英国文学总结一览表

英国的文学复习资料
1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学
1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.
2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章
romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗
3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟
1
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)
大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.
这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。

4 Popular Ballads 大众民谣 a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).
歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔
2、The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期的文学(14世纪到16世纪中期) （Greek and Roman）
戏剧drama 诗章canto
总述：The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences. English literature developed with a great speed in Elizabethan period. The most distinctive achievement is the drama.the lyrical poetry(抒情诗)also develops and is remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feelings.
文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。

戏剧发展最为明显，抒情诗也发展较快以其多样，新鲜和浪漫的感情著称。

(文艺复兴，斯宾塞诗体，夸饰文体p104)
1、key work: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement
代表作家
诗歌poem
1) Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特
sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter
2) sir Philip Sidney 菲利普锡德尼爵士1554-1586英格兰诗人
《Astrophel and stella 》爱星者与星《apology for poetry》诗辩
3) Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞
《The Fairy Queen》仙后(epic poem 史诗) 《the Shephearde's calendar》牧羊人日历
散文prose
1) Thomas More 托马斯莫尔1478 -1535 《utopia》乌托邦：ideal society
2) Francis Bacon 佛朗西斯培根，1561-1626
英国散文经典《essays》随笔
3) John Lyly 约翰黎里英国1553-1606 《eupheus》尤弗伊斯euphuism 夸饰文体
戏剧drama
1) Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

He was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the "university wits"大学才子，he first made blank verse the principle instrument of english drama.his works paved the way for the plays of the greatest english dramatist :Shakespeare
2）William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚1564-1616莎士比亚是英国文学史上最具影响力的作家，也是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家，他将英国戏剧创作推向顶峰，他主张戏剧不受三一律：the three unities束缚，他的十四行诗代表着伊丽莎白时期诗歌创作的最高成就，围绕友情和爱情两个方面，采用抑扬格五音部lambic pentameter.在他22年创作生涯中，共有37戏剧，154 十四行诗和两首长诗。

Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
》仲夏夜之梦《as you like it》皆大欢喜《merchant of Venice》威尼斯商人《the twelfth n ight》第十二夜
3) ben Johnson 本琼森1572-1637 《Volpone》狐狸
3 the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。

玄学metaphysical和骑士派cavalier poets
代表人物：
诗人
1)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿a great poet 诗人（poem 诗歌blank verse 无韵诗stylist 文体作家）
《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
Paradise Regained》复乐园《samson agonistes》力士叁孙、
2)、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的创始人物sonnet 十四行诗
《Death be not proud》死亡你别骄傲《a valediction:forbidding mourning》分别：莫忧伤
3）George Herbert 乔治赫伯特1593-1633
of god它被称为玄学派圣人，最虔诚的英国国教牧师，认为诗人应该歌颂神的荣耀《the altar》祭坛《easter wings》复活节的翅膀
散文家
1）John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”
the Bible,his language is easy to read ,colloquial ,and concise.the form of his writing is allegorical,realistic and true to life班扬是清教徒时期地位最高的散文家，文风仿照圣经，简单生动，语言口语化，简洁易懂，写作采用寓言的形式，忠于生活
《the Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程
该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream” 主旨：every Christian has to take in his inner heart a journey in order to be saved.
4 The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动
1特点、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.
强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。

The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. 启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。

about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。

Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.
无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。

因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。

2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚
启萌的现代派小说)
3、代表人物：
1)、alexander pope 亚历山大蒲柏1688-1744 新古典主义作家
He is regarded as the greatest poet of the 18th century,best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of homer .as a representation of the Enlightenment and the representative writer of the neo-classical school ,pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism理性主义to England .他是18世纪最伟大的诗人，以讽刺诗体以及对荷马史诗的翻译而闻名，作为英国启蒙运动和新古典主义的代表，他首次把理性主义带入英国。

2）、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福1661-1731 realistic novel 现实主义作家
Defoe was a novelist who has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel .his strong creative spirit in novel
writing won him the title "father of english and European novels"笛福是现代小说的发明者，他的创造力给她赢得了英国小说至
欧洲小说之父的称号。

Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯
3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特
1 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记novel 反讽
作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculous gets the better of him.
努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。

2《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议:the author denounces the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the english government and stir up the Irish people to fight.
3 In the form of letters 书信体小说：《the Drapier's letter》给麻布商的信
4)Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)
《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯：散文体滑稽史诗（a comic epic poem in prose）,《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事the best novel of him
Sentimentalism 感伤主义no belief 没有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.
感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。

代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
1）Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森《Pamela》帕美勒The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法a series letters
2)Laurence Sterne 劳伦斯斯特恩1713-1768 《Tristram shandy》项狄传it is the most famous book which has an unusual and queer artistic
form
3)oliver goldsmith 奥利佛戈德史密斯1728-1774 散文作家essayist he is an outstanding representative of the english sentimentalist school
他是感伤主义最杰出的代表
《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel
《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy
《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌poems
4）Thomas Gray 托马斯格雷1716 -1771 he is the leader of the sentimental poetry,especially "the graveyard school"他是感伤主义诗歌特别是“墓地派”的诗人《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
5）Edward young 爱德华杨1683-1765 《from night thoughts》夜思“墓地派”的诗人
18世纪英国戏剧
1）john gay 约翰盖伊1685-1732
《the bagger's opera》乞丐歌剧in 1728 it achieved one of the most conspicuous 显著地stage triumphs in english dramatic history
2)、Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德.布林斯里.谢尔丹
《School for Scandal》造谣学校，喜剧comedy 莎士比亚之后最好的戏剧
5 he Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义散文prose
Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution
前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。

前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人
教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱
开始的标志：beginning with th e publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"
前浪漫主义诗人：
1）james Thomson 詹姆斯汤姆森1700-1748 《the seasons》四季歌his chief fame rests upon this poem ,this poem on the theme of nature and written in blank verse has often been considered as epoch-making,the first significant poem in the tradition of pre-romanticism .他的名望得益于本诗，以自然为主题，是一部无韵诗，是浪漫主义前期第一部优秀的作品
2) William collins 斯科林威廉1721-1759 《ode to evening》黄昏颂
3）William collins 威廉布莱克英国浪漫主义诗人漫画家1757-1827
《songs of innocence》天真之歌《songs of experience》经验之歌《the marriage of heaven and hell》天堂和地狱的婚姻
4)Robert burns 罗伯特彭斯1759-1796 he is the "national poet of Scotland "苏格兰民族诗人。

Burns and his works
were a source of inspiration to the pioneers of liberalism ,socialism and the campaign for Scottish self-government.
《a red ,red rose 》一朵红红的玫瑰
lake poets(湖畔诗人) 第一代浪漫主义诗人
1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯poet-laureate (桂冠诗人)
《The Prelude》序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry 浪漫主义开始的标志：《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"
抒情歌谣"
作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的
2）Samuel Baylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒柯勒律治1772-1834he is a great poet and literary critic. He and
Wordsworth are two greatest progenitor先驱of english romantic spirit.
《the rime of the ancient mariner》古舟子咏it is his masterpiece and also one of the masterpieces of romantic
poetry
3)Robert Southey 罗布特骚塞1774-1843 《Joan of arc》圣女贞德
第二代浪漫主义诗人
1）George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦1788-1824
He made a great contribution to the english literature ,which is "Byronic hero"拜伦式英雄he wrote a loy of lyrical poems .they deal with nature and love .
《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德.哈罗德游记cantos 诗章
成名作《Don Juan》唐璜
poem 诗satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻poem 诗the first volume of poem 首卷诗
3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 伯西比西雪莱1792-1822
《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯：is his masterpiece,a lyrical drama i n acts.
《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂poem 诗《ode to a skylark》云雀颂
4)、John Keats 约翰济慈1795-1821 poet 诗人原则：beauty is truth ,truth is beauty "pure poetry " "art dor art's sake " 济慈试图在
他的所有诗歌中表达美，他的原则是“美就是真，真就是美”他是抒情诗歌的大师，纯诗大师，为艺术而艺术，对政治和社会毫不关心，只沉浸在诗歌的美好世界
《The Eve of St. Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺poem
浪漫主义时期的散文家
浪漫主义时期的小说
1)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特11771-1823
He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师
《the confession od an english opium-eater》一个鸦片人的自由
2)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女
《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛
写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人。

十九世纪散文的特点
：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.
在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。

Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.
在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定
八、Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Critical Realism 批判现实主义，humanism 人文主义
1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级
政治运动。

2、代表人物：
1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯《Hard Times》艰难时刻《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》
双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。

2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女
《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱Emily Bronte
艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff）
特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.
3)、Mrs. Gaskell 《Mary Barton, North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方
4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.
Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义
人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.
唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。

特点：novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。

小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。

5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女
《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》
Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。

特点：the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。

3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：
1)、Alfred Tennyson
2)、Robert Browning 《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人Jealousy(嫉妒) Stingy(小气)
贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances 戏剧传奇
九、19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期
1、Aestheticism 唯美主义Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者
作者Thomas hardy 托马斯哈代
《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》苔丝《Jude the obscure》裘德novel
特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。

2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术
《The Picture of Dorian Gray》
3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright)
《Mrs. Warren’s profession》华莱夫人的职业
4)、D. H. Lawrence 大卫赫伯特劳伦斯心理小说家
《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人《The Rainbow》彩虹《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人：the novel is largely autobiographical 3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：
1)、Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫1882-1941
评价：she is the most influential woman writers in the 20th century ,she is regarded as one the main exponents of Modernism and one of the great innovative novelists of the 20th century .she id a strong advocator of the feminist movement Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.
她是20世纪最有影响力的女作家，是现代主义的代表者，小说的改革者，也是女权运动的倡导者。

非常重视妇女的地位
《Mrs. Dalloway》达罗落维夫人in the novel ，omniscient description ，indirect and direct interior monologue,and soliloquy are used alternatively .moreover ,the difference between direct and indirect speech become blurred.
《A Room of One’s Own》
2)、James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯1882-1941
He is one of the most original novelists of the 20th century ,his work shows unique synthesis of realism .he is considered as the forerunner of using the "stream of consciousness" his writing techniques include symbolism.他是20th 最有创造力的小说家，他的作品显示出现实主义的独特性质，被认为是“意识流”的先驱。

《Ulysses》尤利西斯《Finnegans wake 》芬尼跟的觉醒《Dubliner》都柏林人。