新视野大学英语第一册第五单元section A 讲解

Language Point 1

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s. (Para.1)
Meaning: AIDS was discovered by doctors in the last few years of the 1970's.
diagnose: vt. decide what illness a person has; discover the nature (a disease) by making a careful examination
Note: To talk about a doctor's finding someone ill with a certain disease we often say "diagnose with."
Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. (Para.2) 被诊断感染艾滋病病毒的人有一半是黑人和来自拉丁美洲的人。
Women will soon make up 80 percent of those diagnosed with HIV. (Para.11) 妇女将占感染艾滋病病毒人口的80%。
But when we decide what illness a person has, we say "diagnose as."
The doctor diagnosed his condition as a stomach problem. 医生诊断他得了胃病。
Please pay attention to the following time expressions:
in the late 1970s: 20世纪70年代末期
in the early 1970s: 20世纪70年代初期
in the middle 1970s: 20世纪70年代中期




Language Point 2

Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204,000 Americans—half in the past few years alone. (Para.1)
Meaning: Since then, 204,000 Americans have died of AIDS—about 102,000 died of the disease only in the past few years.




Language Point 3

Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV virus are also expected to die. (Para.1)
Meaning: Of the one million people who have the HIV virus, 185,000 are also likely to die.
infect: vt. put disease into the body of
The blood test shows that the man was infected with the HIV virus. 血检表明这个人染上了艾滋病病毒。
The disease infected her eyes, and she became blind. 这种病使她眼睛受感染，并致使她双目失明。
expect sb. to do sth.: think, believe, or hope that sb. would do sth.
I didn't expect so many people to be in the room.我没想到房间里有这么多人。
I expected John to meet me at the airport. 我原以为约翰会到机场接我。




Language Point 4

Women and youth in rural Southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS. (Para.2)
Meaning: The number of women and young people who are infected with AIDS is growing fastest in the countryside in the South.
constitute: vt. make up; form
Seven days constitute a week.一周有7天。
Twelve scientists constituted a research group to study air pollution.12位科学家组成一个研究小组研究空气污染。
Real familiarity with a 3,000 word vocabulary constitutes a good base for further English language learning. 真正掌握了3000单词，就具备了进一步学习英语的基础。
segment: n. any of the parts into which something may be divided
The company controls this segment of the market. 这个公司控制了这部分市场。




Language Point 5

Despite such alarming numbers, the federal an

d state governments have been slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS. (Para.3)
Meaning: Although the number of people infected with AIDS is very large and surprising, the federal and state governments haven't taken actions in time to carry out the programs to stop the spread of AIDS.
alarm: n. sudden fear or worry; v. cause sudden fear and worry
Everybody was alarmed at the news that a war might break out.大家听到战争可能爆发的消息都很惊慌。
Small earthquakes are so common here that people don't feel very alarmed at
them.这个地方小地震很常见，大家对地震都不感到惊慌。
be slow in: do sth. slowly
The man is getting on in years and he is slow to respond. 那男人老了，反应慢了。
implement: vt. put into practice
The government is implementing its program of helping the poor. 政府在实施扶贫政策。
Money is needed to implement our child-care programs. 要实施儿童保健项目，需要资金。




Language Point 6

In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged. (Para.3)
Meaning: Because the government is not active in stopping the spread of AIDS, some local organizations have formed to help prevent its spread.
in place of: instead of
In place of a lecture we will be showing a film.我们不去作报告，而是放场电影。
John is to attend the meeting in place of the manager, who has come down with a bad cold. 约翰代替经理参加会议，因为经理患了重感冒。
emerge: vi. come or appear; become known出现
Richard was waiting outside the door as Mary emerged. 玛丽出现时，理查德正在门外等候。
Many ideas are likely to emerge after such an interesting finding. 在发现这一有趣的现象之后，许多想法都有可能出现。
Vietnam has emerged as the world's third biggest rice trader. 越南已成为世界第三大大米贸易国。




Language Point 7

... formed in 1985 to combat the growing number of AIDS cases.(Para.4)
Meaning: ... formed in 1985 to fight against the increasing number of AIDS cases.
combat: vt. fight against;
The new government promised to take measures to combat crime.新政府承诺采取措施与犯罪行为作斗争。
combat: n. a struggle between two sides, ideas, etc.
He took part in a street combat in which two people were killed.他参与了一起街头打斗，打斗中两个人被打死。




Language Point 8

... this organization suffers from a lack of money, forcing it to use its resources creatively. (Para.4)
Meaning: ... this organization lacks money, and so it has to make use of its people, materials and ideas in a creative way.
suffer from: be badly influenced by
Within a few days, she has become seriously ill, suffering from great pain.只几天时间，她的病情加重了，她被折磨得痛苦不堪。
He was diagnosed as suffering from AIDS. 他被诊断为染上了艾滋病

。
resources: n. the materials, money or other things an organization or a family has and can use in order to function properly; the things a country has and can use to increase its wealth
Some families are so poor that they don't have enough resources to feed themselves.有些家庭很穷，不能养活自己。
The country is rich in oil resources but lacks money and technology to develop them. 这个国家有丰富的石油资源，但缺乏资金和技术开发这些资源。



Language Point 9

She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments.(Para.5)
Meaning: She also puts some books and magazines in the shop, so customers can read them when they wait for haircut.
publication: sth. printed
Publications in this country are checked for the political opinions they contain. 这个国家的出版物都要因其中的政治内容而受到检查。




Language Point 10

They are also valuable resources in spreading information to their schools,community groups and churches. (Para.6)
Meaning: They also do a good job in spreading information to their schools,
community groups and churches.
valuable: a. 1. worth a lot
Her grandmother left her a valuable ring. 祖母给她留下一枚贵重的戒指。
There are some very valuable things in that house; they should lock the door carefully. 那个屋内有些贵重的东西；他们应该小心把门锁好。
2. very useful
I'm sorry to have taken up much of your valuable time.很抱歉占用了你许多宝贵的时间。



Language Point 11

While no one way of winning the war against AIDS exists, the network shares these lessons learned in its battle against AIDS.(Para.7)
Meaning: Although there is not just one way of stopping the spread of AIDS, the network lets others know about these experiences which is learned in their battle against AIDS.




Language Point 12

Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it. (Para.8)
Meaning: Most of the people in many communities are not able to read and write,
and this makes it impossible to hand out the materials about AIDS and expect them to read them.
Please pay attention to the following expressions using "rate".
a low literacy rate or a low rate of literacy 受教育比例低
a high death rate 高死亡率
When the birth-rate increases and the death rate drops, the population increases. 当出生率上升，死亡率下降时，人口就会增加。



Language Point 13

These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of "sad faces" and "happy faces" to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS. (Para.9)
Meaning: Simple pictures of "sad faces" and "happy faces", drawn by hand, are used in these books to show how people can prevent AIDS.
illustrate: vt. add pictures to (sth. written); show the meaning of (sth.) by giv

ing pictures or examples
The case illustrates that women can do much better than men in some fields. 这个事例说明了妇女在某些领域可以比男性干得出色得多。
Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult point. 我再举个例子说明这个难点。




Language Point 14

They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces and language they can understand. (Para. 9)
Meaning: They also use pictures that look like those people that need the education so they can understand more when they find familiar faces and language they know.
relate: say or tell
After seeing the film, the student was able to relate every point in English. 看了电影之后，那个学生能用英语讲述每一个细节。
The traveler related his journey with joy. 那位旅行者愉快地讲述了他的旅途情况。




Language Point 15

As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications,... (Para.9)
Meaning: It turns out that such books are in fact more effective in the communities where they are used than the books or magazines printed by the government.




Language Point 16

... the stylists have established an "AIDS Busters" program ... (Para.10)
Meaning: ... the stylists have carried out a program known as "AIDS Busters",
that is, a program which can help win the war against the spread of AIDS...




Language Point 17

They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can.(Para.10)
Meaning: They make the lessons of "AIDS 101" easy to understand, and explain to their peers the danger of getting AIDS much better than an adult can.
risk: n. danger
He thinks there is no risk of a war now. 他认为目前没有战争的风险。
This kind of crime constitutes a big risk to our nation. 此种犯罪构成了我们国家的巨大危险。
risk: vt. place in danger; take the chance of
The captain didn't want to risk taking his ship across the sea until he could see where he was going. 这位船长在了解其行驶方向之前不想冒险驾船穿越大海。
Don't risk it. It isn't worth it. 不要冒险，这不值得。
at risk: in danger of
Redefine "at risk" to include women from different backgrounds and marriage
status. (Para.11) 重新理解 "有危险"问题，从而把不同背景，不同婚姻状况的妇女考虑在内。
The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk. (Para. 12) 发型设计师也强调每个人都有危险。



Language Point 18

Redefine "at risk" to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status.(Para.11)
Meaning: Consider again the problem of "who is at risk for AIDS" in a new way,
as women from different backgrounds and marriage status should be included in the people who are at risk for

AIDS.
redefine: vt. consider sth. in a new way
The scientist redefined the relations between population and economic affairs. 这位科学家重新说明了人口和经济之间的关系。
The government was asked to redefine its program on birth control. 政府被要求重新考虑其人口控制计划。
Please pay attention to the following expressions with "status":
marriage status 婚姻状况
economic status 经济状况
job status 就业情况
legal status 法律地位




Language Point 19

Such misinformation plagues the medical establishment.(Para.11)
Meaning: The medical organization is bothered by such wrong ideas as the one that women are not at risk for AIDS.
plague: n. a disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people
A plague has killed thousands of people in Africa since 1995. 1995年以来一场瘟疫使非洲成千上万的人丧生。
Air pollution is regarded as a plague of the nation. 空气污染被认为是这个国家的严重问题。
plague: vt. cause sb. a lot of trouble or pain
Fears about the war plagued nearly half the population in the country. 这个国家有一半的人口害怕战争。
He said he wasn't going to plague the teacher with a lot of questions. 他说他不再提许多问题将老师的军了。




Language Point 20

The stylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk and that all of us have a right to protect ourselves — regardless of marriage status.(Para.12)
Meaning: The stylists also showthat everyone is in danger of catching AIDS and that all of us have a right to protect ourselves — whether we are married or not.
emphasize: vt. stress sth. is very important
Robert emphasized the difference between the interests of the single person and those of the community.罗伯特强调了个人利益和社区利益的区别。
The official emphasized that his government would implement the program. 这位官员强调政府将执行这项计划。
regardless of : not consider or be influenced by
Regardless of whether he is right or wrong, we have to obey his orders. 不管他是对还是错，我们都得服从他的命令。
We decide to go out regardless of the weather.不管天气如何，我们都决定出门。




Language Point 21

These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis but until there is a cure for AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus. (Para.13)
Meaning: The experiences of the stylists are not the only ways to deal with the crisis of AIDS, but before a cure for AIDS is found, education is the only safe method to fight against the spread of the AIDS virus.
solution: n. an answer to a problem
Please note: "solution" is often followed by "to".
It took him three days to give a solution to the mathematics problem.他花了三天时间才解出这道数学难题。
It is difficult to find a solution to this question. 这个问题很难找到解决

办法。
represent: vt. show; be a sign of; stand for; describe
He got a chance to represent China at the Olympic Games the next year. 他有机会在第二年代表中国参加奥运会。
He does not clearly represent the stages of painting a picture.他没有讲清楚绘画的步骤。
guard against: watch over in order to protect from hurt or damage
This is an open house and there is little way to guard against strangers. 这是一幢开放式的房子，很难防范陌生人的进入。




Language Point 22

Like no other plague before, the AIDS epidemic threatens to wipe out an entire generation and leave another without parents.(Para.14)
Meaning: Unlike other plagues before, the AIDS plague is likely to kill an entire generation and make another generation lose their parents.
threaten: v. be a warning that one is going to hurt, punish, etc.; give warning of (sth. bad)
If you threaten me or use any force, I shall inform the police. 如果你威胁我，或动武的话，我就报警。
The verb "threaten" is often followed by an infinitive.
The fighting is threatening to turn into a war. 这场战斗有可能变成一场战争。
The father threatened to punish the child if the child did not obey his orders. 父亲威胁说要是孩子不听话，就要给以惩罚。




Language Point 23

We must not let cultural, racial, or social barriers distract us from the job that must be done.(Para.14)
Meaning: We must not let cultural, racial or social barriers take our attention from the job that must be done.
barrier: n. sth. that makes it impossible or difficult for sth. else to happen
Taxes are the biggest barrier to free trade. 税收是自由贸易的最大障碍。
There is no reason why love shouldn't cross the age barrier.认为爱情不可以跨越年龄障碍的说法是没有道理的。
distract sb. from sth.: take one's attention from sth.
Don't let social activities distract you from your study.不要让社会活动影响你的学习。
The music soon distracted the boy from his homework.音乐声很快使这个男孩分心了，以致不能专心做家庭作业。




Language Point 24

This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for it in order for us to win.(Para.14)
Meaning: This is a war that is fought without any announcement, and everyone must take part in it if we wish to win the war.
sign up: sign an agreement to take part in sth.
I've signed up to take a course at the local college.我已报名在当地学院学一门课程。
He persuaded the company to sign up the singer.他说服公司与这位歌手签约。




Language Point 25

We simply cannot let people continue to die because we don't feel comfortable talking about AIDS. (Para.14)
Meaning: We really cannot let people continue to die just because we are not happy to talk about AIDS.
feel comfortable doing/with sth.: feel happy about doing sth.
Do your feel c

omfortable with the plan? 你对这个计划满意吗？