中国社会科学院考博英语翻译
北大清华人大社科院中科院考博英语难度分析
北大清华人大社科院中科院考博英语难度分析硕士阶段的学习使考生在专业课部分很难拉开分数。
反倒是英语科目，由于基础和水平的参差不齐，会影响到考试整体的分数档次，考博英语难吗？如何复习达到高效？1、题型由于考博英语试题由各招生单位自己独立命题，所以不同院校的考博英语试题题型风格不尽相同。
就题型而言，一般都含有词汇结构、完形填空、阅读理解、汉英互译、作文题。
很多院校初试不再考听力，而在复试通过口语形式考查。
但有些院校仍在初试考查听力，甚至很重视听力分数。
有些学校还有改错题，应用文，甚至其他题型。
少数院校不考作文，但翻译比较长。
很多院校主观题的分数所占比重都较高，占1/3甚至1/2比重。
2、难度考博英语重视考查翻译、写作等与攻读博士学位相关的应用能力，所以其难度不能简单与其他考试比较。
但一般来说，考博英语试题的难度约相当于大学英语六级，但少数院校比六级难，有些院校甚至只相当于四级水平，甚至同一院校不同年份的难易程度也迥异。
这是由于考博英语试题的命制没有其他英语水平考试、选拔考试规范，往往因出题人不同而有区别。
所以，报考相应院校的考生一定要看一看该院校近年的考博英语真题。
3、词汇保守估计，考博英语需要掌握7000~8000单词，900常用动词短语。
当然，一般掌握了六级及硕士研究生入学考试的词汇，通过考博英语也没有多大问题，只是词汇题可能失去少数分数。
长期关注和研究考博英语试题，反对有些所谓考博英语词汇书所讲的考博需要掌握1万甚至1万以上词汇的观点。
事实上，背诵那么多词汇是没有多大意义的，考博英语考查的重点不是考生掌握了多少词汇，而如上文所述，是阅读、翻译、写作能力。
所以，词汇够用即可，建议复习自己当年很熟悉的考研词汇、六级词汇，然后略加拓展，如可看看公共英语等级考试五级词汇、新托福词汇、部分GRE词汇。
有些院校公布了词汇表或参考词汇表，但实际出题人并不怎么按大纲出题。
英语说到底还是个水平问题。
4、语法大部分院校考博英语试题都不直接考查语法，但语法有必要全面复习一下。
谈谈我社科院考博英语68分的备考经验
谈谈我社科院考博英语68分的备考经验今年社科考了68分，说实话在预料之中，因为自己确实付出了很多，其中的辛酸只有自己知道，辞职在家，没有了生活来源，只能背水一战。
备考之前，在网上有很多社科院考博英语的经验分享，说主要背单词看红宝书GRE词汇。
可是我背来背去，做真题的时候发现还是没有提高，分数总是在原来的水平徘徊。
感觉自己努力了那么多，却还是毫无头绪。
后来我就试试看，报了个睿普考博的辅导班。
睿普的老师给我辅导时候说，GRE是针对美国研究生的入学考试，它涵盖的种类很宽泛。
跟社科的出题范围是不同的。
而且社科院题型改革了，难度也有所变化，词汇和语法都不考了，改成完型，所以不能完全照搬网上的考博英语的经验。
这时我才恍然大悟，知道了自己的误区在哪里。
网上的经验乱花缭乱，但是真假真的要学会去辨别，别耽误了自己。
按照最新的题型和难度，先把最新的真题自己做一遍，看看自己的薄弱地方在哪里，做有针对性的备考才有效果。
我的具体做法就是把阅读中不认识的词划线，重点看反复出现的词，这些词对于社科类文章很重要，我就把它们背下来。
至于其他的词，比如一些古希腊的地名，哲学的人名和学派的名字，我刚看的时候，觉得很崩溃，因为翻译成中文我都不知道它们的具体意思。
但是当我看多，我发现这些词并不影响你的阅读，就跟看中文里的名字老王老张一样，把他们看成老M，大L之类的，一眼带过就完事，根本不需要记忆。
主观题部分，有的人说，主观题不重要。
恰恰相反，我认为主观题非常重要！！如果主观题做好了，会比客观题得分还要多。
所以一定要分配平衡。
阅读的部分，睿普的老师给我布置的是他们的资料，先做题，在听课，听讲解，看看自己的问题出在哪里。
说实话，题是真的难，而且量还很大，但是做着做着有一种茅塞顿开的感觉，可能是做得多了，开始了量变到质变。
我刚开始复习真题阅读的时候发现了一个问题：有时看懂了文章却做不对题目，而有时文章我并没有太看懂，但仅凭着一些题目对应的细节的点，我就可以把正确答案选出来。
2015~2017年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART Ⅰ: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is _____ and horizontally spread out.A. prudentB. reversibleC. diffuseD. mandatory【答案】C【解析】句意：甚至总统也不是真正的首席执行官，谁都不是。
在公司中，权力集中且垂直分布。
在华盛顿，权力分散且平行分布。
diffuse散开的。
prudent谨慎的，节俭的。
reversible 可逆的，可撤销的。
mandatory强制的，命令的。
2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _____.A. refineB. discernC. embedD. cluster【答案】B【解析】句意：在描述美国历史中不同阶段不同地区的印第安人中，一些影响他们不同点之间的相似点的因素能够很容易的解释清楚，而其他的却很难看出。
中国社会科学院2017年博士生入学考试英语试题考博英语真题
中国社会科学院2017年博⼠⽣⼊学考试英语试题考博英语真题中国社会科学院研究⽣院2017年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试卷英语（B卷）2017年3⽉11⽇8:30–11:30答题说明1.请考⽣按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。
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4.试卷第三部分（包括阅读7选5、概要）、第四部分(包括英译汉、汉译英)，请考⽣直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。
请将以下题⽬的答案填写在答题卡上。
PART I:Cloze(20points)Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.During the mid–1980s,my family and I spent a__(1)__year in the historic town of St.Andrews,/doc/9ea84bb585868762caaedd3383c4bb4cf6ecb75e.html paring life there with life in America,we were impressed by a__(2)__ disconnection between national wealth and well-being.To mostAmericans,Scottish life would have seemed__(3)__.Incomes were about half that in the U.S.Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St.Andrews,44percent did not own a car,and we never met a family that owned two.Central heating in this place__(4)__south of Iceland was,at that time,still a luxury.In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since,we ___(5)___noticethat,___(6)___their simpler living,the Scots appeared___(7)___joyful than Americans.We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher,but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants.Within any country,such as our own,are rich people happier?In poor countries,being relatively well off doesmake__(8)__somewhat better well off.But in affluent countries,where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities,increasing affluence matters__(9)__little.In the U.S.,Canada,and Europe,the correlation between income and happiness is,as University of Michigan researcher noted in a1980s16–nation study,“virtually__(10)__”.Happiness is lower __(11)__the very poor.Butonce comfortable,more money provides diminishing returns.Even very rich people are only slightly happier than average.With net worth all___(12)___$100million,providing___(13)___money to buy things they don’t need and hardly care about,4 in5of the49people responding to survey agreed that“Money can increase or decrease happiness, depending on how it is used”.And some were indeed unhappy.One fabulously__(14)__man said he could never remember being happy.One woman reported thatmoney__(15)__misery caused by her children’s’problems.At the other end of life’s circumstances are most victims of disabling tragedies.Yet,remarkably, most eventually recover a near-normal level of day-to-day happiness.Thus,university students who must cope with disabilities are__(16)__able-bodied students to report themselves happy,and their friends agree with their self-perceptions.We have__(17)__the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being by comparing rich and unrich countries,and rich and unrich people.That leaves the final question:Over time,does happiness rise with affluence?Typically not.Lottery winners appear to gain but a temporary jolt of joy from their winnings. On a small scale,a jump in our income can boost our morale,for a while.But in the long run, neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces the same feelings of delight that it initially___(18)___.Happiness is not the result of being rich,buta__(19)__ consequence of having recently become richer.Wealth,it therefore seems,is like health:Although its utter absence can breed misery,having it does not guarantee happiness.Happiness is__(20)__a matter of getting what we want than of wanting what we have.1. a.underpaid b.prosperous c.affluent d.sabbatical2. a.assumed b.seeming c.seemed d.seemly3. a.precarious b.imprudent c.spartan d.gallant4. a.not far b.as far as c.far from d.far to5. a.virtually b.remarkably c.ideally d.repeatedly6. a.forasmuch b.despite c.considering d.inasmuch7. a.no less b.less c.more d.no more8. a.for b.up c.out d.over9. a.scarely b.intentionally c.surprisingly d.provisionally10.a.diminishing b.negligible c.tripled d.perceivable11.a.in b.on c.upon d.among12.a.exceeded b.exceeding c.excess d.excessive13.a.utter b.messy c.greedy d.ample14.a.prosperous b.triumphant c.jubilant d.victorious15.a.could undo b.could intensifyc.could not undod.could not intensify16.a.as plausible as b.not as plausible asc.as likely asd.not as likely as17.a.ventilated b.deliberated c.speculated d.scrutinized18.a.does b.did c.has done d.is19.a.new b.favorite c.temporary d.normal20.a.more b.less c.better d.worsePART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1In the1960s and’70s of the last unlamented century,there was a New York television producer named David Susskind.He was commercially successful;he was also,surprisingly,a man of strong political views which he knew how to present so tactfully that networks were often unaware of just what he was getting away with on their—our—air.Politically,he liked to get strong-minded guests to sit with him at a round table in a ratty building at the corner of Broadway and42nd Street.Sooner or later,just about everyone of interest appeared on his program.Needless to say,he also had time for Vivien Leigh to discuss her recent divorce from Laurence Olivier,which summoned forth the mysterious cry from the former Scarlett O’Hara,“I am deeply sorry for any woman who was not married to Larry Olivier.”Since this took in several billion ladies(not to mention those gentlemen who might have offered to fill,as it were,the breach),Leigh caused a proper stir,as did the ballerina Alicia Markova,who gently assured us that“a Markova comes only once every hundred years or so.”I suspect it was the dim lighting on the set that invited such naked truths.David watched his pennies.I don’t recall how,or when,we began our“States of the Union”programs.But we did them year after year.I would follow whoever happened to be president,and I’d correct his“real”State of the Union with one of my own,improvising from questions that David would prepare.I was a political pundit because in a1960race for the House of Representatives(upstate New York), I got more votes than the head of the ticket,JFK;in1962,I turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senate on the sensible ground that it was not winnable;I also had a pretty good memory in those days,now a-jangle with warning bells as I try to recall the national debt or,more poignantly,where I last saw my glasses.。
社科院博士英语(历年翻译真题)
Translation（社科院历年翻译真题）1.If our country is to achieve modernization the biggest obstacle is not the shortage of natural resources，nor the lack of funds，still less the problem of technology，but rather the quality of the more than one billion people，for funds can be accumulated，technology can be created or imported，but the overall quality of the huge population，which can not be imported，must only be improved by ourselves．我们的国家要走向现代化，最大的障碍并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。
资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进，但是十几亿人口的素质是无法引进的，这必须靠我们自己去提高。
2.Today women increasingly leave the home for the workplace．In addition to the normal financial incentives，we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances，and a desire for more social contact in order to relieve their domestic isolation．However，for all，working is tied to the desire for independence．今天，越来越多的妇女走出家门参加工作。
各校考博英语翻译
北理工05翻译A. Translate the following two short paragraphs into Chinese.(10 points)1. We do not make mistakes on the basis of race or color. We don not make them because we are male or female, young or old. We do no make mistakes of choice or judgments because we want to make mistakes. We make them because we are human. Mistakes, bad judgments, the stupid things we do are all a part of being human. We cannot hide from who we are. We should not hide from what we do. When we acknowledge our mistakes or errors and face up to our human shortcomings, no one can use them against us.2. We are first and foremost responsible to and for ourselves. We can help other people. We can assist other people. What we cannot do is make what we do for others or others do for us more important than what we do for ourselves. When we find something or someone creating in our lives something we don not want, we must muster the courage and strength to tell them to stop it. When we do, we preserve our sense of self.B. Translate the following two paragraphs into English.(20 points)几年前我认识一个非常聪明但任性的中国青年，他急切地想去美国读大学，但又没有被他申请的长春藤合会名牌大学录取。
[中科院]中国社会科学院研究生院博士研究生英语入学试题及答案
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中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。
中国社会科学院世界宗教研究系宗教学专业考博真题导师分数线内部资料
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 考博资料、辅导课程 咨询育明考博刘老师
版社，2009 年。 魏道儒，宗教学系博士生导师，1955 年 10 月出生于河北景县。中国社会科学院世
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育明 考博分校 资料来源： 考博资料、辅导课程 咨询育明考博刘老师
③3120 道教史
06 当代宗教
①1001 英语、1002 日语、1003 俄语、 1004 德语、1005 法语选一 邱永辉 ②2062 宗教学原理
邱永辉:宗教系博士生导师。1961 年 4 月出生于四川省资阳市。1984 年毕业于四川 大学历史系，获中国社会科学院研究生院史学硕士学位。任中国社会科学院世界宗教研 究所研究员、当代宗教研究室主任、中国南亚学会副会长等。宗教学。
当代（中国和印度）宗教研究方向。主要专著《现代印度的种姓制度》（1996 年）、 《印度世俗化研究》（2003 年）、《印度宗教多元文化》（2009 年）、《印度教教报告》（宗教蓝皮 书）。已经发表相关研究论文百余篇。独立完成三项国家社会科学基金项目，主持完成 一项中国社会科学院重大课题（A 类）项目，2011－2014 年任中国社会科学院创新工程 “当代宗教发展态势研究”项目首席研究员。
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运用基础理论知识来解决现实热点问题的能力，这一点在初试和复试中都有体现。近几 年的真题中都会有联系实际的热点分析。所以考生在复习备考时就应单多阅读一些本专 业本学科的最新研究方向研究成果，权威的期刊上面“大牛们”都在关心、探讨什么话 题，以及一些时事热点问题能不能运用本专业的知识来加以解释解决。 四、社科院考博英语
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。
PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。
中国社会科学院考博英语翻译汇总
2000年1、继续扩大国内需求，是当前应对亚洲金融危机和国际市场变化的正确选择，也是我国经济发展的基本立足点和长期战略方针。
In light of [Given] the Asian finiancial crisis and the changes in the international markets, it is proper/fitting for us to continue boosting/promoting domestic demand. This constitutes the basic foundation for China’s economic development as well as being part of our long-term strategy.2、中国各民族相互依存的政治、经济、文化联系，使其在长期的历史发展中有着共同的命运和共同的利益，产生了强固的亲合力、凝聚力。
Due to/Because of their interdependent political, economic and cultural ties, all Chinese nationalities have shared a common destiny and a common interest throughout their long historical development, creating a strong force for affinity and cohesion.3、当前正在进行以课程教材改革为核心的教育改革，改革的中心目标是变应试教育为素质教育。
An education reform centering on curriculum and teaching materials is under way. As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of students’ abilities instead of training them merely to pass exams.4、中国的事情能不能办好，社会主义和改革开放能不能坚持，经济能不能快一点发展起来，国家能不能长治久安，从一定意义上说，关键在于人。
中科院考博英语翻译写作分析及范文-8页精选文档
中科院博士研究生英语写作分析及范文1999.32000.32001.32002.32002.102003.32003.102004.32005.3题目解析：“如何减少交通事故?”这道作文题目简洁明了，比较容易把握。
正确地理解本题最重要的是抓住题眼，也就是“如何”这个词。
本题十分明确地要求考生专门讨论解决某一现象或问题的具体措施，而有的考生没能紧紧围绕解决办法多着笔墨，而去分析交通事故这个问题背后的根源，显然无法取得理想的成绩。
范文：With the rapid development of society, more and more people in China can afford to buy a car.As a consequence, traffic accidents gradually become a serious problem and bring great inconveniences to people. In my opinion, this problem can be solved from three aspects.Firstly, our government should take drastic measures and enforce a series of effective traffic rules, which must be well acknowledged and understood by every person. Those who do not obey the rules will be punished according to the actual situation.Secondly, the Ministry of Communications should make every effort to better the poor traffic environment. We need traffic police to be responsible for their job. If our policemen can be committed to what they are doing, the traffic condition will surely be improved.Thirdly, every member of the society should realize the seriousness of traffic accidents, which not only bring mischief to the drivers themselves, but also lead their families into bitterness. As drivers, they should not drink alcohol before driving. As walkers, they should not cross the street when red light is still on.In a word, it is the task of the whole society to solve the traffic accidents. I believe the traffic accidents will be reduced through the endeavor of everyone, and our society will have a nice traffic order and environment. (220 words)2006.3题目解析：本题首先列出了一个现实生活中的现象：中国虽然拥有世界上最多的人口和大量的研究工作者，却至今没能培养出一名诺贝尔奖获得者。
社科院考博英语真题常用词汇短语
社科院考博英语真题常用词汇短语back up支持;倒退be bent on(upon)一心想做(某事)be better of处境更好;情况转好be bound to肯定，注定;一定要;决心be composed of由...组成be concerned with关于...，与...有关;参与...be determined to坚定;坚决;决心be fed up with/about对...厌烦了;讨厌be fit for适合be inclined to倾向于...;想要be obliged to(do)被迫，不得不be obliged to感谢be related to与...相关的，同...有亲戚关系be/get tired/sick of对...失去兴趣;厌烦be/get used/accustomed to习惯于bear/keep in mind记住;牢记bear on/upon对...施加压力;与...有关;对...有影响before long很快;不久以后blow out(使火)熄灭;(轮胎)爆裂blow up炸毁;充气;放大(照片);勃然大怒boil/narrow down(to)压缩成;归结为;简化为...break down(机器)发生故障;(计划，谈判等)失败;分析;分解;破除;战胜;(感情)失控，(身体)垮了break in闯入;打断;训练;使驯服;使习惯于break into闯入;打断;突然开始...;突然...起来break out突然暴发;逃脱break through突破;冲破;克服;挤过break up使粉碎;弄破;解散;结束;解体解散;中断;终止;(学校)放假使苦恼;恳(地)bring down使垮台;失败;击落，打下;降低(物价，温度等)bring forward把...提前;提议;建议;(会计)把(账目)结转到(次页) bring in带来;引进;提出;挣得(报酬等);生产，产生;收获;(陪审团)下(判决)bring out出版;上演;显露出;现出;使人有勇气开口bring up抚养，教育;提出(问题等);呕吐bring/come/put/carry into effect开始生效;实行build up积累;聚集;增进(健康);增强(体格);确立(信誉);吹捧burn down烧光;把...烧成平地burst out/into突然发生;突然...起来，怒放but for除...以外;如果没有by accident/chance(纯粹)偶然地;碰巧;无意by all means务必，一定，千方百计by no means决不，一点，也不by and large大体上;基本上;总的说来by for更加...得多;尤其;最...by means/way of用;以;依靠(某种方法，工具，工艺等)/作为;当作;经由by reason of因为;由于by the way顺便说一句by virtue of因;靠;由于;借助于call for去接人;取(物件);要求;提倡call off宣告终止;取消;(使注意力)转移开;放弃call on/upon指名要(某人)去干(某事);请求;号召;动用call up打电话;召集，召唤;征召(服役);使人回忆起;从计算机中调出(资料)calm/cool down平静下来;使(人)冷静下来capable of(人)敢于;能...的;易于做出...的;(事)能...的;易...的care for/about照顾;关照;喜欢;喜爱/关心;在意carry away使激动得失去控制，使入迷，使倾倒carry back(to)使回忆起carry forward发扬;推进;转入下一页下期等carry off夺走，诱拐;夺去...生命;获得(奖品等)carry on继续;喧闹，起哄;从事;处理;经营;开展carry out完成;落实;贯彻;实现;执行carry through贯彻到底;度过难关;支持到底cast doubt(on)使人怀疑change for the better/worse改进;改善;好转/恶化;每况愈下change/speak one''s mind改变决定或主意/直抒己见charge(sb.)with使负...罪名;托付，使负担check in/out签到;报到;办理(住宿，乘机等)手续;退房登记;办清手续后离开;检查，核对check up体格检查;核对，检查clean up扫除，清洗干净;收拾干净;搬空;肃清;扫除;clear away消除;收拾clear up整理;解决，澄清，说明白;转晴;变好close up关闭;阻塞;(人)互相靠紧;(伤口)愈合come about发生，(风等)改变方向come across(无意中)碰到，找到，想到come along/on来呀;赶快;一道来;赞成;进步/赶快;登台;(病,痛苦)加重，加深;来临;接着开始come back回到原来的(地方，话题等);突然想起;重新流行;恢复，复原，复苏;复辟come down下降，跌价come down to归根结底;实质上是;实际意味着come in到来，出现;进入;兴起;到成熟期;上台执政;其作用come/get/keep in(to)contact/touch与...联系，接触;交往come off松开;脱落;剥落;(如期)发生;实现;奉行;应验come out现出，露出;出版;发行;结果是...;取得(第...名);罢工;解答出来;消失褪去;源于;来自;发表，讲出come(a)round来访;转而同意某看法;恢复知觉;苏醒come to(a standstill/an end/light/no harm/the rescue of)苏醒过来;恢复知觉(停止/结束/发现;显露/无害;无碍/营救;救援) come up with/to提出;赶上;达到...标准;到达;不辜负(众望)compete with/against同...竞争;与...相匹敌;竞赛;竞争complain about/of抱怨;叫屈;申诉;投诉/自诉有...病痛concern about关心;担心count on指望;期待(某人)相助critical of对...持批评态度的;对...苛求的cross out删除;划掉cut down削减;减少;砍伐cut off切断;截止;中断供应(疾病等)使(人)死亡;叫(人)闭口无言cut out割掉;删去;戒掉;省掉cut short剪短;削短;(突然)中止;打断;缩短;从简本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2018年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2018年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART Ⅰ Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those (1)_____ with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily (2)_____ the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was (3)_____ to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn’t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering (4)_____ possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to (5)_____ landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required (6)_____ and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only (7)_____ were being neglected. A handful had been (8)_____.This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays (9)_____ go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God (10)_____.It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until theappointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to (11)_____ the good memories (12)_____ Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he’d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it (13)_____ admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other (14)_____ the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples (15)_____ height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.The square was as (16)_____ as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had (17)_____ so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched (18)_____ the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always (19)_____ that the family money he’d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother’s grave, something he hadn’t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father’s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many (20)_____ and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he’d never visited since he’dleft it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.1. A. praisedB. celebratedC. blessedD. inherited2. A. roll backB. drive backC. go backD. think over3. A. excitedB. hilariousC. numbD. anxious4. A. as loosely asB. as tightly asC. as firmly asD. as freely as5. A. adjoiningB. hostileC. cravenD. friendly 6. A. documentsB. ratificationC. approvalD. testimony7. A. a lotB. fewC. a littleD. a few8. A. abandonedB. lostC. shatteredD. shunned9. A. butB. exceptC. besidesD. rather than10. A. intendsB. was intendingC. intendD. intended11. A. dwellB. dwell onC. mull overD. sleep on12. A. atB. inC. ofD. about13. A. instead ofB. rather thanC. insteadD. in order to14. A. withB. overC. atD. beyond15. A. enjoyingB. looking overC. competing forD. competing to16. A. lifelessB. boringC. nullD. tedious17. A. wiped upB. wiped awayC. wiped downD. wiped out18. A. toB. atC. intoD. through19. A. assumedB. presumedC. alludedD. deluded20. A. declarationsB. decreesC. depositionsD. declinations【答案与解析】1.C 本句的意思是“那些拥有美好童年的人会回到家乡，回到快乐的时光中去”。
2018年中国社会科学院博士学位入学考试英语A卷考博真题
中国社会科学院研究生院2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（A卷）2018年 3月24日8:30-11:30答题说明1．请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。
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填写两个或两个以上答案，本题无效。
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请将以下题目的答案填写在答题卡上。
PART I: Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those 1 with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily 2 the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was 3 to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn’t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering 4 possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to 5 landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required 6 and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only 7 were being neglected. A handful had been 8 .This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays 9 go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God 10 .It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to 11 the good memories 12 Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he’d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it 13 admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other 14 the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples 15 height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.The square was as 16 as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had 17 so many small towns. But here the peopl e had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched 18 the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always 19 that the family money he’d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother’s grave, something he hadn’t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father’s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many 20 and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he’d never visited since he’d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.1. A. praised B. celebrated C. blessed D. inherited2. A. roll back B. drive back C. go back D. think over3. A. excited B. hilarious C. numb D. anxious4. A. as loosely as B. as tightly as C. as firmly as D. as freely as5. A. adjoining B. hostile C. craven D. friendly6. A. documents B. ratification C. approval D. testimony7. A. a lot B. few C. a little D. a few8. A. abandoned B. lost C. shattered D. shunned9. A. but B. except C. besides D. rather than10. A. intends B. was intending C. intend D. intended11. A. dwell B. dwell on C. mull over D. sleep on12. A. at B. in C. of D. about13. A. instead of B. rather than C. instead D. in order to14. A. with B. over C. at D. beyond15. A. enjoying B. looking over C. competing for D. competing to16. A. lifeless B. boring C. null D. tedious17. A. wiped up B. wiped away C. wiped down D. wiped out18. A. to B. at C. into D. through19. A. assumed B. presumed C. alluded D. deluded20. A. declarations B. decrees C. depositions D. declinationsPART II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1LAPD Chief Charlie Beck's tenure has helped answer questions that lingered after the Rampart consent decree ended and outsider Chief William J. Bratton stepped down: Has L.A.'s policing culture permanently changed? Or with outsider chiefs and federal monitors gone, will the Los Angeles Police Department return to its brutal, secretive and racially-tinged past?A department veteran who, under Bratton's tutelage, became a true believer in data, transparency and change, Beck helped instill a more open, reform-oriented culture. He was successful in part because he's smart and his heart was in the right place, but also because he is old-school LAPD, son of a cop, sibling to and father of cops. His embrace of departmental reform in the post-Rampart era was a strong signal to the rank-and-file, to the city's political leaders and to communities that often suffered brutal policing tactics that the new thinking and new practices were there to stay.Beck announced Friday that he would step down in June, before the end of his second and final five-year term.Even though he is not elected, he is a savvy politician who correctly read what the mayor, the Police Commission and the people of Los Angeles wanted from him and what to an extent he was able to deliver: low crime, no scandals, little controversy. He became adept at the regular radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement and criminal justice reform.At a time of national awakening and outrage over police shootings of unarmed AfricanAmerican men and boys, Beck and the LAPD often looked good in comparison, at least for a while.But there have been troubling exceptions. Just days after a police officer fatally shot Michael Brown in Ferguson, Montana., LAPD officers shot another unarmed African American man, Ezell Ford, in Los Angeles. Beck concluded that the shooting was justified despite his police commission's finding to the contrary. His action, and District Attorney Jackie Lacey's decision a year ago not to prosecute —along with numerous other officer-involved shootings —have exacerbated tension between the department and many of the communities it patrols.Beck's decision was to respond to an increase in violent crime in South Los Angeles with increased patrols and what amounts to an L.A.-style stop-and-frisk policy (automobile stops for arguably pretextual reasons such as broken taillights, in order to search for weapons).Did the tactic work? The violence eventually abated, but not before police reopened old wounds and reinvigorated anti-police sentiment in communities that felt over-patroled. Activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weekly commission meetings.Meanwhile, although Los Angeles continues to enjoy historically low crime rates, the declines began a slight but troubling reverse in 2015. The scandal-free ledger was tainted by the 2013 rampage of fired officer Christopher Dorner, who posted a manifesto of charges against the department, then killed four people and wounded three others before dying as police closed in on him. LAPD officers wounded three innocent bystanders in their sometimes frenetic quest to track down Dorner. There was a scandal of another sort when police cadets, aided by an officer, stole cruisers and other equipment. Their exploits went undetected for weeks.Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by every LAPD chief. In a city in which public safety accounts for more than 80% of the city budget, he faced strong pressure in City Hall and many communities to economize. At the same time, many of the same critics want him to provide better patrols in lower-crime parts of the city while still being able to respond in force to spates of violence in high-crime communities, and while employing a more community-oriented approach to policing citywide. Accomplishing all of those goals simultaneously is simply not possible.Beck is the fourth LAPD chief to be appointed under a key change that followed the 1992 riots, which were sparked by acquittals of officers in the brutal beating of African American motorist Rodney King. After decades in which chiefs could retain their jobs virtually for life, leaders of the department are now appointed to a single five-year term and can be appointed to a second — but no more. Chiefs Willie Williams and Bernard Parks were denied second terms. Bratton won a second but left early for other opportunities. Beck's June departure date leaves plenty of time for the commission and Mayor Eric Garcetti to consider a host of would-be replacements among the younger brass whom Beck has mentored.Comprehension Questions:21. To what extent has the Los Angeles Police Department changed under Beck?A. Permanently.B. Until he steps down.C. Not at all.D. Temporarily.22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Charlie Beck’s protecting LAPD officers aggravated the re lationship between the departmentand the communities.B. Charlie Beck’s policy of increasing patrols and the stop-and-frisk policy have beencontroversial among the local people.C. Christopher Dorner was angry with the LAPD and abreacted his dissatisfaction by killinginnocent people.D. The LAPD will return to a brutal, secretive, and racially-tinged past after Chiefs WillieWilliams and Bernard Parks’ retirement.23. Why do you think activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weeklycommission meetings?A. He was maladroit in radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement andcriminal justice reform.B. When Americans were outraged over police shootings of unarmed African Americans, LAPDunder Beck’s leadership did w ell.C. Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by everyLAPD chief.D. The increased patrol of the police aroused an anti-police sentiment in communities.24. Which of the following can be the last sentence of the passage?A. It's imperative that Beck's successor be someone who can build on his legacy and continuemoving the department down the path of reform.B. After announcing on Friday that he would step down in June before completing his secondterm on the job, Beck reflected on his LAPD career of more than 40 years.C. Charlie Beck, whose own career with the Los Angeles Police Department spanned four decades,will retire this summer, ending an eight-year tenure as police chief.D. Charlie Beck was credited with major reforms in the department and a general decline inhomicides but also had some missteps.25. What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Beck as chief of Los Angeles Police Department?A. Cynical.B. Neutral.C. Prejudiced.D. Critical.Passage 2We are in a global health crisis, and it grows worse by the year, as the World Health Organization has warned that by 2030 almost half the world’s population will be overweight or obese if current trends continue. There are already 124 million obese children, a more than tenfold increase in four decades, and more than a million of these live in the UK, which has the worst obesity rates in western Europe. Four in five will grow up to be obese adults; and the leader of the UK’s paediatric body warns that this will cost them 10 to 20 years of healthy life.This is a social problem, both in cause and consequence, as concurred by Simon Stevens, the chief executive of the UK’s National Health Service, whose cautioning that obesity could bankrupt the health service comes across as the placard-wielding stance of a roadside prophet of doom - yet the government’s response has been as modest and inadequate as these figures are shocking. Medical experts describe its childhood obesity strategy as weak, embarrassing and even insulting. Though it inherited a tax on sugary drinks, it rowed back from restrictions on price-cutting promotions and junk food marketing or advertising, leaving its strategy to rely heavily on measuressuch as school activity programmes.Campaigners had warned that would not be enough; now research proves they were right –even when such initiatives tackle both diet and exercise, and make efforts to reach out to families. Children in schools in England’s West Midlands were given a year of extra ph ysical activity sessions, a healthy eating programme and cookery workshops with their parents, all of which failed to have any significant effect on children’s weight.The causes of the obesity epidemic are multiple and complex, as the landmark Foresight report produced over a decade ago underscored: we live in an obesogenic environment, and some more so than others (more than twice as many children in deprived areas are obese as in affluent areas). TVs and smartphones in bedrooms and reliance on cars play their part; so too do food deserts, where fruit and vegetables are expensive or inaccessible, which leaves the more economically strapped sector of the population choosing to fill a hungry child with donuts rather than apples.But one factor leaps out: greed. The problem is not gluttony by a generation of Augustus Gloops but the avarice of the Willy Wonkas who press junk food on consumers, then profess surprise at the results. The tactics of big food are, as the global health organisation Vital Strategies points out in its report Fool Me Twice, strikingly similar to those of big tobacco over the years. But big food has the advantage that everyone needs to eat, while no one needs to smoke, and that a biscuit does not damage health as a cigarette does, obesity notwithstanding. Thus, these companies tell us that we should not restrict individual freedom; that it is up to people to show self-discipline; and that their products are fine as occasional indulgences - never mind that they present family-size packs as if they are suitable for individuals, nor that highly processed foods, packed with salt and sugar, tend to be cheaper to produce, store and deliver – as well as being habit-forming.Other countries have been far bolder in tackling the industry, instead of relying on voluntary action. In Latin America, governments have forced companies to remove cartoon characters - naturally an instant appeal to young children - from cereal boxes, imposed junk food taxes and ordered school tuck shops to replace high-salt/sugar products with fruit and vegetables. Tougher rules reshape consumer perceptions and decisions and in doing so, they can also push companies into changing products.A ban on junk food advertising before the 9pm watershed is long overdue. It should be su pplemented by a ban on promotions and price cuts for “sharing” bags of chocolates, as Action on Sugar urged last month, and the sugar tax on drinks could be extended to food products, with the revenue channelled into initiatives making fresh produce more affordable and attractive to consumers. The government’s failure to force change means that the rest of us will pay the price –in ill health and higher taxes – as big food rakes in the profits.Comprehension Questions:26. Findings and studies demonstrate that________________.A. The obesity problem is largely a European oneB. Unhealthy children have unhealthy parentsC. There are more obese children in lower socio-economic areasD. People now are dying younger27. Who does the author believe to be primarily responsible for failing to stop obesity?A. Parents.B. Advertisers.C. Government.D. Manufacturers.28. Which of the following is NOT inferred in the passage________________.A. There are more obese children than adultsB. Obesity will drain funds from government resourcesC. Corporations do not care about obesityD. Lack of physical activity contributes to obesity29. Which ‘chain of events’ is indicated in the passage?A. New government laws →consumers buy different items →manufacturers change products.B. Manufacturers increase sugar content →more children buy products →life span isshortened.C. Regular exercise program →learning to cook own food →reduction in obesity.D. Television advertising is regulated →manufacturers lose revenue →product costs decrease.30. Company policy to manufacture family-size packs of unhealthy food while stating that it is theconsumer who is responsible for limiting what they eat is an example of________________. A. analogy B. rhetoric C. hypocrisy D. sophistryPassage 3The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, (“WEF”) in Davos, Switzerland, was well under way when it officially commenced, early on a Wednesday evening in January, with an address, in the Congress Hall of the Congress Center, by Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany. She had a lot to say about Europe. Some of it—“Do we dare more Europe? Yes, we do dare”—made the news. But outside the hall many Davos participants paid her no mind. They loitered in various lounges carrying on conversations with each other. They talked and talked—as though they hadn’t been talking all day. They had talked while sitting on panels or while skipping panels that others were sitting on. “Historic Complexity: How Did We Get Here?,” “The Compensatio n Question,” “Global Risks 2012: The Seeds of Dystopia”: over the course of five days, a man could skip more than two hundred and fifty such sessions.Davos is, fundamentally, an exercise in corporate speed-dating. “Everyone comes because everyone else co mes,” Larry Summers told me. A hedge-fund manager or a C.E.O. can pack into a few days the dozens of meetings—with other executives, with heads of state or their deputies, with non-governmental organizations whose phone calls might otherwise have been ignored—that it would normally take months to arrange and tens of thousands of Gulfstream miles to attend. They conduct these compressed and occasionally fruitful couplings, the so-called bilateral meetings, either in private rooms that the W.E.F. has set aside for this purpose or in hotel rooms, restaurants, and hallways. All that’s missing is the hourly rate.Many Davos participants rarely, if ever, attend even one. Instead, they float around in the slack spaces, sitting down to one arranged meeting after another, or else making themselves available for chance encounters, either with friends or with strangers whom they will ever after be able to refer to as friends. The Congress Center, the daytime hub, is a warren of interconnected lounges, cafés, lobbies, and lecture halls, with espresso bars, juice stations, and stacks of apples scattered about. The participants have their preferred hovering areas. Wandering the center in search of people totalk to was like fishing a stretch of river; one could observe, over time, which pools held which fish, and what times of day they liked to feed. Jamie Dimon, running shoes in hand, near the espresso stand by the Global Leadership Fellows Program, in the late afternoon. Fareed Zakaria, happily besieged, in the Industry Partners Lounge, just before lunch. The lunkers would very occasionally emerge from their deep holes (there were rumors of secret passageways) and glide through the crowd, with aides alongside, like pilot fish. (The W.E.F. says that Davos is an entourage-free zone, but this doesn’t seem to apply to the biggest of the big wheels, like heads of state.) It is said that the faster you walk the more important you are.It is a name-dropper’s paradise. Central bankers, industrial chiefs, hedge-fund titans, gloomy forecasters, astrophysicists, monks, rabbis, tech wizards, museum curators, university presidents, financial bloggers, virtuous heirs. I found myself in conversation with a newspaper columnist and an executive from McKinsey & Company, the management-consulting firm. This was serendipitous, as so many conversations in Davos turn out to be, because, at the urging of many, I was supposed to be angling for an invitation to the McKinsey party, at the Belvedere Hotel. A must, people said, with a glint. I was suspi cious, owing to an incongruity between the words “party” and “management consulting.” But this was Davos. The executive cheerfully added me to the list. A McKinsey for a Merkel: a fair trade.The newcomer hears repeated bits of Davos advice. Ride the shuttle: you might meet someone. Go to a session that deals with a subject you know nothing about: you might learn something. Come next year, and the one after, if they invite you back: you might begin to understand. Everyone says that you can’t get the hang of Davos until you’ve been three or four times. So many things are going on at once that it is impossible to do even a tenth of them. You could spend the week in your hotel room, puzzling over a plan, wrestling with your doubts and regrets, but a person who would do this is not the kind who would be invited to Davos.Another admonition: no matter how much you do, you will always have the sense that something else, something better, is going on elsewhere. On the outskirts of town, three men are hunched in the candlelit corner of a pine-panelled Gaststube, discussing matters of grave importance. You may think you don’t care about such things, but the inkling burrows like a tapeworm. The appetite for admittance can become insatiable. Whenever I passed through town, I noticed men in good suits and sturdy boots, walking with intent in the opposite direction. Where were they going? They ducked into tea shops or into Mercedes sedans with darkened passenger windows. “Wheels within wheels,” one woman whispered to me. “What happens in Davos stays in Davos,” many people said, but even when you’re there it’s hard to know what is happening in Davos. Yossi Vardi, an Israeli tech investor and an eighteen-year Davos veteran, said, “What you see here, in the Congress Center, is just twenty per cent of the action.”There are as many Davoses as there are perceptions of Davos. Schwab might use the term “stakeholders,” and the stakeholders may be partial to the word “silos,” but another term that springs to mind when you are there i s “cliques.” A certain ferment occurs where the cliques overlap, but as often as not they pass in the night.Comprehension Questions:31. The World Economic Forum (“WEF”) in Davos is a very important world event mainlybecause________________.A. The important lectures about world economic problems by world leadersB. People mingleC. Non-Governmental Organization can raise capital by meeting with governments andcompaniesD. World economic trends are established32. “Entourage free zone” is a very imp ortant characteristic of the WEF because_______________.A. Participants are free from companyB. Participants are free to exchange confidential business informationC. There are zones in WEF where everyone can freely attend to make business contactsD. None of the above33. When the writer describes the WEF as a “Name-Dropper’s Paradise”, the writermeans_______________.A. Participants can give their name cards to a lot of people to develop businessB. Participants can refer business contacts to other attendeesC. Participants easily meet other attendeesD. Participants can easily meet other participants through common business contacts34. The greatest fear of WEF participants is_______________.A. Not making enough business contactsB. Not being able to attend future eventsC. Being left out of the loopD. Giving out business secrets35. When participants attend the WEF they immediately fall into “cliques”. By “cliques” the writermeans_______________.A. Participants meet other participants that can bring business and can share valuable informationB. Participants meet other participants with shared values and interestsC. Participants meet other participants for a common causeD. Participants can meet other participants with different interests and valuesPassage 4A new degree of intellectual power seems cheap at any price. The use of the world is that man may learn its laws. And the human race has wisely signified their sense of this, by calling wealth, means - 'Man' being the end. Language is always wise.Therefore I praise New England because it is the place in the world where is the freest expenditure for education. We have already taken, at the planting of the Colonies, the initial step, which for its importance might have been resisted as the most radical of revolutions, thus deciding at the start the destiny of this country - this, namely, that the poor man, whom the law does not allow to take an ear of corn when starving, nor a pair of shoes for his freezing feet, is allowed to put his hand into the pocket of the rich, and say, "You shall educate me, not as you will, but as I will: not alone in the elements, but, by further provision, in the languages, in sciences, in the useful and in elegant arts. The child shall be taken up by the State, and taught, at the public cost, the rudiments of knowledge, and, at last, the ripest results of art and science".Humanly speaking, the school, the college, society, make the difference between men. All the fairy tales of Aladdin or the invisible Gyges or the taIisman that opens kings' palaces or the enchanted halls underground or in the sea, are any fictions to indicate the one miracle of intellectual enlargement. When a man stupid becomes a man inspired, when one and the same man passes out of the torpid into the perceiving state, leaves the din of trifles, the stupor of the senses, to enter into the quasi-omniscience of high thought - up and down, around, all limits disappear. No horizon shuts down. He sees things in their causes, all facts in their connection.One of the problems of history is the beginning of civilization. The animals that accompany and serve man make no progress as races. Those called domestic are capable of learning of man a few tricks of utility or amusement, but they cannot communicate the skill to their race. Each individual must be taught anew. The trained dog cannot train another dog. And Man himself in many faces retains almost the unteachableness of the beast. For a thousand years the islands and forests of a great part of the world have been led with savages who made no steps of advance in art or skill beyond the necessity of being fed and warmed. Certain nations with a better brain and usually in more temperate climates have made such progress as to compare with these as these compare with the bear and the wolf.Victory over things is the office of man. Of course, until it is accomplished, it is the war and insult of things over him. His continual tendency, his great danger, is to overlook the fact that the world is only his teacher, and the nature of sun and moon, plant and animal only means of arousing his interior activity. Enamored of their beauty, comforted by their convenience, he seeks them as ends, and fast loses sight of the fact that they have worse than no values, that they become noxious, when he becomes their slave.This apparatus of wants and faculties, this craving body, whose organs ask all the elements and all the functions of Nature for their satisfaction, educate the wondrous creature which they satisfy with light, with heat, with water, with wood, with bread, with wool. The necessities imposed by his most irritable and all-related texture have taught Man hunting, pasturage, agriculture, commerce, weaving, joining, masonry, geometry, astronomy. Here is a world pierced and belted with natural laws, and fenced and planted with civil partitions and properties, which all put new restraints on the young inhabitant. He too must come into this magic circle of relations, and know health and sickness, the fear of injury, the desire of external good, the charm of riches, the charm of power. The household is a school of power. There, within the door, learn the tragicomedy of human life. Here is the sincere thing, the wondrous composition for which day and night go round. In that routine are the sacred relations, the passions that bind and sever. Here is poverty and all the wisdom its hated necessities can teach, here labor drudges, here affections glow, here the secrets of character are told, the guards of man, the guards of woman, the compensations which, like angels of justice, pay every debt: the opium of custom, whereof all drink and many go mad. Here is Economy, and Glee, and Hospitality, and Ceremony, and Frankness, and Calamity, and Death, and Hope.Comprehension Questions:36. What is the passage mainly about?A. The power of human civilization.B. The relationship between man and nature.C. Man learning the laws of society.。
社科院考博英语真题翻译练习素材
社科院考博英语真题翻译练习素材原文：Reportedly,home-based workers earn more money.(1)The46million home-based workers in the United States,including a large number of women,working at home in an attempt to better balance work and family, earn28%more than the average office worker,and spend less time making their pay.(2)Of course this could be due,in part,to the fact that more experienced and aggressive workers tend to start their own businesses.(3)Remember,going into business on your own,or from a home office may mean making do with less.But it can also mean achieving more：more independence,more challenges,more results.(4)In the long run it may well mean more money for you and your family.In a word,doing it on your own means freedom,to grow,experiment and learn. If you are successful,you won't have to go ask for a raise or accept what you're given or worry about being turned out to pasture when a younger version of yourself comes along.(5)You will have the freedom to enjoy the profits of your own work,and the continuing growth and profit which comes from owning your own business.Good luck and enjoy the journey.译文：1.美国有4千6百万以家庭为基础进行工作的工人，包括一大批试图在家庭和社会之间寻求平衡而在家里工作的一大批妇女，这些人赚取的工资比办公室工作人员的平均工资高28%。
汉英翻译三步走
汉英翻译三步走引导语：下面店铺就为大家带来汉英翻译三步走，至于是哪三步呢，赶快看看以下文章吧。
、一、翻译中的一个悖论英汉翻译和汉英翻译，哪一个更难?大多数人会答曰：汉英翻译更难。
显然，这看起来是一种合理的问问题的方法，其实并非如此。
英汉翻译和汉英翻译，没有哪一个更难和不难的问题，只是因人而异，视个人的英语水平和翻译水平而定。
那么，为什么大多数中国人会有一种明显的“汉英翻译比英汉翻译更难”的感觉呢?有回答这个问题，我们有必要了解一下翻译的过程。
其实，无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。
弄明白理解和表达这两个过程，我们就可以清楚的看到，为什么大多数人会有一种“汉英翻译更难”的论调了。
首先，有必要考查一下英汉翻译的过程。
如果做英汉翻译的话，我们第一步需要理解英语，然后再把理解到的英语表达成为汉语就可以了。
因为英语毕竟是我们的外语，所以大多数人认为，我们不懂英语是正常的。
所以，无论英译汉这个过程汇总，英语有多难或者有多简单都没有关系，我们可以查阅英语词典得出比较正确的译文。
然后，换过来，汉译英则不一样了。
那些认为汉译英更难的人就认为，明明我们认识汉语，却不能用地道的英语来翻译，所以，汉译英很难做。
但是，如果我们这样来想，在英译汉的过程中，我们连第一步(理解英语)可能都无法完成;而汉译英的话，好歹我们能完成翻译的第一步(理解汉语原文)。
没有人能否认我们中国人，看不懂汉语吧?既然如此，我们就能够克服那种长期以后认为“汉英翻译更难”的心理障碍了。
那么如何比较有效的完成汉英翻译呢?根据长期以来积累从事翻译教学的经验，笔者认为可以从以下三个步骤来着手：二、汉英翻译三步策略之一：定主语1.翻译的单位在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么?是篇章吗?是段落吗?是句子吗?是单词吗?甚至是音节吗?这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。
现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。
社科院考博英语(口语精选)
英语口语精选What are you trying to say?(你到底想说什么?)Don't be silly.(别胡闹了。
)How strong are your glasses?(你近视多少度?)Just because.(没有别的原因。
)It isn't the way I hoped it would be.(这不是我所盼望的。
)You will never guess.(你永远猜不到。
)No one could do anything about it.(众人对此束手无措。
)I saw something deeply disturbing.(深感事情不妙。
)Money is a good servant but a bad master.(要做金钱的主人,莫做金钱的奴隶。
)I am not available.(我正忙着)Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.(脑中的知识比手中的金钱更重要)Never say die.it's a piece of cake.别泄气,那只是小菜一碟。
Don't worry.you'll get use to it soon.别担心,很快你就会习惯的。
I konw how you feel.我明白你的感受。
You win some.you lose some.胜败乃兵家常事。
Don't bury your head in the sand.不要逃避现实。
I didn't expect you to such a good job.我没想到你干得这么好。
You are coming alone well.你做得挺顺利。
She is well-build.她的身材真棒。
You look neat and fresh.你看起来很清纯。
社科院考博英语历年真题必背固定搭配
社科院考博英语历年真题必背固定搭配do away with除去;废除;干掉;杀死do/try one’s best/utmost努力;尽力而为do/go without没有也行do wrong/justice(to)对待(某人)不公平;冤枉某人/逼真;出色;处置公道;公正对待draw back退回，往后退;不履行draw in拉入，吸人;(火车，汽车)进站，到达;吸收参加;(日子)逐渐变短;收(网);紧缩开支draw on接近;靠近;临近;利用;依赖;凭借;(紧身衣物)穿，戴draw out取出;拔出;(火车，汽车)缓缓开出;(白天)逐渐变长;拉长，延长;拟订draw up起草;拟订;(使车、马)停下dress up化装;装饰;打扮drop in(over)顺访;串门drop off睡着;(客人)一个个地散去;(兴趣等)减弱drop out逃(学);离队出走dry up干瘪;干涸;(思路等)枯竭engage in从事;进行equal to相等;相同;敌得过;担得起;胜任even if/though即使;甚至every other每隔…一(天、周等);所有其他except for/that除…之外;只是fall back(on)撤退;退缩(求助于;投靠;转而依靠)fall behind落后;被甩在后面，拖欠fall on/upon碰到，看到;降临;落到;袭击;适逢(日期)fall out(头发，牙齿)脱落;掉;掉下来;掉队;(队伍)原地解散;不和;吵翻了fall through落空;失败famous for以…著称，闻名;驰名far from远离，远非;根本谈不上;决不是;差得远feel like想做(某事);感到像是…的样子fill in填写;填充;填满;对…提供最新情况;fill out/up填写;长丰满，长胖;变粗装满;填写;充满;占掉(地方或时间)find fault(with)找…岔子;挑剔find out发现;找出;弄清楚;认识到;查明follow up继而进行…;追踪，跟踪fond of爱好;喜欢for all(that)尽管;如此,还是for ever/good永久;永远for/in fear(of)唯恐;以免为…而担心for the sake of为了;为了…的好处，利益free of/from不受…影响的;摆脱了…的from time(door/side)to time(door/side)时时;不定期地(挨家挨户/左右摇摆;晃动)get across(使人)了解;讲清楚get/go ahead赶过;胜过;有进展/开始;进行中;继续下去;走在前面，先走get around/round(to)克服(困难);避开;(消息)传开;(终于有时间)做某事get at够得着;拿得到;弄清，了解;意指，暗示get away(with)逃脱;逃跑get/learn by heart牢记，熟记;背得出get down(to)(使人)不快;沮丧;写下;咽下(to)开始认真做…get even(with)报复，和…算账get/take/catch hold of弄到手;掌握;了解;知道(去向)get in the way妨碍，阻碍get off(with)下车;出发;离去;不涉足，避开;脱下(衣服等);使免遭处罚get on(with)相处;继续做;进行下去;顺利发展;上车;穿(衣);上年纪get out/into离去;逃走;退出;出去;取出;拿出;拨出;出版;谈话吃力;(消息)走漏;泄露/进入;穿上;成癖;陷于;研究;从事于;变成get over越过;恢复;完成，结束;克服(困难);解决难题get rid of除去;丢弃;扔掉;摆脱;消灭get the better胜过，超过;占上风;左右;支配get through完成;到达;渡过;用光;(使人)明白;通过;接通(电话)get together集会;聚会get up起床;站起;举办;安排;化装;打扮get up to到达;赶上give away背弃;出卖;泄露;散掉,给掉(钱财)give in/way(to)屈服;让步;递交;交上;让位于，转变为;听任支配give out分发;分配;失灵;报废;用尽;耗光give rise to引发;导致;产生given that只要是，考虑到;假定，已知go after寻找;追求go by通过;经过;依照…行事;根据…的说法go down去某地;下去;跪下;咽下;(日)落;(船)沉;病倒;垮台;(计算机)停机(故障)go down with为…所接受，为…所相信，为…所心服go for去(做某事);去请，去找，去拿;想要，愿做，喜欢;可应用于;赞成;被认为go in for从事;参加(考试;竞赛);喜欢上(业余爱好)go into调查;研究加入;从事;投入;进人…状态;撞车go off离开;消失;昏过去;睡着;爆炸;爆发出;开始;(食品)变质;进行go out出去;熄灭;公布，发表;过时，不再流行go over越，渡，转向;仔细检查;仔细推敲go through遭遇;经历;熬过;用光(钱);获准，通过go up升高;提高;涨高;增长;盖起;建造起;被烧(炸)毁;(舞台幕布)拉起go with连带;带有;伴随;与…匹配;同…协调grow away from与…疏远起来grow from由…长大，由…发展起来grow in在…方面成长;增加(力量等)grow into成长为,发展为grow on使越来越感兴趣，渐渐成为习惯;加深对…的影响grow out of由…产生;长高大了(衣服等)穿不上;抛弃;戒除(恶习)grow up长大成人;成长;发展hand down(财产，技术或知识)往下传,传给(后人)hand in交进来(去);交上去;递交;面呈hand out派送;分发;(乱)给(批评，处分，忠告等)hand over/on to捐赠;移交;让与;将…移交给;交出;将…送交，依次传递hang about/around闲逛;转悠;观望/闲逛;缠(人);与…泡在一起hang back畏缩不前;迟疑(不肯做某事)hang behind迟迟不离开，落在后面hang on/to稍等;坚持住;赖着不走;抱(推，抓)住不放hang out晾衣服;居住，呆(在某处);停留hang together团结合作，互相支持;一致，不矛盾hang up挂起来;挂上话筒;耽搁，搁置have/give access to得以进入;可以接近have/give an/the advantage over比…占上风;有利/优于…have to do with与…有关系hit on/upon无意中找到;偶然想出hold back犹豫(该不该做某事);阻止;阻碍;隐瞒;忍住hold in抑制(情绪等)，控制住hold on(to)坚持下去;等一等;别挂电话hold on to抓住不放hold out坚持要求;坚持到底;守住;提出;伸出;主张;坚持;维持hold out for坚持(得到…)而不肯妥协hold together(合在)一起;团结在一起hold up举起;托住;支撑;使停滞;耽搁;提出;阻挡;列举，推举;(理论等)经得住hunt for搜索;探求hurry up赶快;快点if only只要;哪怕;要是…就好了;真希望in a sense/way在某种意义上;有一点儿/在某些方面;有几分;稍微in a word总而言之;一言以蔽之in accordance with照;根据;与…一致;合乎in addition(to)加之;另外;除…之外又in advance(of)比…先进;提前;提早;预先;事先;在…之前in any case/event而且;总之;无论如何;好歹in case(of)如果;万一;倘;以便;以防;以备;如有in charge of主持;领导;主管…的;照看…的in common(with)共同;相通;与…同样in conclusion最后;总之in confidence私下里;秘密地;暗中in conflict(with)和…矛盾;和…发生冲突;与…相抵触in connection with关于…;与…有关;有联系in consequence(of)因此;结果;…结果;因为…的缘故in/by contrast/comparison to/with与…对比;对照;和…大不相同/和…比起来;与相比in debt负债;欠钱in defense保卫;保护in detail详细;详尽in disguise伪装;乔装;假装;隐瞒;掩饰;假象;貌似in exchange for交换;调换in favor(of)支持;赞成;对…有利;偏向in force/effect有效;生效;在实施中在有效期中/实际上;事实上有效;生效;在实施中in front of在…的正对面;在…前边;对面;当…的面in general/particular总之;大体上;一般;普遍/尤其;特别in honor of向…表示尊敬;为祝贺…in(the)light of考虑到;依照;根据in line排队;排列;同意;准备就绪;按顺序;受约束in control由…控制;管理in office执政;在位in/within sight看得见;在眼前;在望;不远了in a way有点;稍微;在某种意义上in a big/small way大/小规模地in memory of为纪念…in need/want of需要;急需in order(that/to)以便;为了in other words换句话说;换言之in place of代替;而不是;更换;顶替in progress在进行中;尚未完工in proportion(to/with)和…成比例;和…相关;和…相比本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国社会科学院中国史考博参考书目导师笔记重点
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 考博资料、辅导课程 咨询育明考博刘老师
中国社会科学院中国史考博参考书目导师笔记重点
一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目
院系
专业
研究方向 导师
(招生人数) (招生人数)
考试科目
①1001 英语、1002 日语、1003 俄语、1004
701 马克思主义
2、在职：在职考生人事档案、户口不转入社科院，毕业后回原单位就业。委托培
养博士研究生按在职类别办理。入学时需签订考生、委托培养单位、培养单位三方协议
书，毕业时按协议规定回委托培养单位工作。
考生在报考时应慎重选择考生类别，一旦选定原则上不能更改，考生因特殊情况需
更改的，应最晚于录取前向招生办提出书面申请，经批准后进行更改，过期一律不作更
朱佳木，男，汉族，1946 年 6 月出生于黑龙江省佳木斯市，籍贯江苏南通，1970 年参加工作，1973 年加入中国共产党，中国人民大学中共党史系毕业，大学学历，研究 员。1977 年 8 月任中国社会科学院胡乔木院长秘书。1981 年 8 月任陈云同志秘书（1982 年 2 月起担任陈云办公室负责人）。1999 年 7 月任中共中央党史研究室副主任兼中共党 史出版社社长。2000 年 12 月至今任中国社会科学院党组成员、副院长，当代中国研究 所原党组书记、所长。主要研究方向为中华人民共和国史和陈云生平与思想。
中国社会科学院思想政治教育考博参考书目导师笔记重点
中国社会科学院思想政治教育考博参考书目导师笔记重点一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目701马克思主义学院(100)030505思想政治教育(3)01思想政治教育张耀灿①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语、1004德语、1005法语选一②2098马克思主义基本原理③3222思想政治教育理论田克勤①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语、1004德语、1005法语选一②2098马克思主义基本原理③3222思想政治教育理论余斌①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语、1004德语、1005法语选一②2098马克思主义基本原理③3222思想政治教育理论注：报考要求及说明详情参照《2015年“马克思主义理论骨干计划”博士研究生报考说明》。
二、导师介绍张耀灿（1937~），广东南海人，我国思想政治教育专业的创始人之一，张耀灿教授长期致力于思想政治教育学的教学和研究工作，有较深学术造诣和丰富的教学经验。
学科方向：马克思主义理论与思想政治教育，思想政治教育基本理论。
主要教学：开设硕士生课程“邓小平理论与‘三个代表’重要思想专题研究”、“思想理论教育前沿问题研究”；开设博士生课程“思想理论教育前沿问题专题研究”、“思想政治教育学科建设专题研究”。
田克勤，吉林九台人，著名马克思主义理论研究学者，二级教授，博士生导师，享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。
东北师范大学当代中国马克思主义研究中心主任，校学术委员会委员，马克思主义中国化研究学科带头人。
兼任中国社会科学院博士生导师，中央马工程重点教材《毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论》编写组首席专家，吉林省社科联副主席，中共党史学会会长。
先后荣获“首届高等学校国家级教学名师”，“吉林省资深高级专家”，“全国优秀博士生论文指导教师”称号。
余斌，男，湖北武汉人，1969年生，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员，马克思主义原理研究部副主任，曾获理学学士学位、理学硕士学位和经济学博士学位，应用经济学博士后。
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1、继续扩大国内需求，是当前应对亚洲金融危机和国际市场变化的正确选择，也是我国经济发展的基本立足点和长期战略方针。
In light of [Given] the Asian finiancial crisis and the changes in the international markets, it is proper/fitting for us to continue boosting/promoting domestic demand. This constitutes the basic foundation for China’s economic development as well as being part of our long-term strategy.2、中国各民族相互依存的政治、经济、文化联系，使其在长期的历史发展中有着共同的命运和共同的利益，产生了强固的亲合力、凝聚力。
Due to/Because of their interdependent political, economic and cultural ties, all Chinese nationalities have shared a common destiny and a common interest throughout their long historical development, creating a strong force for affinity and cohesion.3、当前正在进行以课程教材改革为核心的教育改革，改革的中心目标是变应试教育为素质教育。
An education reform centering on curriculum and teaching materials is under way. As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of students’ abilities instead of training them merely to pass exams.4、中国的事情能不能办好，社会主义和改革开放能不能坚持，经济能不能快一点发展起来，国家能不能长治久安，从一定意义上说，关键在于人。
In a sense, people are the key to whether we Chinese perform well domestically, whether socialism, the reform and opening are adhered to, whether the economy will grow quickly and the country enjoy long-term peace and stability.5、为了保证人们起码的生活条件，使公民富裕起来，中国唯一正确的选择就是努力发展经济，调整人口增长以适应国家社会和经济的发展。
To guarantee a minimum standard of living and to improve the citizens’welfare, Chinese only choice is to strive for the economic growth and see to it that(一定注意到，务必) the population growth conforms to the country’s social and economic development.2001年1、在世界各地，今天比任何时候都更加感觉到中国的存在，它在世界政治形势中占有历史性的重要位置。
The presence of China is felt, more than ever, all over the world, assuming(承担，担任) historic dimensions in the world political situation.2、我们的社会主义实践，与其说是出于社会主义理论的理解和运用，还不如说是为了适应现实的需要。
Our socialist practice has been the result much more of responding to a felt need than to any understanding and application of socialist theory.3、我们现在面临的所有重大世界性问题中最重要的问题就是人口对土地和土地资源的压力正在迅速增长。
The most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources.4、在科学技术迅猛发展的今天，振兴经济的希望在教育，老师队伍的数量和质量对教育发展具有决定性的影响。
Nowadays in the condition of the science and technology being developed swift and violent, the hope of vitalizing economy is education, and the quantity and quality of the teachers-group has adesicive effect on the education development.5、必须引导人们正确处理竞争和协作、自主和监督、效率和公平、先富和共富、经济效率和社会效率的关系。
It is imperative to guide people to correctly handle relations between competition and cooperation, between the exercise of decision-making power and supervision, between efficiency and fairness, between achieving prosperity sooner and achieving common prosperity, and between economic returns and social effects.2002年1、为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐；Reform of state-owned interprises must be accelerated to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.2、孝道是儒家教育的基石，它宣扬不仅要孝敬父母，而且要臣服于各级各类的权威；The doctrine of filial piety(duty), which was the keystone of Confucian education, advocated not only devotion to one’s parents but submission to all types of authority at all levels.3、目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。
这个伟大的改革使封闭的计划经济变成了以市场为基础的开放经济；At present, a sweeping(有广泛影响的，深远的) social and econimic reform is being carried out in China. This remarkble transformation has turned a closed command econimic system to a driving market-based economy.4、一个母亲如果没有文化，很难担负教育好下一代的责任。
占中国人口半数的妇女的文化素质不高，全民族的文化素质也难提高；A mother in a family, who is illeterate, can hardly shouder the responsibility for a good education of the younger generation. If we fail to improve the cultural quality of women who hold half of the population in China, we can by no means improve the cultural quality of the whole nation.5、我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过分消费，比如使用过多的空调，私人汽车，以及随意处理的产品。
We are trying to educate citizens to avoid the unsustainable consuption like western counties, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and diposable products.2003年1、实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。
Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has beed changed and the level of its economy and technology has beed raised.2、文化是某一特定人群传统、习俗、信仰和各种生活方式的总和。
Culture is the sum tota l of all the traditions, costoms, beliefs and ways of life of a given group of human beings.3、一个国家的妇女通过她们的生活方式塑造了这个国家的道德、宗教和政治。