概念）is a device（属性）which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy（种差）。
2）分类在科技论文中，作者有时需要对描述、说明的对象按其性质、大小、作用等分成若干种类，然后依次阐述。
常见的表达分类的句型有：(break down 、divide 、subdivide 、be classified)+ … （总体）+into/as …（部分）具体用法举例如下：· Classification breaks down the general topic into its related parts in a logical way.· This classification system divided carbides into two distinct categories.· Substances can/may be classified as gases, liquids and solids.The models (fall into、can be divided into、may be classified into、are of) two(major 、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)There are two(major、general(groups、classes of … 、categories)、broad)Two(major、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad)There are two (major 、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad) of…3）比例关系常见表达比例关系的句型有：· Most objects are big in proportion to the size of an atom but small in proportion to the size of the sun.·The ration between students of science to students of engineering is 3:2.· There is a relationship between the cross-sectional area of a rope and its strength. Its strength is directly proportional to its cross-sectional area.· Pressure is inversely proportional to volume.· Air and fuel are mixed in a proportion of 15 to 1.· Three colours: red, green and blue will, if they are mixed together in the right proportion, give us white light.· Ion the final printed version, graphs and diagrams are usually reduced in scale by a factor of two or three.· The model is made to scale.· As the demand for power increases, the supply is proportionally increased.· A good coolant is formed by mixing water and soluble oil in a ratio of 10:1 to 20:1.· The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it.· Intensity of an electric field is relative to current.· The density of air varies directly as the pressure, with temperature being constant.· The electric current varies directly with the voltage.· The resultant modulated wave has the same frequency as the carrier, but the carrier wave amplitude varies in direct relation to the modulating wave.4）用途和功能常见表达用途和功能的句型有：· Definitions as given here apply only to the subject treated in this standard.· To some extent these methods are only applicable to long series of production.· Although both the planer and the shaper are adapted to the machining of flat surfaces, they differ widely in construction and in method of operation.· While these methods are correct, they are not adaptable to the viscous flow problem.· Orbital and planetary cutting machines are particularly useful for cutting off tubular work.· The binary scale is perfectly used for the “off-on” pulses of electricity.· This two-body approximation holds for the motion of planets about the sun.· These motors are fit for machines requiring constant-torque and adjustable speed.· Filmcrotrons can fit into smaller, flatter places.· This method is not fitted to the operation.· Rimmed steels are more suitable for drawing and forming.· V belts are well suited for short-centre drives.· Solenoid valves lend themselves readily to multiple porting.5）行为与结果常见表达行为与结果句型有：This(causes…、gives rise to…、leads to…、results in…、brings about…)The result obtained(agrees with…、is in agreement with…、is in line with…、is consistent with…、fits into…)· The burning match is inverted, and as a result the flame becomes bigger.· Gases and solids sometimes dissolve in liquids to form solutions, thereby forming solutions.·As a result of combustion of coal, carbon dioxide is given off.6）目的科技论文中，常常要提及研究工作或实验的目的，常用的句型有：The (chief aim、main purpose、primary、object of the e xperiment is…、major objective、principal goal)The experiment been conducted(in the hope(of… 、that…)、with a view to (do)… 、in order to (do) … 、to the end that … 、so that…)Performing the study we (hope、intend to (do)… 、expect)·To obtain better reception, an aerial should be filtered.·To find the required radio station, the tuner should be turned.· This article aims at discussing new developments in component material and techniques.· The designer aims to prevent turbulent steam flow through the turbine nozzle.·It is the aim of particular branches of production engineering to create the desired state of machined components.· The experiment was designed to test the new drug.· The experiment is intend to show that different materials conduct heat at different speeds.7）问题的相关性常见表达问题的相关性句型有：This is a problem(concerned with… 、concerning… 、related to… 、relating to … 、bearing on … 、dealing with…)· A secondary mechanism for thermal conduction in solids is associated with lattice vibrations.· It is obv ious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.· The operator’s knowledge is mainly concerned with the hardware and not with the software.· Inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy; organic chemistry to physiology, biochemistry, and biology in general.· Both that transfer and boundary layers are strongly dependent on the nozzle shape and size.· The density of a soil is directly related to its bearing capability.· Units of mass and weigh are relative to/ relevant to the choice of a standard weight.· Today one of the chief uses is in connection with “ethyl gasoline”.· Magnetic properties of metal have to do with reactions to magnetic or electric forces.8）举例常见表达举例的句型有：· This can be illustrated by…·A specific case can be provided to show…·An example of this involves…· This can be demonstrated the through…·Another typical example is…·One example will suffice…9）状态的转换或变化常见表达状态的转换或变化句型有：(change 、transfer 、convert 、transform 、translate )…（变化前）(to、into) (变化后)· The silicon controlled rectifier is able to change alternating current to direct current.· The analog-to-digital converter is a device which changes an analog quantity into a digital quantity, such as voltage to a decimal or binary quantity.· The sine-cosine potentiometer is especially used to transform polar coordinates into rectangular coordinates.· A cam is used for transforming rotation motion into reciprocating motion.10）比较常见表达比较的短语有：as a comparison, by comparison, by contrast, in contrast, by way of contrast等。