政府办公楼设计生—外文翻译
教学楼设计文献翻译外文
教学楼设计文献翻译外文Are we architects free?Are we architects free from society ? Can we exist out of any specific time and space , in another expression? Questions such as these set the tone of our inquiry into Ito’s architecture. After all , unless we look into his architectural characteristics in close relation to the subject of time and space ,we will end up grasping only the surface of the content .Toyo Ito is an architect whose practice is based in Japan at the dawn of a new millennium. Like most of the well-known Janpanese architects, he did not study abroad but went to School of Architectural Engineering at Tokyo University. He set up his own office after working at an architectural firm for a few years upon graduation. He has been in private practice based in T okyo since then .I am not sure whether it is necessary to recall you the statement of EH.Carr’s,”What is history ?” as the process of design in architecture could be an outcome of concersations carried out continuously with his surroundings. I am not here to remind you that an architect is a product of his generation that represents the spirit of the era but to point out that a study of an architect’s work without full comprehension of the period and time he has led his life is pointless.But then ,a series of mistakes we commit during our study on an architect ,T oyo Ito ,and his work very ofen stems directly from the very outset. Such errors that we easily for apply to Japanese architecture in general not simply limited to him alone. One of them is our presumption that we live in the same period as he does and the other is come from our misled conception that life in Tokyo or Japan is almost identical to that in SeoulKorea.These are nothing more than our gesture of guessing the content of a big filled only with misconceptions so long as our knowledge of Japanese architecture is only skin deep. Despite the proximity of the two countries , what believe is that Japan and Korea are two completely different countries in reality. We acknowledge discrepancies of customs and culture of a country in Africa, taken as an example, without any resistance because we accept as facts from the very beginning that they belong to the people don’t look like us at all. But then, just for the reason that theylook alike and live near us, we start right from the start with a false assumption that these of Japan would be similar to ours if not identical. I dare to say that Japan, I know of, is a country as f oreign as any country in Africa. Of course, it doesn’t mean that I disapprove or disregard similarities in so many areas but simply says the fact that both similarities and disparities exist. Architecture as a part of our life, is bound to reflect our life and therefore, architecture of the two countries will produce different products so long as there is even a single dissimilarity between them. It is right here that we cannot escape from making an error when we see the formal or technical aspects of Japanese architecture. In Korea , a house is one of the primary commodities in most families , a subject of our speculation ,and a place to relax but that is not the case in Japan. To them , a house is only a space to sleep in, a sort of a restaurant to have mills, or a place to stop by. Such disparity of the two countries has something to do with how Japan was modernized. Space they never could own has become a temporary shelter only and such a view drives them to look for the functions used to be those of their homes outsidetheir homes including symbolical one of traditional homes. And therefore, it turns into a process of having those functions realized in imagination or reality. Also just because we live the same era doesn’t mean that we share the time toget her. Who could dare to say that people on the earth today live in the same era? After all, we occupy different time and space, although we live nearby. Therefore, knowing the architecture of Ito must be accompanied by comprehension of the time and space he leads his life at the same time.Beyond year 2000A new millenium is right at the corner. To many architects as well as I who have been anxious to the beginning of the next millenium , it is a point that demands changes in our thought. As important as ，‘now’is the ‘next’. Mediatheque project in Sendai is one that falls into this category of the future. I cannot wait for the day of its completion that is under construction right now. Scheduled to be open next year that the new millenium commences, this building has aroused the interest of many architects and critiques since the day it won the competition .They finally witnessed anew solution to the issues that the field of architecture has challenged for thousands of years without success such as the boundaries in space between structure and architecture and the internal layout of building plans. Actually, mediatheque project in Sendai was conceived from a very straightforward and simple concept. Viewed from the exterior of the building , it is typical cubic－shaped building overall. However, on a closer look, we find the three elements that compose the building. The three elements are as follow：I）Plans, not two of them identical, with their own functions.2）Thirteen steel tubes playing the role ofvertical cores, structural supports, and shafts for mechanical ducts.3）The glazing layer or the skin of the building which wraps the content around while linking the interior to the exterior. The building is made up of seven floors that contain all the function elements of the building are piled up on top of one another and the thirteen tubes penetrates them. Boundaries among structure, mechanical elements, and functions of the buildingare obliterated but intermingled in this building. Each floor plate is given its own spatial character accord- ing to the sizes and locations of tubes, and functions. The ceiling height of each floor corresponds to its functional requirements while maintaining flexibility and accommodating changes in functions and time.The outer skin doesn't simply sets the boundary of the building but works as a filter that exchanges all kinds of information while linking the interior to the exterior.It is worth comparing the building to Rem Koolhaas's proposal for the Library of University of Paris, a project unrealized. Both schemes are viable answers to our challenge to the concept on plans and sections that we architects have been trying relentlessly to overcome throughout history. If Mediatheque was able to set itself from gravity with its plan composed of simple diagrams, Rem's library scheme created a series of space in succession by breaking down the concept of floors stacked up one after another (Think of it as countless columns in a domino). Despite both design founded on two totally different conceputs in terms of space and mass, they are very much alike in the fact that both are places offering information in vertical oriented urban environment of today. Floor plates piled up on top of one another and continuous urban landscape are probably where architecture of the new century starts.Those who study architettural style of Ito's from the point of formal order say that oval or curve-linear lines what characterizes his design. And as a matter of fact, such lines have been appeared in his design in a wide variety and even, I, myself, also have confirmed such tendencies. In his book, `Transfiguration wind', he already expressed that 'architecture of the wind' is the type of form that the buildings in our society should possess. Then, what does he mean by 'architecture of the wind? The wind in a city implies the movement or flow and it is said to be a metaphor for a part of the city he lives. In the city, man as well as information flows and therefore, what's left are places for transit not for settlement'Architetture of the wind' embarks from such defnition of built objects among the innumerable flows of people, vehicles, and images in Shinjuk. Buildings in the age of electronics are no longer stationery objects withstanding the test of time but transform and respond to the changes in surroundings. This is an interaction not interfering with other flows in urban and natural environment.The Crystal Ballpark submitted as a proposal for a soccer stadium of one of the Korean conglomerates reacts to the flow of the city ,while the dome in Otate surrounded in a natural setting responds to the physical wind. This dome perhaps based on the crystal palaces of England at the end of 19th Century ,is designed to hold up to one hundred thousand spectators in a met ropolis, Seoul .Isn’it architecture of the wind that he is referring to as the glass dome looks to be flowing seen from the flows of Han River and the streets around? The line that draws the territories of the exterior and the interior is defined by the glass dome. The outside and the inside are continuouslyexpanded and exchanged divided only by glass that maintains shear transparency and minimum structure . Even if his formal order in architecture evolves from oval to something else, what stays deep inside his mind is architecture that keeps reacting to the wind both physical and abstract in character. No restricting nature simply to trees, grass, or soil but creating the court of sound, the court of light, and the court of images and adding them to it are his attempts to expand the boundaries of nature. I am anxious to see where his design that diversifies, further divides, and studies the relations between architecture and nature is heading.We criticize or praise an architect by reviewing his path as an architects. We are used to classifying and judging him with the similarities and discrepancies found on comparative studies with other architects. But my eyes are firmly set to his next project. Right at this memont, countless architects are doing their best to present new path to us. What he has accomplished over the last 25-years has deeply affected other architects and expand their horizons in though .That’s why I am so anxious to see the next one in my belief that he will become another milestone leading the field of architecture today.。
建筑设计方案文本中英翻译
I 设计文本图名英文翻译一设计说明篇1 设计说明Introduction of design二上位分析篇1 宏观区位分析图Macro location analysis drawing2 微观区位分析图Micro location analysis drawing3 资源分析图Resources analysis drawing4 企业分析图Enterprise analysis drawing5 区位交通分析图Traffic location analysis drawing6 基地现状分析图Existing site analysis plan7 基地高层分析图Highrise analysis drawing8 基地视线分析图Sight line analysis drawing9 山体条件分析图Mountain condition analysis plan10 水体条件分析图Water condition analysis plan三案例分析篇Case Analysis1 案例分析图Case analysis drawing四城市印象篇Urban Impression1 白天鸟瞰图Aerial View2 夜景鸟瞰图Aerial Night View3 黄昏鸟瞰图Aerial Dusk View4 半鸟瞰图Semi-Aerial View5 局部透视图（白天-夜景-黄昏）Partial perspective(day-night-evening) 五理念分析篇Concept analysis1 方案构思图Plan Idea diagram2 理念构思图Idea Conceived Diagram3 理念分析图Idea Analysis diagram六规划设计篇1 总体规划平面图Overall planning2 总经济技术指标表General Technological and EconomicIndex3 分地块经济技术指标表Sub Parcel Technological and EconomicIndex分区经济技术指标表Subarea Technological and EconomicIndex4 模型展示图Model exhibition Diagram5 模型分析图Model Analysis Diagram6 功能系统分析图Function System Analysis Diagram7 建筑平面功能分析图Building Plane Function AnalysisDiagram8 建筑空间功能分析图Architecture Space Function AnalysisDiagram9 交通系统分析图Traffic System Analysis Diagram10 道路系统分析图Road System Analysis Diagram11 水路系统分析图Water way system Analysis Diagram12 结构系统分析图Structure System Analysis Diagram13 空间结构分析图Space Structure Analysis Diagram14 空间系统分析图Space Structure Analysis Diagram15 开发系统分析图Development system Analysis Diagram16 开发强度示意图Development Intensity Diagram17 消防系统分析图Fire protection system AnalysisDiagram18 景观系统分析图Landscape system Analysis Diagram19 空间景观分析图Space Sequence Analysis Diagram20 绿化系统分析图Afforestation system Analysis Diagram21 日照系统分析图Sunshine system Analysis Diagram22 竖向设计分析图Vertical elevation Analysis Plan23 视线系统分析图Sight System Analysis Plan24 地块价值分析图District Value Diagram25 地块价值挖掘分析图26 天际线分析图Skyline Analysis Diagram27 灯光系统分析图Lighting System Analysis Diagram七建筑设计篇1 首层建筑平面图Ground floor plan2 夹层建筑平面图Mezzanine plan3 二层建筑平面图Second floor plan4 三层建筑平面图Third floor plan5 地下一层平面图Plan for Basement Floor6 地下二层平面图2nd Basement plan7 地下三层平面图3rd Basement plan8 防火分区图Fire Compartmentation Diagram9 建筑立面图Building Elevation drawing10 建筑剖面图Building Section11 户型平面图Layout plan12 材料运用示意图Material Exertion Diagram八建筑意向篇1 户型意向图Housing intention2 建筑意向图Architectural intention九景观意向篇1 景观意向图Landscape intention十空间意向篇1 空间意向图Space intention十一场景意向篇1 场景意向图Scene intention* 对于不明确制图图纸的情况，请参考文件最后的图纸导航。
办公楼毕业设计英文翻译(外文翻译)
办公楼毕业设计英文翻译（外文翻译）原文：The future of the tall buildingAnd structure of buildingsZoning effects on the density of tall buildings and solar design may raise ethical challenge.A combined project of old and new buildings may bring back human scale to our cities. Owners and conceptual designers will be challenged in the 1980s to produce economically sound, people-oriented buildings.In 1980 the Level House, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merril1 (SOM) received the 25-year award from the American Institut e of Architects “in recognition of architectural design of enduring significance”. This award is given once a year for a building between 25and 35 years old .Lewis Mumford described the Lever House as “the first office building in which modern materials, m odern construction, modern functions have been combined with a modern plan”. At the time, this daring concept could only be achieved by visionary men like Gordon Bunshaft , the designer , and Charles Luckman , the owner and then-president of Lever Brothers . The project also included a few “first” : (1) it was the first sealed glass tower ever built ; (2) it was the first office building designed by SOM ;and (3) it was the first office building on Park Avenue to omit retail space on the first floor. Today, after hundreds of look-alike and variations on the grid design, we have reached what may be the epitome of tall building design: the nondescript building. Except for a few recently completed buildings that seem to be people-oriented in their lower floors, most tall buildings seem to be a repletion of the dull, graph-paper-like monoliths in many of our cities. Can this be the end of the design-line for tall buildings? Probably not. There are definite signs that are most encouraging. Architects and owners have recently begun to discuss the design problem publicly. Perhaps we are at the threshold of a new era. The 1980s may bring forth some new visionaries like Bunshaft and Luckman. If so, what kinds of restrictions or challenges do they face?译文：高层建筑展望及建筑结构区域规划对高层建筑物的密度和对自然采光设计可能引起道德问题将产生影响。
GBT30240-2017公共服务英文翻译实用标准要求规范
公共服务领域翻译规范---旅游1国家级景区National tourist attraction2自然保护区Natural Reserve或Nature reserve3主题公园Theme park4森林公园Forest park5生态公园Ecopark6世界文化遗产World cultural heritage（泛指）或World cultural Heritage site（特指一处遗产）7爱国主义教育基地Patriotism education base8名胜古迹Scenic spots and historical sites（泛指多处景点）9国家级文物保护单位National cultural heritage site10故居Former residence11古迹Historical site12遗址Ruins13纪念馆；纪念堂Memorial hall14一级文物First grade cultural Relic 或grade one cultural relic15度假村Resort16野生动物园Wild life park17海洋公园Marine park或Ocean park18游乐园Amusement park19步行街Pedestrian street或Pedestrian zone20售票口Ticket office或Tickets21免票Free admission22半票；半价Half rate ticket（Ticket可以省略）23优惠票Concession ticket24电子检票口e- Ticket check-in或e- Ticket entrance25残疾人证Disability certificate26过山车Roller coaster27观光船Sightseeing boat或Sightseeing ship28租船处Boat rental29观赏区Viewing area30休闲区Leisure area31无烟景区Non- Smoking area32住宿区Loading area33农家乐Agritainment34观景台Observation deck或Observation platform或Viewing platform35旅游观光车Sightseeing bus或Sightseeing ca36纪念品店Souvenir store37皮影Shadow puppets38景泰蓝Cloisonne39唐三彩Tang tri- color glazed ceramics40玉器Jade ware公共服务领域翻译规范---商业金融1批发市场Wholesale market2使利店；方便店Convenience store3免稅店Duty- Free store4网上购物Online shopping5存包处Locker（自助）；Left baggage（有人服务）6取包处Bag claim7试衣室Fitting room或Dressing room8过磅处；称重处Weigh counter9折扣店Discount store10结账台；付费处；收银处Cashier11试营业Soft opening12.营业时间Business hours或Opening hours13产地Place of origin或Made in14特价Special offer15促销Promotion16环保袋Recycle bag ex environment - friendly bag17手续费Service charge18代售火车票Train tickets19感谢惠顾Thanks for your patronage20汇款Remittance21借记卡Debit card22信用卡Credit card23人寿保险Life insurance24 24小时服务热线24- Hour hotline25网上银行Online banking service26报刊亭Newsstand或News kiosk27中药店TCM pharmacy28照相馆Photo studio29理发店Barber's或Barber shop30洗衣店Laundry31中央商务区Central business district或CBD32证券交易所Stock exchange33公积金货款Housing provident fund loan34理财服务Financial planning service35 24小时自助服务24- Hour se- Service36自动扶梯Escalator37人民币结算RMB settlement38系统故障Out of order39条码扫描口Barcode scanner或Barcode reader40.理赔Claim settlement公共服务领域翻译规范---文化娱乐1历史博物馆History museum或Museum of history2自然博物馆Natural history museum 或museum of natural history3展览馆；展示馆Exhibition center或Exhibition hall4美术馆；艺术馆Art gallery或Art museum5数字图书馆Digital library6大剧院Grand theater7.电影院Cinema或Movie theater8歌剧院Opera house9音乐厅Concert ha‖10活动中心Activity center11.少年宫Children' s palace12.文学类Literature13.艺术类Arts14学术类Academics15.科学类Science16教育类Education17.身份证登记Photo id required18失物招领Lost and found19.警告Notice20.暂停开放Temporarily closed21.图书查询Book search22畅销书Bestsellers23.科技馆Science and technology museum 或museum of science and technology24.网吧Internet cafe或Internet bar25休闲会所Recreation club或Club26.KTV包房KTV Room27展品Exhibits28文物Cultural relic29复制品Duplicate或Replica30.艺术品Artwork31.手工艺品Handicrafts32.院线Cinema chain33.上线（影片）Playing in theaters34.即将上映Coming soon或Upcoming movies35正在上映Now showing或Now playing36进口片；原版引进Imported37.演播厅Studio038.__元/半小时__Yuan/Half-Hour或__Yuan/30 Minute39会员售票处Membership tickets40.免费开放Free admission公共服务领域翻译规范---体育1体育场Stadium2足球场Football field或Soccer field3篮球场Basketball court4高尔夫球场Golf course5田径场track - and- Field ground6射箭场Archery range7卡丁车场Karting track8体育馆Indoor stadium或Gymnasium或Sports hall9篮球馆Basketball Gym10.台球馆；桌球馆Billiard hall11瑜伽馆Yoga gym12训练馆Training gym13保龄球馆Bowling alley14体操馆Gymnasium15柔道馆Judo gym16贵宾席VIP seats17竞赛区Competition area18裁判台Referee stand19工作人员区Staff area20摄影记者区Photo zones21游泳Swimming22跳水Diving23射箭Archery24田径Athletics25举重Weightlifting26滑冰Skating27滑翔Gliding28帆船Sailboat29散打Sanda30攀岩Rock climbing31现代五项Modern pentathlon32铁人三项Triathlon33锦标赛Championships或Tournament34公开赛Open championships35大师赛Masters tournament36职业联赛Professional league37甲级联赛League one38小组塞Group stage39 1/4决赛；四强赛1/4 Finals或Quarter finals40半决赛Semifinals或Semi- Finals公共服务领域翻译规范---教育1办公楼Administration building或Office building2实验楼Laboratory building3教室Classroom4实验室Laboratory或Lab5计算机房Computer room6借书处Circulation7还书处Book drop或Book return8阅览室Reading room9资料室Resource center10.档案室Archives center11大礼堂Auditorium或Assembly hall12学生宿舍；学生公寓Student dormitory13自习室（图书馆内）Study room14.学术报告厅Lecture ha‖15.多媒体教室Multimedia classroom16大学生活动中心Student center17.听课证Course registration card18课程表Class schedule或Timetable19.监控摄像头Surveillance camera20.校车School Bus或Shuttle bus21禁止滑板No skateboarding2不得带入食物No food allowed inside23不得占座No seat reservation24男士止步Women only25办公室（行政）Administration office26.财务处Finance office27.审计处Audit office28政教处Moral education office29.人事处Human resources office30学生工作处Student affairs office31.出版社Press或Publishing house32.编辑部Editorial office33信息中心Information center34科研处Office of academic research35校长室（大学）President s office36学生会Student union或Students’ Uni on37招生办公室Admissions office38校广播电视台Campus broadcasting station39学生证Studented card40.校园卡Campus card公共服务领域翻译规范---医疗卫生1医院Hospital2中心医院Central hospital3康复医院Rehabilitation hospital4疗养院Sanatorium或Convalescent home或Convalescent hospital 5胸科医院Chest hospital6肺科医院Lung hospital7脑科医院Brain hospital8眼科医院Eye hospital9皮肤病医院Dermatology hospital10.肿瘤医院Tumor hospital或Oncology hospital11.社区卫生服务中心Community healthcare center12门诊部Outpatient department或Outpatients（用于Department可以省略的场合13急症部Emergency department（Department可省略）14.医护部Medical and nursing department15.护理部Nursing department16.住院部patient department17病房；病区Inpatient ward18检查室Examination room19.治疗室Treatment room20.观察室Observation room21手术室Operating room或Operating theater22.第诊室Consulting room23.内科Internal medicine department（Department可以省略）24挂号处Registration25收费处Cashier或Payment26.出院手续办理处Discharge27.住院手续办理处Admission28急诊办公室Emergency Department office29门诊办公室Outpatient department30.血液中心Blood center31体检中心Physical Examination center32产房Delivery room33.护士站Nurses station34投诉电话；投诉热线Complaints hotline35易燃物品Flammable materials36剧毒物品Toxic materials37门诊须知Outpatient guide38专家门诊Expert clinic39患者入口Patients entrance40.探视须知Visitor' s guide公共服务领域翻译规范---邮政电信1中国邮政集团公司China post2中国电信China telecom3中国移动China mobile4中国联通China Unicom5快递公司Courier services company（Company可以省略）6快递服务Express service或Courier service7同城快递Intra- City express service8国际快递International express service9中国邮政China post10.邮政储蓄Postal savings11邮政汇款Postal remittance12明信片Postcard13邮政编码Postal code14到付件Freight collect express item15汇票Money order16邮戳Postmark17纪念邮票Commemorative stamp18纪念封Commemorative envelope19贺卡Greeting card20自取件Self pick-up express item21到付件Freight collect express item22邮筒（寄信用）Mailbox23信箱（收信用）Letter box24邮政包裹Postal parcel25邮政报刊亭Newsstand或News kiosk26视频会议Videoconferencing27电话会议Teleconferencing28有线电视Cable TV29.捆绑式服务Bundled service30.电话每分钟计费标准Rate per minutes（可以缩写为RPM）31欠费停机Service suspended due to Insufficient balance32应急电话Emergency call33来电显示服务Caller id display34电话区号Area code35话费充值Prepaid refill或Prepaid recharge36移动宽带Mobile broadband37即时通讯服务Instant messaging service或m service38长途电话Long distance call39营业厅Service hall或Business hall40彩铃服务Color ring back tone公共服务领域翻译规范---餐饮住宿1火锅Hot pot2麻辣烫Spicy hot pot3烧烤Grill（在平底锅里烤）Barbecue（直接在火上烤）4拉面Lamian noodles5刀削面Diaoxiao noodles6米线Rice noodles7馄饨Huntun或Wonton8月饼Moon cake9白酒Liquor and spirits10米酒Rice wine11.豆腐Doufu或Bean curd12糕点Cakes and pastries13熟食Delicatessen（也可简作Deli）或Cooked food14花椒Sichuan pepper15醋Vinegar16茶馆Teahouse17小吃店Snack bar或Snacks18大堂经理Lobby manager19单人房间Single room20双人间（两张单人床）Twin room21双人间（一张双人床）Double room22.青年旅社Youth hosted23.快捷酒店Budget hotel24.连锁酒店Chain hotel25招待所Guesthouse26.客栈Inn27.自助餐厅Buffet或Cafeteria28.宴会厅Banquet hall29.禁烟区；无烟区Non- Smoking area30包间；包房Private room31.快餐店Snack bar或Fast food restaurant（Restaurant可省略）32西饼屋Pastry store（Store可以省略或Bakery）33.酱油Soy sauce34.三分熟Rare35.五分熟Medium36.七分熟Medium well37.十分熟（全熟）Well done38黄酒Yellow rice wine或Shaoxing wine39豪华套房Deluxe suite40.标准客房Twin room或Standard room或Double room公共服务领域翻译规范---交通1高速公路Expressway2国道National highway3省道Provincial highway4县道County highway5收费公路Tollway或Toll road6高架桥Overpass（指城市中的高架桥）；Viaduct（指横跨河流或山谷的高架桥）7立交桥Highway interchange或Flyover8公共停车场Public parking9免费停车场Free parking10内部停车场Private parking（私人用）；Staff parking（员工用）11临时停车Temporary parking12计时停车Hourly parking或Metered parking13交叉路口Crossroads或Intersection14双向交通Two- way traffic15注意行人Watch for pedestrians16注意信号灯Traffic lights ahead17注意障碍物Watch out for obstacles 或caution / obstacles ahead18注意危险Drive with caution19小心雪天路滑Road may be icy20禁止通行Do not enter或No entry21禁止掉头No U-Turn22禁止超车No overtaking23禁止停车No stopping或No stopping at any time24禁止向左向右转弯No left or right turn或No turns25路口优先通行Priority at intersection26右转车道Right- Turn lane27左转车道Left- Turn lane28直行车道Straight lane29掉头车道U- Turn lane30转弯慢行Turn ahead/ Slow down31城际列车Inter- City rail service32动车组D- Series high- Speed train标准文档33高速列车；高铁G- Series high- Speed train 34一等座First class35二等座Second class36硬卧车厢Hard sleeper或Hard berth37软卧车厢Soft sleeper或Soft berth38第__航站楼Terminal__39航班号Flight no.__40办理登机手续；办票Check-in实用文案。
学校办公室门牌英语翻译
1.校长室(Princi pal’sOffice)2.副校长室(Deputy Princi pal’sOffice)3.教务处(Teachi ng Affair s Depart ment)4.总务处(Genera l Affair s Depart ment)5.学生处(Studen t Affair s Depart ment)政教处6.财务处(Financ ial Depart ment)7.团委(CYL Commit tee)8.工会(Teache rs’Union)9.教学楼(Teachi ng Buildi ng)10.行政楼(Admini strat ive Buildi ng)11.实验楼(Labora toryBuildi ng)12.食堂(Cantee n)13.图书馆(Librar y)14.初中语文组(Junior High Chines e Teache rs' Office)15.初中数学组(Junior High Math Teache rs' Office)16.初中英语组(Junior High Englis h Teache rs' Office)17.初中科学组(Junior High Scienc e Teache rs' Office)18.初中社会组(Junior High Politi cs, Histor y and Geogra phy Teache rs' Office)19.高中语文组(Senior High Chines e Teache rs' Office)20.高中数学组(Senior High Math Teache rs' Office)21.高中英语组(Senior High Englis h Teache rs' Office)22.高中物理组(Senior High Physic s Teache rs' Office)23.高中生化组(Senior High Biolog y and Chemis try Teache rs' Office)24.高中政史地组(Senior High Politi cs, Histor y and Geogra phy Teache rs' Office)25.信息与技术教研组(IT Teache rs' Office)26.艺术教研组(Art Teache rs' Office)27.体育教研室(PE Teache rs' Office)28.初中教师办公室(Junior A Teache rs' Office)29.高中教师办公室(Senior A Teache rs' Office)30.物理实验室(Physic s Lab)31.物理实验准备室(Physic s Experi mentPrepar ation Room)32.生物实验室(Biolog y Lab)33.生物实验准备室(Biolog y Experi mentPrepar ation Room)34.化学实验室(Chemis try Lab )35.化学实验准备室(Chemis try Experi mentPrepar ation Room)36.音乐教室(MusicClassr oom)37.美术教室(Art Classr oom)38.电脑教室/ 微机室(Comput er Cluste r)39.阶梯教室(Lectur e Hall)40.高A(b)班(Classb Senior A )41.初A(b)班(Classb Junior A)42.阅览室(Readin g Room)43.期刊室(Period icalRoom)44.外文阅览室(Foreig n Book & Journa l Readin g Room)45.广播室(Broadc astin g Studio )46.洗手间(Lady’s/ Gentle men’s)47.医务室(Clinic)48.文印室(Copy Center)49.会议室(Meetin g Room)50、远程教育室：Distan ce educat ion room51、教师阅览室：Teache rs' readin g room52、学生阅览室：Studen ts' readin g room53、心理咨询室：Psycho logic al consul tatio n room54、柳编室：Willow room55、安全办公室：Safety Office56、电教器材室：Electr onicequipm ent room57、思品组：Moralteache r’soffice58、历史组：Histor y teache rs' Office59、地理组：Geogra phy teache rs' Office60、教科室：The teachi ng resear ch61、器材室：Equipm ent room62、综治办：Compre hensi ve manage mentoffice63、七年级一班： Class1 Grade7 (班1 年级7) 根据班级换数字就行64、储藏室storer oom65、仪器室Instru mentroom66、多媒体教室Multi-mediaclassr oom67、舞蹈室、Dancin g room68、学前一班、Pre-School One舞蹈室、Dancin g Room葫芦丝教室、H ulusClassroom古筝教室、Zithers Classroom钢琴教室、PianoClassroom美术教室、Art Classroom书法室、Handwri ting Classroom图画室、Picture Room跆拳道室、Taekwo ndo room围棋室、ChessRoom神奇英语室MagicEnglish room小一班、Pre-kindergarte n One中三班、Kindergarte n Three大一班、Senior ClassOne园长办公室、Princi pal’s Office钢琴室、PianoClassr oom美术室、Art Classr oom保健室、Health Clinic舞蹈室、Dancin g Room资料室、Refere nce Room科学发现室、Scient ificdiscov ery room图书阅览室Library。
土木工程高层建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译1外文资料The Tall Office Building Artistically ConsideredThe architects of this land and generation are now brought face to face with something new under the sun namely, that evolution and integration of social conditions, that special grouping of them, that results in a demand for the erection of tall office buildings.It is not my purpose to discuss the social conditions; I accept them as the fact, and say at once that the design of the tall office building must be recognized and confronted at the outset as a problem to be solved a vital problem, pressing for a true solution.Let us state the conditions in the plainest manner. Briefly, they are these: offices are necessary for the transaction of business; the invention and perfection of the high speed elevators make vertical travel, that was once tedious and painful, now easy and comfortable; development of steel manufacture has shown the way to safe, rigid, economical constructions rising to a great height; continued growth of population in the great cities, consequent congestion of centers and rise in value of ground, stimulate an increase in number of stories; these successfully piled one upon another, react on ground values and so on, byaction and reaction, interaction and inter reaction. Thus has come about that form of lofty construction called the "modern office building". It has come in answer to a call, for in it a new grouping of social conditions has found a habitation and a name.Up to this point all in evidence is materialistic, an exhibition of force, of resolution, of brains in the keen sense of the word. It is the joint product of the speculator, the engineer, the builder.Problem: How shall we impart to this sterile pile, this crude, harsh, brutal agglomeration, this stark, staring exclamation of eternal strife, the graciousness of these higher forms of sensibility and culture that rest on the lower and fiercer passions? How shall we proclaim from the dizzy height of this strange, weird, modern housetop the peaceful evangel of sentiment, of beauty, the cult of a higher life?This is the problem; and we must seek the solution of it in a process analogous to its own evolution indeed, a continuation of it namely, by proceeding step by step from general to special aspects, from coarser to finer considerations.It is my belief that it is of the very essence of every problem that is contains and suggests its own solution. This I believe to be natural law. Let us examine, then, carefully the elements, let us search out this contained suggestion, this essence of the problem.The practical conditions are, broadly speaking, these:Wanted 1st, a story below ground, containing boiler, engines of various sorts, etc. in short, the plant for power, heating, lighting, etc. 2nd, a ground floor, so called, devoted to stores, banks, or other establishments requiring large area, ample spacing, ample light, and great freedom of access, 3rd, a second story readily accessible by stairways this space usually in large subdivisions, with corresponding liberality in structural spacing and expanse of glass and breadth of external openings, 4th, above this an indefinite number of stories of offices piled tier upon tier, one tier just like another tier, one office just like all the other offices an office being similar to a cell in honey comb, merely a compartment, nothing more, 5th, and last, at the top of this pile is placed a space or story that, as related to the life and usefulness of the structure, is purely physiological in its nature namely, the attic. In this the circulatory system completes itself and makes it grand turn, ascending and descending. The space is filled with tanks, pipes, valves, sheaves, and mechanical etcetera that supplement and complement the force originating plant hidden below ground in the cellar. Finally, or at the beginning rather, there must be on the ground floor a main aperture or entrance common to all the occupants or patrons of the building.This tabulation is, in the main, characteristic of every tall office building in the country. As to the necessary arrangements for light courts, these are not germane to the problem, and as will become soon evident, I trust need not be considered here. These things, and such others as the arrangement of elevators, for example, have to do strictly with the economics of the building, and I assumethem to have been fully considered and disposed of to the satisfaction of purely utilitarian and pecuniary demands. Only in rare instances does the plan or floor arrangement of the tall office building take on an aesthetic value, and thus usually when the lighting court is external or becomes an internal feature of great importance.As I am here seeking not for an individual or special solution, but for a true normal type, the attention must be confined to those conditions that, in the main, are constant in all tall office buildings, and every mere incidental and accidental variation eliminated from the consideration, as harmful to the clearness of the main inquiry.The practical horizontal and vertical division or office unit is naturally based on a room of comfortable area and height, and the size of this standard office room as naturally predetermines the standard structural unit, and, approximately, the size of window openings. In turn, these purely arbitrary units of structure form in an equally natural way the true basis of the artistic development of the exterior. Of course the structural spacings and openings in the first or mercantile story are required to be the largest of all; those in the second or quasi mercantile story are of a some what similar nature. The spacings and openings in the attic are of no importance whatsoever the windows have no actual value, for light may be taken from the top, and no recognition of a cellular division is necessary in the structural spacing.Hence it follow inevitably, and in the simplest possible way, that if wefollow our natural instincts without thought of books, rules, precedents, or any such educational impediments to a spontaneous and "sensible" result, we will in the following manner design the exterior of our tall office building to wit: Beginning with the first story, we give this a min entrance that attracts the eye to it location, and the remainder of the story we treat in a more or less liberal, expansive, sumptuous way a way based exactly on the practical necessities, but expressed with a sentiment of largeness and freedom. The second story we treat in a similar way, but usually with milder pretension. Above this, throughout the indefinite number of typical office tiers, we take our cue from the individual cell, which requires a window with its separating pier, its still and lintel, and we, without more ado, make them look all alike because they are all alike. This brings us to the attic, which having no division into office cells, and no special requirement for lighting, gives us the power to show by means of its broad expanse of wall, and its dominating weight and character, that which is the fact namely, that the series of office tiers has come definitely to an end.This may perhaps seem a bald result and a heartless, pessimistic way of stating it, but even so we certainly have advanced a most characteristic stage beyond the imagined sinister building of the speculator engineer builder combination. For the hand of the architect is now definitely felt in the decisive position at once taken, and the suggestion of a thoroughly sound, logical, coherent expression of the conditions is becoming apparent.When I say the hand of the architect, I do not mean necessarily theaccomplished and trained architect. I mean only a man with a strong, natural liking for buildings, and a disposition to shape them in what seems to his unaffected nature a direct and simple way. He will probably tread an innocent path from his problem to its solution, and therein he will show an enviable gift of logic. If we have some gift for form in detail, some feeling for form purely and simply as form, some love for that, his result in addition to it simple straightforward naturalness and completeness in general statement, will have something of temperament and interest.However, thus far the results are only partial and tentative at best relatively true, they are but superficial. We are doubtless right in our instinct but we must seek a fuller justification, a finer sanction, for it.I assume now that in the study of our problem we have passed through the various stages of inquiry, as follows: 1st, the social basis of the demand for tall buildings; 2nd, its literal material satisfaction; 3rd, the elevation of the question from considerations of literal planning, construction, and equipment, to the plane of elementary architecture as a direct outgrowth of sound, sensible building; 4th, the question again elevated from an elementary architecture to the beginnings of true architectural expression, through the addition of a certain quality and quantity of sentiment.But our building may have all these in a considerable degree and yet be far from that adequate solution of the problem I am attempting to define. We must now heed quality and quantity of sentiment.It demands of us, what is the chief characteristic of the tall office building? And at once we answer, it is lofty. This loftiness is to the artist nature its thrilling aspect. It is the very open organ tone in its appeal. It must be in turn the dominant chard in his expression of it, the true excitant of his imagination. It must be tall, every inch of it tall. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and pride of exaltation must be in it. It must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exultation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line that it is the new, the unexpected, the eloquent peroration of most bald, most sinister, most forbidding conditions.The man who designs in the spirit and with the sense of responsibility to the generation he lives in must be no coward, no denier, no bookworm, no dilettante. He must live of his life and for his life in the fullest, most consummate sense. He must realize at once and with the grasp of inspiration that the problem of the tall office building is one of the most stupendous, one of the most magnificent opportunities that the Lord of Nature in His beneficence has ever offered to the proud spirit of man.That this has not been perceived indeed has been flatly denied is an exhibition of human perversity that must give us pause.One more consideration. Let us now lift this question into the region of calm, philosophic observation. Let us seek a comprehensive, a final solution: let the problem indeed dissolve.Certain critics, and very thoughtful ones, have advanced the theory that thetrue prototype of the tall office building is the classical column, consisting of base, shaft and capital the molded base of the column typical of the lower stories of our building, the plain or fluted shaft suggesting the monotonous, uninterrupted series of office tiers, and the capital the completing power and luxuriance of the attic.Other theorizers, assuming a mystical symbolism as a guide, quite the many trinities in nature and art, and the beauty and conclusiveness of such trinity in unity. They aver the beauty of prime numbers, the mysticism of the number three, the beauty of all things that are in three parts to wit, the day, subdividing into morning, noon, and night; the limbs, the thorax, and the head, constituting the body. So they say, should the building be in three parts vertically, substantially as before, but for different motives.Others, of purely intellectual temperament, hold that such a design should be in the nature of a logical statement; it should have a beginning, a middle, and an ending, each clearly defined therefore again a building, as above, in three parts vertically.2中文翻译高层办公建筑艺术思考这个时代该领域的建筑师开始正视一些新的由于社会条件变革和整合以及它们特殊组合导致的对高层办公建筑的立面要求。
英语翻译岗位职责6篇
英语翻译岗位职责篇1英语翻译兼展览策划岗位职责1.与部门业务相关的英语翻译工作。
2.展览的策划与实施。
3.承担本部门的英语翻译工作。
4.对各种在博物馆举办的文化活动进行策划并进行必要的翻译，包括社会文化活动、学术研讨会、商业文化活动、展览的引进和对外交流等。
5.参与博物馆与其他馆文化交流、展览过程中的翻译及协调性工作。
6.参与临时展览的主题策划，根据主题充分利用社会文化资源与博物馆现有资源，并进行展览的市场定位与组织规划工作。
7.对展览方案进行策划、撰写和组织推广。
8.完成领导交办的其他工作。
英语翻译岗位职责篇2翻译岗位职责职责一：翻译岗位职责1、负责公司日常文字翻译工作；2、负责公司网站的翻译工作；3、公司资料的翻译、公司涉外形象设计；4、负责公司涉外接待工作；5、协助培训部门做好员工英语基础培训；6、公司海内外项目资料的翻译及资料的整理、存档工作；7、记录并做好与国外公司电话会议的会议记录；8、做好相关部门商务谈判及对外联络的现场翻译工作；9、协助公司做好产品说明书翻译工作；10、上级交办的其他工作。
职责二：法语翻译岗位职责1.协助领导处理商务谈判、资料翻译、同声传译、法文往来信函等相关工作；2.外事活动的组织接待工作。
陪同领导出席各种会议、典礼等；3.协助领导进行公司对外公关和宣传管理；4.协助领导理处理日常事务及工作日程安排；5.协助安排领导工作计划和出行；6.负责领导会务的组织安排，会议纪要的编写，并对决议事项进行催办、查办和落实；7.领导其他行政事务的安排、协调和支持性工作。
职责三：翻译岗位职责1、接受主管的分配的翻译任务；2、翻译并与翻译团队成员沟通协作；3、保证翻译质量；4、翻译资料的整理收集、知识管理；5、参加部门内开展的专业培训与交流，提高翻译的专业水平。
职责四：翻译岗位职责1、负责学院聘请的长期外籍教师的申请审批、签证变更等工作的办理；并负责外籍教师（番禺教师）在我院教学期间的教学协调、生活管理、机场接送等工作。
建筑英语中英文对照byIris
建筑英语中英文对照byIriso ring 圆形截面环oak 栎树oakum 麻絮obelisk 方尖碑object 对象object of construction production 工程项目oblique butt joint 斜对接oblique projection 斜投影oblique scarf 斜接榫oblique section 斜截面obscured glass 毛面玻璃observation 观测observation light 碍航物灯标observation of the work 操奏视observation point 观测点observational data 观测资料occupancy 居住occupancy load 收容能力;居住载荷occupancy rate 居住率occupant space requirements 居住空间标准occupants 居住者occupied zone 实占地域ocher 袅ochre 袅ocrate process 四氟化硅处理ocrated concrete 四氟化硅混凝土oder suppression 臭气排除odor 臭气odor control 四氟化硅处理odorimeter 气味计odour 臭气off center load 偏心荷重off formwork concreting 无模壳灌筑混凝土off grade size 不合格粒径off ground hauler 越野土运机off loading ramp 卸载斜坡道off peak electric heating 非峰期电供热off peak load 非峰值负载off peak period 非高峰时间off set joints 错缝off shore boring 海底钻探off shuttering concreting 无模壳灌筑混凝土off the site work 现场外工作office 机关office building 办公楼office furniture 办公室设备offset 突层offset bend 迂回管弯头offset yield strength 条件屈服强度offshore boring island 钻井平台offshore structures 海上结构物offstream storage 停运贮藏池ogee s形曲线ogee arch 葱形拱ogee curve s形曲线ohio cofferdam 俄亥俄围堰oil 油oil bath air filter 油浴空气过滤器oil buffer 液压缓冲器oil fired heater 烧油空气加热器oil fired heating system 烧油供热系统oil paint 油漆oil pipeline 油管oil stain 油蚀oil trap 集油器oil washed air cleaner 油浴空气过滤器oil well cement 油井水泥omnia concrete floor 咬封混凝土楼板omnia concrete plank 咬封混凝土板on job laboratory 工地实验室on off valve 双位阀on site connection 就地连接once through water supply system 单柳水系统ondol 炕one brick wall 单砖墙one centered arch 单心拱one coat work 单层粉刷one component material 单一性材料one degree system 单自由度系统one family dwelling 单户住宅one hand block 小型砌块one hand tile 小型砌块one hinged arch 单铰拱one off design 专用设计one off houses 临时房屋one pass aeration tank 单道曝气池one pipe circulation 单管式循环one pipe heating system 单管供热系统one pipe loop system 单管环路系统one pipe system 单管系统one room dwelling 单间住宅one roomed flat 单间公寓one side welding 单面焊one sided connection 单面连接one span two hinged frame 单跨度双铰接框架one storey house 单层房屋one way slab 单向配筋板one way street 单行道one way system 单向配筋方式one way valve 单向阀onramp 斜坡弯道opal glass 乳色玻璃opaque ceramic glazed tile 不透谜瓷釉瓷砖open air intake works 无压取水结构open air plant 露天装置open air water power plant 开启式水力发电站open boarding 开缝铺板法open box section 敞开箱形构造截面open caisson 沉井open caisson foundation 沉井基础open cornice 敞檐open cut tunneling 泌隧道工程open deck car park 开敞式停车建筑物open distribution 开启分送open ditch drainage 排水玫open drain 排水玫open drainage 排水玫open eaves 敞檐open expansion tank heating system 自由膨胀水箱式供热系统open floor 露瞄栅楼板open frame girder 空腹桁架梁open hood 开口式通气罩open joint 渺open mortise 开口榫眼open newel stair 露眯柱旋梯open pan mixer 敞口盘式混合料open parking structure 开敞式停车建筑物open pier construction 空架式突堤结构open piping 外露管道open pit 露天开采坑open plan 开敞布置open return steam heating system 直接蒸汽供热系统open riser stair 露盲步楼梯open roof 露幂顶open section 开口断面open sheathing 版面疏松的衬板open sheeting 版面疏松的衬板open slating 疏铺石板open space 空地open stairway 露氓梯open steam heating system 直接蒸汽供热系统open storage area 露天堆场open storage ground 露天堆场open storm drainage 露藐水排水沟open tendering 公开招标open territory 空旷地区open timber floor 露木楼板open timbering 版面疏松的衬板open traverse 开路导线open type exhaust canopy 开式排气雨棚open valley 屋面天沟open vent 开式通风口open web 空腹open web girder 空腹大梁open web steel joist 空腹钢铁托梁open well 露幂井open well stair 露幂井楼梯open wharf 透空式码头open wiring 眠布线opening 孔opening bridge 开合桥opening light 开敞式窗洞opening of bids 开表openwork jetty 透空式码头opera house 歌剧院operable partition 开闭式间壁operable transom 开敞式气窗operable wall 开闭式间壁operating floor 操专operation 操作operation drawing 加工图operation schedule 椎程序operational range 操锥围operational waste 操耗operator 操妆optical sag 视光垂度optical square 光学直角器optimal design 优化设计optimization 最优化optimum city size 最佳城市大小optimum condition 最佳条件optimum design 最佳设计opus latericium 嵌砖混凝土墙opus quadratum 方石筑墙or equal specification 被承认等同的技术条件orbit 轨道orchard garden 果园order 柱型式样order of technical assignment 技术任务指令orderly construction territory 有次序的工程地区ordinary concrete 普通混凝土ordinary construction 一般构造ordinary dense concrete 普通密实的混凝土ordinary lime mortar 普通灰浆ordinary portland cement 普通硅盐水泥ordinary red brick 普通红砖ordinary reinforcedconcrete 普通钢筋混凝土ordinary structuralconcrete 普通结构混凝土ordinate 纵坐标ordnance bench mark 水准基点organic binder 有机粘结剂organic content 有机质含量organic impurity 有机不洁物organic silt 有机质淤泥organic test 有机物试验organic wastes 有机废水organism of production 生产组织organization 机构oriel 凸窗oriental type park 东方式公园orientation of building 房屋定位orifice meter 孔极量计orifice tube test 坍落度筒测定origin of force 着力点original cross sectional area 起始横截面面积original drawing 原图ornament 装饰ornamental architecture 盛饰建筑ornamental concrete 装饰混凝土ornamental concrete finishing 装饰混凝土修整ornamental forest 风景林ornamental glass 装饰玻璃ornamental motif 装饰肘ornamental panelling 装饰镶板ornamental part 装饰配件orthogonal anisotropic plate 正交蛤异性板orthogonal projection 正投影orthography 正投影orthotropic plate 正交蛤异性板orthotropic structures 正交蛤异性结构oscillating machinery 振动机械oscillating screen 振动筛oscillation 振动oscillation conveyor 振荡式输送机osmose 渗透ossature 骨胳out port 外港outbuilding 附属房屋outdoor air 外伸架临时顶撑outdoor air inlet 外部空气outdoor exposure test 野外曝露试验outdoor furniture 户外七outdoor installation 户外装置outdoor paint 室外用油漆outdoor power station 开启式水力发电站outdoor powerhouse 开启式水力发电站outdoor temperature 室外温度outer court 外院outer door 外门outer fiber 外部纤维outer forces 外力outer harbor 外港outer lining 外门窗框outer slope 外侧坡度outer string 楼梯外侧小梁outer support 外支座outer wall 外墙outfall 排水口outfit 装置outflow channel 泄水渠outhouse 屋外厕所outlay of production 生产经费outlet box 引出箱outlet opening 排出口outlet tunnel 排水隧道outline 轮廓outline drawing 轮廓图outline of house 房屋轮廓outline specification 一般技术规格outmost fiber 外部纤维output data 输出数据outrigger 外伸架outrigger base 悬臂板outrigger scaffold 排出脚手架outrigger shore 外伸架临时顶撑outside air 外部空气outside air opening 外部空气通道outside architrave 外门窗框outside casing 外门窗框outside coating 外部涂刷outside column 外部柱outside corner moulding 角条outside door 外门outside film coefficient 外表面传热系数outside finish 外饰面outside foundation line 外部地基线outside glazing 外部装配玻璃outside scaffolding 外部脚手架outside temperature 室外温度outside wall 外墙outside window 外部窗outstreet 郊区outwork 野外椎oval arch 椭圆形拱oven 炉ovendry wood 烘干木材over dwelling 居住区过密over mortared concrete mix 多灰浆混凝土混合料overall coefficient of heattransfer 总传热系数overall depth of section 截面总高度overall dimensions 综合尺寸overall height 总高度overall length 总长overall size 总尺寸overbridge 天桥overburden 复盖层overburden excavator 剥土电铲overburden pressure 积土压力overburden stripping 覆盖层剥除overcrossing 上跨交叉overcrowded city 挤集型城市overcrowding 拥挤过度overdesign 超裕度设计结构overdeveloped city 过度发展的城市overdevelopment 地下水池的枯燥overdosage 超量配料overfall gap 溢水口overflow dam 溢劣overflow pipe 溢淋overflow stand 溢淋overground part 地上部分overhand work 从内墙砌砖overhang 悬突体overhaul 大修overhead crane 高架起重机overhead crane girder 桥式吊车梁overhead distribution 架空配电overhead door 升降门overhead heating system 上分式供热系统overhead illumination 天花板照明overhead line 架空线路overhead pipeline 架空管道overhead water storage tank 高架蓄水箱overhead welding 仰焊overhead wire 架空线路overhead work 高空工作overhung door 悬挂式推拉门overlap 重迭overlapping construction schedule 综合施工进度表overlay paper 混凝土覆盖纸overload 过载overload limiter 超载限制器overload protection 过载保护overlying ground 上面覆盖overpass 上跨桥overpass for pedestrians 高架人行道overpressure protection 超压防护oversailing course 挑出砖层oversanded mix 多砂混合料oversite concrete 地基混凝土板层overslabbing 混凝土板铺路overstressing 超限应力overstretching 超限应力overturning moment 倾覆力矩overvibration 过度振动owner 甲方owner architect agreement 所有人和建筑师合同owner contractoragreement 所有人和承包人合同owner's inspector 甲方检查员oxidation capacity 氧化能力oxidation column 氧化塔oxidation lagoon 氧化池oxidation pond 氧化池oxide 氧化物oxidized linseed oil 氧化亚麻油oxyacetylene cuttingtorch 氧快切割机oxychloride cement 氯氧水泥oxygen 氧oxygen deficit 缺氧oxygenator 氧合器ozonation 臭氧处理ozonator 臭氧化发生器ozone 臭氧ozone treatment 臭氧处理ozonized air 缺氧ozonizing chamber 臭氧化窒pack 束package dealer 总承包者packaged air conditioner 小型空气第器packaged boiler 移动式锅炉packaged building program 综合建筑计划packaged concrete 包装混凝土packed heat insulation 填充式绝热packed joint 堵塞接缝packing 填满packless valve 无填料阀pad 承梁垫石padding 涂底漆paddle 小闸门paddle aerator 叶轮式曝气器paddle loader 桨叶式装载机paddle mixer 桨叶式搅拌机padlock 挂锁padstone 承梁垫石pagoda 塔pail 水桶paint 颜料paint base 油漆打底paint blaster 涂料喷雾器paint brush 漆刷paint gun 喷漆枪paint ingredient 涂料成分paint kettle 油漆锅paint peeling 涂漆层剥皮paint pot 油漆锅paint roller 漆滚筒paint spray gun 喷涂枪paint spraying 喷漆paint spraying machine 喷漆机painter's hand tools 漆工手工具painting 涂油漆painting work 涂装工作pair of doors 双门palace 宫殿palatial architecture 宫殿式建筑pale 桩palette knife 但刀paling 栏栅palisade 栏栅pallet 但板palletized load 架装荷载pan 铰链孔pan floor 盘式楼板pan humidifier 盘式加湿器pan mixer 盘状拌和机pane 窗玻璃pane of glass 门墙玻璃块panel 镶板panel air system 嵌入式空气系统panel built house 预制墙板式房屋panel construction 壁板式构造panel cooler 板式冷却器panel cooling 嵌入式降温panel door 镶板门panel heating 板壁供热panel lighting 格式照明panel load 节点载荷panel node 节点panel point 节点panel radiator 嵌入式散热器panel shuttering 镶板式模壳panel strip 嵌条panel type house 预制墙板式房屋panel wall 幕墙panel work 镶板工作panelled ceiling 格子平顶panelling 镶板pantile 波形瓦pantry 备餐间paper 纸paper backed lath 用纸鬃层的板条paper board 纸板paper filter 纸过滤器paper form 纸模papering 糊纸parabola 抛物线parabolic arch 抛物线拱parabolic curve 抛物曲线parabolic girder 抛物线梁parabolic shell 抛物线状薄壳paraffin 蜡parallel chord truss 平行弦桁架parallel flow heatexhanger 并两热交换器parallel lay rope 顺扭交绳parallel stair 平行楼梯parallel swivel bench vice 平行轮轴钳工台虎钳parallel wire unit 平行钢丝束parallelepiped 平行六面体parallelism 平行parallelogram 平行四边形parallelogram of forces 力平行四边形parameter 参数parapet 女儿墙parent matrix 原结合料pargeter 灰泥工paring chisel 消錾park 公园park architecture 公园建筑parker truss 帕克式桁架parking area 停车场parking lot 停车场parking place 停车场parking tower 塔式停车处parkway 林荫干道parlour 接待室parquet 拼花地板parquet block 镶木地板条块parquet floor 镶木地板part 零件part drawing 零件图part in bending 受弯部分part in compression 受压部分part in tension 受拉部分part swing shovel 部分旋转式电铲partial air conditioning 局部空调partial cover plate 部分盖板partial prestressing 部分的预应力partial safety factors 部分安全系数partially drowned weir 局部潜堰partially prestressed composite construction 部分预应力组合结构partially separate system 部份分僚水系统particle 粒子particle board 碎木板particle shape 颗粒形状particle size 粒子大小particle size analysis 粒度分析particle sizedistribution 粒径分布particle size distribution curve 粒度分布曲线parting agent 脱模隔离涂料partition 隔板partition beam 隔壁梁partition block 隔墙块partition board 隔墙板partition tile 隔壁用花砖partition wall of glass bricks 玻璃块间壁party wall 共用隔墙pass 通道passage 通道passageway 通道passenger elevator 乘客电梯passenger flow 旅客怜passenger lift 乘客电梯passive earth pressure 被动地压paste 软膏paste content 浆状物含量paste paint 厚漆paste volume 浆状物含量pat 试饼pat mortar 扁饼灰泥patand 地梁patching 补坑patching compound 修补混合料patching mix 修补混合料patent glazing 无油灰装玻璃paternoster 链斗式升降机path of seepage 渗哩路patio 庭院patten 柱基础patter 抹板pattern 模型pattern decoration 花样装饰patterned finish 花纹装修patterned paper 花纹纸patternmaker 制模工人paumelle 可折较链paved median 铺面中央分隔带paved shoulders 铺砌的路肩pavement 铺装pavement base 铺路基础pavement concrete 路面混凝土pavement design 路面设计pavement marking machine 路面标线机pavement overlay 路面罩面pavement saw 铺面锯机pavement slab 铺路板paver 混凝土搅拌摊铺机paver's hammer 铺砌工锤pavilion 展览馆分管凉亭pavilion roof 攒尖式屋顶paving asphalt 铺路沥青paving blocks 铺面块体paving brick 铺地砖paving flag 铺路石板paving slab 铺路板paving stone 铺路石paving train 联合铺路机pea gravel 豆粒砾石pea gravel grout 豆砾石薄浆pea grit 豆粒砾石pea shingle 豆粒砾石peak arch 尖拱peak demand 最大需要量peak discharge 最大量peak load 最大载荷peak stress 高最大应力pearl 珍珠pearlite 珍珠岩peasant market 农民市场peat 泥炭peat brick 泥炭砖peat soil 泥沼质土peaty soil 泥沼质土pebble 砾石pebble clarifier 砾石清净器pebble dash 小卵石涂抹pedestal 柱脚pedestal foot 大放脚pedestrian bridge 人行桥pedestrian guard rail 人行道栏杆pedestrian overcrossing 人行天桥pedestrian protection 行人保护装置pedestrian railing 人行桥栏杆pedestrian subway 人行隧道pedestrian traffic 行人交通pediment 人形墙peeling 剥皮peference mark 基准点peg 短桩pegging out 定界pell mell construction 抛筑pelleted mineral wool 颗粒状矿棉penalty 罚款penalty clause 违约罚金条款pencil 束pencil rod 细钢杆pendence 斜度pendentive dome 三角穹圆顶pendentives 穹隅pendulum 振子pendulum bearing 摇摆式支座pendulum saw 摆锯penetrability 透入性penetration 贯穿penetration probe 贯穿探针penetration test 贯入试验penetration treatment 浸透处理penning gate 直升式泄水闸门penstock 水压管pentagon 五角形penthouse 小棚屋penthouse apartment 屋顶公寓pentroof 单坡屋顶penumbra 半影percent compaction 压实百分数percent fines 细粒含量百分率percent of elongation 伸张度percent of void 孔隙率percentage by volume 体积百分率percentage by weight 重量百分比percentage reinforcement 配筋比率percolating water 渗透水percolation 渗漏percolation gauge 渗透计percussion drill hammer 冲魂锤percussion drilling 冲魂percussion penetration method 撞会入法perennial stream 常流perforated brick 有孔砖perforated casing well 滤管井perforated ceiling board 穿孔天花板perforated plate 凿孔板perforated wall 穿孔墙performancecharacteristic 工棕性performance test 性能试验perimeter 周边perimeter beam 圈梁perimeter grouting 周边管浆perimeter heating 周边供热perimeter wall 围墙perimeter zone 周边区域period 周期peripheral stress 圆周应力periphery 周围perlite 珍珠岩perlite concrete 珍珠岩混凝土perlite mortar 珍珠岩灰浆permafrost 永冻土带permanent construction 永久性结构permanent deflection 永久变位permanent deformation 残余变形permanent hardness 永久硬度permanent load 固定负载permanent moment 固定矩permanent position 固定位置permanent set 残余变形permanent shuttering 永久式模板permanent stream 常流permanent structure 永久性结构permeability 渗透性permeability apparatus 渗透装置permeability coefficient 渗透系数permeability of soil 土壤渗透性permeability reducing admixture 减渗外加剂permeable groyne 透水折劣permetallurigcal cement 炉渣水泥permissible deflection 允许挠度permissible load 容许荷载permissible stress 容许应力permissible stress method 容许应力法permissible velocity 容许速度permission 容许personnel job hoist 施工人员升降机perspective drawing 透视图pervibrator 插入式振捣器petroleum asphalt 石油沥青petroleum bitumen 石油沥青petroleum stove 石油火炉petroleum tar 石油焦油phantom drawing 透视图phase 相phenolic resin cement 酚醛尸水泥phenomena 现象photo elastic analysis 光弹性分析photo elastic test 光弹性试验photoelasticity 光弹性photograph 相片photometer 光度计photosynthesis 光合酌phreatic line 浸润线phreatic water 不承压地下水piano wire concrete 钢弦混凝土pick dressing 风镐修琢picket fence 尖桩篱栅picknometer 比重瓶piece 一块piedroit 墙壁平柱pier 桥墩pier cap 墩帽pier construction 支柱结构pier foundation 墩基础pier head power station 堤头水力发电站piezoelectric pick up 压电拾声器piezometer 压力计piezometer tube 测压管piezometric head 测压管水头piezometric level 测压管水位pig iron 生铁piggery 猪圈pigment 色素pigmented finish 着色装饰pilaster 附壁柱pilaster face 半露柱面部pilaster side 半露柱边pile 堆pile after driving 二次打桩pile and cribwork foundation 桩木格笼基础pile and fascine revetment 桩木排护岸pile band 桩箍pile bent 桩排架pile cluster 桩群pile dolphin 桩式系船柱pile drawer 拨桩机pile driver 打桩机pile driving 打桩pile driving by vibration 振动打桩pile driving equipment 打桩设备pile driving formula 打桩公式pile driving frame 打桩架pile driving hammer 桩锤pile driving plant 打桩装置pile driving pontoon 打桩船pile driving rig 打桩装置pile extension 接桩pile extractor 拨桩机pile ferrule 桩箍pile follower 打桩帽pile footing 桩基础pile foundation 桩基础pile framing 桩框架pile grillage 桩格排pile group 桩群pile hammer 桩锤pile head 桩头pile helmet 桩盔pile hoop 桩箍pile jacking 顶桩pile jetting 水冲沉桩pile load capacity 桩荷载容量pile pedestal 桩台座pile pier 桩式桥墩pile positioning 桩定位pile ring 桩箍pile row 桩列pile shoe 桩靴pile sinking 打桩pile splicing 接桩pile stockage 桩列pile tip 桩头pile toe 桩头pile top 桩头piled quay 横栈桥码头pilework 桩结构piling 排桩pillar 柱pillar crane 塔式起重机pilot channel 子槽pilot cut 子槽pilot flame 引燃火焰pilot lamp 指领示灯pilot trench 子槽pilot tunnel 导洞pimple 小突起pin 针pin connected construction 销连接结构pin connection 销连接pin ended column 栓端柱pin joint 销连接pinch bar 橇杆pine 松树pinholes 小孔pioneer road 施工便道pipe 管pipe anchor 管锚pipe bender 弯管器pipe bending machine 弯管器pipe box 绝热管套pipe bridge 输送管桥pipe casing 桩套管pipe clamp 管夹pipe coil 蛇形管pipe column 管柱pipe cooler 管式冷却器pipe cutter 割管机pipe cutting machine 截管机pipe erector 管安装工人pipe fitter 管安装工人pipe hanger 管吊架pipe in pipe 管套管热交换器pipe insulation 管绝缘pipe joint 管子接头pipe lagging 管绝缘pipe laying 装管工程pipe lifting tongs 管吊装夹具pipe losses 管道损失pipe rigging 管诉pipe run 管道pipe section 管道pipe shell 管外壳pipe thread sealing tape 管螺纹嵌缝带pipe tonge 管子钳pipe tracer 管保护用电加热带pipe transport of concrete 混凝土管输送pipe vice 管子虎钳pipe welding machine 焊管机pipelayer 管道安装工pipeline 导管pipeline construction 管道施工pipeline conveyance 管道运送pipeline heating and refrigerating 热冷供应管线pipeline refrigerating 冷供应管线pipeline transport 管道运输pipemaking machine 制管机pipeway 管沟pipework 配管piping 配管piping diagram 管系图pise 泥土建筑piston 活塞piston pump 活塞式泵pit 地坑pit gravel 坑砾石pitch 间距;斜角pitch pocket 松脂孔pitch streak 松脂孔pitched roof 斜屋顶pitched work 砌石护坡pitching stone 铺砌片石pivot 轴颈;旋转轴pivoted window 旋转窗place 位置placeability 可灌筑性placement of concrete 浇灌混凝土placing 铺设placing boom 灌筑吊杆placing of concrete 浇灌混凝土placing sequence 灌筑次序placing train 灌筑列车plain bars 普通钢筋plain cement 清水泥plain concrete 无筋混凝土plain concrete column 无筋混凝土柱plain concreteconstruction 素混凝土结构plain girder 实腹梁plan 设计图plan view 平面图plane 平面;刨子plane cross section 水平断面plane frame 平面桁架plane of bending 弯曲平面plane of failure 破坏面plane of projection 投影面plane of section 切面plane of shear 剪断面plane of symmetry 对称面plane of weakness 薄弱截面plane sections hypothesis 平断面假定plane stress analysis 平面应力分析plane surface 平表面planing bench 刨台plank 板材plank floor 木板床planned stage construction 按计划建设planning 规划planning of houses 住宅计划planning permission 建筑许可planning standard specification 设计标准技术规范plant 工厂plant and process ventilation 工厂工程换气plant mix 厂拌混合料plant mixed concrete 厂拌混凝土plant room 机械设备间planting 绿化plasma 等离子体plaster 烧石膏plaster base 抹灰底层plaster concrete 石膏混凝土plaster mixer 灰泥混合器plaster mortar 粉刷用灰浆plaster mould 石膏模型plaster of cement 水泥抹灰plaster of paris 烧石膏plaster panel 石膏纤维板plaster rendering 粉刷plaster skin coat 抹灰面层plaster throwing machine 喷投灰泥机plaster work 抹灰工事plasterboard 石膏纤维板plastered wall 抹灰的墙plasterer 粉刷工plasterer's float 抹灰工抹子plasterer's hair 抹灰用毛发plasterer's trowel 抹灰泥刀plastering machine 喷投灰泥机plastic aggregates 塑胶集料plastic behavior 塑性动态plastic binder 塑性粘合剂plastic clay 可塑粘土plastic concrete 塑性混凝土plastic consistency 可塑稠度plastic consistency of concrete 混凝土塑性稠度plastic cracking 塑性开裂plastic deformation 塑性变形plastic design 塑性论设计plastic equilibrium 塑性平衡plastic flow 塑性怜plastic furniture 塑料家具plastic hinge 塑胶铰链plastic limit 塑性极限plastic moment 塑性力矩plastic mortar 塑性灰浆plastic paint 塑料涂料plastic pipe 塑料管plastic plywood 塑料胶合板plastic range 塑性范围plastic road 塑料公路plastic shrinkage 塑性收缩plastic shrinkage cracking 塑性收缩开裂plastic soil 塑性土壤plastic state 塑性状态plastic strain 塑性变形plastic window lights 塑料玻璃plasticity 塑性plasticity index 塑性值plasticity modulus 塑性模量plasticized cement 塑化水泥plasticizer 增塑剂plasticizing 塑化plasticizing agent 增塑剂plasticizing mineral powder 可塑性矿物粉末plastics 塑料plastics coating 塑料涂膜plastics finish 塑料涂膜plastification 塑性化platband 横带plate 板plate bending 板体弯曲plate girder 板梁plate girder bridge 板梁桥plate glass 平板玻璃plate type regenerator 板型换热器plate vibrator 振动板plated construction 板结构platform 站台;台架platform frame construction 平台式框架结构platform hoist 吊盘绞车platform ladder 椎台梯子plating 镀金playground 比赛场playing field 游戏场plaza 广场plenum duct 送气通道plenum heating 热风采暖plenum system 送气通风系统plinth 壁脚板plinth wiring 壁脚板配线plough 扫雪机;沟刨plow 扫雪机plug 塞子plug cock 塞嘴plug hole 排泄孔plug in connection 插入式连接plug socket 插座plug tap 塞嘴plug valve 塞嘴plugging leaks 堵渗漏plum 毛石块plumb line 铅垂线plumber's dope 管工蒙布漆plumbing 卫生管道工程plumbing fitting 管道配件plumbing fixtures 卫生七plumbing unit 卫生装备组合plumbing work 卫生管道工程plunger pump 滑阀泵ply 层plywood 胶合板plywood concrete forms 夹板混凝土模板plywood for structural use 结构用胶合板pneumatic caisson 压气排水沉箱pneumatic concrete placer 气动混凝土灌注机pneumatic conveying 气动输送pneumatic conveying of concrete 混凝土气力输送pneumatic conveying system 气动输送设备pneumatic drill 空气钻pneumatic feed 风动给料pneumatic hoist 气力升降机pneumatic pile hammer 气压桩锤pneumatic structure 充气结构pneumatic test 气压试验pneumatic tool 气动工具pneumatically applied mortar 喷射灰浆pneumatically operated concrete placer 气动混凝土灌注机pneumatically operated discharge gate 气动卸货门pneumatically placed concrete 喷混凝土pocket filter 袋状滤器point 点point block 塔式高层住宅point load 集中荷载point of application 酌点point of contraflexure 拐点point of support 支点point of zero moment 零力矩点pointed arch 尖拱pointed pediment 三角形檐饰poisson's ratio 泊松比poker vibrator 插入式振捣器polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩polder 围垦地pole 塔杆pole shore 支柱polish 抛光polishing 抛光pollutant 污染物质pollutant effluents 污染废水pollution 污染pollution load 污染负荷polyclinic 综合门诊所polyester 聚脂polyethylene 聚乙烯polyethylene coated craft paper 聚乙烯涂敷牛皮纸polygon 多边形polygon of forces 力多边形polymer 聚合物polymer cement concrete 聚合物水泥混凝土polymer concrete 聚合物混凝土polymer impregnated concrete 聚合物浸渍混凝土polymer modified cement mortar 聚合改性水泥灰浆polymer modified glass fiber reinforced concrete 聚合改性玻璃纤维加强混凝土polymer mortar 聚合物灰浆polystyrene board 聚苯乙烯板polystyrene foam balls 泡沫聚苯乙烯团块polystyrene foam concrete 泡沫聚苯乙烯混凝土polystyrene sheet 聚苯乙烯片polythene sheeting 聚乙烯料polyvinyl 聚乙烯polyvinyl acetateconcrete 聚醋酸乙烯脂混凝土pond 池pontoon bridge 舟桥pontoon crane 浮筒起重机pool fishway 水塘鱼道poor bearing stratum 低承载性地层poor concrete 贫混凝土poor quality concrete 劣质混凝土pop corn concrete 大孔状混凝土population density 人口密度population equivalent 人口当量porcelain 瓷器pore volume 孔隙容积pores 气孔porosity 多孔性porous aggregate 多孔集料porous brick 多孔砖porous concrete 多孔混凝土porous diffuser plate 多孔扩散板port 港口port construction 港口建设portable barrack 可移动的工portable derrick crane 轻便转臂起重机portable grinder 手提式砂轮机portable scaffold 可移动脚手架portable structure 移动式结构portable tank 移动式水箱portable welder 移动式焊接机portal 入口portal crane 门式起重机portal frame 龙门架portal framed building 门形杆框架建筑portal structures 门形结构portland blast furnace cement 矿渣硅酸盐水泥portland cement 波特兰水泥portland cement clinker 波特兰水泥熟料portland cement concrete 硅酸盐水泥混凝土portland masonry cement 圬工波特兰水泥portland pozzolan cement 火山灰硅酸盐水泥portland pozzolan concrete 火山灰硅酸盐水泥混凝土portland slag cement 矿渣硅酸盐水泥position 位置position head 位势水头positioning of beams 梁的定位positioning of tendons 钢筋束配置positive bending moment 正弯矩positive moment 正力矩positive reaction 正反力positive reinforcement 正钢筋post 接线柱post and beam construction 梁柱结构post and beam structure 梁柱结构post and panel structure 立柱镶板式结构post buckling strength 弯曲后强度post cracking strength 开裂后强度post footing 柱基脚post office 邮局post shore 支柱post stressed concrete 后张法预应力混凝土post tension unit 后张拉单元post tensionedconstruction 后张拉结构post tensioned steel 后张拉钢筋post tensioning 后张拉post tensioning field log 后张拉椎现场记录pot construction 壶形结构pot floor 壶形楼面pot sink 洗涤盆potable water supply 饮水供给potential 潜力potential head 位势水头pothole 窝穴pour point 零poured concrete 灌浇混凝土poured in place concrete 现场浇筑混凝土pouring in lifts 层段浇灌powder 粉末powdered asphalt 粉状地沥青power 力power bender 动力钢筋弯曲机power conduit 水压管power consumption 动力消耗power dam 发电站拦水坝power float 机动抹板power house 发电厂power operated bush hammer 动力操卒石锤power plant 电站power shovel 机械铲power supply source 动力供应源power trowel 动力抹刀pozzolan 火山灰pozzolan cement 火山灰水泥pozzolanic aggregate 火山灰质集料pozzolanic materials 火山灰质材料practice ground 试验用地prap 接线柱pratt truss 普腊桁架prc 预应力钢筋混凝土pre post tensionedconcrete 先张后张混凝土pre post tensioning 先张后张拉preaerator 预曝气装置precast concrete 预制混凝土precast concrete building 预制混凝土建筑物precast concrete cladding panel 预制混凝土骨架填充板材护墙板precast concrete connection details 预制混凝土连接机构详图precast concrete construction 预制混凝土构造precast concrete house 预制混凝土房屋precast concrete industry 预制混凝土工业precast concrete panel 预制混凝土墙板precast construction 预制工程precast factory 预制混凝土厂房precast floor 装配式地板precast member 预制混凝土构件precast nailable concrete plank 预制可受钉的混凝土板precast panel construction 预制的护墙板建筑物precast pile 预制桩precast prestressed concrete unit 预制预应力混凝土单元precast reinforced concrete 预制钢筋混凝土precast reinforced concrete construction 装配式钢筋混凝土结构precast structural concrete 预制结构用混凝土precast unit 预制混凝土构件precasting 预制构件precasting machine 预制机precasting yard 预制工住precipitation 降雨precision 精密度precision air conditioning 精密空气第prefab form 预制模板prefabricated building 装配式房屋prefabricated costruction 预制装配式结构prefabricated form 预制装配式模壳prefabricated heat insulatio 预成形绝缘层prefabricated house 预制装配式房屋prefabricated housing 预制装配式住宅建筑prefabricated panel 预制墙板prefabricated prestressed concrete beam 装配式预制钢筋混凝土梁prefabricated reinforced concrete 预制钢筋混凝土prefabricated reinforced concrete pile 装配式钢筋混凝土桩prefabricated structural element 预制结构构件prefabricated unit 预制构件prefabricated window wall unit 预制窗口墙单元prefabrication 预制法prefiring 预热试验preformed insulation 预成形绝缘层preformed pile 预制桩preheat coil 预热器preheater 预热器preheating 预热preliminary clarificationtank 初步澄清池preliminary cube test 立方体初步试验preliminary design 初步设计preliminary drawings 初步设计图preliminary specifications 预制的施工说明preliminary treatment 预先处理preload construction of tank 预加荷载贮槽工程premature failure 过早损坏premature stiffening 瞬间凝佶premixed 预先拌合的prepackaged concrete 预填集料混凝土prepacked aggregate concrete 预填集料混凝土prepacked concrete 预填集料混凝土preparation 准备preparatory construction 准备工程preplaced aggregate concrete 预填集料混凝土prescribed mix 给定混合preservation 保存press 压床pressed bend 压制弯管pressed concrete 压制混凝土pressed glass 压制玻璃pressed sheet steel 压制的钢板材pressostat 恒压器pressure 压力pressure against the ends 端部压力pressure balancing 压力均衡pressure control valve 压力第阀pressure controller 压力第器pressure distribution 压力分布pressure equalizing 压力均衡pressure filter 压力滤罐pressure filtration 加压过滤pressure gauge 压力计pressure grouting 压力灌浆pressure gun 压力枪pressure line 压力线pressure load 压力负荷pressure loss factor 压力损失系数pressure pile 压入桩pressure pipeline 加压管路pressure regulator 压力第器pressure relief valve 减压安。
办公场地介绍英文作文
办公场地介绍英文作文英文：When it comes to introducing my office space, I have to say it's a pretty cool place to work. I work in a co-working space in the heart of the city, which offers a lot of amenities and flexibility.The office space is located in a modern building with a lot of natural light and a great view of the city. The space is well-designed with a lot of open areas, private offices, and meeting rooms. The furniture is modern and comfortable, which makes it easy to work for long hours.One of the best things about this co-working space is the community. There are a lot of professionals from different industries working here, which makes networking and collaboration easy. There are also a lot of events and workshops organized by the community, which makes it easy to learn and grow.Another great thing about this office space is the amenities. There is a fully-stocked kitchen with freecoffee and snacks, which is great for a quick break. There are also phone booths for private calls, a printing station, and high-speed internet.Overall, I love working in this office space because it offers everything I need to be productive and comfortable.It's a great place to meet new people, learn new things,and grow my business.中文：谈到我工作的办公场地，我不得不说这是一个非常酷的工作场所。
学校办公室门牌英语翻译
1.校长室(Principal’s Office)2.副校长室(Deputy Principal’s Office)3.教务处(Teaching Affairs Department)4.总务处(General Affairs Department)5.学生处(Student Affairs Department) 政教处6.财务处(Financial Department)7.团委(CYL Committee)8.工会(Teachers’Union)9.教学楼(Teaching Building)10.行政楼(Administrative Building)11.实验楼(Laboratory Building)12.食堂(Canteen)13.图书馆(Library)14.初中语文组(Junior High Chinese Teachers' Office)15.初中数学组(Junior High Math Teachers' Office)16.初中英语组(Junior High English Teachers' Office)17.初中科学组(Junior High Science Teachers' Office)18.初中社会组(Junior High Politics, History and Geography Teachers' Office)19.高中语文组(Senior High Chinese Teachers' Office)20.高中数学组(Senior High Math Teachers' Office)21.高中英语组(Senior High English Teachers' Office)22.高中物理组(Senior High Physics Teachers' Office)23.高中生化组(Senior High Biology and Chemistry Teachers' Office)24.高中政史地组(Senior High Politics, History and Geography Teachers' Office)25.信息与技术教研组(IT Teachers' Office)26.艺术教研组(Art Teachers' Office)27.体育教研室(PE Teachers' Office)28.初中教师办公室(Junior A Teachers' Office)29.高中教师办公室(Senior A Teachers' Office)30.物理实验室(Physics Lab)31.物理实验准备室(Physics Experiment Preparation Room)32.生物实验室(Biology Lab)33.生物实验准备室(Biology Experiment Preparation Room)34.化学实验室(Chemistry Lab )35.化学实验准备室(Chemistry Experiment Preparation Room)36.音乐教室(Music Classroom)37.美术教室(Art Classroom)38.电脑教室/ 微机室(Computer Cluster)39.阶梯教室(Lecture Hall)40.高A(b)班(Class b Senior A )41.初A(b)班(Class b Junior A)42.阅览室(Reading Room)43.期刊室(Periodical Room)44.外文阅览室(Foreign Book & Journal Reading Room)45.广播室(Broadcasting Studio )46.洗手间(Lady’s / Gentlemen’s)47.医务室(Clinic)48.文印室(Copy Center)49.会议室(Meeting Room)50、远程教育室：Distance education room51、教师阅览室：Teachers' reading room52、学生阅览室：Students' reading room53、心理咨询室：Psychological consultation room54、柳编室：Willow room55、安全办公室：Safety Office56、电教器材室：Electronic equipment room57、思品组：Moral teacher’s office58、历史组：History teachers' Office59、地理组：Geography teachers' Office60、教科室：The teaching research61、器材室：Equipment room62、综治办：Comprehensive management office63、七年级一班：Class 1 Grade 7 (班1 年级7) 根据班级换数字就行64、储藏室storeroom65、仪器室Instrument room66、多媒体教室Multi-media classroom67、舞蹈室、Dancing room68、学前一班、Pre-School One舞蹈室、Dancing Room葫芦丝教室、Hulus Classroom古筝教室、Zithers Classroom钢琴教室、Piano Classroom美术教室、Art Classroom书法室、Handwriting Classroom图画室、Picture Room跆拳道室、Taekwondo room围棋室、Chess Room神奇英语室Magic English room小一班、Pre-kindergarten One中三班、Kindergarten Three大一班、Senior Class One园长办公室、Principal’s Office钢琴室、Piano Classroom美术室、Art Classroom保健室、Health Clinic舞蹈室、Dancing Room资料室、Reference Room科学发现室、Scientific discovery room图书阅览室Library。
室内设计中英文对照
常用室内设计词汇-中英文对照室内设计—interior design 室内设计师- interior designer 建筑—architecture建筑师—architect 景观—landscape 家具—furniture 灯光-lighting照明—illumination 家居设计—residential design 商业设计—commercial design软装-FF＆E(furniture fixture and equipment）人体工程学-ergonomics空间—space 精品酒店—boutique hotel 草图—draft or sketch 规格-specification汇报或讲解—presentation 渲染或着色—rendering 透视—perspective规范-code 对称—symmetry 不对称—asymmetry 轴线—axis空间篇住宅类客厅,起居室—living room 餐厅-dinning room 玄关-foyer卧室-bedroom 主卧—master bedroom 次卧—second bedroom 客卧—guest bedroom厨房—Kitchen 厨岛kitchen island 书房—study room 衣帽间—cloakroom 卫生间—bathroom ，toilet ，bath 储藏室-storage 楼梯-stair阳台-balcony 花园—garden 露台-patio商业类1办公类接待处- reception 候客区-waiting Area or lounge会议室(小型的）-meeting room or seminar 会议室(大型的）—conference room办公室- office 经理办公室manager office 开放式的工作区-work area多功能室-multi-function room2酒店类入口—entrance 出口-exit 大堂-lobby 前厅-vestibule过道—corridor 休闲区，等候区—lounge 宴会厅—ballroom客房-guestroom 套间—suite 行政套房-executive suite 总统套房—presidential suite 健身中心—fitness center or gym 瑜伽-yoga泳池-swimming pool Spa 咖啡厅-cafe 酒吧—bar餐厅—restaurant 备餐—pantry电梯-elevation or lift 卫生间—restroom 男—men's 女women’s 影院-cinema商务中心—business center 行李间-luggage store 盥洗室-lavatory3其他类天花-ceiling 长廊—pavilion 零售店-retail store 大厅（堂）—hall 展览-gallery家具布艺灯具洁具篇1家具床—bed 沙发—sofa 长排沙发，睡椅-couch椅子-chair 扶手椅- armchair 咖啡几—coffee table 边几—side table 角几—end table 脚凳—footrest 吧台凳—stool 书桌—desk餐桌—dinning table 梳妆台—vanity table 柜子—cabinet 衣柜—wardrobe镜子—mirror 壁炉-fireplace 书架—bookshelf2布艺饰品布衣—fabric 织物—textile 枕头-pillow 靠垫-cushion窗帘—curtain 帐幔-drapery 地毯-carpet 小毯，垫子—mat垫衬—upholstery 壁纸—wallpaper 烛台-candlestick 油画—painting3灯具枝形吊灯—chandelier 吊灯—pendent lighting 灯—lamp 落地灯—floor lamp壁灯—wall sconce 嵌入式灯筒灯-recessed lighting 洗墙灯—wall wash荧光灯—fluorescent lighting 白炽灯—incandescent lighting (lamp）格栅灯-grille lamp 轨道射灯—track lighting 开关-switch4厨房与洁具水盆—sink 水龙头—faucet 冰箱—r efrigerator 抽油烟机-ventilator 烤箱-oven小铁架—racks 马桶-toilet 防溅板-backsplash 小便器—urinal浴盆-tub 喷淋—showerhead 毛巾架-tower bar材料篇石膏-plaster 石头-stone 大理—marble 砖—brick 木地板-wood floor复合地板—laminate floor 枫木—maple 胡桃- walnut 柚木—teak不锈钢—stainless steel 金属—metal 瓷的—ceramic 瓷砖—ceramic tile玻璃-glass 隔音板—acoustic panel施工图及其他篇施工图-working drawing 平面图-floor plan天花图-reflected ceiling plan 缩写RCP 地面铺装图—Floor Finish plan电气图—electrical plan 立面图-elevation剖面图-section 详图（大样图）- detail drawing空调系统-HVAC 比例-scale图表或图例—schedule or legend 尺寸(标注）dimension柱子—column 梁—beam 太阳能的—solar 户外的—outdoor。
建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文
建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：《Advanced Encryption Standard》文献、资料发表（出版）日期:2004.10.25系（部）：建筑工程系生：陆总LYY外文文献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with Contemporary architecture1, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his "fireproof design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, πDark satanic millsπof places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan∙ Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright,s Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner,s Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities- The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright r s career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modem Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as πmachines for living,∖but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines- Even Philip Johnson admitted he was πbored with the box∕,Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a πstyleπthat threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin ,,At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion/1At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question πModern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?11In New York, the coup d r etat appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of πair rights,∖[l] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to ,,severπthe Park Avenue streetscape and πtarnishπthe reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中文译文:现代建筑现代建筑，不被混淆与‘当代建筑’，是一个词给了一些建筑风格有类似的特点，主要的简化形式,消除装饰等.虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并大量造就了一些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品，很少有现代的建筑物，建于20世纪上半叶.第二次大战后的三十年，但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源一些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为一个社会问题，息息相关的工程中的现代性, 从而影响了启蒙运动，导致社会和政治革命.另一些人认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和工程学的发展，那就是获得新的建筑材料，如钢铁，混凝土和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术，它作为工业革命的一部分.1796年，Shrewsbury查尔斯bage首先用他的‘火’的设计，后者则依靠铸铁及砖与石材地板.这些建设大大加强了结构，使它们能够容纳更大的机器.由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,一些早期建筑失败.直到1830年初，伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁，导致广泛使用钢架建设，工业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的面貌,英国北部领导的描述，〃黑暗魔鬼作坊〃的地方如曼彻斯特和西约克郡.水晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重大展览，1851年,是一个早期的例子, 钢铁及玻璃施工；可能是一个最好的例子，就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利文在芝加哥附近发展的高层钢结构摩天楼.早期结构采用混凝土作为行政手段的建筑表达（而非纯粹功利结构），包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近，劳埃德赖特的统一宫，建于1926 年瑞士巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第二哥特堂,.但无论原因为何，约有1900多位建筑师，在世界各地开始制定新的建筑方法,将传统的先例（比如哥特式）与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利文和赖特在芝加哥工作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔，安东尼高迪在巴塞罗那，奥托瓦格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳，其中之一可以看作是一个新与旧的共同斗争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要人物，在现代建筑里确立了自己的名声.三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国，密斯范德尔德罗和瓦尔特格罗皮乌斯在德国.密斯范德尔德罗和格罗皮乌斯为董事的包豪斯，其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和工艺和传统工业技术.赖特的建筑生涯中，也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过瓦斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们.赖特与格罗皮乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重大的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览，艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势，内容相似,有一个共同的目的, 巩固了他们融入国际化风格这是一个重要的转折点.在二战的时间包豪斯的代表人物逃到美国，芝加哥，到哈佛大学设计黑山书院.当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单一的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑，是学校（专业领导）的唯一可接受的，设计解决方案，从约1932年至约1984 年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
办公空间设计英语
办公空间设计英语In the modern business world, the office space is not just a place to conduct daily operations; it's an extension of the company's brand, culture, and values. The design of an office space can significantly impact employee productivity, satisfaction, and overall well-being. Therefore, it's crucial to create an environment that fosters creativity, collaboration, and comfort.**Functionality at its Core**The foundation of any office space design is functionality. This begins with the layout, which should be optimized for workflow and efficiency. Open floor plans encourage collaboration and communication, while private offices or meeting rooms provide spaces for confidential discussions or focused work. The furniture and equipment selection should also align with the specific needs of the organization, from desks and chairs to technology and storage solutions.**Aesthetic Appeal for Inspiration**Beyond functionality, the aesthetic appeal of an office space is equally important. The design should reflect the company's brand identity and values, creating a visual representation of its mission and culture. Colors, textures, and lighting can all contribute to setting the mood andtone of the workspace. For instance, warm colors can foster a cozy and inviting atmosphere, while cool colors might promote a more focused and professional environment.**Creating a Comfortable Workspace**Comfort is another crucial aspect of office space design. Employees spend a significant amount of time at work, and it's essential that their environment isconducive to their physical and mental well-being. This includes providing ergonomic furniture, ensuring adequate ventilation and lighting, and creating break areas or lounges where employees can relax and recharge.**Sustainability and Environmental Friendliness**In today's era of environmental consciousness, sustainability is becoming increasingly important in office space design. Using eco-friendly materials, energy-efficient lighting and appliances, and incorporating greenfeatures like plants or windowsills can help create a healthier and more sustainable workspace.**Conclusion**In summary, office space design is a multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of functionality, aesthetics, comfort, and sustainability. By creating an environment that fosters creativity, collaboration, and well-being, organizations can not only enhance employee productivity and satisfaction but also establish a strong visual identity that reflects their values and mission.**办公空间设计：功能与美学的融合**在现代商业世界中，办公空间不仅仅是日常运营的场所；它是公司品牌、文化和价值观的延伸。
中英文外文文献翻译办公空间设计办公室办公楼设计研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Hsiao M C期刊：South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 2016, 3(1),151-160原文The research of office space designHsiao M CAbstractNowadays, the development of society and the progress of science and technology, people are faced with is accelerating the pace of life andmore and more competition in the workplace, fast rhythm, high efficiency of modern society is that people cannot escape the reality. People will be more time and energy on the work; therefore, the office will naturally become the central in the life of modern people. International association of architects (CIAM) in the Athens charter basic activities as human society to live, work, recreation, transportation, four categories, and the office is the most important one of the basic activities of human beings. Now, people take up a third time a day in the office or even more time, it makes people always in a state of very nervous, in such cases, people are becoming more and more high to the requirement of office space environment, only pay attention to use function in the design of office space has already cannot satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, people choose to work now pay more attention to have a good and comfortable working environment, the design of humanity, life, healthy and comfortable office space allows employees to work anywhere at any time to adjust their own state, maintain good mood, to experience the fun in life is full of confidence in the work, in a better state into work, to a greater extent to improve the working efficiency of the office staff. Although for office space comfort and humanized design need more capital investment, but from the point of long-term interests, the enterprise itself will get more benefits.Keywords: office; open space; humanized1 IntroductionOffice space as the name suggests is the place for people in office, the main purpose of office space for people is to create wealth and value. Nowadays, competition in the society to get people to put more time on the job, in the face of the increasing pressure of work, people to the requirement of working environment increases, the use of office space is not only to have the basic function, at the same time to meet people's physical, psychological and emotional needs, such as good and comfortable working environment can improve the work efficiency of people, so as to bring more benefit for the enterprise. Along with the development of era and people's ideological change, the influence of many factors that make the development of office space experiencing a series of great changes. Modernist architect miens van DE lo had described the office space to become a "machine" for work, and this kind of one-sided pursuit of office density and efficient office way already can not satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, the traditional single enclosed Spaces were replaced by a flexible and open space of the communication. In the 21st century, the rapid development in the new technological revolution in the era of information, digital living style will make human life into an unprecedented status, office space is presented with a new look. The office space design is the lack of consistency and a certain continuity that is typical in the development of office space designfeatures. From a natural economy to commodity economy era today office space itself has experienced a long period of development. From the perspective of the development of history, since the human society to form a fixed settlements, our earliest period can be traced back to ancient Egypt had the embryonic form of the original construction of office space, the place of from a primitive tribe to the slave society, feudal society amen, hall, shops and so on can reflect a office action. Western industrial revolution led to the rise of commercial society, the workplace and life of people gradually began to separation, because the new material, new technology, the continuous development of new features, prompted the production of large Numbers of new office building, modern office space begins in the true sense, the earliest definition of literature for commercial office is part of the family or shops. 2 Literature reviewUnder the impetus of the economic development and technological progress, the foreign office space research early, books provides office space for the development of more powerful theory basis. Grover leather us 1914 deutsche manufacturing alliance exhibition office building design in cologne marks the beginning of modern office buildings. American entrepreneur’s successful expe rience is: must have a first-class office, this is an important business investment. Architects constantly explore new type of office space; the possible way of office and the office environment make predictions of the future. In the early 1950 s, thefamous German Quick burner Team on the basis of analyzing the function of office put forward: according to the working process and the structure of the communication process, in a large open space set up some unit of work, to improve office efficiency. Office space with different professional work processes and work requirements, broke the long-term produced by closed offices and hierarchical, emphasizes the equal status between people, to the office as a place for exchange of information, once all the rage this office pattern, open compartment has been popular in the United States in the 1960 s. Northern Europe and Japan and other countries research also have their own style, for example, the Japanese experts and scholars on the study of office space is mainly engaged in office space system automation research and forecast the impact of the rapid development of the information for office space, etc. The middle of the 20th century, some German architect requests a landscape of office space, 1967, Chicago in the United States held the first international conference of landscape office buildings. After entering the information age, various technology affects people's life and the way of office, people research focus to the intelligent office building, the word "intelligent building", first appeared in the united technology group UTBS company in January 1984 in Connecticut City construction completed by the Place the tagline of the building.1989 Americans Fay pop Cohen first puts forward the concept of "home office", the home office quickly catch onaround the world economy developed office building experts Frank generation of fe (Frank Duffy) in The "The emergence of intelligent office buildings", The emergence of The intelligence office building), The article to The characteristics of intelligent office buildings were described in detail. Cambridge university master, the royal architects association member Adam thinks, office space should be versatile, that is, a space need to derive a variety of functions, each function is not fixed interval, they can be either office area, also can be a recreation area. This view highlights the landscape of the office and intellectualization. MIT professor Alan (Thomas Allen) after more than ten years of research, proved the group work or "work unit" is in the office is the most effective way to achieve "intimacy". At the same time, the environment behaviorist to the satisfaction degree of the work environment and the findings of a study of the working life has a profound influence on the development of office environment. Many developed countries in Western Europe and Japan and other countries have held a "new office space" this paper will, on the development of office space has carried on the deep discussion. Including some designers for office furniture research and some office furniture fair held all influence the development of office space. At the same time in the research of intelligent office space and other technical, western scholars gradually began to attach importance to office space and the socialbackground, enterprise organization structure and other associated factors influence each other between the British DEGW's office space design phenomenon and social phenomenon is introduced into the design of the office, and study out of the office space design and organizational structure of the relationship between methods. 3 The present situation of the office space design 3.1 More flexible way of office"Front shop, back home in the early" style of work will live and work together, people's homes is a living place and the workplace. By the 18th century industrial revolution, the family of the production function gradually disappear, people no longer production, occupy the office of "collective" appears gradually, people began to habits of "nine to five" working mode, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century Taylor scientific management style to infiltrate the office management, work and the activities of people in the presence of regulators. As office space from day to day routine work is gradually replaced by the computer, office will eventually become a meeting place for communication, instead of dealing with affairs. In the face of all kinds of modern technology and the impact of the Internet, now the new office way is also constantly emerging. All contact and communication is convenient as well as the time and place for the office is not qualified, SOHO family office began to emerge. SOHO is the abbreviation of "Small office Home office", meaning a Small office space and Home office space, is a freer, more flexible waysof working. In traditional agricultural society, almost all products are manufactured by the family, the material of the whole society by household production to meet demand. Office mode along with the development of The Times through a series of evolution, Fay pop Cohen first proposed the concept of "home office". The establishment of the development of information technology and network space and the development of residential construction to provide home office, the office way gradually flourished in the economically developed regions in the world. The workings of a family and work together both save social resources, and eliminating the commuting time, this way of working can be flexible, free time is gradually accepted by more and more people. Due to the SOHO is a new way of working, must give workers a variety of convenient while also appeared a lot of disadvantages. With this way of family office is accepted by more and more people, SOHO will improve in the future development. Experts estimate that by 2020, the world will be more than 60% of the workers will work at home.3.2 More perfect office spaceOffice space design's ultimate purpose is to provide the best office and living environment for people, make people in the indoor environment for the physical and psychological comfort, security, and light touch. Built in the late 19th century early 20th century some office space would be staff communication, and rest, recreation. Developmentin the 21st century today, the function of office space was further refinement; office workers demand determines the design direction of office space. American SOM design firm in the Far East business development director Tony Bath: new definition of work in the United States is working and living together, office environment is the most important is to provide an open space, make the staff to be able to work and leisure together. Now began to put the meeting room of office space design as the core of floor design, some enterprises for staff in the office space provides a coffee bar, tea area and kitchen, the discussion area, library, etc., Germany, the new economy era of vocational place after the company held a party, this has blurred the line between work and play. There are some new things, such as gym, game rooms, leisure hall, and even functional space is applied to the work environments, such as basketball court, in the function of these affiliated facilities, used for leisure as well as the temporary office employees. The improvement of the office space function can make the person tired spirit immediately relax, relieve tension when people work, solve the original space of monotonous, more comfortable office environment.译文办公空间设计研究Hsiao M C摘要现如今，社会的发展和科技的进步，人们所面对的就是生活节奏的不断加快以及越来越激烈的职场竞争，快节奏、高效率的现代社会是人们无法逃避的现实。
办公空间设计外文文献翻译
办公空间设计外文文献翻译文献出处：Marquardt. Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layout. Institute for Research in Construction, 2015:267-284.原文Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layoutMarquardtAbstractPurpose - understand the physical environment of open office for office employees' satisfaction with the environment of psychological quality present situation, and discusses how to construct the humanized office physical environment.Methods - compiled by the office physical environmental satisfaction questionnaire and environmental psychology quality questionnaire, physical environment satisfaction including 13 elements such as lighting, sound, office facilities, office environment induces four dimensions: psychological quality comfort feeling, sense of belonging, a sense of security, privacy, and field.Results - employees for the physical environment in middle rdi level of overall satisfaction. To sound, office number, greening, office setting for colleagues communication convenient degree of satisfaction is low, and the tables and chairs of comfort, safety facilities, office facilities satisfaction is higher. The overall environment of the staff psychological quality in middle rids level; including comfort, sense of belonging and the feeling of privacy and field level is low, high security level. Physical environmental satisfaction and environmental psychological quality.Conclusions - weissman theoretical hypothesis, from the Angle of environmental psychology design humanized office physical environment.Keywords: environmental psychology; Office space; Open feelingIntroductionWith the development of the society, the progress of science and technology, market competition is intense, sharp development of high-rise office building, officeis more and more become the center of the modern life, office space environment quality had a great influence on consumer sentiment and mood. Humanity, life of office space allows employees to adjust their own physical and mental balance, to experience the fun of life at work; Office space with the characteristic of enterprise can make employees proud and confident, conducive to good interpersonal and communication; Information exchange office space can produce has new creative team for the enterprise. In the era of knowledge to create wealth, whether it is a wise business leader, or as an interior designer should be aware of the importance of office space design. And at present the design of office space, but I did not get the attention they deserve most of the traditional office environment lack of human physiological and psychological need to consider.From the perspective of the environmental psychology, the ideal working environment should be both function and social area, at the same time in the meet the needs of work and to take into account personnel multiple psychological demand within the office environment. T o meet all this we must understand the environment psychology and interior design office.The definition of open-plan officesAs the '50 s movement of interpersonal relationships, more open communication between employees and supervisors encouraged. Workflow (workflow) principle, namely the workstation arrangement to ensure the paperwork or products for mobile, promote vigorously reform office space. Industrial production and the rapid development of science and technology, social competition is increasingly fierce, make each enterprise at home and abroad to pursue flexible office layout, they hope to have the advanced office equipment installation time in office space, or may be adjusted at any time according to the change of the enterprise. At the same time the rapid development of the urban high-rise also create conditions for the realization of the open-plan offices. In this context, open-plan offices also arises at the historic moment. Open-plan offices (open plan office), also known as TingYuanShi office this concept originated in Germany schneier brothers and their Quiekborner consultancy team (sundstrom, 1986), the late '50 s and Germany took the lead.Chicago in theUnited States, in 1967, held the first global forum of the open-plan offices, since this office arrangement was popular in the world.Whether high-rise office buildings or function in a wide range of comprehensive building, or remodeling an old house renovation, open-plan offices can be applied, meanwhile, meet all kinds of function that currently known and possible future.Open-plan offices often give active, fully, efficient and free of visual impression. Research indicated that, everyone's work efficiency can be multiplied in the group, open office to improve the production efficiency in the present is most appropriate. Open-plan offices abandoned the conservative way of workingand the construction pattern make the staff at the same time of have a large number of convenient communications, noise interference. Experts according to the survey, mistakes and errors in the accounting personnel to work for the typist are largely affected by typewriter and computer noise. Its sound and smell, the lack of privacy problem is particularly serious, be open office is of vital importance to the environmental impact factors.Literature ReviewPeter Crouch (Crouch et al., 1989, asked to work in the office of 56 managers find out which factors can promote the task operation, what factors will hinder task operation. The results show that the suitable space, light and other factors are important factors in promoting, and are often interfere with room structure such as conversation overheard the same office others to interfere with the task.Sir Alex Ferguson (Fergnson) in 1986, the study results show that job satisfaction has obvious associated with the physical environment of work. The role of physical environment on the job satisfaction is mainly hygiene factors. When the staff of the physical environment of the workplace is not satisfied, such as temperature, humidity, noise, security, their job satisfaction is greatly reduced. When the hygiene factors are met in the physical environment, although can't guarantee they will be satisfied, but at least they won't produce dissatisfaction. From this point of view, inappropriate workplace, can lead to not satisfied. Appropriate workplace, though not enough to lead to a high level of job satisfaction, but at least they won't produce.Walker hart, popular science, (V ollker Hartkopf), led the team in the Future of office design (Designing the office of the Future) book, think about the Future of office building, inaddition to high technology products to the building, should also be stressed to create a good physical and psychological environment, organization form, in order to improve the employee's work speed, comprehension, communication ability and creation ability. The existent environment design influence on job satisfaction to prove: the work environment and job performance are very complex variables, only a small positive correlation between them (Riggio, 2000).In general, on the job satisfaction, despite the physical environment less important than job security, wages and friendly colleagues, but employees do physical condition, as an important factor of job satisfaction (Crouch Nimran, 1989).A very influential in industrial psychology and management theory, points out that although a satisfactory working environment does not substantially increase the job satisfaction, but lower than the standard environment will certainly result in dissatisfied (Herzberg, 1966; Herzberg, Mausner Snyder man, 1959).Weisman (release) that if employees have higher satisfaction to office environment, seem to be able to produce high comfort and belonging. At the same time, he also suggests that employees work in a pleasant quality office environment, its value will significantly increase, and produce less turnover rate. For this phenomenon, has yet to be further discussed in theory.The realization of the sense of open spaceIn terms of building environment psychology, the current study of architectural space to pursue close feeling open and two kinds of thoughts. These two trends is the unity of opposites, their common goal is to pursue the most suitable for user's architectural space environment. For most of the design and use of office space, the pursuit of open the design thought of feelingis objective and reasonable. The so-called open feeling is gained by the people through visual space feeling, namely, visual volume feeling of the space. The scale of the open feeling is starting from scratch, of every space to a certain size, maximum reach a certain scale, and open feeling is just a relative concept scale.Color and material quality affects not only feel comfortable or not, at the same time also to open play a role. In addition to changes in temperature in the middle of the color effect, but also has the weight, far and near (backward, approximation), expansion effect. On the texture, generally rough surface and Detailing composition has close to feeling; and fine surface, fine composition has backward effect. Low intensity of illumination are appropriate, intensity of illumination, of course, will affect the open feeling, but the intensity of illumination is strong, not only visual discomfort, and me tope light can produce close to move instead, accordingly will narrow opening. The location and form will affect the space effect of lamps and lanterns, wall lamp, dome light generally has the sense of opening wider to the outside, and desk lamp, lamp, droplight has shrinkage depression. In addition, the room of the flat form can also affect the effect of open, usually rectangular room window open at the edge of the short edge me tope than open in long wall, its open to a few bigger. As long as good at all and to use the physical stimulation and psychological reaction, can obtain both open and beautiful and comfortable office space.The optimization of open office environmentGood office space physical environment is the foundation of the people to work, the office environment should respect people physiological and psychological needs make the office staff realizes casual and comfortable in the busy work every day.Overall satisfaction with the physical environment is affect the environment of psychological quality in the comfort of the office staff, the sense of belonging, privacy and field are the main factors. Through to the construction of human physical office environment, therefore, to improve the staff's comfortableness, sense of belonging and the feeling of illicit close sex and area, and thus improve the psychological quality, environment, in turn, improve the quality of office of employees, from the overall improve office employees job satisfaction will be the main direction of the future office environment construction.Need a good delighting environment of office space, the unity of the modern office space is often integrated with low illumination lighting and matches the high intensity of illumination of local lighting, in the form of combination of direct andindirect illumination. Using the unity of the low illumination lighting in public area, in individual areas, the use of the high intensity of illumination local lighting. Floodlight reasonable decorate can make the space bright and open, and local lighting will increase to a certain area of concentration.A means of color is to create the environment atmosphere. In the indoor environment atmosphere, highlight the emotional appeal cannot leave the color design. Because we live for a long time in the world of a color, accumulated a lot of visual experience, once the perceptual experience and foreign color stimulation occurred some echo, the sort of emotions will lead the person's psychology. In general, the office color configuration of large space on the whole is harmonious and unified, the choice of the color is relatively sedate, elegant; Independent office or small area between the color changes can have big different, varyfrom person to person. Office space color of avoid by all means colorful, imbalance of color can aggravate the fatigue.Office space household to design not only can enhance employees' comfort, can increase recognition of the enterprise even more psychological sense of belonging, thus reducing staff turnover, at the same time, it also a kind of embodiment of office culture progress. Inside in the office, all the space utilization, filing cabinets, lockers, file cases in place of the space, add partition put objects on wall, use the stairs space data, the office space set up talks and exchanges with tea or coffee, around the office is ready to install complete freedom of network and telephone jack seat, at the same time also can increase the staff on the autonomy of office environment, set up in the office can flexible combination of office furniture, sofa, furniture, partition, table free optional combination and so on.译文开放式办公空间设计与布局的环境满意度Marquardt摘要目的——了解开放式办公室员工对所在办公室的物理环境满意度与环境心理品质现状,并探讨如何构建人性化办公室物理环境。
外文文献翻译范例
StatusComplete
Type：Office
Location：Hong Kong
Construction started：18 April 1985
Completed：1990
Opening：17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire：367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文）
原文网址：/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师：Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点：Chicago
甲方：Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师：Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份：2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一
外文翻译--嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计(可编辑)
外文翻译--嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计（可编辑）外文翻译--嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计嘉兴学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译题目: 嘉兴蓝天有限公司办公楼设计学院:嘉兴学院专业: 土木工程班级: 土木N064学号:2006456791435学生姓名:岑哲指导教师:金玉完成日期: 2009年9月4号一、外文原文:Tall Building StructureTall buildings have fascinated mankind from the beginning of civilization, their construction being initially for defense and subsequently for ecclesiastical purposes. The growth in modern tall building construction, however, which began in the 1880s, has beenlargely for commercial and residential purposes.Tall commercial buildings are primarily a response to the demand by business activities to be as close to each other, and to the city center, as possible, thereby putting intensepressure on the available land space. Also, because they form distinctive landmarks, tall commercial buildings are frequently developed in city centers as prestige symbols for corporateorganizations. Further, the business and tourist community, with its increasing mobility, has fuelled a need for more, frequently high-rise, city center hotel accommodations.The rapid growth of the urban population and the consequent pressure on limited space have considerably influenced city residential development. The high cost of land, the desire to avoid a continuous urban sprawl, and the need to preserve important agricultural production have all contributed to drive residential buildings upward.Ideally, in the early stages of planning a building, the entire design team, including the architect, structural engineer, and services engineer, should collaborate to agree on a form of structure to satisfy their respective requirements of function, safety and serviceability, and servicing. A compromise between conflicting demands will be almost inevitable. In all but the very tallest structures, however, the structural arrangement will be subservient to the architectural requirements of space arrangement and aesthetics.The two primary types of vertical load-resisting elements of tall buildings are columns and walls, the latter acting either independently as shear walls or in assemblies as shear wall cores. The building function will lead naturally to the provision of walls to divide and enclose space, and of cores to contain and convey services such as elevators. Columns will be provided, in otherwise unsupported regions, to transmit gravity loads and, in some types of structure, horizontal loads also.The inevitable primary function of the structural elements is toresist the gravity loading from the weight of the building and its contents. Since the loading on different floors tends to be similar, the weight of the floor system per unit floor area is approximately constant, regardless of the building height. Because the gravity load on the columns increases down the height of a building, the weight of columns per unit area increases approximately linearly with the building height.The highly probable second function of the vertical structural elements is to resist also the parasitic load caused by wind andpossibly earthquakes, whose magnitudes will be obtained from National Building Codes or wind tunnel studies.The bending moments on the building caused by these lateral forces increase with at least the square of the height, and their effects will become progressively more important as the building height increases.Once the functional layout of the structure has been decided, the design process generally follows a well defined iterative procedure. Preliminary calculations for member sizes are usually based on gravity loading augmented by an arbitrary increment to account for wind forces. The cross-sectional areas of the vertical members will be based on the accumulated loadings from their associated tributary areas, with reductions to account for the probability that not all floors will be subjected simultaneously to their imum live loading. The initial sizesof beams and slabs are normally based on moments and shears obtainedfrom some simple method of gravity load analysis, or from codified midand end span values. A check is then made on the imum horizontal deflection, and the forces in the major structural members, using some rapid approximate analysis technique. If the deflection is excessive, or some of the members are inadequate, adjustments are made to the member sizes or the structural arrangement. If certain members attractexcessive loads, the engineer may reduce their stiffness to redistribute the load to less heavily stressed components. The procedure of preliminary analysis, checking, and adjustment is repeated until a satisfactory solution is obtained.Invariably, alterations to the initial layout of the building willbe required as the client's and architect's ideas of the building evolve. This will call for structural modifications, or perhaps a radical rearrangement, which necessitates a complete review of the structural design. The various preliminary stages may therefore have to be repeated a number of times before a final solution is reached.Speed of erection is a vital factor in obtaining a return on the investment involved in such large-scale projects. Most tall buildingsare constructed in congested city sites, with difficult access;therefore careful planning and organization of the construction sequence become essential. The story-to-story uniformity of most multistory buildings encourages construction through repetitive operations and prefabrication techniques. Progress in the ability to build tall has gone hand in hand with the development of more efficient equipment and improved methods of construction.Earthquake FaultsThe origin of an earthquakeAn earthquake originates on a plane of weakness or a fracture in the earth's crust, termed a "fault". The earth on one side of the fault slides or slips horizontally and /or vertically with respect to the earth on the opposite side, and this generates a vibration that is transmitted outward in all directions. This vibration constitutes the earthquake.The earthquake generally originates deep within the earth at a point on the fault where the stress that produces the slip is a imum. This point is called the hypocenter or focus and the point on the earth's surface directly above this point is called the epicenter. The main or greatest shock is usually followed by numerous smaller aftershocks. These aftershocks are produced by slippage at other points on the fault or in the fault zone.Types of earthquake faultsFaults are classified in accordance with the direction and nature of the relative displacement of the earth at the fault plane. Probably the most common type is the strike-slip fault in which the relative fault displacement is mainly horizontal across an essentially vertical fault plane. The great San Andreas fault in California is of the type. Another type is termed a normal fault ? when the relative movement is in an upward an downward direction on a nearly vertical fault plane. The great Alaskan earthquake of 1964 was apparently of this type. A lesscommon type is the thrust fault ? when the earth is under compressive stress across the fault and the slippage is in an upward and downward direction along an inclined fault plane. The San Fernando earthquake was generated on what has usually been classified as a thrust fault, although there was about as much lateral slippage as up and down slippage due to thrust across the inclined fault plane. Some authorities refer to this combined action as lateral thrust faulting. The compressive strain in the earth of the San Fernando Valley floor just south of the thrust fault was evidenced in many places by buckled sidewalks and asphalt paving.Forces exerted by an earthquakeSlippage along the fault occurs suddenly. It is a release of stress that has gradually built-up in the rocks of the earth's crust. Although the vibrational movement of the earth during an earthquake is in all directions, the horizontal components are of chief importance to the structural engineer. These movements exert forces on a structure because they accelerate. This acceleration is simply a change in the velocity of the earth movement. Since the ground motion in anearthquake is vibratory, the acceleration and force that it exertson a structure reverses in direction periodically, at short intervals of time.The structural engineer is interested in the force exerted on a body by the movement of the earth. This may be determined from Newton's second law of motion ' which may be stated in the following form:FMaIn which F is a force that produces an acceleration a when acting on a body of mass M. This equation is nondimensional. For calculations M is set equal to W/g, then:FW/g*a 1In which F is in pounds, a is in feet per second per second, W isthe weight of the body also in pounds and g is the acceleration of gravity, which is 32.2 feet per second per second.Equation 1 is empirical. It simply states the experimental fact that for a free falling body the acceleration a is equal to g and the acceleration force F is then equal to the weight W.For convenience, the acceleration of an earthquake is generally expressed as a ratio to the acceleration of gravity.This ratio is called a seismic coefficient. The advantage of this system is that the force exerted on a body by acceleration is simply the corresponding seismic coefficient multiplied by the weight of the body. This is in accordance with Equation 1 in which a/g is the seismic coefficient.Activity of faultsAll faults are not considered to present the same hazard. Some are classified as "active" since it is believed that these faults may undergo movement from time to time in the immediate geologic future. Unfortunately in the present state-of-the-art there is a good deal of uncertainty in the identification of potentially active faults. Forexample, the fault that generated the San Fernando earthquake did not even appear on any published geological maps of the area. This fault was discovered to be active only when it actually slipped and ruptured the ground surface. Accordingly the identification of active faults and geologically hazardous areas for land use criteria and for hazard reduction by special engineering may be of questionable value.Only in very recent years have geologists begun to try to evaluatethe potential activity of faults that have no historical record of activity. By close inspection of a fault,visible in the side walls of a trench that cuts across the fault, it is sometimes possible to determine if it has been active in recent times. For example, if the trace of the fault extends through a recent alluvial material, then there must have been slippage since that material was deposited. However fault ruptures may be very difficult or impossible to see in imbedded material such as sand and gravel. Also of course the location of the fault must be known and it must reach the surface of the ground in order to inspect it by trenching.Evidence of the historical activity of a fault may sometimes be obtained by observing the faulting of geologically young deposits exposed in a trench. Such deposits are generally bedded and well consolidated so that fault rupture can easily be seen.The approximate time of formation of a fault rupture or scarp has in some cases been determined by radiocarbon analysis of pieces of wood found in the rupture or scarp.In addition to evidence of young fault activity obtained by trenching, there also may be topographic evidence of young faulting such as is obvious along the San Andreas fault. Vertical aerial photographs are one of the most important methods for finding topographic evidence of active faults. Thisevidence, which includes scarps, offset channels, depressions, and elongated ridges and valleys, is produced by fault activity. The age of these topographic features and therefore the time of the fault activity, can be estimated by the extent to which they are weathered and eroded.二、外文译文:高层建筑结构高楼大厦已经着迷,从人类文明的开始,其建设是国防和最初其后教会的目的。
某学院行政办公大楼毕业设计任务书(2012)
二毕业设计条件1 条件、规模1）建筑面积：4500m2左右2）建筑层数：5-6层本设计包括计算书、建筑施工图、结构施工图和外文翻译四部分组成。
3）功能要求：为改善学院教学科研办公条件，拟新建此行政办公大楼，设计要满足适用、安全、经济、合理等要求。
要求每层设置一定数量的普通办公室（25m2/间），或套间办公室（50～55m2/间），设文印室（40～50m2/间），小会议室（30m2/间），中会议室（50～60m2/间）各一间。
另要求设大会议室一间（70～80m2/间），展览室一间（50～55m2/间），档案室，卫生间、门厅、接待室等面积按规范及视情况而定。
2 结构形式：钢筋混凝土框架结构。
三毕业设计内容及要求1 建筑设计部分建筑设计要求学生在已给设计条件的基础上，进行方案设计，要求方案合理，满足任务书和各种规范的要求(采光、通风及防火)；最后完成满足施工要求的平、立、剖面图、楼梯及节点等施工图的绘制。
要求同学必须独立完成设计任务，要做出完全有别于他人的建筑方案；2 结构设计部分1）结构设计内容在建筑设计的基础上，完成下列任务：（1）结构布置（2）计算内容a）楼板配筋计算；b）一榀框架内力计算及梁、柱截面设计c）基础设计；d）节点设计。
（3）结构施工图a）结构平面布置图及楼板配筋图；b）框架梁、柱设计图；c）基础平面布置图及设计详图；d）节点详图。
2）结构设计要求（1）对计算的要求：要求计算正确，计算书步骤明确，文字工整，版面符合学院设计手册要求，并附有必要的完整清晰的计算简图；（2）对施工图的要求：施工图中的线条、表示方法、尺寸及各种符号、文字标注均遵照《建筑结构制图标准》中有关规定。
布图疏密均匀，比例准确，线形清晰流畅，图面整洁，字体工整规范。
3）图纸数量要求：（1）建筑施工图：不少于4张2号图纸，包括底层平面图、标准层平面图、屋顶平面图、正立面图、剖面图、楼梯详图。
（2）结构施工图不少于4张2号图纸，计算机出图，采用平面整体表示方法，结构计算书一本，图纸包括：结构设计总说明，标准层结构平面布置图及楼板配筋图，一榀框架梁、柱配筋图，基础平面布置及配筋详图。
办公室职称中英文对照大全（4）
办公室职称中英文对照大全(4)文案/策划 Copywriter/Planner企业/业务发展经理 Business Development Manager企业策划人员 Business Planning Staff其他 Others公关/媒介 Public Relations/Media公关经理 Public Relations Manager公关主管 Public Relations Supervisor公关专员 Public Relations Executive会务经理 Exhibition/Event Manager会务主管 Exhibition/Event Supervisor会务专员 Exhibition/Event Executive媒介经理 Media Manager媒介主管 Media Supervisor媒介专员 Media Specialist公关/媒介助理 Public Relations/Media Assistant其他 Others市场/营销 Marketing市场/营销总监 Marketing Director/VP市场/营销经理 Marketing Manager市场/营销主管 Marketing Supervisor市场/营销专员 Marketing Executive/Communication市场助理 Marketing Assistant / Trainee市场分析/调研人员 Market Analyst/ Research Analyst产品/品牌经理 Product/Brand Manager产品/品牌主管 Product/Brand Supervisor产品/品牌专员 Product/Brand Executive市场通路经理/主管 Trade Marketing Manager/Supervisor 市场通路专员 Trade Marketing Specialist市场企划经理/主管 Marketing Planning Manager/Supervisor 市场企划专员 Marketing Planning Executive促销经理 Promotion Manager促销主管/督导 Promotion Supervisor促销员/导购 Promotion Specialist其他 Others影视/媒体 Film Entertainment/Media影视策划/制作人员 Entertainment /Produer导演/编导 Director艺术/设计总监 Artistic/Design Director经纪人/星探 Entertainment Agent演员/模特/主持人 Actor/Actress/Model/MC摄影师 Photographer音效师 Recording / Sounds Specialist配音员 Dubbing Specialist化妆师/造型师 Makeup Artist/Image Designer其他 Others写作/出版/印刷 Publishing/Printing总编/副总编 Chief Editor编辑/作家/撰稿人 Editor/Writer记者 Journalist / Reporter美术编辑 Art Editor排版设计 Layout Designer校对/录入 Proofreader/Data Entry Staff出版/发行 Publishing/Distribution电分操作员 Operator-Colour Distinguishing印刷排版/制版 Layout Designer数码直印/菲林输出 Digital/Film Printing打稿机操作员 Operator调墨技师 Ink Technician印刷机械机长 Printing Machine Operator晒版/拼版/装订/烫金技工 Technician其他 Others艺术/设计 Artist/Designer平面设计 Graphic Artist/Designer动画/3D设计 Animation/3D Design店面/陈列/展览设计 Storefront/Display/Exhibition Design多媒体设计 Multimedia Design包装设计 Package Design工业/产品设计 Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计鉴定 Artwork/Jewelry Design and Appraisal 家具/家居用品设计 Furniture/Household Product Design玩具设计 Toy Design其他 Others建筑工程 Architectural Services/Construction建筑工程师 Architect结构/土木/土建工程师 Structural Engineer公路/桥梁/港口/隧道工程Road/Bridge/Port/Tunnel Project Engineer岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineer电气工程 Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程 Drainage/HVAC Project Engineer幕墙工程师 Curtain Wall Engineer城市规划与设计 Urban Design/Planning室内外装潢设计 Interial Design/Decorator园艺/园林/景观设计 Gardenning Designer测绘/测量 Mapping/Surveyor建筑制图 CAD Drafter工程造价师/预结算 Project Estimator建筑工程管理/项目经理 Construction Project Management建筑工程验收 Construction Project Inspector工程监理 Engineering Project Supervisor施工员 Construction Crew其他 Others房地产 Real Estate房地产开发/策划经理Real Estate Development/Planning Manager房地产开发/策划主管/专员 Real Estate Development/Planning Supervisor/Specialist房产项目配套工程师 Conveyance System Engineer房地产评估 Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易 Real Estate Agent/Broker房地产销售人员 Real Estate Sales其他 Others物业管理 Property Management高级物业顾问/物业顾问Senior Property Advisor/Property Advisor物业管理经理/主管Property Management Manager/Supervisor物业管理专员/助理 Property Management物业招商/租赁/租售 Property Lease/Rent物业设施管理人员 Property Establishment Management物业维修人员 Property Maintainence Staff其他 Others人力资源 Human Resources人事总监 Human Resources Director人事经理 Human Resources Manager人事主管 Human Resources Supervisor人事专员 Human Resources Specialist人事助理 Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管 Recruiting Manager/Supervisor招聘专员/助理 Recruiting Specialist/Assistant薪资福利经理/主管 Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor 薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant绩效考核经理/主管Performance Assessment Manager/Supervisor绩效考核专员/助理Performance Assessment Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管 Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理/培训师 Training Specialist/Assistant/Trainer企业文化/员工关系 Corporate Culture/Employee Relationship。
办公室设计方案英语作文
办公室设计方案英语作文英文回答：Office Design Plan.1. Open and Collaborative Workspace:Create a spacious and open floor plan that encourages collaboration and interaction among employees.Utilize natural light and incorporate large windows to provide ample lighting and reduce the need for artificial light.Provide comfortable seating areas and informal gathering spaces for impromptu discussions and brainstorming sessions.2. Ergonomic and Comfortable Furniture:Choose ergonomic chairs and desks that support employees' physical well-being and reduce the risk of repetitive strain injuries.Provide adjustable furniture to accommodate individual preferences and ensure comfort throughout the workday.Incorporate standing desks as an alternative work option to promote movement and reduce sedentary behavior.3. Ample Natural Light:Maximize natural light by utilizing large windows, skylights, or light tubes.Position workstations near windows to ensure adequate daylight for employees.Consider using light-colored walls and ceilings to reflect and amplify natural light.4. Quiet Zones and Privacy Spaces:Create designated quiet zones for employees who require a distraction-free environment for focused work.Provide enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces for confidential meetings or private conversations.Use noise-absorbing materials, such as acoustic panels or carpets, to minimize background noise.5. Technology Integration:Equip the office with state-of-the-art technology to facilitate collaboration and productivity.Provide high-speed internet, video conferencing capabilities, and cloud-based platforms to enhance teamwork and communication.Consider implementing smart office solutions, such as automated lighting and temperature control, to improve efficiency and well-being.6. Biophilic Design:Incorporate elements of nature into the office designto create a healthier and more stimulating work environment.Bring in plants, use natural materials, such as wood or stone, and incorporate natural ventilation to improve air quality and reduce stress.Create outdoor spaces, such as a rooftop terrace or courtyard, for employees to relax and rejuvenate.7. Customizable and Adaptable:Design the office space to be flexible and adaptable to changing needs and business requirements.Utilize modular furniture and movable walls tofacilitate reconfigurations and accommodate growth or downsizing.Consider providing flexible work options, such as hot desking or telecommuting, to support a mobile and distributed workforce.中文回答：办公室设计方案。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
混凝土施工事项T.Pauly, M.J.N.PriestleyEngineering Structures 59 (2014) 469–483摘要根据一般承认的惯例看,巴基斯坦的混凝土结构建筑物在结构上的质量，效用和安全需要上都留下了很多值得关注的问题。
当2005 年10月8日发生在巴基斯坦北部的一个7.6级地震的时候，这些施工技术上的缺点袒露无遗了,破坏了数以千计建筑物、桥梁, 而且造成估计79,000人的死亡。
在巴基斯坦这种十分低质量的混凝土施工技术是造成这次极广破坏的主要原因。
关键字：混凝土浇筑养护建筑工艺混凝土浇筑若混凝土在地面上浇筑，地面应该具有足够的含水量以避免它吸收混凝土中的水分。
如果新混凝土将被浇筑在已经凝固的混凝土上或其旁边，已浇混凝土表面应该彻底清除干净，最好使用高压空气、高压水流或钢丝刷。
其表应潮湿，但不应有集水，应当在整个范围内刷上少量的水泥浆，然后立即铺上一层厚度为1/2in的砂浆。
新混凝土应铺筑在砂浆上或其旁边。
为减少混凝土在浇筑后由于运输导致的离析，混凝土的制备应该尽可能靠近最后浇筑的地方。
它应该分层浇筑以使每层可被均压实。
每层浇筑间隔的时间应该限制在能够保证新浇筑的混凝土与前面浇筑的有良好的结合。
当向较深的模板中浇筑混凝土时，就应该使用一根导管来限制混凝土的自由降落高度不超过3或4ft，以防止混凝土离析。
这种导管是由轻金属制成的管子，具有可调节的长度而且被连接到储存的混凝土的罐的底部。
当模板被浇筑满后，就可以抽出管节。
混凝土一浇筑完成，应立即用手提振捣器或机器振捣器进行捣密后就应该移走，否则就会发生骨料离析。
一般来说，振捣器不应该集中在先前提起的混凝土上。
振捣主要优点是它允许使用较干的混凝土，由于减少了混凝土的含水量，这种混凝土有较高的强度。
振捣混凝土的优点如下：1、水分的减少允许水泥和细集料的用量，因为这时需要较少的水泥浆。
2、较低的含水量可减少收缩和空隙。
3、较干的混凝土减少混凝土表面处理的费用。
4、机械振捣可代替3—8个手持振捣棒。
5、较低的含水量可提高混凝土的强度。
6、较干的混合料允许较早地拆除一些模板，这样可降低模板的造价。
混凝土的养护若混凝土想要获得最高强度或其它必要特性，则应该对其用足够的水分和适当的温度进行养护。
如果没能提供这些条件，则会导致劣质的混凝土。
混凝土中最初的水分足够所有水泥的水化反应，只要在使用前没有被蒸发。
这可以用多种方法来实现，例如把模板留在混凝土中，保持表面潮湿，或在混凝土表面覆盖一层液体养生化合物，它可以形成一种不透水的隔膜来阻止混凝土中的水分遗失。
养生化合物可以用刷子或压力喷嘴加到混凝土表面。
一加仑可以覆盖200—300ft2。
混凝土应该在40°F以上或80°F以下进行浇筑。
低温会降低凝结速度，而高温会降低混凝土的极限强度。
寒冷天气下的混凝土浇筑当混凝土在寒冷天气下浇筑时，通常有必要预先加热水、骨料或两者同时预热，以便使其初始温度能够保证混凝土的初凝并获得强度。
对水进行预热是提供必要的温度最有效的方法。
出于这一目的，蓄水池应该安装一个通有蒸气的蛇形管或将蒸气可以直接通到水中，这是可以使用多个排气口以提供良好的热量分布。
当混合料的温度已知，一些专用图可以用来计算混凝土的温度。
一条直线穿过所有三种比例，通过任意两个已知温度，就可以确定出第三个温度。
如果砂的表面干燥，则应使用实线计算混凝土的温度。
然而，如果砂含有3%的水分，则应使用虚线。
规范通常要求新浇筑的混凝土在浇筑后应保持3天温度不低于70°F或5天不低于50°F。
当预计有寒冷天气时必须提供一些适当的方法来保持要求的温度。
用于混凝土中的钢筋与混凝土相比，钢是一种高强度材料。
普通钢筋在抗拉和抗压时可以利用的强度，即屈服强度，约为普通的结构混凝土抗压强度的1.5倍，而且超过抗拉强度的100倍。
另一方面，与混凝土相比，钢材的成本要高得多。
所以，两种材料最好的结合使用是混凝土用于抵抗压应力。
因此，在钢筋混凝土梁内，混凝土抵抗压应力，纵向钢筋配置在靠近受拉面处以抵抗拉应力，通常还附加配有一些钢筋，抵抗梁内的剪应力所引起的斜向拉应力。
然而，钢材也可以用于抵抗应力，主要是为了减小受压构件的截面尺寸，例如用于多层建筑的下部楼层柱。
即使不存在这种必要性，所有受压构件也要配置最少数量的钢筋，以保证这些构件在偶然出现的小弯矩作用下的安全性，在这情况下，不加钢筋的混凝土构件可能会开裂，甚至破坏。
使配筋最有效的发挥作用的基本条件是钢筋和混凝土的变形要一致，即这两种材料间要有足够强的黏结力，以确保钢筋和其周围混凝土间不发生相对移动。
这种黏结力是由钢筋-混凝土结合面上较强的化学粘合作用，热轧钢筋表面层的固有粗糙度，以及间距较小的肋形表面变形等所构成的。
钢筋的边面并行为两种材料间提供了很高的咬合作用。
钢材以两种不同方式应用于混凝土中：普通钢筋和预应力钢筋。
普通钢筋在浇筑混凝土之前先置于模板内。
钢筋中的应力，与硬化混凝土中的应力一样，除了由收缩或类似原因造成的附加应力外，仅仅是由结构上作用的荷载引起的，比较起来，在预应力混凝土结构中，在钢筋与混凝土共同工作承受外部荷载之前，对钢筋已施加了很大的拉力。
最常见的钢筋的形式为圆棒状。
现在可以使用的钢筋的直径范围很大，在一般的应用中从10到35毫米，两种大型钢筋的尺寸为44和57毫米。
对这些钢筋表面进行了变形处理，其目的是增加钢筋与混凝土之间的抗滑能力。
对这些变形的最低要求已经通过实验研究予以确定。
不同的钢筋制造厂家采用不同的变形花纹，他们全部都能够满足这些要求。
为了对钢筋进行拼接，或者便于制作置于模板内的钢筋骨架所进行的焊接，可能会引起金相的变化而降低材料的强度和延性，因此，必须对所有钢材的类型和焊接规程加以特殊的限制。
ASTM中的A706的条款是专门使用于焊接的。
长期以来，在钢筋混凝土领域明显的趋向于高强度材料，包括钢筋和混凝土。
屈服强度为40KSI的钢筋，在20年前几乎是标准的盲目前大部分已由屈服强度为60钢筋所取代。
因为后者更为经济，而且使用他们可以减少模板内钢筋的拥挤状况。
ACI规范允许使用强度FY=80KSI的钢筋。
这类高强度钢筋通常是逐渐屈服的没有屈服平台。
在这种情况下，ACI规范要求在规定的最小屈服强度时的总应变不应超过0.0035。
这是将现行的设计方法应用于这类高强度钢筋时必须遵守的。
现行的设计方法是按钢材突然屈服，而且有屈服平台的情况而制定的。
ASTM规范中没有关于屈服强度高于60KSI的变形钢筋的条款，但是在实际中可能使用这种钢筋，根据ACI规范，他们可以在根据上述的要求的情况下使用。
在特殊情况下，例如高层建筑的下部楼层的柱子，使用这一高强度范围内的钢筋就非常适合。
在恶劣的环境田间下，例如受除冰化学剂侵蚀的荞麦内，要求使用镀锌或环氧树脂涂层的钢筋，以便使钢筋的腐蚀和随之发生的混凝土的剥落减至最小。
混凝土结构的修复钢筋混凝土是非常耐用的结构材料，它需要的修复工作很少。
然而，它的耐用性受很多因素的影响。
这包括那些设计和施工的失误，使用劣质材料和在侵蚀性环境下暴露。
修复的必要性主要取决于对破坏程度的诊断。
如果某项工程不只需要作装饰性处理，好的工作技巧很重要。
1、修复系统的功能要求通过对事故的仔细诊断并找到损坏的原因之后，下一步是考虑修复方法的要求，这样会我到一个解决问题的有效方法。
（参看图）①耐久性选择有相当耐久性的修复材料非常重要。
修复工作所用的材料最起码也要像基层混凝土那样耐用。
②钢筋的保护对加劲钢筋的保护机理取决于所使用的修复材料的类型。
例如，粘性材料能促使混凝土碱性增加，其抑制作用能保护钢筋免受更深的侵蚀，而环氧树脂砂浆可防止氧气、水分和其它有害物的侵人。
③基片粘结使用基片粘结可进行完整的修复，它可防止水分和大气从界面进人。
大多数的修复材料，通过使用合适的粘合手段，其粘合性能已大大地改善了，如环氧树脂系统使用未填充的环氧底漆，普通水泥修复系统使用普通水泥稀浆加上任何一种乳胶添加剂。
所要采用的预防措施是：对即将被粘结的表面，必须先清理其上面的疏松和易碎的物质。
④尺寸稳定性在养护期间，材料的收缩要保持到最小，为了防止修复失败、材料的尺寸变化应与基层材料相当接近。
⑤对环境引起的损伤的早期防护一些开始就暴露在外的情况会引起修复的过早损坏。
例如，热天会阻碍水泥的水合作用从而使局部修复的普通水泥发生变质，为了防止发生这种情况，养护期间应对其作特别的保护。
⑥操作方便材料应当易混合和方便使用，这样可以随时填到裂缝和孔隙里去，材料最好是不粘工具，用泥刀修平时不剥落，填筑后不坍塌。
⑦外观修复材料与现有混凝土的匹配程度取决于所修补的结构和业主的要求。
当外观很重要或钢筋的保护层很薄时，要求采用镶面处理。
2、修复方法的选择适当的修复就是消除与结构使用有关的所有缺陷。
认真考虑选择正确的方法和某一特定操作所用的材料，弄清到底是要满足强度、耐用性的特定要求还是满足其它的长期或短期的性能要求。
这些因素包括：(1)损伤的性质如果活动裂缝里填的是刚性材料，那么不但填补材料会断裂，而且旧裂缝周围也会产生新的裂缝，修复活动裂缝的方法是要么采用柔性材料以适应结构位移，要么在修复之前采取一定措施消除结构位移。
(2)断裂的部位依靠材料重力填充裂缝技术在水平面上裂缝修补中的成功率较高，但在竖直面上裂缝修补中效果很差。
(3)环境如果裂缝里有水气、水和杂物时，要先补好漏洞。
如果结构还处于工作状态并且环境潮湿时，会使得堵住漏洞这一工作更加困难。
(4)工艺工人所采用的修复工艺是另一个与修复有关的因素，有时它意味着水久性修复或者修复材料过早损坏。
(5)成本与为修复工作提供通路、做准备工作和实际劳力的成本相比，所用的修复材料的成本是相当小的。
(6)外观修复部位的表面可能很难看，特别是当它处于建筑物显眼的地方时。
在这种情况下，修复工作系统就要包括对整个表面进行某种处理。
Concrete Construction matterT. Pauly, M. J. N. PriestleyAbstractViewed in terms of accepted practices, concrete construction operations leave much to be desired with respect to the quality, serviceability, and safety of completed structures. The shortcomings of these operations became abundantly clear when a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck northern Paki-stan on October 8, 2005, destroying thousands of buildings, damaging bridges, and killing an esti-mated 79,000 people. The unusually low quality of construction operations prevalent was a major cause of the immense devastation.Keywords: Concrete Placing Curing Construction TechnologyPlacing ConcreteIf concrete is placed in the surface, the sur-face should be filled with water sufficiently to prevent it from absorbing the concrete of its water. If fresh concrete is to be placed on or nearby to concrete that has solidified, the surface of the placed concrete should be cleaned absolutely, preferably with a high-pressure air or water jet or steel-wire brushes. The surface should be wet, but there should be no much water. A little quantity of cement grout should be brushed over the whole area, and then followed immediately with the application of a 1/2-in Layer of mortar. The fresh concrete should be placed on or against the mortar.In order to decrease the disintegration re-sulting from carriage after it is placed. The con-crete should be placed as nearly as probably in its final point. It should be placed in layers to permit uniform compaction. The time interval between the placing of layers should be limited to assure perfect bond between the fresh and previously placed concrete.In placing concrete in deeper patters, a ves-sel should be used to limit the free fall to not over 3 or 4 ft, in order to prevent concrete disintegra-tion. The vessel is a pipe made of lightweight metal, having adjustable lengths and attached to the bottom of a hopper into which the concrete is deposited. As the patters are filled, sections of the pipe may be removed.Immediately after the concrete is placed, it should be compacted by hand pudding or a me-chanical vibrator to eliminate voids. The vibrator should be left in one position only long enough to reduce the concrete around it to a plastic mass; then the vibrator should be moved, ordisintegra-tion of the aggregate will occur. In general, the vibrator should not be permitted to penetrate concrete in the prior lift.The mainly advantage of vibrating is that it permits the use of a drier concrete, which has a higher strength because of the reduced water content. Among the advantages of vibrating con-crete are the following:1. The decreased water permits a reduction in the cement and fine aggregate because less cement paste is needed.2. The lower water content decreases shrinkage and voids.3. The drier concrete decreases the cost of finishing the surface.4. Mechanical vibration may replace three to eight hand puddles.5. The lower water content increases the strength of the concrete.6. The drier mixture permits the removal of some patters more quickly, which may reduce the cost of patters.Curing ConcreteIf concrete is to gain its maximum strength and other desirable properties, it should be cured with adequate moisture and at a favorable tem-perature. Failure to provide these conditions may result in an inferior concrete.The initial moisture in concrete is adequate to hydrate all the cement, provided it is not should replace the moisture that does evaporate. This may be accomplished by many methods, such as leaving the patters in place, keeping the surface wet, or covering the surface with a liquid curing compound, which comes being to a water-tight membrane that prevents the escape of the initial water. Curing compounds may be applied by brushes or pressure sprayers. A gallon will cover 200 to 300 sq ft.Concrete should be placed at a temperature not less than 40 or more than 80°F.A lower tem-perature will decrease the rate of setting, while ahigher temperature will decrease the ultimate strength.Placing Concrete in Cold WeatherWhen the concrete is placed during cold weather, it is usually necessary to preheat the water, the aggregate, or both in order that the ini-tial temperature will assure an initial set and gain in strength .Preheating the water is the most ef-fective method of providing the necessarytem-perature. For this purpose a water reservoir should be equipped with pipe coils through which steam can be passed, or steam may be discharged directly into the water, several outlets being used to given better distribution of the heat.When the temperatures of the mixtures are known, some specific charts may be used to cal-culate the temperature of concrete. A straight line pass all three scales, passing through every two known temperatures, will assure the determina-tion of the third temperature. If the surface of sand is dry, the fact lines of the scales giving the temperature of concrete should be used. However, if the sand contains about 3 percent moisture, the dotted lines should be used.Specifications usually demand that freshly placed concrete shall be kept at a temperature of not less than 70°F for 3 days or 50°F for 5 days after it is placed. Some proper method must be provided to keep the demanded temperature when the cold weather is estimated.Reinforcing steels for concreteCompared with concrete, steel is a high strength material. The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as compres-sion, i.e., the yield strength, is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural con-crete, and well over 100 times its tensile strength. On the other hand, steel is a high-cost material compared with concrete. It follow that the two materials are the best used in combination if the concrete is made to resist the compressive stresses and the compressive force, longitudinal steel reinforcing bars are located close to the ten-sion face to resist the tension force., and usually additional steel bars are so disposed that they re-sist the inclined tension stresses that are caused by the shear force in the beams. However, rein-forcement is also used for resisting compressive forces primarily where it is desired to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of compression members, as in the lower-floor columns of multi-story buildings. Even if no such necessity exits , a minimum amount of reinforce- ment is placed in all compression members to safeguard them against the effects of small accidental bending moments that might crack and even fail an unre-inforced member.For most effective reinforcing action, it is essential that steel and concrete deform together, i.e., that there be a sufficiently strong bond be-tween the two materials to ensure that no relative movements of the steel bars and the surrounding concrete occur. This bond is provided by the rela-tively large chemical adhesion which develops at the steel-concrete interface, by the natural roughness of the mill scale of hot-rolled rein-forcing bars , and by the closely spaced rib-shap- edsurface deformations with which reinforcing bars are furnished in order to provide a high de-gree of interlocking of the two materials.Steel is used in two different ways in con-crete structures: as reinforcing steel and as prestressing steel .reinforcing steel is placed in the forms prior to casting of the concrete. Stresses in the steel, as in the hardened concrete, are caused only by the loads on the structure, except for possible parasitic stresses from shrinkage or similar causes. In contrast, in priestesses concrete structures large tension forces are applied to the reinforcement prior to letting it act jointly with the concrete in resisting external.The most common type of reinforcing steel is in the form of round bars, sometimes called rebars, available in a large range of diameters,from 10 to 35 mm for ordinary applications and in two heavy bar sizes off 44 and 57 mm these bars are furnished with surface deformations for the purpose of increasing resistance to slip be-tween steel and concrete minimum requirements for these deformations have been developed in experimental research. Different bar producers use different patterns, all of which satisfy these requirements.Welding of rebars in making splices, or for convenience in fabricating reinforcing cages for placement in the forms, may result in metal-lurgical changes that reduce both strength and ductility, and special restrictions must be placed both strength and ductility, and special restric-tions must be placed both on the type of steel used and the welding procedures the provisions of ASTM A706 relate specifically to welding.In reinforced concrete a long-time trend is evident toward the use of higher strength materi-als, both steel and concrete. Reinforcing bars with 40ksi yield stress , almost standard 20 years ago , have largely been replaced by bars with 60ksi yield stress , both because they are more economical and because their use tends to reduce congestion of steel in the forms .The ACI Code permits reinforcing steels up to Fy=80ksi. Such high strength steels usually yield gradually but have no yield plateau in this situation the ACI Code requires that at thespeci-fied minimum yield strength the total strain shall not exceed 0.0035 this is necessary to make cur-rent design methods, which were developed for sharp-yielding steels with a yield plateau, appli-cable to such higher strength steels. there is no ASTM specification for deformed bars may be used , according to the ACI Code , providing they meet the requirements stated under special circumstances steel in this higher strength range has its place, e.g., in lower-story columns of high-rise buildings.In order to minimize corrosion of rein-forcement and consequent spelling of concreteunder sever exposure conditions such as in bridge decks subjected to deicing chemicals , galvanized or epoxy-coated rebars may be specified.Repair of Concrete StructuresReinforced concrete is generally a very du-rable structural material and very little repair work is usually needed. However, its durability can be affected by a variety of causes, including those of design and construction faults, use of inferior materials and exposure to aggressive en-vironment. The need for a repair is primarily dic-tated by the severity of the deterioration as de-termined from the diagnosis. Good workmanship is essential if any thing more than just a cosmetic treatment to the creation is required.1. performance requirements of repair systemHaving established the causes of the defect by carefully diagnosing the distress, the next step should be to consider the requirements of the re-pair method that will offer an effective solution to the problem (see fig.).①DurabilityIt is important to select repair materials that provide adequate durability. Materials used for the repair job should be at least as durable as the substrate concrete to which it is applied.②Protection of steelThe mechanism of protection provided to the reinforcing depends on the type of repair ma-terials used. For example, cementations materials can protect the steel from further corrosion by their inhibitive effect of increasing the alkalinity of the concrete, whereas epoxy resin mortars can give protection against the ingress of oxygen,moisture and other harmful agents.③Bond with substrateThe bond with the substrate must produce an integral repair to prevent entry of moisture and atmospheric gases at the interface. With most re-pair materials, the bond is greatly enhanced with the use of a suitable bonding aid such as an un-filled epoxy resin systems and slurry of Portland cement, plus any latex additives for a Portland cement-based repair system. Precautions should also be taken to remove all loose and friable ma-terials from the surfaces to be bonded.④Dimensional StabilityShrinkage of materials during curing should be kept to a minimum. Subsequent dimensional change should be very close in the substrate in order to prevent failure⑤Initial Resistance to Environmentally In-duced DamageSome initial exposure conditions may lead to premature damage lo repairs. For example, partially cured Portland cement repairs can dete-riorate from hot weather preventing full hydration of the cement. To prevent this from happening extra protection during curing time may benec-essary.⑥Ease of ApplicationMaterials should be easily mixed and ap-plied so that they can be worked readily into small crevices and voids. Ideally, the material should not stick to tools, and should not shear while being trowel led nor slump after placement.⑦AppearanceThe degree to which the repair material should match the existing concrete will depend on the use of the structure and the client' s re-quirements. A surface coating may be required when appearance is important or when cover to reinforcement is small.2. Selection of Repair MethodsA suitable repair counteracts all the defi-ciencies which are relevant to the use of the structure. The selection of tile correct method and material for a particular, application requires careful consideration, whether to meet special requirements for placing strength, durability or other short-or long-term properties. These con-siderations include:1. Nature of the DistressIf alive crack is filled with a rigid material, then either the repair material will eventually fail or some new cracking will occur adjacent to the original crack. Repairs to live cracks must either use flexible materials to accommodate move-ments or else steps must be taken prior to the re-pair to eliminate the movement.2. Position of the CrackTechniques which rely on gravity to intro-duce the material into the crack are moresuc-cessfully carried out on horizontal surfaces but are rarely effective on vertical ones.3. EnvironmentIf moisture, water or contaminants are found in the crack, then it is necessary to rectify the leaks Repair to slop leaks may be further com-plicated by the need to make the repairs while the structure is in service and the environment is damp.4. WorkmanshipThe skill the operatives available to carry put the repairs is another relevant factors.Some-times this can mean the difference between a permanent repair and premature failure of there-pair material.5. CostThe cost of repair materials is usually small compared with the costs of providing access, preparation and actual labor.6. AppearanceThe repair surface may be unsightly, par-ticularly when it appears on a prominent part of the building. In this case, the repair system will include some form of treatment over the entire surface.目录第一章项目摘要 .................................................... 错误！未定义书签。