专八修辞学
2024年专八考试大纲
2024年专八考试大纲
2024年专八考试大纲主要包括以下部分：
1. 听力理解：能听懂真实交际场合中的各种英语会话和讲话，能听懂VOA 或BBC、CNN等国外传媒的节目中有关政治、经济、文化教育、科技等方面的专题报道，能听懂有关政治、经济、历史、文化教育、语言文学、科普方面的一般讲座及讲座后的答问。
2. 阅读理解：能在阅读中根据需要自觉调整阅读速度和阅读技巧，能理解所读材料的大意，领会说话者的态度、感情和真实意图。
3. 翻译：能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报纸杂志上的文章和一般文学作品，速度为每小时个汉字。
4. 写作：能写各类体裁的文章，做到内容充实，语言通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。
考试时间为45分钟，字数要求为300个词以上。
希望以上信息对你有帮助，具体的考试大纲内容可能会因考试时间而有所不同，建议查询官网获取最新信息。
专八语言学考点
语言学概论一.语言的甄别特征（Design Features）：语言的甄别特征（Design Features）包括：1. 任意性（Arbitrariness）2. 能产性（Productivity）3. 双层性（Duality）4. 移位性（Replacement）5. 文化传承（Cultural transmission）二．语言学的主要分支（the Main Branches of Linguistics）：1. 语音学（phonetics）：用以研究语音的特点，并提供语音描写、分类和标记方法的学科。
2. 音系学（phonology）：研究语言中出现的区别语音及其模式是如何形成语音系统来表达意义的学科。
3. 形态学（morphology）：研究词的内部结构和构词规则。
4. 句法学（syntax）：用以研究词是被如何组成句子，以及支配句子构成的学科。
5. 语义学（semantics）：研究语言意义的学科。
6. 语用学（pragmatics）：研究语言的意义在语境中如何被理解、传递和产出的学科。
7. 宏观语言学（Macrolinguistics）：主要包括社会语言学（Sociolinguistics）、心理语言学（Psycholinguistics）、人类语言学（Anthropological Linguistics）、计算机语言学（Computational Linguistics）。
三．语言学的流派（Different Approaches of Linguistics）：1. 结构主义语言学（Structural Lingustics）：1.1 布拉格学派（The Prague School）1.2 哥本哈根学派（The Copenhagen School）1.3 美国结构主义学派（American Structuralism）以上三个学派都受到索绪尔（Saussure）的影响，例如都区分语言和言语（Langue vs. Parole），共时和历时（Synchronic vs. Diachronic）。
英语专业八级题型
英语专业八级题型英语专业八级考试（TEM-8）是针对英语专业本科阶段学生的高难度英语能力测试。
本文将详细介绍专业八级的各种题型，帮助考生全面了解考试要求和内容。
一、写作（Writing）写作部分要求考生在30分钟内写出一篇200-250字的文章，文章应结构合理，逻辑清晰，语言表达流畅。
文章体裁以议论文、说明文、应用文等为主，要求考生能够运用丰富的词汇和语法结构，表达自己的观点和态度。
二、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）听力理解部分包括两个部分，第一部分为对话理解，要求考生听取并理解对话内容，作出正确的判断或填空；第二部分为短文理解，要求考生听取并理解短文内容，回答问题或作出正确的判断。
听力材料多为日常对话、新闻广播、讲座等，要求考生具有较高的听力理解和听力技巧。
三、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）阅读理解部分要求考生在40分钟内阅读3篇英文文章，每篇文章大约1000字，难度相当于大学英语四级的水平。
考生需理解文章主旨、细节和推理判断能力，回答问题或完成填空任务。
文章题材多样，包括社会科学、自然科学、人文科学等。
四、翻译（Translation）翻译部分包括两个部分，第一部分为英译汉，要求考生将一篇英文文章翻译成中文，文章长度约为150-200字；第二部分为汉译英，要求考生将一篇中文文章翻译成英文，文章长度约为150-200字。
翻译部分主要考察考生的语言转换能力和翻译技巧，要求考生能够准确理解原文并流畅地表达出来。
五、改错（Error Correction）改错部分要求考生对一篇200-250字的英文文章进行修改，文章中包含有语法、词汇和表达等方面的错误。
考生需要根据上下文对错误进行识别和修正，同时注意修正后的句子语法和语义的准确性。
此部分主要考察考生的语言纠错能力和语法知识。
六、语法填空（Grammar and Vocabulary）语法填空部分是一篇150-200字的短文，其中有一些空格需要考生根据上下文填写适当的单词或词组。
英语专业八级语言学总结+(2)
I. Introduction1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics3.1 Speech and WritingOne general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and T he description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by a ll the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4.The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole.Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech so unds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcripti on.Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combinat ion of words into sentences.Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the min d.Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation a nd language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and c oncepts of mathematics.Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts (概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.II. Phonetics(语音学）1. scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vo cal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调） in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经） and the brain.Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送） between mouth and ear.2. The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of t he air-stream,(气流发生器官） the producer of voice（声音发生器官） and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）3. Consonants(辅音）Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇） Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齿龈） palatal,（上颚） velar,（软腭） uvular,（小舌） glottal(声门）Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（颤音） lateral,（边音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦）4. Vowels (元音）The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), th e position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the deg ree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)III. Phonology（音韵学）回目录1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的） sound in a language.2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronu nciation of the same word.5. Complementary distribution(互补分布）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节）， stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）.IV. Morphology（词法）回目录1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系） They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.3. Morpheme(词素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shap es or phonetic forms.5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根） affix（词缀） and stem（词干）.6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.7. Closed-class words(封闭性） and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上） indefinite or unlimited.8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序） which is semantically（语义上） and often syntactically(句法上） restricted.（限制）11. Collocation(搭配）： the habitual(习惯的） co-occurrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items.V. Syntax (句法）回目录1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序） arrangement of words in a language.2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）： the overall process of internal (内部）organization of a grammatical unit .3. Syntactic function(句法功能）： the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the lingui stic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语） complements（补语）, etc.4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subjec t, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lac king the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is includ ed in a larger sentence.7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thoug ht.VI. Semantics（语义）回目录 1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological（心理的） "associative" bond.（相关联系）2. Mechanism(机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德） for example, turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach （方法）. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力现象）3. Contextualism （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定） that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.4. Behaviorism (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景） in which the speaker utters（说话） it and the response（反应） it calls forth in the hearer."5. functionalism (功能主义）：functionalists as represented (代表）by the Prague school（布拉格学派） linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）. They argue（争辩） that meaning could only be interpreted（解释） from its use or function in social life.6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of ex perience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold betwee n the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy (同音异义词）7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分） analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semant ic components.(意义成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanin gs of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semanti c analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show rela tions between two and perhaps more terms.VII. Language variation (语言变化）回目录1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis.2. Invention: (新造词）new entities.3. Compounding 合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.5. Abbreviation or clipping (缩写）A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.6. acronym 取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which hasa heavily modified (修饰） headword.7. metanalysis (再分化）It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note b efore.8. Back-formation (逆构词） It refers to an abnormal(非正常） type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉） an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can account for（说明） the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合） of some English verbs.10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing wor ds from other languages.11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音） addition,（加音） assimilation,（同化）dissimilation.（异化）12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法） and syntax（句法） are listed under this heading.13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大） narrowing,（语义缩小） meaning shift,（意义转化） class shift（词性转换） and folk etymology.（词源变化）14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.。
专业英语八级(听力)模拟试卷199(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷199(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：How to Read Literature Critically?Good morning, everyone. Today, I am going to talk about how to read literature critically. Even if you’re taking your very first literature class, it’s easy to read critically if you follow our 6-step method. But before you get started, always keep this in mind: reading critically doesn’t mean tearing a work of literature apart. Instead, it means understanding what the author has written and evaluating the success of the work as a whole.Firstly, figurative language. As you are reading, make note of expressive language such as similes, metaphors, and personification.[1]Then consider why the author employs these devices. Here’s a brief definition of each term and an example:[2]Simile. A simile is a comparison of two terms and frequently uses the words like or as. For example, in John Steinbeck’s short story The Chrysanthemums, he writes of the character Eliza: “She crouched low like a fawning dog.” The image gives the reader a clear indication of Eliza’s state of mind as she reaches out to the peddler for acceptance. Literary works are replete with similes, so being aware of their presence and possible meanings will aid your critical analysis.Metaphor.[3]A metaphor is a comparison of two seemingly unrelated subjects. In Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved, her character Paul D.’s pain is expressed in a metaphor “He would keep his heart where it belonged: in that tobacco tin buried in his chest where his red heart used to be.” Metaphors are used to give language color and depth and to impact the reader’s senses.Personification.[4]Personification is the granting of human traits to objects or animals. When Nick in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby describes the trees in his hometown as “friendly,” he is giving human qualities to an object that obviously cannot “feel” anything, friendly or otherwise. But for the reader, personification provides yet another way to understand the author’s intent.Secondly, structure.[5]/[6]Many times an author opts to tell a story out of chronological sequence, perhaps with flashbacks or integrated tales. Faulkner does this in his short story A Rose for Emily. The purpose of the nonlinear structure is for the reader to understand, in retrospect, how prior events led to the discovery of Emily’s dark secret and how the town’s complicity contributed to her death. Amy Tan’s novel The Joy Luck Club uses flashback and multiple voices in the narrative to create a new perspective on immigration.Thirdly, influence.[7]For every writer, someother authors’ works appeal to him or her on some level, whether it is in the lessons learned, the style used, or the conclusions reached. Try to discover who has influenced the author of the work you are studying. Herman Melville dedicated his novel Moby Dick to fellow writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. Although the two men have a markedly different style, Melville so admired Hawthorne that he wrote to the elder author “I feel that the Godhead is broken up like the bread at the Supper, and that we are the pieces.” If you can trace an influence like this one, your critical approach will be more nuanced.Fourthly, archetypes. Your critical reading should also include an awareness of archetypes. Like influences, archetypes are things patterned after an original, and many are so common that you often don’t need extensive knowledge of the original to appreciate the meaning or intent. For example, Cervantes’ Don Quixote is an example of the most notable of archetypal “buddy pairs”; both the Don and his sidekick Sancho Panza are clueless but essentially well-meaning characters who stick together, even when they’d prefer not to. Friends who rely on one another through thick and thin are a staple of literature—from John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men to Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.[8]Archetypes often fall into one of two categories: character archetypes and situational archetypes. Along with the buddy pair, common character archetypes include the Christ-figure, the scapegoat, and the hero who saves the day, for instance Homer’s Odysseus or J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter.[9]Situational archetypes include the quest and the pursuit of an elusive goal, whether that quest is King Arthur’s relentless pursuit of the Holy Grail or Frodo’s search for the ring in Tolkien’s trilogy. Another readily identifiable situational archetype is the loss of innocence.[10]Initiation is also a frequent situational archetype.[11]In fact, Hemingway’s short story Indian Camp combines both the initiation and loss of innocence archetypes. Nick, the young protagonist, must be initiated into the world of sexuality by witnessing its most profound product—childbirth. At the same time, he is stripped of any romantic illusions about a woman’s body.Fifthly, symbolism. Ah, the most dreaded word for many a reader. What is a symbol and how can you identify one in literature?[12]A symbol typically encompasses both a literal meaning and a figurative meaning. Unlike a metaphor, a symbol is not necessarily a statement: a single word can evoke meaning and become a symbol. Being aware of common symbols in novels will increase your ability to read a work critically.[13]Spring, for example, is often a symbol of renewal; conversely, winter often symbolizes a figurative death. Fitzgerald’s short story Winter Dreams is heartbreakingly rendered from the outset by the symbolism of its title. We know that the harsh, symbolically loaded word “winter” offsets the fragility and hope of the word “dreams”.[14]Other common symbols include lightness and darkness, the Christian cross, the Star of David, and the Nazi swastika. The more symbols you are able to identify, the richer your critical interpretation will be.Sixthly, read and reread.[15]Resist the impulse to assess a work after you first read it, even if you have diligently completed the first five steps given here. A thorough critical analysis cannot be accomplished until you’ve reread the work.OK I have outlined 6 steps for you to follow when you read literature. These steps will help you better understand and appreciate the literary works of all times.How to Read Literature Critically?Reading critically does not mean tearing a work of literature apart, but understanding and evaluating the work as a whole. A six-step method will help us read literature critically.I. Figurative Language—Make note of expressive language—Think about the【T1】_____ behind employing the devices【T1】______—Some examples of figurative languagea)【T2】_____: a comparison of two terms【T2】______b)Metaphor: a comparison of two seemingly 【T3】_____ subjects【T3】______c)【T4】_____: granting human traits to objects or animals【T4】______II. Structure—Nonlinear structure: a story【T5】_____ order 【T5】______sequence with【T6】_____ or integrated tales【T6】______—Examples: A Rose for Emily & The Joy Luck Club III. Influence—Trace an influence between authors a)the lessons learnedb)【T7】_____【T7】______c)the conclusions reached —Example: Hawthorne’s influence on MelvilleIV. Archetypes—Archetypes patterned after an original—Two types of archetypes 【T8】_____【T8】______a)buddy pairb)Christ-figurec)the scapegoatd)the hero Situational archetypesa)【T9】_____ and pursuit of an elusive goal【T9】______b)loss of innocencec)【T10】_____【T10】______—Authors can【T11】_____ different archetypes,【T11】______e.g. Hemingway’s Indian CampV. Symbolism—A symbol contains both【T12】_____ meanings【T12】______—A symbol is not necessarily a statement—Common symbols in literaturea)Spring, which symbolizes【T13】_____【T13】______b)Winter, which symbolizes death—Other common symbols, like 【T14】_____ etc.【T14】______VI. Read and Reread—Don’t【T15】_____ a work after you first read it【T15】______1．【T1】正确答案：reasons解析：本题考查“修辞语言”的内容。
专八 语言学总汇
一、语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性 arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性 duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性 creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性 displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能 informative人际功能 interpersonal施为功能 performative感情功能 emotive function寒暄功能 phatic communication娱乐功能 recreational function元语言功能 metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学 phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学 syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学 semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。
如语素和句子的意义语用学 pragmatics 在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学 macrolingustics心理语言学 psycholinguistics 社会语言学 sociolinguistics 人类语言学 anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学 computational linguistics5语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学 auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位 phoneme3 音位变体 allophones4 互补分布 complementary distribution5 自由变体 free variation6 区别特征 distinctive features7 超音段特征 suprasegmental feature音节 syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation四形态学1 词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix 词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇 inflectional affix and derivational affix2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词 acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词 borrowing五句法学1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment2 结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系 syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起聚合关系 paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分 construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分) 3直接成分分析法 immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。
现代汉语修辞学考试复习参考题
现代汉语修辞学考试复习参考题第一章修辞概说1．什么叫修辞、修辞活动以及修辞学？修辞学研究的对象指的是什么？修辞学：是研究在交际活动中如何提高语言表达效果的规律的科学，具有主观性。
修辞：是在交际活动中那些同语言的表达效果有关的现象，具有客观性；修辞学研究对象：凡是出于增强语言表达效果的动机，而有效地对语言材料进行选择、加工和调整的一切现象。
2．修辞学与语法学、语用学有什么联系？语法学与修辞学的联系：研究对象上：语法学研究语言的结构规律，修辞学研究如何提高语言的表达效果。
任务上：任何话语都是按照语法的规则生成的，语法是修辞的基础。
语法学分析语言的语法结构的特点；修辞学反映语言诸要素的综合运用。
语用学与修辞学的区别：语用学研究在不同的语言环境中如何运用和理解语言的问题；研究话语理解，即接受结果；研究制约语言使用的各种因素，注重规则阐释；修辞学一般只研究话语表达，主要从说（写）者的角度出发，研究表达效果；研究影响语言使用的条件，注重选择。
3．什么是修辞手法、修辞理论、语体风格？修辞学需要完成什么任务，且在完成任务时如何贯彻这三方面的内容？（1）修辞手法：包括如何选词，如何炼句，如何使用特殊的修辞方式（2）修辞理论：重在探讨修辞学的对象、范围、性质、任务、原则和修辞学与相关学科的关系（3）语体风格：一方面需要探讨各类语体的形成、特点、分类、功用，解决语体运用方面的不得体现象，并且研究语体发展的途径和方法，另一方面需要探讨风格同话语的表达效果之间的关系，研究风格是如何形成的，如何做到风格多样化，如何创造新的独特的风格。
（4）修辞学的任务，是在大量收集修辞现象的基础上，从修辞手法、修辞理论、语体风格三方面去探索规律。
4．举例说明修辞的原则是什么？答：①明确目标、看清对象②适用环境，注意场合③前后连贯，关照上下文④准确无误，清楚明白⑤生动形象，妥帖鲜明。
5．在锤炼词语、选择句式、及采用特殊的修辞手段等方面，如何增强表达的形象生动性，请举例说明。
全国翻译专业八级考试解析
全国翻译专业八级考试解析翻译专业八级考试是全国性考试，考察考生对于翻译理论和实践的掌握能力，从而评估考生的翻译实践能力和综合素质。
本文对于翻译专业八级考试进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解考试内容和提高考试能力。
一、考试科目和内容翻译专业八级考试由笔试和口试两部分组成。
笔试包括翻译理论和实践、语言知识、修辞学和文化常识四个部分，每个部分分值均为72分，总分为288分。
口试包括实际翻译能力的测试和专业能力的考查两个部分，每个部分分值均为36分，总分为72分。
考试主要内容如下：1.翻译理论和实践本部分主要测试考生对于翻译理论的理解和应用以及翻译实践的能力。
考试内容包括翻译方法、翻译技巧、翻译基本概念和理论以及翻译实践等。
重点考查考生的翻译思维和翻译能力。
2.语言知识本部分主要测试考生对于语言知识的掌握能力，包括词汇、语法、语用、修辞学等方面。
考试内容主要涉及英汉两种语言的基本词汇、语法以及常用修辞手法等。
3.修辞学本部分主要测试考生对于修辞学的理解能力，包括修辞学的基本概念、修辞手法的分类和应用以及修辞分析能力等。
4.文化常识本部分主要测试考生对于中西方文化的认识和了解程度，包括文学、历史、哲学、宗教等方面的知识。
考试内容主要涉及西方文化和中西方文化的比较。
二、考试难度和要求翻译专业八级考试难度较大，需要考生具有较高的语言水平和翻译实践能力。
考试要求考生熟练掌握英汉两种语言的基本词汇、语法和修辞手法，具有一定的翻译思维和逻辑能力，能够理解和运用翻译理论和方法，灵活运用语言，准确表达意思。
考试要求考生具有中西方文化的一定了解和认识，能够理性分析翻译中出现的文化差异和难点。
三、备考建议备考翻译专业八级考试，需要考生具有一定的语言功底和翻译经验。
以下为考生备考建议：1.重视语言能力的提升，注重词汇和语法的巩固和提高，增强语音语调的准确性和流利度。
2.熟悉翻译理论和方法，掌握翻译技巧和翻译实践经验，积累翻译课程或者实践经验。
英语专业八级语法全解析
英语专业八级语法全解析英语专业八级考试是考察学生英语语法能力的重要关口，其中语法部分是考生们普遍认为难度较大的一个方面。
为了帮助各位考生更好地备战八级语法考试，本文将对英语专业八级语法做全面解析，包括常见语法知识点、易错题型以及技巧建议等，希望可以为大家提供参考。
一、基础语法知识点解析在英语专业八级语法考试中，基础语法知识点是考生们必须掌握的内容。
主要包括时态、语态、句型、主谓一致、虚拟语气、定语从句等。
时态是英语句子中最基本的语法要素之一，主要用来表示动作发生的时间。
常见的时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时等。
考生们需要熟练掌握各种时态的构成规则以及用法，并能够正确运用在句子中。
语态是英语中一个较为复杂的语法知识点，分为主动语态和被动语态。
考生们需要了解语态的构成和转换规则，能够准确地辨别句子中的语态，并根据需要进行转换。
句型是英语句子的基本结构，包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句等。
考生们需要熟悉各种句型的特点和构成规则，能够准确地运用在语境中。
主谓一致是英语句子中一个常见的错误点，要求主语和谓语在人称和单复数上保持一致。
考生们需要特别注意主谓一致在复合句和倒装句中的运用，避免因为句子结构复杂而导致主谓不一致的错误。
虚拟语气是英语中一个较为抽象的语法概念，用来表示与事实相反的假设或虚拟情况。
常见的虚拟语气包括与过去事实相反的虚拟、与现在事实相反的虚拟和与将来事实相反的虚拟等。
考生们需要了解虚拟语气的构成和用法，能够准确地在句子中运用。
定语从句是英语中的一个较为复杂的句子结构，用来对名词或代词进行修饰。
定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引导，位置灵活，但需要与先行词保持一致。
考生们需要熟练掌握定语从句的构成规则和用法，并能够灵活运用在句子中。
以上是英语专业八级语法考试中的基础知识点解析，希望考生们能够加强对这些内容的学习和掌握，为顺利通过考试打下坚实基础。
二、易错题型分析与应对策略在英语专业八级语法考试中，存在一些易错题型，包括主从复合句、倒装句、句子成分识别、非谓语动词、固定搭配等。
英语专业八级考试_-_英语语言学
40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example of A. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning
考点：语言的定义性特征
40. The speech act theory was first put forward by （） A. John Searle. B. John Austin. C. Noam Chomsky. D. M.A.K. Halliday.
I
语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
2008英语专业8级
38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. B. Displacement. C. Duality. D. Diachronicity. 考点：语言的定义性特征design feature •Arbitrariness •Duality •Creativity (Productivity) •Displacement •Cultural transmission
40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing A. an illocutionary act. B. a perlocutionary act. C. a locutionary act. D. none of the above.
专四专八英语中19种修辞及例句
专四专八英语中19种修辞及例句专四专八英语中19种修辞及例句引导语：专四专八英语中的19中修辞及其例句，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，希望能给大家带来帮助，谢谢您的阅读。
一、Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1.The kettle boils. 水开了.2.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.二、Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as 等.例如:1.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.三、Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.四、Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.例如:1.No light, but rather darkness visible.没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见2.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.五、Climax 渐进法,层进法这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.例如:1.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.2.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.六、Anticlimax 渐降法与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.例如:1.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.2.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.七、Hyperbole 夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..例如:1.I beg a thousand pardons.2.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.八、Parallelism 排比, 平行这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.例如:1.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.2.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.九、Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:1.He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.2.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽.3.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. (去世)十、.Allegory 讽喻,比方(原意“寓言”)建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。
专八人文知识语言学
Examples Jokes and comedy; Public address Advertisement I suggest… Pass me…(祈使句) Where can I get to…
Directive interrogative Interpersonal
Functions Recreational Metalingual
2）duality (多样性) duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures: unity of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. e.g. This is a book. this, is, a book. a, book /bu:k/ /b/ /u:/ /k/
5)
The divine-origin theory. (神造说) Christians believe that it was God created language for human being. 2) The invention theory (人造说) many think that language was created by human being in their work. 3) Evolution theory (进化论) many linguistics argue that language has a common evolutionary origin; it arose from a sudden change in the brain and the nervous system that took place over 150.000 years ago.
专八考来考去就这些东西,背就行了(语言学方面的)
专八考来考去就这些东西，背就行了。
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of se ntence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substitut ed for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washi ngton for the United States government or of the sword for military powe r. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
专八阅读修辞手法讲解
专八阅读修辞手法讲解《专八阅读修辞手法讲解篇一》嘿，小伙伴们！今天咱们就来唠唠专八阅读里那些超有趣的修辞手法。
这就像是一场文字的魔法之旅，你准备好了吗？首先得说说比喻，这就像是文字世界里的“连连看”。
把一个东西比作另一个东西，让原本抽象或者复杂的东西一下子变得超级形象。
比如说，“她的笑容像阳光一样灿烂”，这就把那笑容的明亮和温暖通过和阳光的连接，让咱们能直接感受到。
我记得我读一篇专八阅读文章的时候，里面形容一个古老城市的寂静，说“这座城市像被时间遗忘的孤岛”，哇塞，一下子就把那种被现代喧嚣遗忘的孤独感给描绘出来了。
不过呢，有时候这比喻也可能有点“坑”。
有些文章里的比喻特别隐晦，就像捉迷藏一样，你得费好大劲儿才能找出来。
这时候就像在黑暗里摸瞎，也许你觉得这个句子是个普通描述，实际上人家是暗藏比喻呢。
还有拟人，这就像是给那些没有生命的东西赋予了灵魂。
在专八阅读里经常能看到这样的句子，像“风在树林间低语”，风怎么会低语呢？这就是把风当成了人，好像它在悄悄地诉说着什么秘密。
我就想啊，作者肯定是想象力爆棚才写出这样的句子。
我自己写东西的时候也试过拟人，有一次我描写我的旧钢笔，我说“我的钢笔在纸上痛苦地挣扎着，墨水一点一点地吐出来”，哈哈，有点夸张，但这就是拟人带来的效果，让东西都活起来了。
夸张就更厉害了，简直是文字的“吹牛大王”。
但是这个“吹牛”可是有目的的。
比如说“我饿得能吃下一头牛”，谁能真吃下一头牛啊？这就是通过夸张来强调饥饿的程度。
在专八阅读里，夸张的修辞手法有时候会用来表达作者强烈的情感或者突出某个现象的严重性。
不过有时候也会让人觉得有点过，就像那种表演过度的演员，也许你会觉得有点假。
但也许这就是作者想要的效果呢，故意让你觉得“哇，这么夸张，肯定是想强调这个点”。
排比就像是一群小伙伴手拉手整齐地站在一起。
它能增强文章的节奏感和气势。
比如“爱心是一片照射在冬日的阳光，使贫病交迫的人感到人间的温暖；爱心是一泓出现在沙漠里的泉水，使濒临绝境的人重新看到生活的希望；爱心是一首飘荡在夜空的歌谣，使孤苦无依的人获得心灵的慰藉。
英语专业八级修辞宝典
Identify the rhetorical figures in the following statement.1. In the suit of shabby gray. (transferred epithet)2. We banged the tin, and bawled the hymns. (synecdoche)3. And thus we rust life’s iron chain degraded and alone. (meta phor)4. You are making the only breeze in Philadelphia. (pun)5. In the evening she wears soft rich colors. (metonymy)6. The young moon lies on her back tonight as her habits in the tropics. (personification)7. I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been.(transferred epithet)8. The predicament of England seemed soaked in their bones. (metaphor)9. Britannia Rues the Waves. (Synecdoche)10. Dr what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges. (synecdoche)11. A concept of how things get written that throws very little light on London but a great deal on life.(metaphor)12. The difference is not like the difference between yearly models but like the difference between the horse and buggy and automobile.(simile)13. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below. (antithesis)14. And shaven heads and feet of lead make a merry masquerade. (metonymy)15. And all, but lust, is turned to dust in Humanity’s machine. (metonymy)16. At that time, we will be long gone. (euphemism)17. There is more to this than a filthy purse string, Rutledge. (metonymy)18. Your clock is fast, Mr. Adams. I say we’re not yet ripe for independence. (metaphor)19. And I enjoyed the cool support of the water. (transferred epithet)20. Pog observed that not one of them was shooting this crippled walk.(transferred epithet)21. Passing from the August to the Prince of Wales in King’s barge, Victor Henry went from America to England and from peace to war. (metaphor)22. O wind! If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (rhetorical question)23. A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues, an enemy his crimes. (antithesis)24. That’s not all unpleasant. (understatement)25. Snow clothes the ground. (personification)26. I have never read Li Bai. (metonymy)27. Gray peace pervaded the wildness-ringed Argentina Bay in New Finland. (transferred epithet)28. She was, to sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I wasn’t one to let my heart rule my head. (synecdoche)29. But there are few incipient Lambs and Beer Ohms in college composition course. (antonomasia)30. You can see the smiles of spring and you can hear the whisper of leaves. (personification)31. Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I’m p roud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its oysters. (anti-climax)32. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. (hyperbole)33. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country. (pun)34. Bryan mopped his bald brome in silence. (ridicule)35. When he came back we found him in an armchair, peacefully gone to sleep-but forever. (euphemism)36. And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for; ask what you can do for your country. (antithesis)37. And faith unfaithful kept him false true. (antithesis)Point the rhetorical devices used in the following sentences1.We can batten down and ride it out. (Metaphor )2.Wind and rain now whipped the house. ( Metaphor )3.Stay away from the windows. (Elliptical sentence )4.--- the rain seemingly driven right through the walls. ( Simile )5.At 8:30, power failed. (Metaphor )6.Everybody out the back door to the cars. (Elliptical sentence )7.The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ( Simile )8…the electrical systems had been killed by water.( metaphor )9.Everybody on the stairs. ( elliptical sentence )10.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. ( simile )11. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off t he house and skimmed it 40 feet though the air. ( personification )12…it seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. ( personification )13.Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapp ed them.( simile )14.Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurric ane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. ( Transferred epithet )15. Up the stairs --- into our bedroom. ( Elliptical sentence )16.The world seemed to be breaking apart. ( Simile )17. Water inched its way up the steps as first floor outside walls collapsed. (Meta phor )18.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.. (Metaphor )19…and blown-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the road.( simi 20…household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. ( metaphor )21.Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropped more than 28 inches of rain into West.( metaphor )。
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专八考来考去就这些东西，背就行了。
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like或as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观cruel kindness10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a groupor movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.terminology16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如buzz 或nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19. hypotaxis: 从属关系20. parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如child和joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.25. Vanity Fair 名利场was written William Makepeace Thackray26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯27. The title of the national anthem 国歌of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.32. In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场in the north of London is Wembley.36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香肠38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）. 联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43. Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里mat中的m 和bat中的 b46. polysemy: 一词多义47. patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神48. Parentese: 父母语49. back formation: 逆构词脱落一词的词缀以构成新词typewriter →typewrite50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之s在cats中，z在dogs中，和iz在horses 中，还有en在oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.。