语言学Chapter+2+phonetics+and__+phonology

The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005) P28
Broad and Narrow Transcription



A broad transcription is one that only takes account of the sound differences that are important to distinguish words from each other in a language. A broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. The substitution of p for t does make a difference of word: pin/pin/ and tin/tin/ are different words in English.
Articulation of Sounds
A wide range of physical activity is involved in the production of the speech sounds in human language. Vocal organs often articulate or move against each other in the production of speech. Vocal organs refer to all the parts of the human body that are related to speech production. (What vocal organs do we use when producing sounds?)


来自百度文库
Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sound and is concerned with defining and classifying speech sounds according to how they are produced, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.




The manner of articulation: the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of vocal tract. (1) the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (2) they may narrow the space considerably; (3) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Vocal Folds (within the Larynx喉)
Trachea气管
Lungs肺
Vocal folds
Positions of the vocal folds
Closed, vibrate
Voiced
Voicless
Apart
Totally closed
Glotal stop
The Transcription of Sounds
Place of Articulation
The place of articulation is another way to observe how sounds are articulated. When describing the place of articulation, we usually consider the place within the vocal tract where the articulators form a structure.

The place of articulation: where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air. (the place of obstruction)
Manner of Articulation
the nose
(3)Fricatives（摩擦音） such as [f], [v], [s], [z], [ θ],[ ], [∫ ], [ ], [h]—close approximation, partially obstructed, turbulent airflow, audible friction.

A narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail. A narrow transcription is a transcription with letter symbols together with d i a c r i t i c s . E.g. lamb [a]—[ā] (nasalization); peak [ph]; speak [p=]
Manner of Articulation


(4) Affricates（塞擦音）such as [t∫], [d ] —a stop +a fricative (5) Liquides [l] [r] — no friction (6) Glides/semi-vowel such as [w], [j] — little or no friction, glide towards or away from a neighboring vowel
Manner of Articulation
(1)Stops/plosives （闭塞音或破裂音） such as [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]—complete closure, completely obstructed. (2) Nasals [n] [ ]---velum lowered, air-stream through
Vocal Organs (3 resonating cavities)
pharyngeal cavity throat
articulatory apparatus
Oral cavity mouth
Nasal cavity nose
Nasal Cavity 鼻腔 Oral cavity口腔
Pharynx咽
The manner of articulation is very important during the production of the sound. It is based on the size of the air passage. (24 consonants)
Describe the six groups respectively according to manner of articulation
Lecture 2
Phonetics and Phonology
By Zhang Mingfang School of Foreign Languages, HEBUST
I. Phonetics
Human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. (What sounds can we make?) The class of possible speech sounds is not only finite, but also universal. Any human is able to pronounce these sounds, regardless of racial or cultural background.
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced产生, transmitted传递, and perceived感知.
Speech transmission
Subfields in phonetics
Articulatory Phonetics ( 发 音 语 音 学 )is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学)is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics (听觉语音 学)is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Phoneticians try to transcribe the sounds as accurately as possible, i.e. by recording all the articulatory details that exist in speech. Since the sixteenth century, efforts have been made to devise a universal system for transcribing the speech sounds.

The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888.
The distinction between them lies in the obstruction of airstream.

Description of consonants
How do you describe (classify) the consonants such as [p], [b], [s], [z]? When describing individual sound segments, phoneticians and linguists often employ two parameters to examine how sounds are articulated: manner of articulation and place of articulation. (P30)
Consonants vs vowels

(What is the difference between them in English?)


Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction. Vowel is produced without such “structure” so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose. (Crystal, 1997:154)