英语语言学大全PPT课件
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英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
英语语言学概论语言学ppt
A text is a product of all three. The three metafunctions of language are closely related to context and realized in the lexicogrammar of language. They are interwoven in discourse.
Metafunctions of Language
M.A.K. Halliday
12英语2班 翁京京 马密密 王雅莛 唐晓雯 唐苑
A British-born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistic model of language.
逻辑功能
The experiential function 经验功能
It refers to the grammatical choices that enable
speakers to make meanings about the world around us
and inside us. 经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界（包括内心世界） 中的各种经历的表达。换言之，就是反映客观世界中所 发生的事、所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点 等环境因素。
The logical function
逻辑功能
Halliday describes the logical function as those systems
“whichnships between o
ne clausal unite and another”
Metafunctions of Language
M.A.K. Halliday
12英语2班 翁京京 马密密 王雅莛 唐晓雯 唐苑
A British-born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistic model of language.
逻辑功能
The experiential function 经验功能
It refers to the grammatical choices that enable
speakers to make meanings about the world around us
and inside us. 经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界（包括内心世界） 中的各种经历的表达。换言之，就是反映客观世界中所 发生的事、所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点 等环境因素。
The logical function
逻辑功能
Halliday describes the logical function as those systems
“whichnships between o
ne clausal unite and another”
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
Chapter 2.The sound of language 英语专业语言学PPT
2020/7/3
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
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Some Natural Classes
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt
Writing（文字） ----it is later developed and is only the “revised” record of speech.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
英语专业语言学课件
sentence ✓ or a particular part of a sentence.
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT
Sentence types
Binary division in terms of structure:
Simple Non-simple
– Complex – Compound
Extension of sentence
Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of
Most constructions are exocentric.
Prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
IC analysis 直接成分分析法1
Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分 分析法—a descriptive approach
IC Analysis 4
The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents 成分.
Constituents as parts of a bigger word group are called its immediate constituents (ICs).直接成分
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Relations 2
The syntagmatic relation is the relation between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.
The father of American structuralism — Leonard Bloomfield.
语言学ppt课件
The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.
18
3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
7
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
18
3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
7
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
英语语言学Syntax PPT
VP
V NP
Types of VP VP V PP V
VP
S
hit the ball speak about the book said VP VP
that he had told lies
V
run
Adv
VБайду номын сангаас
fast Look!
PP Prepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase. --on the table. --in the park --with the telescope It is possible to have a PP within a PP: --in the park with the telescope
PP P NP
AP Deg Adj
about
the book
very little
e.g.
S
NP
VP V-Bar
specifier head Complement
Susan rarely does
so
6.Transformational Generative Grammar TG • A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences. • tries to define a universal grammar (UG)
• Three levels of transformational rules: • The basic rule is Chomsky’s universal grammar ,the underlying principle • The second type is the obligatory rules that govern the transformations of auxiliaries and principles • The third type is the optional transformational rules that govern the transformatons of negotion ,passive voice ,interrogation
英语语言学-语言学知识点 PPT
buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wife
teacher : student above : below before : after host : guest employer : employee
语言学知识点
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
How speech sounds are made
fast (adj) and fast (n)
如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:
beauty, fish, ball, scale beauty: 美丽；美女 fish: 鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找 ball: 球；舞会 scale: 规模；鱼鳞 看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一
The principal suprasegmentals are:
Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a word is its use in the language’.
Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.
As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
英语语言学课件Chapter 10 Syntax
Generative Grammar Properties
All and Only: all well-formed syntactic structures, only the grammatical sentences Productivity: finite rules, infinite number of well-formed structures Recursion: capacity to be applied more than once in generating a structure. (Example on P102)
Surface Structure
Surface structure: the syntactic form they take as actual Eng sentences Charlie broke the window. The window was broken by Charlie Very closely related, identical in fact
Generative Grammar Properties
Capture the fact: a sentence can have another sentence inside it, a phrase can have another phrase inside it How superficially distinct sentences are closely related How superfically similar sentences are in fact distinct
Symbols used in Syntactic Description
Arrow: ‘consists of’ Parentheses: ( ) optional constituent inside Braces (curly brackets): { } only one of the elements enclosed withinthe brackets must be selected Complete list of symbols on Page 105
英语语言学课件-演示文稿 (34)
2.4.4 Synecdoche • Ex. 9-6 • Ladies and gentlemen, lend me your ears. • During the harvest time they need more
hands on the farm. • lend me your ears --- listen to me • Hands--- helpers, laborers and workers
3.2.4 Dactyl:
One for the master, and one for the dame.
3.2.5 Spondee:
and a black-/Back gull bent like an iron bar slowly.
3.2.6 Pyrrhic:
and a black-/back gull bent like an iron bar slowly.
3.3.2 Quatrains --- stanzas of four lines, quite common in English poetry. Ex. 9-10 When lovely woman stoops to folly, And finds too late that men betray, What charm can soothe her melancholy, What art can wash her guilt away?
3.3.5 Limericks --- poems with five lines. One line
is a couplet and one is a triplet. They are written to
be funny with the last line meant to deliver a punch
英语语言学实用教程PPT课件
第4页/共77页
(1)What does ‘tall’ mean? (signify) (2)A nod means agreement. (indicate) (3)I know the place you mean. (refer to) (4)Your presence would mean a lot to me. (matter) (5)I am sorry. I didn’t mean to be late. (intend) (6)The boy wasn’t meant to be there. (supposed to)
Review
• What are common means of cohesion in English? • What do we mean by conversational repair?
第1页/共77页
Contents
7.1 The notion of semantics 7.2 Semantic properties 7.3 Semantic relations 7.4 Sense and reference
• The connotative meaning can be the same /different in different languages or cultures. e.g.: fox, machine BUT: dragon, dog, elephant (White Elephant)
detective
spy
decease
die
pegged out
slim
thin
skinny
strong-minded
firm
pig-headed
public servant government employee bureaucrat
(1)What does ‘tall’ mean? (signify) (2)A nod means agreement. (indicate) (3)I know the place you mean. (refer to) (4)Your presence would mean a lot to me. (matter) (5)I am sorry. I didn’t mean to be late. (intend) (6)The boy wasn’t meant to be there. (supposed to)
Review
• What are common means of cohesion in English? • What do we mean by conversational repair?
第1页/共77页
Contents
7.1 The notion of semantics 7.2 Semantic properties 7.3 Semantic relations 7.4 Sense and reference
• The connotative meaning can be the same /different in different languages or cultures. e.g.: fox, machine BUT: dragon, dog, elephant (White Elephant)
detective
spy
decease
die
pegged out
slim
thin
skinny
strong-minded
firm
pig-headed
public servant government employee bureaucrat
语言学精品课ppt-07
Linguistic context
The linguistic context refers to what has been said already in the utterance.
Social Context The social context refers to the social relationship among speakers and hearers.
2. Comparison of Semantics and Pragmatics
Semantics: What does X mean? Pragmatics: What do you mean by X? For example: Today is Sunday.
3. Context and meaning
Scopes of Study
Definition of pragmatics Context and meaning Sentence and utterance Speech Act Theory Conversational Analysis Conversational principle
言外行为the 言外行为the act of expressing the speaker’s speaker’ intention. It is the act performed in saying something. Illocutionary force is not something that can be seen directly. It shows itself only through its effects. For example: The gun is loaded.
英语语言学概论课程课件
The History and Development of English
Linguistics
Early Beginnings
The Growth of Philosophy
Modern Linguistics
The study of English linguistics can trace its roots back to the Renaissance, with the works of scholars such as William Shakespeare and Francis Bacon
The Creation of New Words and the Development of Vocabulary
02 03
Language Change and Evolution
Linguistics investments how languages change over time and explore the processes that lead to language evolution
Communication and Social Interaction
Annotative meaning: the emotional or cultural associations a word may have
Context and Means
Sense depends on the context in which it is used
Context can change the intended meaning of a word or phrase
the IPA symbols and their
英语语言学PPT
Chapter 3: Morphology
The study of words
精选可编辑ppt
1
3.1 Introductions:
• U.S. fast food giant McDonald's Corp said on Tuesday it would give its Chinese employees their first across-the-board pay rise.
dictionary dictation prediction dictograph
dictum
audible audience audiometer auditor auditorium
visual visible visit vision
精选可编辑ppt
14
Diagram B to classify morphemes
精选可编辑ppt
18
3.4 Morphs and allomorphs
Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.
morpheme (langue) morph (parole)
精选可编辑ppt
10
3.3 What is morpheme??
• Morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed.
The study of words
精选可编辑ppt
1
3.1 Introductions:
• U.S. fast food giant McDonald's Corp said on Tuesday it would give its Chinese employees their first across-the-board pay rise.
dictionary dictation prediction dictograph
dictum
audible audience audiometer auditor auditorium
visual visible visit vision
精选可编辑ppt
14
Diagram B to classify morphemes
精选可编辑ppt
18
3.4 Morphs and allomorphs
Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.
morpheme (langue) morph (parole)
精选可编辑ppt
10
3.3 What is morpheme??
• Morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed.
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
语言学知识点
Mr.Potato
.
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I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
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1. design feature of language （语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
1）Arbitrariness(任意 性):
定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer
.
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the
.
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
举例： 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
.
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17
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18
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Important Distinctions in
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举例： Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive
statement.
.
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பைடு நூலகம்
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性） synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
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1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
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4）Displacement（替代性）:
定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
.
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality
举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2：England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征) defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
5） Cultural Transmission（文化传 递性）:
定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
反例：印度狼孩
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Linguistics
3). langue（语言） & parole （言语）
Theorist：Saussure （索绪尔）, father of modern linguistics
primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. 举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences>
texts/discourses
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR