人教版初三英语暑假班复习资料共专题

新初三英语暑假班复习资料（共20专题）

暑假专题1：语法复习

［学习过程］

一、句子的成分及动词不定式在句子中的语法作用

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子的成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。

1）句子的主语是表示句子所要说明的人或事物；“是什么”或“是谁”，这是一个句子的主要部分，一般由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语、从句等（如动词不定式和动词不定式短语、动名词等）来充当，通常位于句首。

例如：The students love their teachers very much.

To build this building took them about a year.

Finishing the homework on time is good for a student.

2）句子的谓语用来说明主语“做什么”或“怎么样”，说明主语的动作、状态或特征。句子的谓语一般用动词来表示。但情态动词和助动词不能单独作谓语，它们必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。

例如：My watch works very well.

I can go there with you.

The teachers are having a meeting in the meeting hall now.

3）句子的宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，通常由名词、代词（人称代词用宾格）或是相当于名词、代词的词、短语、从句等（如动词不定式或动词不定式短语、动名词等）来充当，一般放在及物动词的后面或介词的后面。

例如：I lost my pen yesterday.

I really want to go to the park with you.

She decided to buy a cup of Coke and a piece of bread.

Miss Sun said that I had to hand in the copy tomorrow.

有些动词后面有两个宾语，我们称这为“双宾”，这类动词主要有give, send, tell, write, post, pass, teach ,wish 等。

例如：I will send him a letter this afternoon.

Give me a piece of paper, please .

注意：有些接“双宾”的动词后面用介词for

4）句子的表语用来说明主语的性质、特征、身份等，表明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，可由名词、形容词、介词、动名词、不定式或从句等充当，它们及前面的系动词（如am, is, are, was ,were, become ,get, smell ,turn ,seem, sound, taste, feel等）一起构成谓语，形成“系表结构”。

例如：I am a teacher.

I feel much better than before.

The pencils are in my school bag.

5）宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语“怎么样”或“做什么”。宾语补足语可以由形容词、动词不定式、名词、副词、现在分词等充当。

例如：He asked me to stand up.

We should keep the room clean.

I heard her singing at 9:00 last night.

I keep my hands behind my back.

6）句子的定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、形容词性物主代词、数词、名词、不定式、现在分词、介词短语、从句等均可作定语。

例如：I have a black cat.

The man over there is my father.

My cat is white and yours is black.

I have no homework to do.

People living there are very friendly.

注意：当形容词修饰不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing作定语时，要放在不定代词的后面。

7）句子的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、程度、方式等，通常由副词、介词、介词短语动词、动词不定式以及从句来充当。

例如：Wang Fang was doing her homework carefully.

He ran the fastest in the first group.

I come here to learn playing the piano.

二、动词不定式在句子中的语法作用

由于动词不定式或动词不定式短语具有名词、动词、形容词

的特征，所以它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语等句子成分。

1. 动词不定式做主语，表示句子说的是什么（指具体动作）。

例：To answer the teacher’s questions is very difficult.

To do my homework often takes me about two hours every day.

由于动词不定式或动词不定式短语做主语放在句首太长，有头重脚轻之嫌，所以常常用人称代词it来代替它作主语，称为形式主语，而真正的主语（动词不定式或动词不定式短语）被放在句尾。

例：It often takes me about two hours to do my homework every day.

It is good for us to do morning exercises every day.

于是就出现了初中两个重要句型“it takes sb. time to do sth. ” “it is+形容词+（for /of sb.）to do sth.”

例：It takes me half an hour to come to school.

2. 动词不定式作表语用于“主系表”结构中

例：To see is to believe.眼见为实。

3. 动词不定式作宾语。

有些动词或动词词组常用不定式作宾语，常见的有agree, ask, choose, decide, hope, want, wish, would like等。

例：She asked to go there herself.

I agreed to go there with her.

4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语

动词不定式作宾语补足语补充说明宾语怎么样，用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有以下两种情况，一种是用带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词，另一种是用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词。

（1）常见的能用带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词或动词短语有tell, want, ask, teach, like, allow, would like…, expect, invite, love, prefer, wait for等。动词不定式作宾语补足语的否定形式是在不定式符号to的前面加否定词not。

（2）有些动词要求用不带to的动词不定式作其宾语补足语。这些动词主要是一些表示感官的动词和使役动词，在初中阶段这类动词主要有以下几个：