2016考研英语最新时文阅读：性别差异
2016考研英语最新时文精读精析：走下坡路的男性
考研英语阅读重在平时练习，本文老师节选一篇2015年5月30日《经济学人》的文章，供大家练习。
这篇文章是一篇很好的泛读题材，文章指出，当今的男性实则在“走下坡路”，属于the weaker sex弱势阶层。
为何如此呢?原来男性看似是占社会的主导，但是其自身也是存在诸多问题与不足。
At first glance the patriarchy appears to be thriving. Men dominate finance, technology, films, sports, music and even stand-up comedy. In much of the world they still enjoy social and legalprivileges simply because they have a Y chromosome. So it might seem odd to worry about the plight of men.Yet there is plenty of cause for concern. Men cluster at the bottom as well as the top. They are far more likely than women to be jailed, estranged from their children, or to kill themselves. They earn fewer university degrees than women. Boys in the developed world are 50% more likely to flunk basic maths, reading and science entirely. 乍一看，父权制似乎正如日中天。
男性主宰了金融、技术、影视、体育、音乐，甚至单人脱口秀。
2016年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
一年之久。前文讲到新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家，后文应保持一致性，“和他们生活在一起”，
故 live 为正确答案。
13. [A] whereas [B] until
[C] for
[D] if
【答案】 B
【解析】该句意思是：新婚夫妇搬去新娘的父母家，并和他们______长达一年之久，______
他们能够在附近建造新房。空格需要填入逻辑连接词，前后为时间先后关系，故代入 until，
[C] viewed
[D] exposed
【答案】C
【解析】该句意思是：人们______离婚的人是反对的。此处需填入动作，isolated 隔离，
persuaded 劝说，viewed 看待、视为，exposed 暴露、揭露。代入文中 viewed 是最合理的，
人们看待离婚的人持反对态度的。因此答案为 viewed。
“无论何时”。B 选项“however”，作“但是”解，与句意不服， 作“无论多么”理解， 后
面常跟形容词，而非名词。 而 whatever 与 property 搭配，可以充当宾语从句的宾语，表
示“一切财产”，因此选项 D 为正确答案。
17. [A] changed [B] brought
[C] shaped
D 项正确。
3. [A] close 【答案】C
[B] renew
[C]arrange
[D] postpone
【解析】此题考查的仍是动宾搭配，空格处后面的内容 the marriage negotiation，只能 与选项 C arrange 构成通顺语义，“安排…磋商”，故选 C。
4. [A] In theory
18. [A] divided
男性女性性格对比英语作文
男性女性性格对比英语作文英文回答：The Contrasting Natures of Men and Women.Throughout history, the nature of men and women has been a subject of endless fascination and debate. While there is no one definitive answer to the question of how the sexes differ, research has identified a number of key psychological and biological distinctions between them.Cognitive Differences.One of the most well-established differences between men and women is in the area of cognitive abilities. Studies have shown that, on average, men tend to excel in tasks that require spatial reasoning, such as mental rotation and map reading. Women, on the other hand, generally perform better on tasks that involve verbal fluency, such as recalling words and writing stories.These differences in cognitive abilities are thought to be due to a combination of biological and cultural factors. Men have larger brains and a higher proportion of gray matter in the parietal lobes, which are responsible for spatial processing. Women have larger brains and a higher proportion of gray matter in the temporal lobes, which are involved in language processing. Additionally, cultural norms and expectations can influence the development of cognitive abilities, with boys being encouraged to engagein activities that promote spatial reasoning and girls being encouraged to focus on verbal skills.Emotional Differences.Another key difference between men and women is in the area of emotional expression. Studies have found that women are more likely to express their emotions openly and verbally, while men tend to be more reserved and inexpressive. This difference is thought to be due to a combination of biological and social factors. Women have higher levels of estrogen, which has been linked toincreased emotional sensitivity. Men have higher levels of testosterone, which has been associated with decreased emotional expression. Additionally, social norms and expectations can influence emotional expression, with women being encouraged to be more expressive and men being taught to suppress their emotions.Behavioral Differences.In addition to cognitive and emotional differences, men and women also differ in their behavior. Studies have found that men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as driving fast and participating in physical fights. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to be cautious and avoid risks. These differences in behavior are thought to be dueto a combination of biological and evolutionary factors. Men have higher levels of testosterone, which has beenlinked to increased aggression and risk-taking. Women have higher levels of estrogen, which has been associated with increased caution and risk aversion. Additionally, evolutionary pressures may have favored men who werewilling to take risks in order to obtain resources andwomen who were more cautious in order to protect their offspring.Conclusion.The nature of men and women is a complex and multifaceted topic. Research has identified a number of key psychological and biological differences between the sexes, but it is important to remember that these are just averages and that there is a great deal of individual variation within each gender. Ultimately, the best way to understand the nature of men and women is to look at each individual as a unique and multifaceted being.中文回答：男性女性性格对比。
2016考研英语最新时文阅读：性别差异
男性与女性的差异问题在历年考研英语真题阅读中出现过几次，是考生需要了解的重点话题。
今天我们回顾一下2000年的考研英语阅读真题，再次了解一下性别差异问题的相关信息。
一起来看一下具体内容： Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when the are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone. 婴儿出生的男女性别比例约为105:100，这对男性而言是极其危险的，因为到了成年阶段，这个数字差异反而会缩小，到了70岁的时候男性仅剩下女性的一半。
2016考研英语(一)试题及答案( 注释)
2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia1, the choice of a spouse2 is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker3. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto4 the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally.1Cambodia英[kæm'bəʊdɪə] 美[kæm'boʊdɪr]n.柬埔寨（亚洲国名）;2spouse英[spaʊs] 美[spaʊs, spaʊz]n.配偶，夫或妻;vt.和…结婚;3matchmaker英[ˈmætʃmeɪkə(r)]美[ˈmætʃˌmekɚ]n.媒人，介绍人;4veto英[ˈvi:təʊ] 美[ˈvi:toʊ]Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to2. [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on3. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone4. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example5. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless6. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through7. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so8. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed18. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears20. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament5 also agreed to ban websites that “incite6 excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting7.Such measures have a couple of uplifting8 motives9. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging10 on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal11 it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure12 they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiter13s of their beauty. And perhaps faintly14, they hint that people should look to intangible15 qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist16 physiques.The French measures（措施）, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine（罚款） and six months in prison.5parliament英[ˈpɑ:ləmənt] n.议会，国会6vt.刺激; 激励; 煽动; 促使;7dieting英['daɪətɪŋ] 美['daɪətɪŋ] vt.& vi.使）节制饮食（diet的现在分词形式）;8uplifting英[ˌʌpˈlɪftɪŋ] 美[ ʌpˈlɪftɪŋ] adj.令人振奋的; 使人开心的;v.举起(uplift的现在分词);9( motive 美 [ˈmoʊtɪv] n.动机，主旨;题材;adj.运动的; 动机的; 发动的;)10impinging英[ɪm'pɪndʒɪŋ] 美[ɪm'pɪndʒɪŋ] n.碰撞;v.冲击( impinge的现在分词); 撞击; 对…起作用; 侵犯11signal英[ˈsɪgnəl] 美[ˈsɪɡnəl]n.信号，暗号; 预兆，征象; 动机; 导火线vt.向…发信号; 用动作（手势）示意; 以信号告知;12卷尺，尺度13arbiter英[ˈɑ:bɪtə(r)] 美[ˈɑ:rbɪtə(r)] n.[法]仲裁人，裁决者; 权威人士，主宰者14英[feɪntlɪ] 美[feɪntlɪadv.微弱地; 隐约地; 虚弱地; 有点;15intangible英[ɪnˈtændʒəbl] 美[ɪnˈtændʒəb əl] adj.触不到的; 难以理解的; 无法确定的<商>（指企业资产）无形的16wasp英[wɒsp] 美[wɑ:sp] n.黄蜂; [昆]胡蜂; 易动怒的人;waist腰The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment17 and idealized body types（类型）. In Denmark18, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer19 pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions （制裁，约束力）regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised（修订，修正） Danish Fashion Ethical（伦理的，道德的） Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.”The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen20 Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance21.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address22 the misuse23 of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.[B] New runways would be constructed.[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion industry would decline.22.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of. [B] indicating the state ofText 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls24 show Britons25 rate26“the countryside” alongside the royal family,17adornment英[ə'dɔ:nmənt] 美[əˈdɔrnmənt] n.装饰，装饰品;18Denmark英['denmɑ:k] 美['denmɑ:rk]n.丹麦（北欧国家，首都哥本哈根）19peer英[pɪə(r)] 美[pɪr] vi.凝视; 盯着看; 隐退，若隐若现; 同等，比得上;n.同辈，同;adj.贵族的;同伴的，伙伴的20Copenhagen英[ˌkəʊpən'heɪɡən] 美['kopənˌheɡən] n.哥本哈根21compliance英[kəmˈplaɪəns] 美[kəmˈplaɪəns] n.服从，听从; 承诺; 柔软度; 顺度;22address英[əˈdres] 美[ˈædres]n.地址; 通信处; 演说; 称呼;v.写姓名地址; 演说; 向…说话; 称呼;23misuse英[ˌmɪsˈju:z] 美[mɪsˈjuz] vt使用…不当; 把…派作不正当的用途; 虐待; 滥用;Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia27 Hill launched the National Trust28 not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship29.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible30 place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure31 is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified32 enough24poll|pəʊl; 美 poʊl|( also opinion poll) [可数名词] the process of questioning people who are representative of a larger group in order to get information about the general opinion 民测民意调查25 Briton|ˈbrɪtn|(formal) a person from Britain .the ancient Britons.british26rate|reɪt|(not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) ~ sb/sth (as) sth | ~ as sth to have or think that sb/sth hasa particular level of quality, value, etc. 评估；评价；估价27Octavia[ɔkˈteiviə] 奥克塔维亚（女子名28 In the 1930's, The National Trust began its campaign to save Britain's patrimony of threatened countryhouses. 20世纪30年代，全国名胜古迹托管协会开始行动起来拯救英国面临威胁的文物级乡村宅第29 guardianship|ˈgɑ:diənʃɪp; 美ˈgɑ:rd-|[不可数名词] (law 律) the state or position of being responsible for sb/sth 监护；监护地位；监护人的身份30sensible|ˈsensəbl|(of people and their behaviour 人及行为) able to make good judgements based on reason and experience rather than emotion; practical 合理的；切合实际的31 infrastructure|ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)|[可数名词, 不可数名词] the basic systems and services that arenecessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport and watersites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion33 on green bet34. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces35.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal36, Spain37 or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum38.Text 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist39, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise40 and regard corporate social responsibility32identify|aɪˈdentɪfaɪ(~ sb/sth (as sb/sth) to recognize sb/sth and be able to say who or what they are 确认；认出；鉴定33intrusion英[ɪnˈtru:ʒn] 美[ɪnˈtruʒən] n.闯入; 打扰; （对某事的）干扰; 干涉;34bet英[bet] 美[bet] n.打赌，赌博，赌注; 被下赌注的对象; 可能性;vi.当然，的确; 打赌(on,against,with);vt.赌博; 与…打赌; 35province|ˈprɒvɪns; 美ˈprɑ:v-|[可数名词] one of the areas that some countries are divided into with its own local government 省份；（某些国家的）一级行政区the provinces of Canada加拿大各省the provinces [复数](British English) all the parts of a country except the capital city 首都以外的地区36Portugal英['pɔ:tʃʊɡl] 美['pɔ:rtʃʊɡl]n.葡萄牙;37Spain英[speɪn] 美[speɪn] n.西班牙（欧洲国家）;38spectrum|ˈspektrəm|(pl. spectra |ˈspektrə|)a band of coloured lights in order of their wavelengths , as seen in a rainbow and into which light may be separated 谱；光谱39(CSR) policies as waste of shareholders41’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut42. New research suggest the CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted43 for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG44, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate45 to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect46,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration47 from consumers48 and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating49 these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery50 prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient51 penalties52. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking53 on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.41shareholders英['ʃeəhəʊldəz] 美['ʃerhoʊldəz]n.股东( shareholder的名词复数);42清晰的，泾渭分明43prosecuted英['prɒsɪkju:tɪd] 美['prɒsɪkju:tɪd]v.检举、告发某人( prosecute的过去式和过去分词); 对某人提起公诉;44Electronic Program Guide45donate英[dəʊˈneɪt] 美[ˈdoʊneɪt]vt.& vi.（尤指向慈善机构）捐赠; 献（血）; 捐（血）; 捐献（器官）n.捐赠; 捐献46halo effect英[ˈheɪləʊiˈfekt]美[ˈhelo ɪˈfɛkt] 光圈效应;47consideration英[kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn]美[kənˌsɪdəˈreʃən]n.考虑，考察; 照顾，关心; 报酬; 尊敬48consumer英[kənˈsju:mə(r)] 美[kənˈsu:mə(r)]n.消费者，顾客; [生态]取食者，食物链中以其他生物为食物的生物49differentiating[ˌdifəˈrenʃieitɪŋ]adj.[计] 微分的;v.区分，区别，辨别( differentiate的现在分词); 区别对待; 表明…间的差别，50bribery英[ˈbraɪbəri] 美[ˈbraɪbəri] n.行贿; [法]贿赂51lenient英[ˈli:niənt] 美[ˈliniənt, ˈlinjənt] adj.宽大的，仁慈的; <古>减轻痛苦的，缓解的; 宽容;52Penalties penəltiz] n惩罚( penalty的名词复数); 刑罚; 害处; 足球点球It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future，”the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times should’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due[A] the high cost of operation.[B] the pressure from its investors.[C] the complaints from its readers.[D] the increasing online ad sales.37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should[A] seek new sources of readership.[B] end the print edition for good.[C] aim for efficient management.[D] make strategic adjustments.38.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times.[B] is meant for the most loyal customers.[C] will have the cost of printing reduced.[D] expands the popularity of the paper.39.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand[D] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right[D] Understood the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and like ability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader, Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions-- when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues, and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have . Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What convey status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue . Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hiddenfrom us, (47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a from of innate or unlearned optimism. (48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness of they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section Ш WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about 100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)52. Directions:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)答案：I cloze1. As well as2. Decide on3. Arrange4. Above all5. After6. Into7. But 8. Recite 9. Tying 10. Lighting 11. Union12. Live13. Until14. Obtain15. Persuaded16. Whatever17. Brought18. Divided19. Shows20. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText121. Physical beauty would be redefined.22. Doing harm to.23. New standards are being set in Denmark.24. Showing little concern for health factors.25. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 226.is not well reflected in politics27. gradually destroyed28. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure30. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 331. uncertainty 32. winning 33. less severe34. has an impact on their decision35. the necessaryText 436. the high cost of operation 37. make strategic adjustments38. is meant for the most loyal customers39. Aggressiveness better meets challenges40. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B41. Decide if the time is right42. Know your goals43. Understand the context44. Work with professionals45. Make it efficientPart C46. 我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。
两性差异英语作文
两性差异英语作文Gender differences have been a topic of interest for centuries, with numerous studies and discussions aiming to understand the complexities and nuances that exist between the male and female genders. While there are various aspects to consider when exploring these differences, several key areas often stand out as significant.Biologically, the most obvious difference between males and females lies in their reproductive systems. Males possess testes, which produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. Females, on the other hand, have ovaries, which produce estrogen and progesterone, the primary female sex hormones. These hormonal differences play a crucialrole in determining the physical and physiological characteristics of each gender.Psychologically, gender differences are also evident. Males and females often exhibit distinct patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. Males tend to be more competitive and assertive, while females tend to be more cooperative and nurturing. These gender-specific traits areinfluenced by a combination of biological factors and socialization processes.Socially, gender roles and expectations further complicate the understanding of gender differences. In many cultures, males are expected to be strong, independent, and assertive, while females are expected to be nurturing, caretakers, and submissive. These gender roles often lead to different opportunities and challenges for males and females, shaping their life experiences and outcomes.However, it is important to note that gender differences are not absolute or fixed. There is significant overlap and variation within and between genders, and individuals can exhibit traits and characteristics that do not fit neatly into traditional gender categories. Furthermore, gender roles and expectations are constantly evolving as society becomes more inclusive and aware of the diverse range of gender identities and expressions.In conclusion, gender differences are a complex and multifaceted topic that involves biological, psychological, and social factors. While there are some distinct differences between males and females, these differencesare not absolute or fixed, and there is significant overlap and variation within and between genders. Understanding and embracing these differences can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious society where everyone is valued and respected for their unique contributions and perspectives. **两性差异：多维度的探索**两性差异是数百年来一直引人关注的话题，众多研究和讨论旨在理解存在于男性和女性之间的复杂性和细微差别。
男女差异英语作文150字
男女差异英语作文150字English:Men and women are different in various aspects such as physical characteristics, hormonal influences, and societal expectations. Physically, men tend to have more muscle mass and higher levels of testosterone, leading to typically larger and stronger bodies compared to women. Hormonally, men and women have different levels of estrogen and testosterone which can affect behavior and emotional responses. Societally, gender roles and expectations often dictate different behaviors and responsibilities for men and women. Despite these differences, it is important to recognize that each individual is unique and should not be limited by stereotypes based on gender.Translated content:男性和女性在诸如身体特征、激素影响和社会期望等方面有所不同。
在身体上，男性往往具有更多的肌肉量和更高水平的睾丸激素，从而导致比女性更大更强壮的身体。
在激素水平上，男性和女性的雌激素和睾丸激素水平不同，可以影响行为和情感反应。
研究生女生多于男生英语作文
The Phenomenon of Female Dominance inPostgraduate StudiesIn recent years, a significant trend has emerged in postgraduate education: the number of female students has surpassed that of male students. This shift in gender distribution is not merely a numerical phenomenon but also reflects profound changes in societal attitudes towards women's education and career aspirations.The reasons behind this trend are multifaceted. Firstly, the continuous advancement of gender equality has ensured that women are now given equal opportunities in education, allowing them to pursue higher degrees without any barriers. Secondly, the changing nature of jobs and career paths has made postgraduate qualifications increasingly relevant for women, who are now seeking to establish themselves in traditionally male-dominated fields such as technology, engineering, and management.Moreover, the rise of female representation in postgraduate studies is also a testament to the dedication and perseverance of women in pursuing their academic goals. Women are often expected to juggle multipleresponsibilities, including family, work, and career, yet they continue to excel in their academic pursuits, despite the challenges. This is a testament to their resilience and commitment to personal growth and development.However, while the increase in female representation in postgraduate studies is indeed a positive sign, it also brings its own set of challenges. For instance, women often face a unique set of pressures and expectations, bothwithin and outside the academic sphere. They are often required to balance their professional and personal lives, which can be particularly challenging in high-pressure environments like postgraduate studies.Additionally, the traditional gender norms and biases within academic institutions can also hinder women's progress. This is why it is crucial to create an inclusive and supportive environment that fosters the growth and success of all students, regardless of their gender.In conclusion, the dominance of female students in postgraduate studies is a complex phenomenon that reflects societal changes, educational opportunities, and women's increasing aspirations. While it brings new challenges, italso presents an opportunity for us to reimagine and reshape the academic landscape to be more inclusive and equitable for all.**研究生教育中女性占比超过男性的现象**近年来，研究生教育中出现了一个显著的趋势：女性研究生的数量超过了男性。
Genderdifference性别差异及优缺点的大学英语作文
Genderdifference性别差异及优缺点的大学英语作文Gender difference is not the excuse of sexdiscriminationLawrence Summers, Harvard University President,was being criticized for saying that women lack the "natural ability" to do as well as men in science and engineering.When referring to gender difference and sex discrimination,I think physiological difference between femal and male should be objectively recognized,but the right and ability on pursuit of knowledge are coordinate.In a keynote speech at a conference on diversity, Summers hypothesized that the shortage of women in certain disciplines could be explained by innate differences in mathematical abili ty. In my opinion, I don’t think gender was relevant to any career aspirations, but having so many options may be why women are underrepresented in fields like science and math. Women,I think, tend to have a broader array of career options than men.So women perform about the same as men in math classes, but are still less likely than men to seek a career in science, technology, engineering or math.Also, study suggests the reason may be a lack of role models, resulting in females in the field feeling like they don't belong.Undoubly,there are many differences between men and women,and furtherstudy of the major resons of the representation of women among science and engineering faculty are needed.However, sex discrimination is absolutely wrong. To conclude, do so-called differences in mathematical ability matter at all? The debate on the issue has so far missed the central point: scientists are made, not born.At every level of the scientificenterprise, from grade school through grad school and beyond, our society is failing to make as many women scientists as it could—perhaps because we are too mesmerized by the idea that scientists have to be born.。
男女性在打扮中的区别英语作文
Gender Differences in Dressing StylesIn the realm of fashion, men and women often exhibit distinct preferences and styles when it comes to dressing. This divide is not merely a matter of choice, but also reflects societal norms, cultural expectations, and individual preferences.Firstly, men's fashion tends to be more focused on functionality and simplicity. Classic styles such as suits, jeans, and t-shirts are staple items in men's wardrobes. These pieces are often chosen for their durability, comfort, and versatility. Men's fashion also tends to prioritize practicality, with a focus on clothing that can easily transition from one occasion to another. For instance, apair of dress pants can be paired with a shirt for a formal event or with a casual tee for a relaxed outing.On the other hand, women's fashion is often morediverse and experimental. Women have a wide range ofoptions when it comes to clothing, accessories, and styling. They can choose from a variety of dresses, skirts, pants, tops, and more, each with its own unique silhouette and design. Women's fashion also allows for more creativity andexpression, with clothing serving as a medium to showcase personal style and taste. Accessories such as jewelry, handbags, and shoes are often integral to women's outfits, adding a touch of elegance and personalization.Color choice also differs between the genders. Men's fashion tends to favor neutral colors such as black, white, gray, and blue, which are perceived as more professional and timeless. Women, on the other hand, often experiment with a wider range of colors, including brighter and more vibrant hues. This allows women to express theirpersonality and mood through their clothing, while also adding a sense of vibrancy and excitement to their outfits. The reasons behind these gender differences in dressing styles are multifaceted. Societal norms often dictate that men should dress in a certain way to appear professional and masculine, while women are encouraged to dress in a way that is feminine and alluring. Cultural expectations also play a role, with different cultures having their own unique standards and preferences for men's and women's fashion.However, it's important to note that these gender differences are not absolute. There are men who enjoy experimenting with fashion and dressing in a more feminine style, while there are women who prefer a more简约实用的装扮。
2016年英语考研阅读
2016年英语考研阅读在2016年的英语考研阅读部分，考生们面临了一系列具有挑战性的阅读材料和问题。
这些材料覆盖了广泛的主题，旨在测试考生的理解能力、分析能力和批判性思维能力。
文章内容涉及了社会科学、自然科学、人文科学等多个领域，要求考生不仅要有扎实的语言基础，还要有广泛的知识储备和深刻的理解力。
文章的难度设置得恰到好处，既不会过于简单，让考生轻易得分，也不会过于复杂，使考生难以理解。
问题的设计也相当巧妙，既有直接信息提取的题目，也有需要推理和判断的题目。
这样的设计旨在考察考生是否能够准确把握文章的主旨大意，以及是否能够从细节中提炼出关键信息。
在阅读材料中，有一篇文章讨论了全球化对经济的影响，分析了不同国家如何通过贸易和投资来促进经济增长。
文章通过具体的数据和案例，展示了全球化带来的机遇与挑战。
考生需要仔细阅读，理解作者的观点，并能够从文章中提取出支持这些观点的证据。
另一篇材料则聚焦于环境保护，探讨了人类活动对生态系统的影响。
文章指出了环境污染和生物多样性丧失的严重性，并提出了一些可能的解决方案。
考生需要理解文章中提出的环境问题，并能够分析作者提出的解决策略。
在阅读过程中，考生需要运用自己的语言技能，如词汇理解、语法分析和篇章结构把握，来理解文章内容。
同时，他们还需要运用自己的批判性思维能力，对文章中的观点进行分析和评价。
总的来说，2016年的英语考研阅读部分是对考生综合能力的一次全面考察。
它不仅测试了考生的语言能力，还测试了他们的分析能力和知识水平。
通过这样的考试，可以有效地筛选出那些具备较高英语水平和分析能力的考生，为他们未来的学术或职业生涯打下坚实的基础。
2016考研英语（一）真题及答案解析（详细）
2016考研英语（⼀）真题及答案解析（详细）2016考研英语(⼀)真题及答案解析Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]，[B]，[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1。
（10 points）In Cambodia， the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male。
It may involve not only his parents and hisfriends， __1__those of the young woman， but also a matchmaker。
A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations，or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse，giving the child little to say in the selection。
__4__，a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen。
__5__ a spouse has been selected，each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family。
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair。
英语作文男女差异
英语作文男女差异Title: Gender Differences in English Composition。
In contemporary society, the discussion surrounding gender differences remains a pertinent topic. This essay delves into the distinctions between men and women in the context of English composition.Firstly, let's explore linguistic disparities. Research suggests that men and women tend to exhibit variations in language use. For instance, women often employ more elaborate and expressive language compared to men. They may utilize a broader vocabulary and incorporate more descriptive adjectives and adverbs into their writing. On the other hand, men frequently favor succinct and direct language, prioritizing clarity and brevity over embellishment. These distinctions can manifest in various forms of English composition, from essays to creative writing pieces.Furthermore, the approach to communication differs between genders. Women typically demonstrate greater attentiveness to interpersonal dynamics and emotional nuances in their writing. They may delve into characters' feelings and motivations in depth, crafting intricate narratives that delve into the human experience. Conversely, men may adopt a more objective and analytical stance, focusing on facts, logic, and problem-solving. Thiscontrast is evident not only in fiction but also in non-fiction genres such as academic writing and journalism.Another aspect to consider is the choice of topics and themes. While there are exceptions, women often gravitate towards subjects related to relationships, emotions, and personal experiences. Their writing may explore themes such as love, identity, and family dynamics, drawing from their own lives or empathizing with others' perspectives. In contrast, men may lean towards topics associated with action, competition, and achievement. They may be more inclined to write about topics like sports, politics, or technological advancements, reflecting their interests and priorities.Moreover, societal expectations and cultural norms influence gender differences in English composition. From a young age, boys and girls are often socialized differently regarding language use and expression. Girls may be encouraged to communicate more freely and emotively, whereas boys may be steered towards more assertive and detached forms of expression. These early experiences shape their writing styles and preferences as they mature, contributing to the observed disparities in English composition.It's important to note that these differences are not absolute and can vary significantly among individuals. While certain trends may exist on a population level, there is a wide spectrum of writing styles and approaches within each gender. Additionally, the perception of gender is evolving, challenging traditional stereotypes and allowing for greater fluidity and diversity in expression.In conclusion, gender differences play a nuanced rolein English composition, influencing language use,communication styles, topic selection, and thematic exploration. Understanding these distinctions can enrich our appreciation of literature and foster more inclusive and diverse writing communities. As society continues to evolve, it's essential to embrace the unique voices and perspectives of all writers, regardless of gender.。
男女的区别英语作文
男女的区别英语作文男女的区别。
男女之间的区别是自然界的一种美妙存在。
无论是在生理结构上，还是在心理特征上，男女都有着明显的差异。
这些差异使得男女在生活中展现出截然不同的特点和魅力。
下面，我们就来谈谈男女的区别。
首先，从生理结构上来看，男女之间的差异是最为明显的。
男性身体一般比女性更加强壮，骨骼更厚实，肌肉更发达，这使得男性更适合从事体力劳动和运动项目。
而女性身体则更加柔美，骨骼更加纤细，这使得女性更适合从事细致的工作和艺术表演。
另外，男女在生殖器官上也有着很大的差异，这使得男女在生育和生理周期上有着截然不同的体验。
其次，从心理特征上来看，男女之间的差异也是显而易见的。
男性一般更加理性和冷静，他们在处理问题时更加注重逻辑和分析，更加善于控制情绪。
而女性则更加感性和细腻，她们在处理问题时更加注重感受和情感，更加善于表达情绪。
另外，男女在人际交往上也有着不同的特点，男性更加注重事业和成就，更加倾向于竞争和攻击；而女性更加注重人际关系和家庭，更加倾向于合作和包容。
最后，从社会角色上来看，男女之间的差异也是显而易见的。
在传统观念中，男性一般承担着养家糊口和保护家庭的责任，他们更加注重事业和成就，更加倾向于外出工作。
而女性一般承担着照顾家庭和照顾子女的责任，她们更加注重家庭和人际关系，更加倾向于守家和照顾家人。
总的来说，男女之间的差异是自然界的一种美妙存在。
这些差异使得男女在生活中展现出截然不同的特点和魅力。
我们应该尊重男女之间的差异，发挥各自的优势，共同建设美好的社会。
男女在很多方面不同的英语作文
男女在很多方面不同的英语作文English Answer：Men and women are two distinct genders with unique physical, biological, and psychological characteristics. While they share many similarities, there are also several notable differences that set them apart.Physical Differences:Muscular mass: Men generally have greater muscle mass and strength than women due to higher levels of testosterone.Body fat: Women typically have a higher percentage of body fat, especially in the hips, thighs, and breasts, which is influenced by hormonal differences.Bone structure: Men typically have larger and denser bones than women, resulting in a more robust frame.Biological Differences:Reproductive systems: The primary biological difference between men and women is their reproductive organs. Men have testes that produce sperm, while women have ovaries that produce eggs.Hormones: Men and women have different hormonal profiles. Testosterone is the primary male hormone, while estrogen and progesterone are the primary female hormones. These hormones influence various aspects of physical and sexual development.Menstruation: Women experience a monthly menstrual cycle, during which the uterine lining sheds blood and tissue.Psychological Differences:Cognitive abilities: Research has shown that men and women have different cognitive strengths and weaknesses.Men tend to perform better on tasks involving spatial reasoning and mechanical aptitude, while women excel in verbal fluency and social cognition.Emotional processing: Women are often perceived as more emotionally expressive and empathetic than men. This may be due to differences in brain chemistry and socialization.Communication styles: Men and women tend to have different communication styles. Men are often more direct and assertive, while women are more collaborative and nurturing.Social Differences:Gender roles: In many societies, men and women are expected to fulfill different social roles. Men are often associated with leadership, power, and aggression, while women are expected to be more passive, nurturing, and supportive.Education and employment: Historically, men have had more access to education and employment opportunities than women. However, this gap has been narrowing in recent years.Cultural influences: Gender differences are often influenced by cultural norms and expectations. Different cultures may have varying beliefs and practices regardingthe roles and abilities of men and women.Conclusion:Men and women are both unique and valuable genders with their own strengths and perspectives. Understanding the differences between the genders can help us create a more inclusive and equitable society. By embracing diversity and celebrating the unique contributions of both genders, wecan create a world where everyone has the opportunity to reach their full potential.中文回答：男性和女性之间的差异。
[英语语言使用中的性别差异和性别歧视]性别差异和性别歧视英语作文
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[英语语言使用中的性别差异和性别歧视]性别差异和性别歧视英语作文一语言使用存在的性别差异首先,从发音方面来看,男子的发音形式不如女子纯正,而且女子的语调起伏多变。
一方面是由于生理方面的差别,另一方面可能是由于女子比男人更具有地位意识,认为标准英语是与说话人的社会地位高相关联的,使用更多的标准语就说明自己向往高的地位。
女子的语调起伏多变从生理方面来讲,是由于女性感情易于外露,情绪易于波动,因此常常用一些抑扬起伏的语调来抒发自己的情感。
而社会角色要求男性成员本身具备更多理性的色彩,情绪外在化常被认为是一个男性成员心理发展尚不成熟的表现。
所以,男子的语调听上去往往显得就事论事、四平八稳;女子话语则显得活波多变、丰富多彩。
其次,在用词方面,女子喜欢用强势词语。
例如so、much、quite、vastly 等。
在色彩词的使用上,男子经常使用简单色彩词语,女性多采用复杂色彩词语。
就色彩语码而言,女性有一种天然自成的认知优势。
她们拥有一个数量更大、内容更丰富、质量更高的色彩词库。
俗语、俚语、脏话、粗话、黄色玩笑在绝大多数情况下均为男子说话的专利,女性很少使用。
第三,在句法层面上,女性喜欢用反意疑问句、委婉修饰语和语气词来表达个人观点,除了在问候语中,男性一般很少使用反意疑问句。
他们的话语率直刻板,多用祈使句。
这或许从一个侧面反映出女子英语礼貌客气、委婉含蓄的特点。
第四,在话语模式层面上,女性使用话语语气词或楔语形式,而且习惯于频频在自己的话语中插入的D’ya know what?之类的问句形式,期待对方对此做出反响,并且经常采用“This is really interesting”评述类语句引起对方的注意。
男性与女性在倾听对方说话期间,除了使用点头等肢体语言外,均使用back channeling(一种表达强化或增强语气的词),但表达的意味却有差异。
这种词语比如“uh-huh,year,really?”等等。
在许多方面男人与女人之间存在差异英语作文
在许多方面男人与女人之间存在差异英语作文Men and women have always been viewed as different in many aspects. They have different physical characteristics, emotional responses, and societal roles. These differences have often led to misunderstandings and stereotypes between the two genders. However, it is important to recognize that these differences are what make men and women unique and valuable in their own ways.男人和女人在许多方面都被视为有所不同。
他们拥有不同的生理特征、情感反应和社会角色。
这些差异往往导致了两性之间的误解和刻板印象。
然而，重要的是要认识到这些差异是男人和女人各自独特和有价值的地方。
One of the most evident differences between men and women is their physical appearance. Men are typically physically stronger and have more muscle mass, while women tend to have more body fat and a different distribution of muscle. These physical differences are often why men and women are assigned different societal roles and expectations.男人和女人之间最显而易见的差异之一就是他们的外貌。
新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读（B）Unit8
Unit 8Gender Roles in Cross-Cultural ContextsJoan Y Gregg1. Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females, especially the visible differences in the sexual organs and related differences in the role each sex plays in the reproductive process. Gender refers to the social classification of masculine and feminine. Every society recognizes the sexual division of the species into male and female, but cultures differ in terms of what they consider masculine and feminine. However, some male/female differences in behavior appear to be quite widespread. For example, males have been observed in various cultures to be more likely to initiate activity. Females have been observed to be more altruistic, that is, more helpful to others, than males. Again, however, we must be careful about assuming that most of the qualities typically associated with either men or women are “natural,” t hat is, biologically based and universal. In American culture, for example, it is assumed that men are more “naturally” objective than women, that they can look at problems logically, without emotions distorting their views. Thus, it is argued, men are the “natural” sex to be scientists or lawyers, because they are comfortable dealing with “facts,” with “objective reality.” On the other hand, women in the United States are frequently perceived as “naturally” subjective, emotional and illogical, relying on their feelings to solve problems and handle difficulties in th e “real world,” as they supposedly do in their “natural” sphere of the home. Women are considered “naturally” vain about their appearance and “naturally” possessed of a maternal instinct, the inclination to nurture and protect children. In fact, there is nothing at all natural and universal about these stereotyped, sex-linked characteristics. They are, as are so many other deeply ingrained traits, the product of a specific cultural upbringing.2.An important study of the relationship between sex and gender was carried out by anthropologist Margaret Mead in New Guinea. Mead studied three different cultures and found that male and female roles were patterned differently in each. For example, among the Arapesh, both men and women were expected to act in ways Americans consider “naturally” feminine: Both sexes were concerned with taking care of children, with nurturing in general. Neither sex was expected to be aggressive. In the second culture, the Mundugamor, both sexes were what Americans would call masculine —aggressive, violent, and with little interest in children. In the third society, the Tchambuli, the personalities of males andfemales were different from each other, but they were opposite to the American stereotyped conceptions of masculine and feminine. Women had the major economic role, showed common sense and business shrewdness, and carried out the mundane tasks. Men were interested in aesthetics and spent much time decorating themselves, gossiping, and with other “frivolous” activities. The men also had feelings that were easily hurt and they sulkeda lot.3.Mead’s study showed that the entire repertoire of behavior, emotions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine is patterned by culture. In the process of growing up, each child learns hundreds of culturally patterned details of behavior that become incorporated into its gender identity. Some of this learning takes place directly, that is, the child is told by others how to act in appropriately feminine or masculine ways. Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images, aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys.4.For example, a recent study of American public schools showed there isa cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls. The bias is unintentional and unconscious, the researchers stated, but it is there nevertheless, and it is influencing the lives of millions of schoolchildren every year. Doctors David and Myra Sadker videotaped classroom teachers to study sex-related bias in education and reported that many teachers who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. From nursery school to postgraduate courses, teachers were shown to call on males in class far more than on female students. This behavior has a tremendous impact on the learning process, for in general, those students who become active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement. It may be added here, parenthetically, that in the late 1960s, when many of the fine all-women’s colleges in the northeastern United States opened their doors to male students, it was observed by professors and women students alike that the boy s were “taking over” the classroom discussions and that active participation by women students diminished noticeably. A similar subordination of female to male students has been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.5.The research done by the Sadkers showed that sometimes teachers, unknowingly, actually prevent girls from participating as actively as boys in class by assigning them different tasks in accordance with stereotyped gender roles. For instance, one teacher conducting a scientific “experiment” with nursery school youngsters continually had the little boys perform the experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away. Since working “hands on” with classroommaterials is an important aspect of early education, the girls were deprived of a vital learning experience that would affect their entire lives.6.Another dimension of sex-biased education is the typical Americante acher's assumption that boys will do better in the “hard,” “masculine” subjects of math and science, whereas girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills. And in an example ofself-fulfilling prophecy, American boys do, indeed, develop reading problems, whereas girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on. But these patterns are cultural, not genetic. In Germany, for example, all studies are considered “masculine,” and it is girls who develop reading problems. And in Japan, where early education at least appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.7. The different attitudes that accompany the educational process for girls and boys begin at home. For example, one study showed that when preschoolers were asked to look at a picture of a house and tell how far from the house they were permitted to go, the boys indicated a much wider perimeter than the girls, who generally pointed out a limited area close to the home. Instead of being encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills that are useful in dealing with the “outside” worl d, as boys are, girls are instilled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their “goodness” and obedience to rules. These lessons carry over from the home to the classroom, where girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than with its content, and more anxious about being “right” in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original. Thus through the educational process that occupies most of the child's waking hours, society reinforces its established values and develops each sex in its traditional and expected mold.8. Male-female differences in behavior and personality have generally been explained in terms of biological differences. Only women can bear children, and only women can nurse them. This intimate connection between women and children has given women the major responsibilities for child care, although there is some cultural variability in the degree to which men also take care of their young offspring. Some theorists assume that biological factors will always prevent women from moving outside their traditional sexual-biological roles into economic or political roles outside the family. They state that even in the changing family structure of modernized societies, made possible by safe, easy contraception and bottle feeding, the role that will bring most fulfillment to women is thematernal-housekeeping one. These social scientists claim that the woman's role has always been essential in transmitting cultural values from one generation to the next and that this conservative function is a key to social stability. Its form will perhaps change somewhat, but in its most important aspects it will remain what it has been in almost every culture for thousands of years.9.Of course, even in today's affluent countries and in socialist countries that have tried to liberate women from domestic duties by providing large-scale day care, the primary female tasks are still childbearing, child rearing and housekeeping. Certainly, there are examples of cultures in which women do more of the “outside” work than men. F or instance, in many West African tribes and in Vietnam, women are the traders, at least at the local market level. In Russia, more women than men are in the medical profession, and even in the affluent United States, more than one-half of married women work outside the home. Yet, one can hardly say that women’s roles have changed radically. In many countries, the educational base has not really widened sufficiently to include women, especially above the secondary levels. And even where women have moved into the employment market on a technical, business, or professional level, it has mainly been in areas such as nursing, teaching, or clerical work, which represent an extension of traditional maternal-housekeeping roles. In the final analysis, whether we are speaking of a Vietnamese market woman or an American nurse, the working woman is still universally burdened with the responsibility for the home, the husband’s welfare and the children’s upbringing in addition to her labor outside the home. For most women, the altruistic, nurturing qualities that are so deeply ingrained as to be almost symbolic of womanhood are the basis of their identities and the essence of their roles. Whether women on a large scale and not just in scattered exceptional groups will be able to overcome eons of social training to develop a new repertoire of psychological attitudes, whether men will cultiv ate “feminine” qualities to a significant degree, and whether men and women can be liberated from traditional role and identity stereotypes are questions that demand our deepest consideration. But what does appear certain is that the basic biological tendencies characteristic of one sex or the other are responsive to every extreme of cultural conditioning.<The End>第八单元跨文化背景中的性别作用琼·Y·格雷格1.英文中sex （性别）指的是男女两性之间的生理差异，尤指两者在性器官方面的外在差异以及在繁衍过程中各自所起的不同作用的差异；而gender（性别分类）指的是男性特质和女性特质的不同社会分工。
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男性与女性的差异问题在历年考研英语真题阅读中出现过几次，是考生需要了解的重点话题。
今天我们回顾一下2000年的考研英语阅读真题，再次了解一下性别差异问题的相关信息。
一起来看一下具体内容：
Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when the are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.
婴儿出生的男女性别比例约为105:100，这对男性而言是极其危险的，因为到了成年阶段，这个数字差异反而会缩小，到了70岁的时候男性仅剩下女性的一半。
现在男性死亡率偏高的情形正在发生变化，男孩存活率几乎同女婴一样高。
这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。
更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。
50年前，婴儿(尤其是男婴)存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。
今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring —means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
还有另外一种方式会造成进化自杀，那就是减少生育孩子的数量。
现代社会已经很少有人会生过多的孩子。
并且婴儿的出生率与死亡率也渐渐趋同，大多数人的后代数量基本相同。
人们之间的差异以及利用这种差异进行自然选择的机会进一步减少了。
印度就可以说明正在发生的一切。
这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。
今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80%的效力。
在历年真题当中考研英语一2008年text 1，以及英语二2013年text 3都考到了性别差异与性别平等问题。
所以建议2016考研的考生将此类话题文章再拿出来，做统一的复习回顾，这样再次出现同类话题时就比较方便理解了。
预祝2016考研考生金榜题名!。