第二节 非限定动词

• 3) try, remember, forget, propose, regret, stop, go on等后面接动名词或不定 式时，意义差别明显。如: • I remember reading the earthquake in the paper. 我记得我在报纸上读过有关这 次地震的报道。 • I’11 remember to phone him. 我会记得给 他打电话
Leabharlann Baidu • 4) 动词need, require, want作“需要”解 时，宾语要求用动名词的主动语或不定式 的被动语态。还有，动词deserve（理应/ 活该受到）的用法也一样。如： • All the rooms here are dirty. They need cleaning/to be cleaned这儿所有的房间都 脏了，得把它们打扫干净。
• He stopped talking with the students他停止了 与学生们交谈。 • He stopped to talk with the students他停下来 与学生谈话 • He went on telling the story. • Let's go on to read Lesson Three. • I propose leaving at noon。我提议中午离开 • I propose to stay here for a few day。我打算 在这再呆几天。
2. 不定式同疑问词一起作宾语: “动词+疑问词+ to do”， 通常这类动词有: know, tell, decide, explain, forget, learn, consider, remember, wonder等等。
l The little girl forgot what to say，小姑 娘把要说的话给忘了 l I wonder whether to invite him or not 我想知道是否要邀请他。 l Have you decided when to go? 你决 定了何时动身了吗?
• This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals——— in Africa. (1996-46) • A. hunted B. hunting • C. that hunted D. are hunted • The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel ______. (1998) • A. today B. Is to stay • C. to stay at D. is for staying
• I forget posing the letter. (信已寄出)我想不起 来我曾经寄过这封信。 • I forget to pose the letter (信没有寄出)我忘记 寄这封信了 • 注意：forget的过去式forgot后一般不用动名词 表 示 忘 记 做 过 了 某 事 ， 通 常 是 用 that 分 句 或 "about+doing"的形式。如: • I forgot that I had done it. (Or I forgot about doing it.)我忘记我已做了这件事。
既可用动名词作宾语，也可用不 定式作宾语的动词
• like, love, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, cease, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, cant’ afford等等。
• 其他考点有： • 1. 少数句型中，用it代替不定式或动名词作 形式宾语。 • 如“动词+it+adj./n./prep. ph. + to do / doing”, 多数情况下用不定式更多一些。
l He found it impossible to get everything ready in time.他发现不可能按时把一切安排 妥当 l He made it a rule only to speak English in class他规定在课堂上只能说英语. l I have long had it in mind to answer your letter.我一直想给你回信。 l I don't think it worthwhile going to such a place.去那种地方奏真没意思。 l She found it useless/no use arguing with him她发现跟他讲道理没用。
• 1) like, date, prefer等词后，若表示一般倾 向，多用动名词；若表示特定的具体的行 为，多用不定式。如: • would you like to come with me or would you prefer to stay here?
• 2）begin, start, cease等词后，若表示有 意识的行为，多用动名词;除此之外用不定 式。如: • I began to understand (to see, to realize) why he came here我开始明白(懂得，认 识到)他到达里来的原因
• 4. 避免悬垂分词 （dangling participles or hanging participles） (略) • 练习见“针对练习第3部分”
二、非限定动词作宾语
• 不定式和动名词在句中可作宾语，但是分 词不能。 • 考点： • 只能接不定式或只能接动名词作宾语的特 殊动词 • 某些特殊动词接动名词或不定式作宾语时 意义区别
1. 作状语用的不定式与分词的比较： 1）不定式在句中通常作目的状语，分词一般 都不作目的状语。如： • We live to serve the people heart and soul. 我们活看是为了全心全意为人民服。 • Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly
只能以动名词作宾语的动词
• acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, complete, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, escape, evade, excuse, fancy, facilitate, forbid, favor, finish, grudge, imagine, include, involve, justify, mention, mind, miss necessitate, pardon, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall, renounce, report, require, resent, resist, resume, risk, stand, suggest, understand, warrant等等
许多农民给在庄稼施肥让庄稼长得更快些。
• 2) 不定式在句中通常不作表示时间或伴随情况， 而分词却可以这样用。如： l Hearing the news, they all jumped with jay l When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. l They stood there for an hour watching the game. l We worked there for a week, helping them to prepare for the international conference.
举例
• We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. (表示伴随 情况) • He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. (伴随) • The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间) • Christmas Day being a holiday, the shops were all closed. (原因) • Weather permitting, we'll have an outing tomorrow. (条件)
• I regret not having accepted (or accepting) your advice. 我后悔没有听你的劝告。 • I regret to say that 1 can not come我遗憾地告 诉你，我不能来了 • They tried experimenting with the new medicine. (“try”意为‘试用’)他们试用新药做 试脸。 • They tried to solve the problem. ("try"意为 “试图”或“企图”) 他们试图解决这个难题。
• 2. 作状语的现在分词与过去分词的区别： • 现在分词常常表示主动或正在进行的动作， 而过去分词则表示被动或已经完成了的动 作. (略)
3.不定式和分词的独立结构的用法区别: 当不定式和分词有自己的主语，便构成不 定式和分词独立结构。 不定式独立结构通常在句中作状语，表示 伴随情况。而分词独立结构在句中可做状 语，表示伴随、时间、原因和条件等等。
作宾语的非限定动词用法比较
• 在英语中有某些动词后面只能跟不定式作 宾语，而有些动词后却只能跟动名词作宾 语。
只能以动词不定式作宾语的动词
• aim, arrange, ask afford, agree, apply, beg, claim, choose dare decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, manage, offer, ought, plan, presume, pretend, proceed, profess, promise, refuse, request, resolve, seek, strive, swear, threaten, undertake, volunteer, wish等等。
非限定动词
(Non-finite Verb)
• 定义： • 非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)是动词的非谓 语形式 • 它们不可以在句中单独作谓语，并且不受 主语的人称和数的限制
• • • •
种类： 不定式(Infinitive) 动名词(Gerund) 分词（Participle）
• 性质 • 双重性质： • 1.有动词的特点，如它们可以有时态与语态的变 化，能被状语修饰，也可以有自己的宾语； • 2.有非动词的特点，如可以替代名词或形容词。 • 句法功能: • 在句中可以作除谓语以外的其他各种成分，即主 语、表语(补语)、定语、状语和宾语
考点
• 1.作限定动词的三种形式及其语法功能：要 求掌握不定式、动名词和分词的用法及其 区别。 • 2.侧重考生对非限定动词作状语的用法比较， 是语法考试中的重中之重；次要的考试重 点是非限定动词作宾语的用法比较。
一、非限定动词作状语
• 不定式和分词在句中都可作状语，表示原 因、时间、让步，方式、结果、伴随等等。