王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第9堂_并列平行结构
专八真题点评王长喜
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页眉写“2007真题点评”PARTⅠ LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREWhat Can We Learn from ArtI. IntroductionA. Differences between general history and art history ——Focus——general history——art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc.B. Significance of studyMore information and better understanding of human society and civilization.Ⅱ.Types of information——facts, but no opinions.B. Information in art history is subjective. —Spanish painters’ works: misuse of governmental power —Mexican artists’works : attitudes towards social problems Ⅲ. Art as a reflection of religious beliefsB. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palacesC. Africa and the Pacific Islands: Masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremoniesand peopleⅣ. Perceptions of ArtHow people see art is related to their cultural backgroundA. Europeans and Americans—expression of ideasB. People in other places—part of everyday lifeⅤ. Art as a reflection of social changesA. Cause of changes: different culturesB. Changes——European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works—American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese painting.Good morning, today’s lecture is the very first of a series of lectures on art history, so I’d like to spend some time discussing with you the following topic: Why do we need to study art history And what can we learn from it?First of all, I’d say, if you study art history, this might be a good way to learn more about a culture than it’s possible to learn in general history classes. You know, (1)most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics and war, but art history focuses on much more than this. Because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also their religious beliefs, emotions etc. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors can be provided by art, like what people did for a living, what kind of dress they wore, what ceremonies they held etc. In short, art can express the essential qualities of a time and a place, and the study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books and enables us to learn more things about human society and civilization.The second point I’d lik e to make is about the type of information. (2)In history books, information is objective, that is, facts about political economic life of a country are given, butopinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective.(3)It reflects personal emotions and opinions. For example, Francisco Goya was a great Spanish painter and also perhaps the first truly political artist. In his famous painting, The Third of May 1808, he showed soldiers shooting a group of simple people. His description of soldiers and their victims has become a symbol of the enormous power or the misuse of this power that the government can have over its people. Over 100 years later, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Mexican artists depicted their deep anger and sadness about social problems. In summary, through art you can find a personal and emotional view of history.Thirdly, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. (4)Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that showed people and stories from the Bible. (5)By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is), its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that these images are unholy. Thus, on palaces, mosques and other buildings, Islamic artists have created unique decoration of great beauty with images of flowers of geometric forms, for example, circles, squares and triangles. The same is true of other places, like Africa and PacificIslands. Art also reflects the religious beliefs of traditional cultures in these places. As a matter of fact, religion is the purpose for this art and it’s, therefo re, absolutely essential to it. Traditional art in Africa and Pacific Islands is different from Christian art. Christian art influences people’s religious feelings towards God. (6)But the goal of traditional art in Africa and Pacific Islands is the influence of spiritual powers, that is gods to enter people’s lives. Each tribe or village there had special ceremonies with songs and dances to make sure that crops, animals and people are healthy and increasing in number. The dancers in the ceremonies wear masks, head dresses and costumes that they believe are necessary to influence gods. So these masks, head dresses themselves, are revelry part of the art.As we said, art depends on culture, different forms of art result from different cultures. Similarly, the way that people view art also depends on their cultural background. This is my fourth point.(7)For most Europeans and Americans, art is mainly for decoration. It is something on a museum wall or in a glass case. It makes their homes more attractive. People look at it and admire it: “Oh, what a beautiful painting!” Besides, ideas are expressed in this art. This is a wonderful statue, and admiring it, I might say: “It makes such a strong anti-war stateme nt.” But in other places, art is notconsidered to be separated from everyday existence. (8)It has a function, it has a practical role to play in people’s lives. A person in a tribal society might look at a mask and say: “Oh, this is a good mask. It would keep my house safe.” In brief, the way in which people enjoy or appreciate art depends on their culture.To conclude my lecture, we can say that art is a reflection of various cultures. (9)But at the same time, we have to remember that art also reflects the changes in society that take place when different cultures influence one another. (10)As people from tribal societies move to urban areas, their values and beliefs change accordingly and their traditional art forms begin to lose their function. At the same time, urban artists begin to learn a lot from traditional art. For example, African masks and figures had a great influence on Picasso’s works. And many American and Canadian artists study the simplicity of Japanese painting. The result is that as the world gets smaller, the art of each culture becomes more international.OK, this brings us to the end of our lecture. I hope that after today’s lecture, you’ll understand better the significance of the study of art history. Art enables us to know more about human history, for example, people’s views and opinions about certainhistorical events, and what’s more important, about different cultures, their religious beliefs, perception of art etc.1.信息辨认【解析】本题涉及普通历史与艺术史在主要内容上的区别,这在讲座一开始就被提到。
2021考研英语每年必考的九个语法点
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2021考研英语每年必考的九个语法点语法是考研英语的基础,这部分在考试当中虽然没有明确一种题型单独测试,但任何其它一种题型中都贯穿很多的语法知识,这部分基础如果欠缺,其它的综合能力提高起来将会很慢,所以所有复习考研的学生都要重视语法知识。
语法复习起来应该有所侧重,必须有针对性,否则死扣语法,不但浪费时间,也不一定能有很好的效果。
重点内容是什么呢?给大家总结的语法知识点如下:并列句的同等关系、并列句的选择关系、并列句的转折关系、并列句的因果关系、并列句的对比关系;复合句的主语从句、复合句的宾语从句、复合句的表语从句、复合句的同位语从句、复合句的定语从句、复合句的状语从句;非谓语动词;谓语动词的时态;谓语动词的语态(包括其翻译的方法);倒装结构句;比较结构句;省略句结构;关于as与than的特殊用法等。
考研并不是多么难的事情,关键是自己要调整心态,给自己信心和勇气,按照规划长期坚持复习。
当然,选报一个考研辅导班,对于考研学生,语法基础又比较好的同学来说是非常好的选择,需要帮助的考生不妨听一听老师的辅导,增加学习的方法和技巧,减少盲目性。
下面给大家分析一下考研英语必考的几个语法点:第一、虚拟语气.第二、动词的时态.第三、动词的非谓语形式.第四、倒装,倒装在翻译里面考的多,一般一个英文的句序加入它是倒装的,你必须把它译成主动的,否则的话扣0.5分。
第五、强调,强调在哪儿考的多啊,在阅读理解里面,你一旦发现有强调的句式你就把后面的东西圈起来,都是出题的陷阱。
第六、主谓一致,主谓一致在完型天空中考的最多.第七、省略,省略在翻译里面考的最多,因为一个句子,它把它省略出来了,那么你在翻译的时候要把被省略的内容翻译出来,否则扣1分,记住了,这就是规则。
第八、从句,包括定语从句,状语从句,都在内。
第九、THERE BE 句型,简单。
以上便是每年必考的九点语法知识,这些知识点除了课上认真听老师的讲解,还要在课下通过真题来巩固理论,查漏补缺。
2024版高中英语全程复习【人教版2019】课件 第九讲 并列句和状语从句
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在 so... that... 和 such...that... 结构中, so 为 副 词 , 后 面 跟 形 容词、副词或分词, 而 such 为 限 定 词 , 后 面只能跟名词或名词
性短语
We should work and study as as if, as though在方式状
方式状 as, just as, as he did.
即学即练 单句语法填空 1.The Olympic cauldron (主火炬) at the snowflake-themed ceremony was small, ________ the flames conveyed significant messages of greener Olympic Games.[2023·菏泽市高三一模]
2.Both previous restorations to losses ________ joins between the original marble blocks that have discolored will be replaced by a more closely marble-like material.[2023·潍坊市模拟]
他一定淋雨了,因为他全身都湿了。 ④Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.
要么你改进工作,要么我就辞退你。
[指津] (1)when可用作并列连词,意为“这时,那时”,相当于at this/that time。 常用于下列句式:
不可用将来时)
Where there is a will, there 注意不要和where引导
地点状 where,
王长喜老师2014年考研英语问题答疑最新
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2014王长喜老师考研英语答疑第一部分:单词记忆问题 (1)第二部分阅读理解问题 (5)第三部分真题问题 (10)第四部分长难句、完形填空、翻译问题 (12)第五部分写作问题 (13)第六部分综合问题 (15)第一部分:单词记忆问题考研英语怎样才能成功?这个问题令很多老师头痛,不好回答,问题太大。
我的回答是:考研英语的成功=1、背单词+2、单词在文章中的复现、同现、替代、指代和省略+3、句际关系+4、篇章阅读+5、答题技巧。
这5个环节,一环扣一环。
答题技巧is based on读懂文章;读懂文章is based on句际关系;句际关系is based on单词在文章中的复现、同现、替代、指代和省略;单词在文章中的复现、同现、替代、指代和省略is based on背单词。
另外,老师还有一个问题:现在做考研真题,我最近做做做错错错,十分沮丧,该怎么办呢?根据上边的公式,你只注重了第5项“答题技巧”,而答题技巧是建立在前4项之上的。
没有前4项的基础,所以你“做做做,错措错”,你是本末倒置了。
考研复习从单词开始王老师好,单词背了又忘怎么办?每天应该花多少时间背单词啊。
好头疼嘿嘿老师好~我又来提问啦,在这几天的复习过程中发现了几个问题,求老师指教:1、这几天在背单词,可是背了之后第二天就差不多忘了,感觉效率好低,求破解之法啊。
王老师,单词背了又忘啊!各阶段单词复习应着重注意什么呀王老师好,单词背了又忘怎么办?每天应该花多少时间背单词啊。
王老师,您好!请问用什么方法记单词最好呢?老师你好,现在背单词效率很差,怎样能高效率的背单词呢?老师您好!我是14i年的考生。
请问老师单词有没有什么突破的方法?三四月份计划背单词,但效果不是很好,王老师您好,我背英语单词的时候倍的很慢,背完之后第二天又忘了,有什么好的办法吗王老师,您好,背英语单词的时候为什么总记不住?一会儿就忘掉了……王老师记单词总忘记怎么办?有什么好方法吗??老师您好!和大多数同学一样,怎样才能高效地记单词?往往是今天记住了,过几天又忘了。
2018高考英语异构异模复习考案课件 专题9 并列句和状语从句 9-1 精品
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撬法·命题法 解题法
[考法综述] 并列句的考查主要集中在并列连词的基本用法,在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中常会
涉及,近五年考查了 14 次。 命题法 考查并列连词的逻辑关系
典例 1 I was glad to meet Janny again, __b_u_t/_y_e_t _ I didn't want to spend all day with her.
sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when...某人正要做某事突 然……
sb. be doing sth. when...某人正在做某事突然…… sb. had just done sth. when...某人刚做完某事突然……
We were_having a meeting when someone broke in. 我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进来。
高考英语
第一部分 语法知识及运用
专题9 并列句和状语从句
考点一 并列句
撬点·基础点 重难点
基础点 由并列连词连接的,两个或两个以上的分句放在一起的句子叫并列句。不同的并列连词有不同的意义, 也折射出各个分句之间的不同逻辑关系。根据分句之间的不同关系,并列句可以分为以下几种: 1 表示并列或递进关系的并列句 表示并列关系的连词有 and, both...and..., not only... but also..., neither... nor...等。 Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都有交通问题。 Not_only the students but_(also) their teacher is enjoying the movie. 不仅学生而且老师也喜欢这部电影。
王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第10堂_否定结构
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LECTURE 10 否定结构本堂目标:学会识别7种不同的否定结构,熟悉几种容易引起误解的否定结构与否定形式,熟练掌握各种否定结构的意义,准确翻译含有否定结构的句子。
基础预习英语中的否定结构根据其表达方式的不同,可以分为以下几类:一、一般否定指否定谓语部分来实现对全句的否定,构成形式是在系动词、助动词或情态动词后加否定词not来实现的。
Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may haveactually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.【点睛】本句所包含的否定结构借助组动词did,在其后加not构成。
【译文】历史学和经济学方面的专家已经证明了两件事:从1650年到1750年期间以极度贫困为特征,而工业化显然没有使这种状况恶化;事实上却可能改善了绝大多数平民百姓的生活条件。
二、部分否定指否定词not和表示全体意义的代词(all,every,etc.)或副词配合使用,表示“并非…都是…”之意。
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) isespecially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relativelyquiet.【点睛】否定词not和表示全体意义的代词all搭配使用,表示部分否定.【译文】但并不是我们大脑所有部分的活动都是均等的;边缘系统(“感情大脑”)尤其活跃,而前额部分的脑皮层(理解和推理的中心部位)则相对安静。
名师王长喜指点2003年考研英语复习要点
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新华作者:古⽐ 英语,⼀直是让考研的学⽣最头疼的⼀科。
⽽今年颁布的全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语⼤纲,告知了考⽣考研英语将⼤变样,更是给考⽣⼼⾥增加了⼀层负担,对于那些英语不⼤好的同学,⽆疑是个打击。
中国⼈民⼤学外语系考研指导名师王长喜⽼师讲道:“这次改⾰最显著的变化是加强了对英语听说能⼒的要求。
”此次⼤纲的修订,将考研英语从知识型向应⽤型转变,将培养英语实际语⾔能⼒作为主要⽬标。
听⼒测试 2003年英语考试听⼒部分考试时间约为30分钟,共20分,计⼊外语成绩。
同时,各招⽣单位也会在复试时进⾏外语⼝语测试,作为录取参考。
⼝语成绩当场给出,同时保存考试全过程的录⾳6年。
听⼒测试分三个部分。
第⼀部分是填充表格,该项要点是捕捉听⼒材料中的特定和具体信息。
为此要反复进⾏听写练习,可以选择⼀些短⽂的听⼒材料作练习,在⽤录⾳机放⾳时,开始每放⼀句按暂停键,然后⼒图把句⼦写下来,或在听懂的基础上把关键词写下来。
第⼆部分是补全句⼦或简答问题。
这部分的测试要点是要求考⽣在听⼀段读⽩或对话后能抓住重要的特定信息并理解其总体信息。
对此考⽣在作听⼒训练时,应选择⼀些300字左右的听⼒短⽂,每听完⼀段和按暂停键,试着写下⼀段落的主要信息。
要特别注意speaker讲话的语⽓语调。
⼀般来说,重要的信息,说话者的语⽓会加重。
清除了词语和结构障碍以后,考⽣要在不看⽂字材料的条件下反复听,以便完全借助听觉来理解单句的意思、把握段落的内容乃⾄全⽂的含义。
第三部分的测试是理解独⽩或对话的⼤意和细节、推断词义、判断作者的态度和意图,题型是四选⼀,这部分内容的难度⽐较⼤,在训练时,⼀开头就要努⼒抓住短⽂主题并注意反映主题的关键词以及承上启下的过渡词,也要注意如虚拟语⽓等语法形式所表达的内含。
听⼒测试是运⽤知识的能⼒测试,它需要反复操练和持之以恒的学习毅⼒。
同学们应每天抽出30分钟左右的时间进⾏听⼒语速训练。
王长喜⽼师说:“外语能⼒对研究⽣来讲⾮常重要,⽽且现在考研竞争激烈,⼀般招⽣单位也都⾮常重视,所以同学们在复习时不应放弃。
考研语法 句句真研
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考研语法句句真研第一部分简单句第一章简单句的核心第一节简单句的核心构成1 .主谓=主语+不及物动词(vi.)2 .主谓宾=主语+及物动词(vt.)+宾语3 .主谓双宾=主语+及物动词(vt.)+两个宾语(人+物)4 .主谓宾补=主语+及物动词(vt.)+宾语+宾语的补足语(简称宾补)5 .主系表=主语+系动词+表语考研真题中常出现的系动词,总结如下:【考场攻略】1. 简化句子:若找到不及物动词,就可以判断后面不需要接宾语,主谓结构的句子核心完整,后面无核心成分,可以忽略不看。
2. 找到分裂结构:若找到及物动词。
就可以判断后面一定有宾语,找到宾语才能看懂句子。
3. 判断从句:若找到及物动词,后面是宾语从句,若找到系动词,后面是表语从句。
第二节简单句的核心变化一、谓语动词的变化1. 谓语动词的时态2. 谓语动词的情态考研中常出现的情态动词如下:以上几个情态动词详细用法如下:(1)情态动词表情态(2)除了表示“情绪和态度”之外,每一个情态动词都能表示推测3. 谓语动词的语态(1) .被动语态的构成:be+donebe反映被动的时间和主语的单复数done表示被动的动作【补充】如果强调被动的动作发出者,即强调动作“被谁做”,可以在被动后加上“by+动作的发生者”(2) .被动语态与时态的结合(3),被动语态与情态的结合(情态动词+bedone)4. 谓语动词的否定(1) .实义动词变否定,前加助动词do/does/did,再加not,最后加动词原形。
(2) .助动词和情态动词变否定直接后加not,如be动词、情态动词和完成时态中的have等。
(3) .如果一个谓语动词中包含多个助动词或情态动词,否定加在第一个后。
5. 补充:谓语动词的强调要想强调谓语动词部分,可直接在前面加伤do/does/did,然后把谓语动词变回原形。
二、主语、宾语、表语的变化(一)名词、代词作主语、宾语、表语(二)非谓语动词doing作主语、宾语(三)非谓语动词todo作主语、宾语、表语(四)并列多个主语/宾语/表语第二章简单句的扩展第一节词性角度的扩展一、限定词修饰名词、冠词、数词、名词所有格等。
王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第13堂_省略结构
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LECTURE 13省略结构本堂目标 熟悉识别各种各种省略结构,了解各种情况下的结构现象,完整理解含有省略结构的长难句。
基础预习一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉,这样的句子可以称为省略句。
省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种普遍的现象,因为它有助于语言的简洁。
一、单句中的省略二、并列句中的省略并列结构中,尤其当后一个分句出现and, but, neither, either, nor, so, too 时,后一个分句与前一个分句相同的句子成分可以省去。
【例】(08-翻译)三、不定式符号to 后面的省略重点讲解一、宾语从句中的省略当宾语从句由which, when, where, why 以及how 等疑问词引导时,只保留wh-疑问词,省略其余部分。
【例】由whenever, whatever, wherever, however, no matter how/what/when/where 及whether …nor 等引导的状语从句,也常常省略句中某些成分。
【例】(06-Text 1)【补充拓展】【例】(07-翻译)当遇到“when (或if ,where ,wherever,whenever ,as soon as ,as fast as ,than 等)+possible/necessary 等”时,可理解中间省略了it is (或was)。
【例】课堂练习难句分析1. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. (09-Text 2)2. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (09-翻译)3. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. (08-Part B)4. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (08-翻译)5. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. (06-Text 4)6. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn ’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? (05-Text 2)7. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. (99-Passage 1)8. But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over.9. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.10. In fact, adoption experts believe that people who adopt these children need special training and preparation in order to successfully rear the child and to integrate the child into the family and eventually into society.课堂讲评1. 【分析】复合句。
高中英语 简明语法系列简单句和并列结构讲义
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简单句简单句(Simple Sentence)是只包含一个主谓结构的句子。
简单句分成四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
陈述句1.陈述句(Declarative Sentence)否定的表示方法(1)使用“助动词+not”构成谓语动词。
若谓语动词为be,其否定式为“be+not”。
例如:Bram does not like to eat sweet food.布莱姆不喜欢吃甜食。
She has not had her breakfast.她还没吃早餐。
They are not typists.他们不是打字员。
(2)使用含有否定意义的代词、副词或有否定前缀的词。
例如:Nothing could be found in the sunken ship.沉船上没发现什么东西。
Scarcely any enemy planes were left undamaged after the attack.敌机遭到攻击后几乎没有不受破坏的。
They were unhappy about my answer.他们对我的回答不满意。
(3)使用含否定意义的结构和词汇。
例如:She was too excited to say a word.她激动得一句话也说不出来。
This is more than we can stand.我们忍受不了。
The city has greatly changed beyond our recognition. 城市变化很大,我们认不出来了。
He is above cheating in the exams.他不会在考试中作弊。
2. 肯定词、否定词与非肯定词肯定词否定词非肯定词one -onesome no-body -thing any-body thing-where -wheresomehow in no way in any waysometimes never everstill no longer any longerno more any moreone or the other neither eithersome no/none any否定结构可以由否定词构成,也可以由not+非肯定词构成。
并列式结构
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正是基于以上三点原因分析,引导读者思考并接受作者观点。
第十九页,编辑于星期一:十四点 十七分。
5、作用意义:事物造成的结果也是复杂的、多样的(物质、精神, 个人、集体,主要、次要,短期、长期;显性、隐性等等。)
许多人都感到意外,谁愿意离开繁盛的汉朝,去那个月 亮和星星都万分温柔的地方?
然而,高尚不需要理由。王昭君的心中是一幅图景: 大树下,百姓欢歌笑语;田野中,人民安居乐业。她高尚 的品格决定了她出人意料的选择。这,无须惊讶。
第六页,编辑于星期一:十四点 十七分。
高尚不需要理由
百年足迹,演绎出生命的华彩---林则徐
第十一页,编辑于星期一:十四点 十七分。
每段开头以分论点起笔,加强点题,反复点题,升华主旨
做真正的自己,是时代的召唤。做真正的自 己,让被人批评“过于造作”的朗朗成为了世 界上最年轻的钢琴之王;做真正的自己,让那 “过分嚣张”的刘翔屹立在跨栏运动的巅峰位 置;做真正的自己,让那“不伦不类”的周杰 伦唱遍天下……时代需要有自我的人,需要有 个性的人,需要敢于绽放自己光彩的人!
比如宋代罗大经的《鹤林玉露》中有一篇精短议论文《勤有三益》,作者为
了说明“为人当勤劳”这一观点,就采用了如下的平行结构: (1)勤劳,可以有所获免饥寒也。(创财) (2)勤劳,可以有所劳延寿考也。 (健体)(3)勤劳,可以有所事远淫邪也。(修身)
6、影响危害:正面的作用意义,当然负面的影响危 害也必定存在,也必定是复杂多样的。
社会风气是浮躁之风产生的土壤。
制度缺漏是浮躁之念产生的缝隙。 5(作用意义)拒绝浮躁,才能创造物质文明。
2019考研英语语法解析:平行并列结构_毙考题
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2019考研英语语法解析:平行并列结构2019考研英语语法解析:平行并列结构一、平行结构的基本原则在许多英语句式中,平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一。
像简单的并列连词and, or, but等就有这种类型的含义,它们要求在结构和功能上保持一致。
因此运用平行结构的基本原则就是以同类语法形式来表达同类概念,用来表达强调与其、节约用词的修辞效果。
真题上的例子有许多:For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. (2011-T1)该句就是由not only but also连接两个with短语,构成的平行结构。
再来一句Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. 该句中也存在两个that引导的宾语从句。
如今,Entergy公司突然发出声明:根据2006年的法规,2002年的协议无效,而且只有联邦政府对核问题具有监管权。
二、构成并列结构的连接词最熟悉的莫过于and了,但是不仅仅只有and, 表示同等关系中的besides副词连接词也是常见。
2018考研英语语法长难句之并列结构(例句版)
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2018考研英语语法长难句之并列结构(例句版)语法长难句,对于任何一个认真准备考研英语的考生而言,都不会是陌生的词。
那么经常出现在考研英语中的长难句大概都有哪些结构呢?总的来说,考研英语中的语法长难句类型包含如下:隔离结构、并列结构、同位语从句、后置定语、状语从句、标语从句、插入语、比较结构、强调和倒装等。
今天,就来带领大家来看一下那些在考研英语中出现的长难句结构---并列结构。
并列结构,顾名思义,并列结构就是将性质相同,内容相似,结构相似,无先后顺序,无因果关系的成分或者句子的并列的结构。
因其成分为并列出现,故被称为并列结构。
在英语句子中,经常出现“and,but,as well as,or,or else,both...and,neither...nor,either...or,not only...but(also),as...as”等,将两个性质对等或是结构对等的部分连接成并列结构。
无论是在做阅读理解还是翻译模块时,平行结构的作用还是比较大的:考生可以根据出现的平行结构来推断出与其对等的部分,进而可以通过对已知部分的理解,来推断出对等部分的含义,最终达到理解整个句子的意义。
例如:And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.在个句子中,句子的主干为:one leading authority says that+宾语从句;而在这个宾语从句“these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.”,我么可以看到not only...but(also)..结构,很明显,宾语从句中包含着一个并列结构;而并列的两部分为harnessed 和brought under conscious control;“to help us sleep and feel better”是状语成分。
王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第15堂_as专题
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LECTURE 15 as专题本堂目标:学会识别as作介词、副词、连词、关系代词的用法,重点掌握as在否定结构中的译法以及与as相关的特殊结构。
基础预习一、as用作介词1.动词与as搭配用作介语的as,常常与一些动词搭配使用,比如define…as…“把…定义为…”,view…as…“把…看作…”,see…as…“把…看作…”,regard…as…“把…当作…”,think of…as…“把…看作…”,refer to…as…“把…称作…”,use…as…“把…用作…”,classify…as…“把…划规为…”等等。
需要注意的是这些动词也可以转化为名词与as 搭配,同时as后面除可以接名词或名词短语外,还可以接形容词。
【例1】(06-翻译)【例3】(06-Text 1)【例4】(06-Text 4)【例】(00-完形)3.as引导介词短语作后置定语as用在名词后面,作后置定语,在意义上相当于修饰名词的同位语。
【例1】(04-Passage 1)【例2】(94-翻译)二、as用作副词as…as结构中,第一个as是副词,其后常接形容词或另外的副词,第二个as则是连词。
【例】(99-翻译)三、as作连词的用法as作连词使用,可以引导一系列的状语从句,这一点在状语从句中我们已经讨论过,这里对各种状语从句中as的用法做一归纳。
1.引导时间从句【例】(04-Text 2)2.引导原因从句【例】(04-翻译)3.引导方式从句【例】5.引导比较从句【例】四、as用作关系代词引导定语从句关于as用作关系代词引导定语从句,我们在LECTURE 1定语从句中已经讲过,这里不再赘述。
重点讲解一、as在否定结构中的译法as引导方式状语从句时,as一般翻译成“正如…”。
但是,as还有一种比较特殊的用法,就是用于否定结构中,比时,as就不能译成“正如…”。
as用于否定结构,有以下两种句式:二、有关as的结构1.as much as结构在这一结构中,第一个as是副词,第二个as是连词,往往引导比较状语从句。
大学英语语法从属结构市公开课获奖课件省名师示范课获奖课件
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一、并列与隶属
1.并列与隶属是两种不同旳连接手段。 e.g. The rain stopped, and the sun came out.
When the rain stopped, the sun came out.
二、隶属连词
a)简朴隶属连词(单词隶属连词) e.g. after,although, as, because, before…
a). 同步性(same time)
A.两个同步发生旳事件,不是一次性和反复性,既 过去或目前旳习惯动作,用when,whenever。
B.两个同步发生旳事件,假如都有延续性,而且延 续时间大致相等,用when,while。
C.两个同步发生旳事件,假如都无延续性,连词可 用when,the moment,directly,immediately
限定隶属分句
名词句
非限定分句 无动词分句
副词性分句(状语分句) 不定式分句 -ing分词分句 -ed分词分句 不带隶属连词
带有隶属连词
带有自己旳主语
三、状语分句补充阐明
1.When, while, as, before, after, until旳使用 方法
We’ll come at eight so (that) the meeting can begin promptly. (目旳)
c) 在正式语体中间或也能单用that表达“成果”
4、有关unless和if…not
A.由unless引导旳条件状语分句既能够是真实 条件,也能够是非真实条件。作为真实条件分 句,unless一般相当于if…not。
E.引导某些倒装让步分句一般也只能用though
F.Though可在非正式语体中连接性状语, although不能够。
动词性并列结构的结构平行(04
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动词性并列结构的结构平行♣吴云芳北京大学信息科学技术学院计算语言学研究所北京 100871提要本文讨论了动词性并列结构的结构平行特征:状中结构的不平行,述宾结构的平行,主谓结构的平行,音节数目的相同。
可用一个复杂特征结构来描述动词短语,包括两个属性特征“结构和音节”,其中“结构”又有两个取值“述宾和主谓”。
对两个动词短语,只要其中的一个属性特征相同(结构或者音节)就可形成并列。
动词性并列结构表现出来的平行性可以帮助计算机自动识别并列结构的边界。
关键词 并列结构 结构平行 补足语 特征结构1 引言并列结构经常表现出结构上的平行性(structure parallelism)。
赵元任(1968)指出,并列成分一般得是词类相同,其次,并列成分的内部结构相同,至少是音节数目相同。
吴竞存,梁伯枢(1992)指出,词性相同、结构相同、语义类相同、音节数相同的项并列是最理想、最严格的并列。
对动词性并列结构而言,结构相同是更为强烈的一个条件,它可以不关心中心语动词的语义类是否相同。
请看下面两个例句:(1) a [阅读和景仰]活捉座山雕等英雄的事迹。
b 而且首期就要投资亿元资金[更新设备、偿还布厂欠下的7000万债务]。
按照王惠等(2003)的语义分类体系,a中“阅读”的语义类是【+身体活动】,“景仰”的语义类是【+心理活动】,但它们却可形成并列,因为“阅读”和“景仰”都是及物动词,都可以带“事迹”做其宾语。
b中“更新”的语义类是【+变化】,“偿还”的语义类是【+领属转移】,但它们却可形成并列,因为它们分别都带有了宾语形成了述宾结构。
可见,动词性并列结构的形成更多地是受到句法上的约束,这种句法约束主要体现为结构平行。
动词性短语的结构类型比较复杂,主要有 6 种:并列结构、连谓结构、述补结构、状中结构、述宾结构、主谓结构。
并列结构在动词性并列结构中的分布是不平行的。
当动词性短语是并列结构时,并不特别要求与之并列的另外的动词性短语为同样的并列结构。
考研语法——长难句分析策略及答案翻译
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考研语法——长难句分析策略总论一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现:1. 阅读:定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。
2. 完形:定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。
3. 翻译:定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同位语从句、表语从句。
二、英语句法规则:一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。
㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子,构成并列句;多个句子之间是平等关系;多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。
㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分,由从属连词连接;主句的动语是核心动词;主从句之间属于上下级关系。
三、长难句分析六步走1. (2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算).2. (2001完形)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.3. (2005Text1)Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question.(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1. 句子成分:主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例:When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important.2. 由词到句的扩展:除谓语和补语外,任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。
英语平行结构和比较结构
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Paired conjunctions Directions: Add is or are to each sentence
• 1.Both the teacher and the student _a_r_e_ here. • 2.Neither the teacher nor the student _i_s _here. • 3.Not only the teacher but also the students
• 两个以上项目全用连词连接起来的并列结构, 在修辞色彩上给人以悠闲缓慢、延续持久的感 觉。
• Raising vegetables presents endless opportunities for weeding and thinning and hoeing and watering.
• 有时也可全用逗号,在修辞色彩上给人以紧张、 急促、明快、利落的感觉。
• 3. not only…but (also)…不仅……而且…… • not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也 • as well as和 • …and…as well和 • * not only…but (also)…结构侧重在后者,而
as well as侧重在前者。
• Not only George but also his wife did a lot for us.
• Hurry up, or we’ll be late.
• Have one more try, or you won’t be successful.
• Either he didn’t speak clearly or you didn’t hear well.
三、表示转折和对比意义的并列连词
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LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标:熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位,掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词,以及并列平行结构的一致问题。
基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一,是理解英文长难句的必备知识。
并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致,这就是通常所说的并列平行结构。
英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是:以同类语法形式来表达同类概念,以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果。
【例1】二、可用于并列平行结构的语法单位【例1】(06-Text 2)重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1.表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句,前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的。
具体的连接词有and, not only…but also, neither…nor,besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。
【例】(05-Text 4)2.表示选择关系由or, either…or“不是…就是…”,otherwise“否则”,or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子。
【例】(00-Part B)3.表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子。
but为代表的连词连接词有:but, not…bu t, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等;however为代表的连接副词有:however, nevertheless“但是,然而”,still“然而”,on the contrary“相反地”,on the other hand“另一方面”等。
【例】(95-Passage 2)4.表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子。
【例】(02-Passage 1)二、并列句中表句际关系副词一览表【例】(03-Passage 3)三、并列平行结构的一致问题1.使句子前后保持平衡,句中的并列成分应该在结构上保持一致。
【例】【例】(01-Passage 1)难句分析1. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipient lose interest as they plough through them. (04-Text 2)2. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (04-Text 3)3. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.4. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. (06-Text 3)5. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. (02-Text 2)6. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. (01-Text 1)7. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (00-Passage 3)8. The trouble is that a cable-television system, like a telephone network, involves high fixed costs and passes homes that do not want it, as well as homes that do.9. The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it. 10. He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description.课堂讲评1. 【分析】and连接的两个表示同等关系的并列句,第一个分句中的all是对冒号前的三个并列名词短语的总称;第二个分句包含一个由as引导的时间状语从句。
【译文】求职面试的名单、选票、会议发言和出席名单:所有这些往往都是按字母表顺序排列的,而人们在翻看这些东西的时候渐渐就失去了兴趣。
2. 【分析】本句是由and连接的同等关系并列句,第二个分句中say后为宾语从句,其中还含有一个even as引导的让步状语从句。
【译文】消费者们似乎只是稍有忧虑,并不惊慌,许多人说他们对经济的长远发展还是很乐观的,虽然他们已经勒起了裤腰带。
3. 【分析】复合句。
when引导状语从句,从句主干为the enclosures made many people dependent on paid work;by…作方式状语;and连接两个并列的介词短语of the use…和of the means…。
【妙译】17世纪和18世纪的圈地运动剥夺了许多人的土地使用权,使他们失去了为自己谋生的途径。
因此,他们不得不依赖付费工作。
这样,雇佣就变得广为流行了。
4. 【分析】该句是由no t…but…连接的表示转折对比关系的并列句。
句子的主干是Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass…but rather changes…。
其中介词结构of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over time都作定语。
【译文】他们的研究方法并非是要试图估计出某个特定海域中鱼类生物的实际单位面积数量(目前存活的生物数量),而是找出该单位面积生物数量随时间的变化程度。
5. 【分析】本句的主干是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos,but 连接两个whose引导的并列定语从句,定语从句修饰gizmos。
【译文】结果,当今世界智能化的小装置日益增多,我们几乎不注意它们的存在,但它们的广泛存在已经减轻了不少人类的工作。
6. 【分析】该句由分号连接的并列句组成。
studies represe nted…research是第一部分的主干,in the nineteenth century作状语,local geological和in their own right作定语,分别修饰studies 和research;第二部分的but表示前后两部分形成对比,其中if引导一个条件状语从句。
【译文】因此,在19世纪,这种局部性的地质学研究本身代表了有价值的科研活动;但是,到了20世纪,这种地质学研究只有在包含并反映范围更广的问题(地质面貌)时,才越来越被专业人员所接受。
7. 【分析】for连接的表示因果关系的并列句。
for前分句中,主干为it is advisable to…,不定式短语为真正主语。
for后分句中,however farfetched引导让步状语从句,主干是it is possible…,其中it是形式主语,主语从句that in years as normal为真正的主语。