英国文学总结一览表
英美文学之英国文学总结表
Dramatic Romance传奇剧：The Tempest暴风雨
One of the founders of realism in world literature; the summit of the English Renaissance; fist-rank writer the world over.Sonnet
Richard Steele/ Joseph Addison
创办刊物：Tatler闲谈者
Spectator观察者
Jonathan Swift
Guilliver’s Travels；A Modest Proposal;The Battles of Books
最伟大的讽刺散文作家
Guilliver’s Travels,selfish and sick bestiality of humanity on the guise of so-called Yahoos and Houyhnhnms
The Vicar ofWakefield
(poet, novelist, dramatistand essayist combined in one person)
James Thomson
The Seasons四季歌
William Collins
Ode to Evening黄昏颂
Thomas Gray
MollFlanders
The Father of English Novel.英国小说之父
Henry Fielding
Tom Jones;
The Founder of the English Realist Novel.
英国文学(期末总结)
content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
the Anglo-Saxon period The Anglo-Norman period Renaissance period The 17th Century period The 18th Century period Romantic period Romanticism Literature Victorian Age Critical Realism Literature
Chapter 5. The 18th Century period
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
The Enlightenment(reason) The rise of English novels (realistic novel) Neo-classicism Satiric literature Sentimentalism Pre-romanticism back
back
Romance
(1) Three Literary Periods (2) Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (3) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (plot; theme)
back
Renaissance period
Chapter 6.Romantic Age Literature
(1) (2) (3)
Romantic poets of the first generation Romantic poets of the second generation Novelists of the Romantic Age
最新英美文学之英国文学总结表
(poetry, romance and ballad)
Geoffrey Chaucer英雄诗歌之父14th
Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集(1stmasterpiece),The House of Fame声誉之堂,Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德, The parliament of fowls.
(410-1066)
Anglo-Saxon
(poetry)
Beowulf贝奥武甫
The national epic of the English people.
MedievalEngland
(1066-1400)
中世纪
(The Wars of Roses, Founding of the Tudor Dynasty)
He wrote the greatest epic in literature ---- .
He was the first to use blank verse in non-dramatic works.
He ranks with Shakespeare as two patterns of English verse.
Ben Johnson
讽刺喜剧：Volpone狐狸、The Alchemist炼金术师、Every Man in His Humor人人高兴
抨击当时社会追逐金钱风气
Francis Bacon
Essays; NewAtlantic; The Proficience and Adventure of Learning
John Bunyan班扬
Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程;
英国文学下半部分总结
一：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment 1)Pope 18世纪被称为是Pope的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“heroic couplet”1)16岁Pastorals《田园诗》2)1711 Essay on Criticism《批评论》—heroic couplets and didactic poem3)1714 The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》—a mock-heroic poem4)The Dunciad《群愚史诗》5)Essay on man《人论》—philosophical poem in heroic couplets6)Imitation of Horace《仿贺拉斯》7)Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿勃诺斯特医生书》2)Swift 讽刺作家1)1704 A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》—parable寓言2)1704 The Battle of the Books《书站》3)1708 Bickerstaff Almanac《比克斯塔福历书》4)1708 Elegy of Mr.Partridge《帕特里奇挽歌》5)1708 Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff《艾萨克·比克斯塔福的辩护》6)1726，10 Gulliver’s Travels《格里佛游记》7)Pamphlets on Ireland(小论文) 关于爱尔兰的小册子（1）The Drapier’s Letters《布商的书信》（2） A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》8)Tragic love affairs: Candenus and Vanessa《坎迪纳斯和文莎》、Journal toStella《给斯拉特的信》—love-letters9)1745 On the Death of Dr. Swift3)Defoe “the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人，1)1701 Trueborn Englishman—A Satire《纯血统英国人》---- pamphlet2)1702 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的途径》3)1703,5 Hymn to the Pillory《木枷颂》4)The Review《评论报》—a political and literary magazine5)代表作Robinson crusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》4. Richardson1)1740 Pamela《帕米拉》或者Virtue Rewarded:In a Series of FamiliarLetters from a Beaytiful Young Damsel to Her Parents—书信体形式Epistolary novels，a long tale2)1747-1748 Clarissa《克拉丽莎》—the best one3)1753-1754 Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》5. Fielding “ father of English Novel”英国小说之父1)1729-1737 26plays burlesques(滑稽剧) and dramatic satires(讽刺剧)1737年3月The Historical Register for the Year 1736《一七三六年历史纪事》2)1739 The champion《斗士》—a newspaper3)From 1742 4 novels（1）1742,2 Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁》（2）1743 Jonathan Wild the Great《大诗人江奈生·威尔德》—political satire （3）1749 Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》—great novel（4）1751 Amelia《艾米利亚》—last novel4)1749-1750 as a magistrate地方法官，died in 1754,10.8 at Lisbon5)V oyage to Lisbon《里斯本航海日记》—unpublished6. Sheridan1)1775 The Rivals—first comedy, love affair2)1777 The School for Scandal—masterpiece, a great comedy of manners7. Sentimentalism（18世纪中期形成）1)Thomas Gray :neo-classicismIn 1716-1771 Elegy Written in the Country Churchyard《墓园挽诗》2)William Cowper （1731-1800）The Task《任务》— a long poem written in blank verse3) George Crabbe : a clergymanThe Village《乡村》—classical form in couplet4）James Thompson Seasons《四季》5）Edward Young Night Thoughts《夜思》6）William CollinsTo Simplicity《致简单》The Passions《激情》To Evening《致夜晚》8. Pre-Romanticism(18世纪后期)—against the bondage of ClassicismUshered引领人物：Percy，Macpherson，Chatterton1)Percy 1756 Reliques of Ancient English Poetry《英诗辑古》—folk songsand ballads, marks an epoch in the history of English poetry2)Macpherson 1762 Fingal《芬歌儿》—an epic3)Chatterton The Rowley Papers《罗利诗篇》Represented 代表人物：Blake，Burns1)William Black（1）1783 Poetical Sketches《诗歌素描》—first collection of poemsSpenserian stanza, blank verse, ballad form, lyric metres（2）1789 Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》--- The lamb（3）1794 Songs of Experience《经验之歌》（4）The Marriage of Heaven and Heal《天堂和地狱的结合》（5）1791 The French Revolution《法国大革命》（6）1793 Vision of the Daughters of Albion and America, a prophecy2)Robert burns Scottish poet（1）1876,7 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect《苏格兰方言诗集》Farewell to Scotland《再见苏格兰》（2）Scottish folk songs for two anthologies: The Scots Musical Museun《苏格兰音乐汇总》和Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs《原始的苏格兰歌曲选集》（3）Poem: A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》和Bruce at Bannockburn （4）革命主题诗歌：➢The Tree of Liberty《自由树》➢ A Revolutronary Lyric《一首革命抒情诗》➢The Slave’s Lament《奴隶怨》—sympathy➢The Toadeater《致谄媚者》—satire➢The Jolly Beggars《欢乐的乞丐》—humour and lightheartedness➢Auld Lang Syne《昔日时光》二：The Age of Romanticism(1798----1832) 18世纪末19世纪初期出现Liberty, equality, fraternity(自由、平等、博爱)1)浪漫主义代表人物（1）E dmund Burke 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France（2）R adical writers（进步作家）：➢Thomas Paine 1791-1792 The Right of Man《人权》➢William Cobbett 1802-1835 Political Register《政治纪事周刊》（3）Prose（散文家）：Lamb，Hazlitt, De Quincey, Hunt（4）Novelist：Walter Scott 标志着从romanticism到realism（5）两大流派two schools:➢Elder generation of romanticists/escapist romanticists/ The Lake poem: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey➢Young generation of romanticists/active romanticists:Byron, Shelley, Keats2)Wordsworth 湖畔诗人（1）1789 with Coleridge Lyrical Ballads《抒情诗歌谣》（2）作品：★Lines written in the Early Spring《早春遣句》★To the Cuckoo《致杜鹃》★I wondered lonely as a Cloud《我如行云独自游》★My heart leaps up when I behold《我心荡漾》★Intimations of Immortality《永生颂》★Lines composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》—lyrical hymn of thanks to nature★Lucy—poem, short pathetic lyrics between humanity and nature★The prelude《序曲》—1799-1805 autobiographical poem, in 14 books 3)Coleridge湖畔诗人（1）With Southey, The Fall of Robespierre— a poetical drama in three acts（2）1798 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》—a long poem （3）1797 Kubla Khan《忽必列汉》— a dream-poem 54 lines（4）1797-1800 Christabel《克里斯塔贝尔》— unfinished（5）As a litreary critic(1808-1815) 文学评论家✧Notes and Letrures on Shakespeare✧Biographia Literaria, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions—1817 the most important prose work and literary authbiography4)Southey 湖畔诗人（1）1793 Joan of Are《圣女贞像》—an epic（2）1794 Wat Tyler《瓦特·泰勒》—a drama（3）1794 With Coleridge, The Fall of Robespierre— a poetical drama in three acts（4）1821 A vision of Judgement《审判的幻景》—a long poem（5）Short poems: The Inchcape Rock, The battle of Blenhein, My Days among the Dead Are Passed（6）As a prose writer : The Life of Nelson(1813) 《尼尔森的生活》（7）Poetical romances浪漫诗歌：只有4首★1801 Thalaba the Destroyer 《萨拉巴》★1805 Madoc《麦道克》★1810 The Curse of kehama《克哈马的诅咒》★1814 Roderick, the Last of the Goths《罗德克·最后的高斯人》5)Byron the Satanic School(撒旦派)（1）1807 Hours of Idleness《悠闲的时光》—first collection of poem（2）1809 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers—satire（3）1816 Songs for the Luddites《卢德者之歌》（4）1809 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈尔德游记》—拜伦式英雄long poem （5）Narrative poem 叙事诗1813年Giaour，The Bride of Abydos，Lara1814年The Corsair oriental tales东方叙事诗1816年Parisina，The Siege of Corinth（6）lyrical poem 抒情诗：1815 Herbrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》（7）Switzerland瑞士：Sonnet on Chillon, The Prisones of Chillon(1816,narrative poem), Manfred（a poetical drama）（8）文学成就：Childe Harold《恰尔德·哈尔德游记》Don Yuan《唐璜》—masterpieceCain 《该隐》—a poetical dramaThe Prophecy of Dante《但丁预言》The vision of Judgement《审判的幻景》6)Shelly the Satanic School(撒旦派)（1）1811 The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》—an anti-religious pamphlet （2）1812 Address to the Irish People《致爱尔兰人民》（3）Queen Mab《麦布女王》—first important poem（4）1818 The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰反叛》（5）1819➢Masque of Anarcy《专制的假面游行》—allegorical poem➢Prometheus unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》—lyrical drama➢The Cenci《钦挚一家》—a historical tradgedy on Italian Subject（6）1819年后，写了大量的poems➢Peter Bell the Third《彼特·贝尔三世》—a dramatic satire➢Hellas《海勒斯》—a lyrical drama➢Adonais《阿多尼》—an elegy on the death of Keats➢A Defence of poetry《诗辩》—an essay（7）Love lyrics 爱情抒情诗➢Love’s Philosophy《爱的哲学》➢One Word Is Too Often Profaned《有一个字常被人亵渎》➢With a Guitar, to Jane《用一把吉他，献给简》➢The Indian Serenade《印度小夜曲》➢Ode to the west wind《西风颂》➢To a Skylark《致云雀》7)John Keats（1）1817 First collection of poem was published（2）1818 Endymion《恩底弥翁》—second book（3）Third and last volume—include Isabella《伊莎贝拉》，The Eve of St.Agnes 《圣阿格尼斯前夜》，Eamia《拉米亚》（4）Long poem长诗5部★Endymion《恩底弥翁》4000多行★Isabella《伊莎贝拉》/The Pot of Basil(based on Boccaccio’s Decameron)★The Eve of St.Agnes《圣阿格尼斯前夜》—narrative poem in Spensorian Stanzas★Emaia《拉米亚》—Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy★Hyperion《赫波里昂》—unfinished long epic in two fragments （5）Short poem短诗➢Sleep and porety《睡与诗》➢sonnets and odes✧Bright Star《灿烂的星》✧When I Have Fair《当我害怕时》✧Ode to Autumn《秋颂》✧Ode to Melancholy《忧郁颂》✧Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》✧Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》8)Scott 历史小说之父“the father of history novels”（1）Three volumes三卷本(1802-1803)：Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border《苏格兰边区歌谣集》（2）Long poem★1805 The lay of the Last Minstrel—first long poem★1808 Marmion《玛米恩》★1810 The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》（3）Novel 1814 Waverley《威弗利》—first novel（4）Historical novel⏹Scotland✧1814 Waverley《威弗利》✧1815 Guy Mannering《盖曼钠令》✧1816 Old Morality《清教徒》✧1817 Rob Roy《罗伯·罗伊》✧1818 The Heart of Midlothian《爱丁堡监狱》⏹English✧1820 Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》—the most famous one✧1821 Kenilworth《肯纳尔沃思堡》✧1822 The Fortunes of Nigel《尼格尔的家产》✧1826 Woodstock《皇家猎官》✧1828 Peveril of the Peak《贝弗利尔·皮克》⏹Europe✧1823 Quentin Durward《昆延·达沃德》✧1823 St. Ronan’s Wells 《圣罗南之泉》—the only one tells hiscontemporary life三．Critical Realism批判现实主义1)English Critical Realism(流行于19世纪40年代、50年代早期) The Victorian Age(1831---1901)代表人物：Dickens，Thackeray, Brontes’ sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell, Eliot19th century realistic novels become“the epic of the bourgeois society”2）Dickens critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家（1）Sketches by Boz《博兹随笔》—first book on Cockeny characters伦敦人物（2）Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》—long novel（3）1838-1841 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》, Nicholas Nickleby，The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》，Barnaby Rudge（4）1842 in America：American Notes《美国札记》，Martin Chuzzlewit （5）From 1844 in Frence and Italy●Novels of social criticism★Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》★David Copper field《大卫·科波菲尔》★Bleak house《荒凉山庄》★Hard Times 《艰难世事》★Little Dorrit《小杜丽》●Two weekly magazines★1850-1859 Household words《家常话》★1859-1870 All the Year Round《一年四季》（6）A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》—a historical novel of the French Revolution （7）Novels on contemporary theme: Great Expectations《远大前程》, Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》（8）1867-1868 in England: Edwin Drood《艾德温·德鲁德》—unfinished, his last work （9）1843-1848 5 Christmas Books The Hungry Forties◆ A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》◆The Chimes 《钟声》◆The Cricket on the Hearth《炉边蟋蟀》◆The Battle of Life《人生的战场》◆The haunted Man《被折磨的人》3）Thackeray critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家（1）1833 The National Standard《立宪报》—a bourgeois radical newspaper （2）1842 Punch《笨拙》—humorous and satirical weekly（3）1846-1847 The Snobs of England《势利者集》—satirical sketches （4）1847-1848 Vanity fair《名利场》，副标题是：A Novel Without Hero 源自John Bunyuan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》（5）1849-1850 Pendennis《彭登尼斯》（6）1853-1855 The Newcomes《纽克姆一家》（7）Two historical novels★1852 Henry Esmond《亨利·埃斯德蒙的历史》★1859 The virginians《弗吉尼亚人》—Henry Esmond的续篇（8）Last year of life : Denis Duval—unfinished4）Jane Austen critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家6 novels:●Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》●Sense and sensibility《理智与情感》●pride and prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》1813年出版●Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》●Emma 《艾玛》●Persuasion《劝导》5）The Bronte Sister critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家19Th的小说是Female，三姐妹合出诗集Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell （1）Charlotte Bronte：Jane Eyre《简爱》,Shirley《谢利》，Villette《维莱特》（2）Emily Bronte：1847 Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》（3）Anne Bronte：Agnes Grey，The Tenant of the wildfell Hall6）George Eliot 真名：Mary Ann Evans（1）翻译了Feuerbach的The Essence of Christianity《宗教的本质》（2）The Westminster Review《威斯敏斯特评论》—as an assistant editor（3）Scenes of Clerical Life《教区生活场景》—first three stories for a magazine（4）Three remarkable novels:➢1859 Adam Bede 《亚当·贝德》➢1860 The Mill on the Floss《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》➢1861 Silas Marner《织工马南》（5）1863Romola《罗慕拉》—a historical novel（6）1866Felix Holt the Radical—a novel on political questions（7）1871-1872Middlemarch《米德尔马契》（8）1876 Daniel Deronda《但尼尔·狄隆达》四：The Victorian Age1) Tennyson 维多利亚时代最重要诗人Laureate Poet桂冠诗人，被葬在Westminster Abbey（1）1827 with brothers Poems by two brothers—a little volume（2）1830 first book in his on name Poem,Chrefly Lyrical《歌集》（3）1842 Poems《诗集》—in two volumes（4）Long poems after 1842★1847 The Princess《公主》—medley 杂集★1855 Maud《默德》—monodrama 单人剧★1859-1885 The Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》—an epic of King Arthur（5）1850 In Memorian《悼念》—a collection of elegies（6）Crossing the Bar 《过沙洲》—death of his 81 years（7）Break, break ,break《冲击，冲击，冲击》2）Robert Browning 诗人，创造“Dramatic Monologue”戏剧独白（1）1833 Pauline 《波林》—first poem（2）1835 Paracelus《帕拉塞尔萨斯》（3）1837 Strafford《斯特拉福》—tragedy（4）1840 Sordello《索尔代洛》（5）1841 Pippa Passes《皮帕经过》—a dramatic poem（6）1841-1846 Bells and Poemgranates《铃铛和石榴》—a series of poems（7）1855 Men and Women《男人和女人》（8）1868-1869 The Ring and the Book《指环与书》—the most famous,2万行诗，12个dramatic monologue（9）Dramatic Lyrics《戏剧抒情诗》，Dramatic Romances《喜剧罗曼史》，Men and Women《男人和女人》，Dramatic Personae《戏剧人生》all use monologue（10）Short lyrics短篇抒情诗★Home Thoughts from Abroad《异国思乡》★The Pied Piper of Hamelin《哈曼林的风笛手》—a narrative poem for children★1889 Asolando《阿索兰多》—published on his death day3）Elizabeth Barrett(Mrs. Browning) 诗人（1）13岁The Battle of Marathon《马拉松战役》（2）1833 翻译了Prometheus Bound《被监禁的普罗米修斯》—Greek tragedy（3）1843 The Cry of the Children《孩子们的哭泣》（4）1847 Sonnets from the Portuguese《葡萄牙十四行诗》—lyrics（5）1851 Casa Guidi Windows《圭迪公寓的窗子》（6）1860 Poems before Congress《在大会以前写成的诗》4）Naturialism 自然主义20世纪后半期流行于欧洲，特别是法国和德国true to life George Gissing:★New Grub Street 《新格鲁勃街》★Charles Dickens：A Critical Study《查尔斯·狄更斯批评论》★The Private Paper of Henry Ryecroft《亨利·赖伊克罗夫特私信集》—part diary, part essays, part confessions, partly autobiographical5）Neo-Romanticism 新浪漫主义at the end of 19th centuryRobert Louis Stevenson:★1878 An Inland V oyage《内陆游记》★1879 Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes《骑驴旅行》★Essay of 3 volumes:➢Virginibus Puerisque《给少年男女》➢Familiar Studies of Men and Book《作家与作品随笔研究》➢Memories and Portraits《回忆与画像》★Treasure Island《宝岛》—romance entitled★Kidnapped《诱拐》，The Black Arrow《黑箭》，The Master of Ballantrae, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. hyde《化身博士》6）Aestheticism 唯美主义19世纪中叶在欧洲盛行（1）Walter Pater：scholar, critic, essayist★Studies in the History of the Renaissance《文艺复兴历史研究》—简称The Renaissance《文艺复兴》，是代表作★Marius the Epicurean《享乐主义者马里斯》—a philosophic novel★Imaginary Portraits《假面的肖像》★Appreciations《赏析篇》（2）Oscar Wilde：Irish poet, dramatist, novelist, essayist“aesthetic movement”美学运动代表人物主要理论是：为了艺术而艺术art for Arts’ sake★Poems《诗集》★Fairy stories童话故事：The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》, A house of Pomegranates《石榴之屋》★ A collection of short stories短篇故事集: Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime and Other Stories《阿瑟·萨维尔勋爵的罪恶》★ A series of critical essays评论集: Intention《意向》★The only novel: The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·雷格的画像》★ 4 comedies：➢Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德美尔夫人的扇子》➢ A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》➢An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》➢The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要》★One tragedy：Salome《莎乐美》★ A prose work散文作品集：De Profundis《惨痛的呼声》★The Ballads of Reading Gaol《累丁狱之歌》—last work★An essay of social criticism: The Soul of Man Under Socialism 五．20世纪的英国文学1）Thomas Hardy自然主义小说家代表作：Tess of D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding crowd《远离尘嚣》2）Bernard Shaw ：critical realist Novelist，dramaist代表作：Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》Window’s house《寡妇的房产》Major Barbar《巴巴拉少校》六：The twentieth Century------Modernism 现代主义The psychological Fiction心理小说（20世纪20、30年代）1）David Herbert Lawrence代表作：Sons and lovers《儿子和情人》The Rainbow《彩虹》Women In Love《恋爱中的女人》2）James Joyce 意识流主要表人物“stream of consciousness”代表作：Ulysses《尤里西斯》A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man《一个青年艺术家的肖像》Dubliners《都柏林人》3）Virginia Woolf 意识流另一代表人物代表作：To The lighthouse《到灯塔去》，Jacob’s Room《雅各布的房间》The Waves《海浪》，Mrs Dalloway《达罗维夫人》。
英国文学总结(很好的)
1. Chaucer(1340-1400): The founder of English Poetry, and the founder of English realism, and buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’Corner”. He was against Catholicism. Language: Middle English.代表作: The Canterbury Tales(1387-1400),其中有故事：Wife of Bath，owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, somewhat vulgar, and exceedingly talkative。
Married five times and expected to one or two more.2. Thomas More(1478-1535)代表作：Utopia, an ideal communist society, meaning “no place”. 全文分两部分，第一部分：a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes, the greed and luxury among the rich, and an eagerness for war on the part of the rulers.第二部分：we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.3. Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)代表作：Tamburlaine(1587)-------帖木儿大帝The Jew of Malta(1592)----马耳他岛的犹太人Doctor Faustus(1588)-------浮士德重点介绍：The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the hero is a young and brilliant scholar. Feature: an insatiable thirst for knowledge.影响力：1.show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie;2.the theme of his plays is the praise of individuality, the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe, and soaring aspiration after power and knowledge and beauty in their ideal forms. Marlowe：It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.4.Shakespeare: he was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon. And he died on April 23, 1616, buried in Stratford Church.一. The great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night剧情介绍：it is a beautiful fairy-tale combined with the story of the struggle for happiness of two pairs of lovers: Hermia and Lysander, Helena and Demetrius. 特色：the most lyrical of all his plays, in which elements of Greek mythology and fancifully combined with those of British folklore.2. 威尼斯商人It is a “grave comedy”. It takes its plot from an Italian story. 人物：Bassanio borrowed money from Shylock, and Antonio is Bassanio’s friend. Portia is one of Shakespeare’s ideal women---beautiful, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency.3.As You Like It.人物：Frederick, Rosalind, Celia, Orlando, Oliver。
英国文学史--最全总结中英
盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066）旧约：上帝创世纪新约：耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事）2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350）中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。
2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。
3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458）背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War）1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。
The Canterbury Tales1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期2）．近代诗人英文作家中，第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3）.特点：反对迫害，反对禁欲，文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改，以告成英文与英国文学。
c完美的音律，倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品；眼光思想都很广阔；音乐的眼光第四章：民间文学1．歌谣的来源：歌德Geothe说：民歌的价值，全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。
英语专业英国文学总结
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、头韵体代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法【Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）和metaphor暗语understatement婉转表达】3、散文Bede比德Alfred二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、romance 传奇文学佚名诗人：代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗2、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期① the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父②heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)③代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)3、Langland 朗格兰Piers the plowman《农夫彼尔斯》4、Malory 马罗礼Le Morte D'Arthur亚瑟王之死5、Popular Ballads大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔三、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期十四行诗sonnet和对白体无韵诗（主体）1、key work: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：（第一阶段）1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦Book two is more important2）、Wyatt 魏阿特1st man to introduce into England sonnet3)、Surrey 萨利1st man to reform sonnet/ to use blank verse/ to use sonnet series（二、伊莉沙白时代:)4)、Sidney 锡特尼（田园）阿斯特罗菲尔与斯黛拉Astrophel and StellaApology for poetry 诗辨（人文主义、文学批评）5）Spenser斯宾塞（田园）poet's poet① The Faerie Queene仙后(epic poem 史诗) The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历② Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌6）、Lyly 李雷Euphues 尤菲倚斯7)、Marlowe马洛（戏剧）Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧（代表作）desire for knowledgeTamburlaine帖木耳大帝desire for powerThe Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人desire for moneyblank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
英国文学总结
British and American Literature ReviewBritish LiteratureI. Old English LiteratureBeowulf：national epicII．Middle English Literature1.Medieval English LiteratureGenerally refers to the literature written in the Middle English Period (1066-1485), from the date of the Norman Conquest, up until the 1480s.2. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the greatest of Middle English literature The Canterbury Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer is called as the founder of English poetry.3. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）:refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on.The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer.III English Renaissance1. Renaissance: is an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. This movement is characterized by a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and humanism, the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement.2. The English Renaissance ：The English Renaissance was dated from the early 16th century to the early 17th century, which is associated with the pan-European（全欧洲的）Renaissance. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era."In this period, poets such as Edmund Spenser and John Milton produced works that demonstrated an increased interest in understanding English Christian beliefs; playwrights, such as William Shakespeare, composed theatrical representations of the English life and history; philosophers like Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects of a perfect society.3.Sonnet: a poem, properly expressive of a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to one of certain definite schemes. A common English sonnet is composed of 3 quatrains followed by a couplet.4. Shakespearean Sonnet is English sonnet or Elizabethan sonnet, a verse form containing fourteen lines. In English sonnet these lines are always iambic pentameters with rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg.In Shakespeare's sonnets, the first twelve lines rhymed alternately, and the last two rhyme together.5. William Shakespeare(1564 – 1616) ：Was the greatest of British literary figure born in the Elizabeth I era. He completed 38 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth are his famous tragedy plays.6. Comment on:---Sonnet 18It’s poem in iambic pentameter of 3 quatrains followed by a couplet with abab cdcd efef gg rhyme scheme.The poet introduces an unchanging beauty, likened to summer, which dims in comparison to the beauty of the youth. With a glimpse of the youth's 'summer', his beauty, readers are left in awe of someone so undeniably beautiful. The youth's beauty is frozen in the framework of the poem and is immortalized.IV．17th Century English Poets and Adventure Fictions1. Important literary figures:⏹John Donne (metaphysical school*)⏹John Milton (epic and sonnet)2. The metaphysical poets:a group of British lyric poets(with John Donne as the most famous) of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their style was characterized by wit, subtle argumentations, "metaphysical conceits",and/or an unusual simile or metaphor.(Georg Lukács, the Hungarian Marxist critic, described the school's common trait of "looking beyond the palpable" and "attempting to erase one's own image from the mirror in front so that it should reflect the not-now and not-here" as foreshadowing existentialism. )The Flea⏹---by John Donne⏹---a flea symbolizing love that needs to be taken good care and that is fragile( silly andsarcastic tone)⏹---strange metaphor common for the metaphysical poets---rhyme pattern: aabbccddd3. John Milton (1608-1674)⏹three great poems:--- Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama)4. Daniel Defoe(1660 – 1731;)⏹Robinson Crusoe⏹--Plot⏹--Characterization⏹--Theme : praising labor and man’s courage and effort to conquer nature⏹--Style : journalistic5. Jonathan Swift (1667 –1745)⏹--Gulliver‘s Travels⏹Broadly, the book has three themes:1. a satirical view of the state of European government, and of petty differences between religions.2. an inquiry into whether men are inherently corrupt or whether they become corrupted.3. a restatement of the older "ancients versus moderns" controversy.V．Romanticism1.Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.⏹The movement stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience,placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation(恐惧) and aw2、R omanticism in British literature is associated with the poets WilliamWordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The publication of Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 marked the beginning of British Romanticism which ended in 1832 with the death of Sir Walter Scott. Lyrical Ballads sought to reject Augustan poetry in favor of more direct speech derived from folk traditions.3. Literary figures of British Romanticism⏹*William Wordsworth (*“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)⏹*Percy Bysshe Shelley（*Ode to the West Wind）(1) William Wordsworth"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"is written by William Wordsworth in iambic tetrameter. It expressed the full impact of the daffodils' beauty on the author. When he's feeling lonely, dull or depressed, he thinks of the daffodils and cheers up.(2) Percy Bysshe Shelley---One of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is most famous for such classic anthology verse works as Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, and The Masque of AnarchyPercy Bysshe Shelley---One of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language.⏹Ode to West Wind written by Percy Bysshe Shelley begins with three cantos describingthe wind's effects upon earth, air, and ocean. In the last two cantos Shelley speaks directly to the wind, asking for its power, to lift him like a leaf, a cloud or a wave and make him its companion in its wanderings. He asks the wind to take his thoughts and spread them all over the world so that the youth are awoken with his ideas.⏹The west wind in the poem signifies the great revolution force which can destroy allexisting vices in human world.⏹Structure：The poem Ode to the West Wind consists of five cantos(篇、诗章) 。
英国文学知识点总结
Part One Early and Medieval English literature& Masteipiece: “The Song of Beowulf "1・ Significance:■The national epic of the English people;■A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from Northern Europe; ■Passedfrom mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before written down in the 10th century;■The most important and representative work of the Old English (the Anglo-Saxon )literature・2.Characters:Beowulf: nephew of Hygelac Hygelac: king of Geats in Jutland Hrothgar: king of the Danes Grendel: a monster3.Plot:(1)Beowulf's fight with the monster Giendel in Hrothgar^s hall(2)Beowulf's slaying of GrendeVs mother in her lair(3)Beowulf's retiuii to his uncle, and his succession to the throne・(4)Beowulf's victoiy in death, fifty years later, over the fire diagon4.Features:■i. Position. The national epic and the first long poem in English ・■ii. Rhyme: The poem is written in alliterative verse in a line, with 4 accents in a line , three of which show alliteration( beginning with the same consonant sound)■iii. Rhetorics. A figurative language is used , which is called "kenning” or metaphor ・■iv. Structure*. It is written in inverted order with two parts in a line (as pause) & The Medieval English LiteratureI.Romance : (in prose or verse form)a.Subject matter (题材,话题,论题)(See the definition):The life and adventures of a noble hero , generally a knightb.Theme (主题)(See the definition)： The loyalty to the king and lord ・c.Three romance cycles (传奇故事系列)The Matter of France (about Charlemagne and his peers )The Matter of Rome (about Alexander the Great)The Matter of Britain(about the adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table) d. The class nature of Romance :It's written far the upper classChivalry (骑士精神)is represented to show the quality of the knight : courage , honor , courtesy , loyalty and devotion to the helpless 、 the weakand women ・e. Masterpiece.•"Sir Gawiii and the Green Knight"《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》inalliterative verse.* Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)1.Position: i/4The father of English poetry''ii. The founder of English realism (by Gorky)iii・ The forerunner of humanism ・2.Contribution:i.He introduced the “heroic couplet” (the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步)ii・ He is the first great poet who wrote in the cuirent English language ・ iii. He did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modem English speech .3.Literary Creation:Influenced by： Dante (1265-1321): "The Divine Comedy nPetrarch (1307-1374): (<SonnetsBoccaccio (1313-1375): Decameron n4.Masteipiece : “The Canterbuiy Tales，'i.Significance :a.A comprehensive picture of Chaucer's time a splendid realistic portrayal ・b.An artistic corridor of people from all walks of life in the medieval England :a)the gentle class: knight 、 squire , monk prioress (女修道院的院长), the oxford scholar ・b)the bui・gher class : tradesman , carpenter、weaver , the Wife of Bath , lawyerc.Realism and Humanism is revealed :The praise of maif s energy quick wit and love of life .The equal right of man and woman to pursue their happiness on earth and the opposition of the dogma of asceticism.ii・ Features:a.Structural features :a) A prologue and 24 tales b) All the tales are closely knitted by interspersing them with the talk ,the quarrels , opinions of the pilgrims and especially the judgment of the innkeeper ・b.Literary features :Heroic couplet : a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter lines .Tone : gentle satire and mild irony ・& The English Ballads (Popular Ballads)1.Literary Features :i. English folk literature in feudal society ・ii.In song , usually in 4-line stanza , with the 2nd and 4th lines rhymed ・iii.iambic trimeter / tetrameter 抑扬格三音步/四音步2.Themes :i. The struggle of young lovers against their feudal families・ii.T he conflict between love and wealth・iii.T he cruel effect of jealousy.iv.The border wars between England and Scotland.v.The matters of class struggle・3.Masterpieces:1)Robin Hood Ballads : gathered into a collection called "The Geste of Robin Hood”2)"Robin Hood and Allan -a - Dale" "Get up and Bar the DooF"'Sir Patrick Spans"Robin Hood■Status: a yeoman forced to be an outlaw/fugitive■Deeds: Greenwood of Sherwood Forest near Nottingham in the center of England■Hunting the King^s deer, robbing from the rich and distributing among the poor ■Friends and followers: the Merry Men (Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, and the romantic minstrel Alan-a-Dale)■His enemy: the Sheriff of Nottingham■His wife: Maid Marian4.Linguistic characteristics:1)economy of words2) direct speech3) repetition4) easily to be song(2)& Romance■It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. It has developed thecharacteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.■The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There is often mysteries and fantasies in romance・■Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance・ Characterization is standardized, while the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward・■The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world ・• Questions for consideration:1 ・ The features of the medieval English literature ?2.The significance of The Canterbury Tales ?3.The literary features of English ballads ?4.The differences between romance and balladPart II The English Renaissance&Literary influence of the Bible on English language:Household words from Bible:root of all evil 万恶之源clear as crystal 极其明白 a thorn in the flesh 眼中钉，肉中刺to cast pearls before swine明珠投暗a labor of love不计较报酬的工作eye for eye , tooth for tooth以眼还眼，以牙还牙The Development of Literaturei.The Beginning of the English Renaissancea.Geoffrey Chuuw（1340-1400） The forerunner of English Renaissanceb.William CaxH introducing printing to England in 1476 bringing a multitude of classical works ・& c. Thomas More（1478-1535） The first humanist in EnglandI.IntroductionGreat thinker and humanist in the RenaissanceII.Masteipiece: "Utopia "Utopia, from two Greek words meaning 44nowhere'\ is an island discovered on a voyage to the newly discovered Americas.It is an description of the ideal communist society and ideal commonwealth, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Practical basis for the communist society:From everyone according to his capacities ,to everyone according to his 各尽所能,按需分配）B. Different Genres and their representatives: essay, poetry, dramaa.essayist: Francis Baconb.poets:Thomas Wyatt, HenryHoward,Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespearec.dramatists/playwrights: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson &]• Francis BaconA. Position and Contribution:He is the first great essayist ・ He is the founder of English materialist philosophy （唯物主义哲学）He is the founder of modern science inEngland .Inductive Method of Reasoning （归纳法）was stated in his essay “New Iiistmment^He represents the intellectual energy of the age ・B. Masteipiece:a.^Advancement of Learning^《科学的进展》b. "'New Instrument^新工具c. -Essays^《随笔集》Subjects : love truth 、friendship , parents and children , beauties , studies , riches , youth and ages , death etc .Features : clearness ,brevity and force of expression ・C・Wise Sayings:"Knowledge is power”"Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark; and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other."人们惧伯死亡，正如孩童惧于黑暗中行路：孩童心中的恐惧感随着听到的童话故事的增多而增长, 人们对死亡的惧怕亦是如此。
英国文学作家作品总结
一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1343~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.作品：① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middleEnglish②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗勒斯与克丽西德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之堂④<The book of the Duchess>公爵夫人之书⑤<The Parliament of Fowls>百鸟议会二、William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616 playwright,poet评价comments：Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English literature莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森（Ben Johnson）--他不属于一个时代，而是属于。
（He was not of an age, but for all time.）作品：①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII②Four Comedies:<As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜;<A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg三、Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626Bacon’s quote1、knowledge is power 知识就是力量。
英国文学期末复习资料整理总结
I. Multiple Choice – 2 points eachII. Matching – 1 point eachIII. Literary Terms – 4 points eachAllegory (寓言p64)is aliterary device that uses symbols, characters, and actions to represent truths about human existence. When these symbols, characters, or actions are used together, it creates an extended comparison that gives a message about the real world. Pilgrim’s Progress is an example.是一种文学手段，它使用符号、人物和行为来代表关于人类存在的真理。
当这些符号、字符或动作一起使用时，它会创建一个扩展的比较，提供关于真实世界的信息。
《天路历程》就是一个例子。
Sonnet (十四行诗 p27)A 14-line poem with a definite rhyme scheme and meter. Shakespeare wrote 154 of these kinds of poems.一首十四行诗，有明确的韵脚和韵律。
莎士比亚写了154首这样的诗。
Soliloquy (独白)An extended speech by one person that reveals their inner thoughts, feelings, or intentions. The character is usually alone, and the purpose is to reveal inner thoughts to the audience.一个人的演说，揭示他们内心的想法、感情或意图。
英国文学笔记总结
英国文学笔记总结English LiteratureWhat is literature?It is an art that uses language as a medium. This art is something imaginative, fictional and created to reflect life or record human dreams or human ideas .Literary Periods449-1485 The Old (Anglo-Saxon) and Medieval (Middle)English Literature1485-1603 English Literature in the Renaissance Period1603-1660 English Literature in the Seventeenth Century1660-1798 English Literature in the Eighteenth Century1798-1832 English Literature in the Romantic Period1832-1901 English Literature in the Victorian Age1901- English Literature of the Twentieth CenturyThe social, political and ideological conditions of each period of English LiteratureThe prevailing literary trends and schools of the timeLiterary TermsExample :genre---a type or class of literatureIn English literature, the main generic division today is into poetry, drama and the novel, but in earlier times the major genres were recognized asepic, tragedy, lyric, comedy and satire.(Literary Terms and Criticism by John Peck and Martin Coyle) mode---a recognized type or kind of work within a genre, such as the sonnet or the realistic novel.Do you agree that these definitions of the genres or of themodes can help us to identify what is distinctive about specific works of literature? Why or why not?Another popular division:1 Fiction: it is referred to as creative or figurative expression of life.four genres ---novels, short stories, plays and poems.2 non-fiction(essay): it is referred to a literal expression of life or discursive writing. description, narration, exposition , and argumentation. What is poetry?Poetry is a kind of writing that formulates a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience in language chosen and arranged to create a specific emotional response through its meaning, sound, and rhythm. Types of Poetry1 lyric poetryIt expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet elegies, odes, and sonnets2 Narrative PoetryIt tells a story or presents a narrative3 Dramatic PoetryIt is written in the form of a speech of an individual character to an imaginary audienceThe Anglo-Saxon Period(449-10661 Anglo-Saxon Conquest1.1 The making of Englandthree tribes :Angles, Saxons and JutesAnglo-Saxon Conquest ( the 5th century)Angles-the east midland-kingdom of East AnglesSaxons- the southern part of the island EnglandJutes - the southeastern corner of the islandAnglo-Saxon ConquestAnglo-Saxons---- Angles, Saxons and JutesEnglishmenLanguage---- the Old English (foundation)The history of English literature beganCharacteristics of Anglo-Saxon Literature or the Old English LiteratureGeneral Characteristicsa verse literature in oral form/ unknown creators /a written form long after its compositionThe two divisions of Anglo-Saxon 1literatureTwo divisions: pagan , Christian (textbook)English Poetry in Anglo-Saxon periodthe pagan poetry (Beowulf) ,the religious poetry ( see textbook)2.2.3 English Prose in Anglo-Saxon periodAnglo-Saxon PoetryWhat is the oldest surviving epic in British literature?written by an anonymous scribe (an unknown scribethe national epic of the English peopledescribes the adventures of a great Scandinavian hero Beowulf of the sixth century3182 linesa written form long after its compositionWhat are the main incidents of the poem Beowulf?The Subject Matter of The Song of BeowulfFour incidents of the poemBeowulf’s fight with the monster Grendel in Hrothgar’s hall. Beowulf’s slaying of Grendel’s mother in her lair.Beowulf’s return in glory to his uncle, and his succession tothe throne. Beowulf’s victory in death over the fire dragon fifty years later Metaphor:a figure of speech that makes a comparison between twothings that are basically dissimilar.understatement :A figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than the occasion warrants.“not troublesome” for very welcome“need not praise” for a right to condemn.The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The Norman ConquestDuke William /1066 /Hastings/the King of England /the establishment of feudalism in England/the feudal social structure /the pyramid in Egypt /King William - barons and knights The influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language Three languages existed in England at that time: the Normans spoke Frenchthe lower class spoke Englishthe scholars and clergymen used LatinMany French words were adopted into the English language.Example: calf, swine and sheep for the animalsveal, pork, mutton are the French for the flesh The influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Literature chivalry (ideal knight’s charact eristics) was introduced by the Normans into England.The prevailing form : Romance.In romance, the chivalric love, faith and courage of the Middle Ages in Europe is always emphasized.The Romances in the Anglo-Norman PeriodThe essential features of the Romance1 It lacks general resemblance to reality.2 The central character was always the knight. He was devoted to the church and the king.3The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized. The devotion to a fair lady was also emphasized.4 The adventures are remote from our ordinary life.5 It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtue. Romance Cycles1The matters of France deal with the adventures of Charles the Great and his peers.2 The matters of Roman deal with the tales from Greek and Roman sources.3 The matters of Britain mainly deal with the adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round.The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightAbout the storywritten in the late fourteenth centuryfour sections, 2530 lines, from Celtic legendtwo stories:the testing at Bercilak’s castlethe beheading of the Green Knight at the beginning and the return blow at the endSir Gawain and the Green KnightComments on the romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the culmination of the Arthurian romancesin form---combination of French and Saxon elementtwo main motifs :the testing of faith, courage and puritythe proving of human weakness for self-preservationSir Gawain and the Green KnightThe story well toldthe careful interweaving of one episode with anothersuspense and surprisethe psychological analysislanguage is simple and straightforwardShortcomings:superstition and supernatural elementsthe heroic adventures of Sir Gawain -- for adventure’s sake.epic: It is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. The oldest surviving epic in British literature is The Song of Beowulf. alliteration : It is mainly a poetic device. It refers to the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. In Old English poetry alliteration was a regular element of each line. romance: It was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.IntroductionThe Romances---an epitome of the Middle Agesthe Norman Conquest ->feudalism in Englandthe romance-> the noble classsongs and ballads > the English common peoplefolk songs-(oral , existed long before the Norman Conquest , continued after it)ballad: a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with thesecond and fourth lines rhymed.Joined by the audienceIn various English and Scottish dialectsThe origin is obscureBe handed down orally for many generationsThe subjects of balladsThe struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded familiesThe conflict between love and wealthThe matters of class struggle etc.The Ballads of Robin Hooda legendary outlawlived during the reign of Richard Ithe leader of a band of outlawslived in the deep forestattacked the richhelped the poor people.waged war against the bishops and archbishops.“Popular ballads portray Robin Hood as a tireless enemy of the Norman oppressors, the idol of the country folk and champion of the poor and needy, as a man who readily responds to anyone’s call for help. And in gratitude for this poetic emotion, the people have made an almost saintlike hero out of a man who was probably no more than a common outlaw.”(Gorky)在民谣中，罗宾汉被刻画成为了一个与诺曼压迫者进行无休止斗争的反抗者，农民心中的偶像，贫民眼里的勇士，一个随时会去帮助他人的好汉。
英国文学总结
英国文学总结英国文学总结：一：The Anglo-Saxon period（央格鲁萨克逊时期）(450----1066)1. First Anglo-Saxon poet: Caedom.2. Two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature-----Northumbrian school and Wessex literature3. “Father of English History” is Venerable Bede. “英国历史之父”代表作：The Ecclesiastical History of the English People4. The king Alfred：代表作：The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleHe created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.他创造了Anglo-Saxon散文体。
5. Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf《贝奥武夫》( national and religion epic)A mixture of paganism(异教) and Christian elements.二：The Norman Period (1066---1350) =The Medieval Period1. Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.(1): the matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the great and Roland, Chanson de Roland(2): the matter of Rome: Alexander the great and the Great and the siege of troy.(3): the matter of British: the Arthurian legend: Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the death of King Arthur. 三：The Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代) (1350----1440)1.John Wycliff：Father of English prose“英国散文之父”, translate the Bible into standard English.2.William Langland: Piers Plowman《农夫彼尔斯》Form: Allegory寓言3.Geoffrey Chaucer:The Father of English Poetry“英国诗歌之父”，首创“heroic couplets”英雄双韵体，首次用伦敦方言写作，被葬在：Westminster AbbeyWorks divided three periods:A: 1360—1372: French literature: The book of the Duchess B: 1372---1836: Italian literature: Troilus and Criseyde adapted from Boccaccio The DecameronC: the last fifteen year of his life: The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》四:The Fifteen Century (1400----1550)1.Ballds(歌谣) became an important feature in the 15th. The most popular is the Robin Hood Ballads.五：The English Renaissance (1550—1642)1.Edmund Spenser斯宾塞：The poet’s poet 诗人的诗人代表作：The Shepherds Calendar《牧羊人日记》The Faerie Queene《仙后》Amoretti《爱情小唱》2. Christopher Marlow马洛创造了无韵体/素体诗“blank verse”,代表作：Tumburlaine《帖木儿大帝》The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德斯博士的悲剧》3. William Shakespeare莎士比亚代表作：two narrative poems: Venus and Adonis The rape of Lucrece四部悲剧：Othello Macbeth Hamlet King Lear四部喜剧：As you like it《皆大欢喜》Mid-summer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》六：The Seventeenth Century (1603---1688)1.Francis Bacon培根：father of science 科学之父First English essayist 第一位随笔作家The founder of English materialist philosophy唯物主义哲学开拓者代表作：Essay《随笔》----of studies《论学习》2.John Donne:The fonder of Metaphysical poets 玄学诗代表人物另一代表人物：George Herbert3.Ben Jonson 保皇派代表人物，另一代表人物是：Robert Herrick; 代表作: To the celia4.John Milton弥尔顿：清教徒诗人代表作：epic :Paradise Lost《失乐园》由blank verse 写成的，情节来自Old Statement《旧约全书》;Paradise regained 《复乐园》; drama: Samson Agonists 《力士参孙》The Defence of English people《为英国人民申辩》5.John Bunyan班扬：清教徒诗人代表作：The pilgrim’s progress《天路历程》---allegory（寓言）, 被誉为：具有永恒意义的百科全书6.John Dryden代表作：戏剧：All for love文学评论：An essay of Dramatic Poesy7.Andrew Marvell 代表作：To His Coy Mistress七：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment（理性、启蒙时期）1.Daniel D efoe“the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人，代表作：Robinsoncrusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》; Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》; Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》;Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》2.Jonanthan Swift斯威夫特：讽刺作家(Satirist)代表作：Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》The battle of books《书战》A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》小册子作品：The Drapper’s Letters《一个麻布商的书信》A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》3. Joseph Addison 代表作：The Talter; Richard Steele 代表作：The Spectator4. Alexander pope 18世纪被称为是Pop的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“heroic couplet”代表作：The rape of the Lock 《劫发记》Essay on Man 《人论》Essay on Criticism《批评论》heroic coupletThe Dunciad《愚人记》5. Samuel Jonson 代表作：A dictionary of the English Language《英语词语词典》6. Henry Fielding代表作：Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》Amelia《艾米利亚》Jonathan Wild the Great《大诗人·江奈生·威尔德》7.Samuel Richardson 代表作：Pamela 书信体形式Epistolary novels8.Thomas Gray 新古典主义代表人物neo-classicism代表作：The Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard9.Robert Burns: Scottish poet(苏格兰诗人)代表作： A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》My Hearts’ in the Highland《我的心在那高原上》10.William Blake代表作：Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》--- The lambSongs of Experience《经验之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Heal《天堂和地狱的结合》Poetic Sketches《诗歌素描》William Blake and Robert Burns 是前浪漫主义代表诗人八：The Age of Romanticism(1798----1832)1.William Wordsworth湖畔诗人“the Lake Poet”另外两位诗人是：Robert Southey and SamuelTaylor Coleridge代表作：The prelude 《序曲》The Solitary reaper 《孤独的收割人》I wondered lonely as a Cloud《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》My heart leaps up when I behold《我心荡漾》2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge代表作：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》Kubla Khan《忽必烈传》3.George Gorden Byron拜伦代表作：Don Yuan《唐璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈咯德尔游记》---拜伦式英雄Cain 《该隐》诗歌：When we two parted《当我们俩分别时》She walks in beauty 《她在美中行》4.Percy Bysshe Shelly 雪莱代表作：Prometheus unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Queen Mab《麦布女王》Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰反叛》A Defence of poetry《诗辩》The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》Ode to the west wind《西风颂》To a Skylark《致云雀》Adonais 关于Keats的死亡5.John Keats 济慈代表作：Ode to the Nightingale《夜莺颂》Ode to autumn《秋颂》Ode to Melancholy《忧郁颂》Ode to psyche《心灵颂》When I have fears《当我害怕时》6.Walter Scott 历史小说之父“the father of history novels”代表作：WaverleyRob RoyIvanhoe7.Jane Austen简?奥斯丁代表作：Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》Emma 《艾玛》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Persuasion《劝导》浪漫主义时期的两位小说家：Jane Austen和Walter Scott九.The Victorian Age(1831---1901)1.Charles Dickens:critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家代表作：Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》; Bleak house《荒凉山庄》; Hard Times 《艰难世事》; GreatExpectations《远大前程》; Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》; A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》; David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》2.William Makepeace Thackeray代表作：Vanity fair 《名利场》源自John Bunyuan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》副标题是：A Novel Without Hero3.Lord Alfred Tennyson:维多利亚时代最重要诗人Laureate Poet桂冠诗人，被葬在Westminster Abbey代表作：In Memorian《悼念》Break, break ,break《冲击，冲击，冲击》Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》4.Robert Browning 创造“Dramatic Monologue”戏剧独白代表作：My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》The Ring and the Book《指环与书》5．The Bronte Sisters: 19th的小说是Female（女性小说）Charlotte Bronte：Jane Eyre《简爱》Emily Bronte：Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte：Agnes Grey6.Thomas Hardy哈代：自然主义小说家代表作：Tess of D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding crowd《远离尘嚣》7.Oscar Wilde王尔德: “aesthetic movement”唯美运动代表人物. 主要理论是：为了艺术而艺术art for Arts’ sake代表作：喜剧：The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》An Ideal Husband《理想的丈夫》小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray《多利安·格雷的画像》8.George Bernard Shaw 批判现实主义作家critical realist Novelist代表作：Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》Window’s house《寡妇的房产》十：The twentieth Century------Modernism 现代主义1.T.S.Eliot 艾略特代表作：The waste Land《荒原》; Four Quartets《四个四重奏》;2.David Herbert Lawrence代表作：Sons and lovers《儿子和情人》; The Rainbow《虹》; Women In Love《恋爱中的女人》3.James Joyce乔伊斯：意识流主要表人物“stream of consciousness”代表作：Ulysses《尤里西斯》A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man《一个青年艺术家的肖像》Dubliners《都柏林人》3.Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙：意识流另一代表人物To the lighthouse《到灯塔去》Jacob’s Room《雅各布的房间》The Waves《浪》Mrs. Dalloway《达罗卫夫人》4.William Bulter Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰诗人代表作：The T ower《塔》The Wind among the Reeds《苇间风》。
英国文学知识简单整理
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。
英国文学总结(中英文)
The School for Scsanda造谣学校The Rivals情敌
Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰生1709-1784
A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯
Francis Bacon培根1561-1626
Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）
The founder of English materialist philosophy
（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）
his contribution to English poetry: introduced fromfrancethe rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect ofLondonthe standard for the modern English speech.
The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;
英国文学知识点总结
莎士比亚莎士比亚（W. William Shakespeare；1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》(英：Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello)、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Mac Beth）。
著名喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》（《As you like it》）。
历史剧：《亨利四世》《亨利五世》《查理二世》。
正剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
还写过154首十四行诗，二首长诗。
本·琼森称他为“时代的灵魂”，马克思称他和古希腊的埃斯库罗斯为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。
虽然莎士比亚只用英文写作，但他却是世界著名作家。
他的大部分作品都已被译成多种文字，其剧作也在许多国家上演。
儒略历1616年4月23日（公历1616年5月3日）病逝，出生日期与逝世日期恰好相同。
莎士比亚和意大利著名数学家、物理学家、天文学家和哲学家、近代实验科学的先驱者伽利略同一年出生。
被人们尊称为“莎翁”。
The course of true love never did run smooth. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)真爱无坦途。
——《仲夏夜之梦》/真诚的爱情之路永不会是平坦的。
Things base and vile, holding no quantity, love can transpose to from and dignity: love looks not with the eyes, but with mind. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)卑贱和劣行在爱情看来都不算数，都可以被转化成美满和庄严：爱情不用眼睛辨别，而是用心灵来判断/爱用的不是眼睛，而是心。
——《仲夏夜之梦》Lord, what fools these mortals be! (A Midsummer N ight’s Dream 3.2)上帝呀，这些凡人怎么都是十足的傻瓜！——《仲夏夜之梦》The lunatic, the lover and the poet are of imagination all compact. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 5.1)疯子、情人、诗人都是想象的产儿。
(完整word版)英国文学整理
英国文学选读Old and Middle English Periods 450-1485Anglo –Saxon Epic Poem Beowulf （贝奥武夫）被认为是英国的民族史诗。
Unit 1 （Middle English period)Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟（1343—1400) —“ Father of modern English poetry"Major works：The Book of the Duchess《公爵夫人之书》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会) 》The House of Fame 《声誉之堂》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗斯特与克丽西德》代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《卡特伯雷故事》A collection of stories in a frame story，written between 1387 and 1400。
It is the story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims朝圣者to Canterbury。
The pilgrims，who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. If we trust the General Prologue，Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. He never finished his enormous project and even the completed tales were not finally revisedUnit 2（English Renaissance) 1485-1616威廉莎士比亚（William Shakespeare)-—dramatist, poetFour tragedies：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》(hesitation)Othello《奥赛罗》（jealous）King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》(ambition)Four comedies:A Mid Summer Night Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》）The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》Others:Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Sonnet18《十四行诗之18》押韵方式：ABAB,CDCD，EFEF，GGThe University wits: 大学才子a notable group of pioneer English dramatists who wrote during the last 15 years of the 16th century （the Elizabethan era) and who transformed popular drama with their plays of quality and diversity7 talented dramatists:Robert Greene John Lyly Thomas NasheThomas Lodge Thomas Kyd George PeeleFrancis Bacon 弗兰西斯培根（1561—1626）1、A great thinker: （New Instrument《新工具》)the necessity of abandoning a priori speculation in favor of observation and induction.2、The first important English essayist Essays《论说文集》3、The founder of experimental philosophy, the father of modern positivistic philosophy“现代科学的奠基人，英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”Works : Of Marriage and Single Life《论婚姻和单身》Of Studies《论读书》New Atlantis《新大西岛》Unit 4 The Seventeenth Century 1616—1688一、John Milton（1608—1674）约翰弥尔顿Epic poems:Paradise Lost（1667）《失乐园》Paradise Regained ( 1671）《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》(长诗）Works：Lycidas （1637)《利西达斯》Areopagitica(1644)《论出版自由》二、John Donne 约翰邓恩（1572-1631)玄学派诗人（metaphysical poets）Works : The Flea《跳蚤》Holy Sonnet 10《圣十四行诗之10》Conceit（奇喻): An elaborate and surprising figure of speech, comparing two very dissimilar things. Unit 5 The Eighteenth Century 1688-1780The Age of Classicism1。
英国文学归纳
Part I Date (1* 10 = 10 points)Historical Context1. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) [Poetry]450 Anglo-Saxon and Jutish Invasions from North-West Germany1066 Death of English King Edward (the Confessor); Election of Harold, Son of Godwin, as King. Norwegian forces defeated at Stamford Bridge (near York) NORMAN CONQUEST: Harold defeated by William of Normandy at Hastings2. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)1485 The Accession of Henry VII and the Start of the Tudor Dynasty3. The Renaissance (1485-1660) [Drama]1492 Columbus’s voyage to the America1611 Authorized version of Bible4. The 17th Century (1642-1649, 1660-1688)[Poetry, Drama]1642-1651 The English Civil War1660 Restoration1688 Glorious Revolution1689 The Bills of Rights1707 The Act of Union5. The 18th Century:The Age of Enlightenment/Reason [prose, novel]1714-1830 House of Hanover1760-1840 The Industrial Revolution1733 John Kay’s flying shuttle1765 James Watt stream engine6.The Romantic Period (1798-1832):Age of Revolution[Poetry]1789 The beginning of French Revolution/ publication of Wordsworth’s Lyric Ballad 1932 Walter Scott’s death/ Reform Bill7.The Victorian Period (1837-1901):Age of Paradox[Novel]1832-1848 The Chartist Movement1859 On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin1899-1902 The Boer War8.The Twentieth-Century (1900-1945)1917~ The House of Windsor1918 Boundary of literature1936 Edward VIII’s abdication1952~ Elizabeth II1979 Mrs. Thatcher became the first woman P.M.Important works1. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleCaedmon Caedmon’s hymnCynewulf The Fates of the Apostles The Dream of RoodBeowulf Pagan epic2.The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)1)Romance Cycles(new theme: courtly love)The mater of France : Chanson de RolandThe matter of Rome :The matter of Britain : Sir Gawain and the Green Knights2)Epic : Layamon’s Brut :first national epic in English3)Alliterative Revival :①William Langland Piers the Plowman②John Gower Confessio Amantis4)Ballad : Get up and Bar the Door5)Medieval Drama①Mystery Play②Miracle Play③Morality Play④Interlude6)Prose and Poetry①Sir Thomas Malory : Le Morte D’s Arthur②John Skeleton : The Bowge of Court Magnificence③Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales3. The Renaissance (1485-1660)Key Words: man as center; earthly achievement; individualism1)PoetrySir Thomas Wyatt & Henry Howard SonnetSir Philip Sidney ①Astrophel and Stella②Arcadia ③Defense of Poetry Edmund Spenser The Fairy Queen2)ProseSir Thomas More Utopia 1516Sir Francis Bacon Essay “Of Truth”“Of Studies”Richard Hooker The Law of Ecclesiastical PloiteSir Thomas Nashe The Unfortunate Traveler3)DramaChristopher Marlow ①Tamburlaine the Great ②Dr. Faustus ③The Jew ofMalta ④ Edward ⅡThomas Kyd The Spanish TragedyRobert Greene Frier Bacon and Frier BongayWilliam Shakespeare Halmet Sonnet 184.The 17th Century (1642-1649, 1660-1688) [Poetry and Drama]Key words: strong touch in politics and religion; classicism1)PoetryA. Metaphysical Poet:玄学派诗人①John Donne(the founder ) 1593 Songs ans Sonnets(Frankness and Realism) 1618 Holy Sonnets : Death Be Not ProudA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning②Andrew Marvell To His Coy MistressB. Cabalier Poets:骑士派also knows as the son of Ben(Ben Johnson)没有重要的诗人和作品John MiltonMasque: Comus(1634)Elegy: Lycidas(1637)Poerty : Paradise lost (1667)—a long epic in blank verse, taken from old testament Sonnet: On His Blindness(1655) On His Deceased Wife2)ProseJohn Bunyan: christian writer and preacher--The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Theme: Christian Sets Out for the Celestial City;*“Vanity Fair”is the best know section in the book3)DramaJacobean Drama: revenge tragedy: John Webster—The Duchess of MalfiCitizen comedy: Thomas Dekker—The Shoemaker’s HolidayDomestic tragedy: 没有加粗加红的Restoration Drama: heroic tragedy: John Dryden—All For LoveComedy of manners: George Etherege—the founder of the comedy of…John Ford: Jacobean and Caroline playwright and poet—Tis Pity She’s a WhoreBen Johnson:Comedy of Humors (癖性喜剧)Satirical Comedy(讽刺喜剧) : The Alchemist(1610) 《炼金术士》Volpone or the Fox (1605) 悲剧结尾City comedy(市民喜剧)Tragedy(悲剧)Masques(宫廷假面剧)Poetry: son of Ben1611 The Works of Benjamin Johnson 合集Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher: A Maid’s Tragedy (1611)5. The 18th Century:The Age of Enlightenment/Reason [prose, novel]Key words: neo-classicism, realism, sentimentalism, pre-romanticism1)Prose①Joseph Addison: The Spectator (periodical)18 critical essay on Paradise LostSir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes②Richard Steele: The Talta The Spectator③Dr. Samuel Johnson: The Dictionary of the English LanguageLives of English poets④Edward Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire⑤Edmund Burke:The Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublimeand the Beautiful2)PoetryNeo-classicism: Alexander Pope, Satire and Heroic Couple--The Rape of the Lock(1712-14)) Sentimanlism: ①James Thomas The Seasons(1726-1730)②Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard(Graveyard School)Pre-romantic ①William Blake: London; The Tiger; The Chimney Sweeper②Robert Burns: My Heart is in the Highlands; John Anderson, My Jo;A Red Red Rose; To a Mouse3)NovelDaniel Defoe (the father of modern novel, a satire poet) Robinson Crusoe (1719) Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travel A Modest ProposalSamuel Richardson: Pamela(Virtue Rewarded ); ClarissaHenry Fielding: The History of Tom Jones (1749)Laurence Stern: Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy(1767) sentimental novel 4)DramaTragedy: Pseudo-classic Tragedy 伪古典主义悲剧Sentimental comedy 感伤主义剧作Domestic comedy 家庭悲剧Comedy: Oliver Goldsmith: The Good-natur’d Man(1768); She Stops to Conquer(1773) Richard Sheridan: The School for Scandal (1777)The Rivals(1775); The Critical(1779)6. The Romantic Period (1798-1932):Age of Revolution[Poetry]●Change from agricultural to industrial , shift of power●Feature: freedom, individualism; children: pure, holy; everyday speech●Difference between neo-classicism and romanticismReason/ passion, imagination commercial/ natural industrial/ pastoralPresent/past society/individual stability order/freedom1)PoetLake poet①William WordsworthLyric Ballads (1798) with S.T. Coleridge The Prelude 序曲I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Tintern AbbeyShe Dwelt Among the Untrodden WaysThe Solitary Reaper 孤独的割麦女②Samuel Taylor Coleridge(philosophy & literary criticism)The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子吟Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗Biography literature (Prose)文学传记③Robert Southey: Life of Nelson(1813) 纳尔逊传Satanic School (Rebellious, revolutionary, romantic)①George Gordon Byron (Byronic hero)Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812-1818) 《恰尔德．哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan (1819-1824): epic satire《唐璜》She Walks in BeautyWhen We Two Parted②Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱(revolutionary, prophetic, optimistic)Lyric: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂To a Skylark 致云雀Prose:A Defense of Poetry 诗辩—poetry reformDrama: Prometheus Unbound (1819) —symbol of human fulfillmentElegy: Adonais (1821)《阿多尼斯》③John Keats: “Beauty id truth, truth is beauty”Ode on a Grecian Urn Ode to a Nightingale To Autumn Bright Star2)Novel①Walter Scott(founder of historian novel)Waverley(1814)威福利Ivanhoe(1819) 艾凡赫②Jane Austen (1775-1817): comedy of manners 风尚小说Northanger Abbey Pride and Prejudice③Mary Shelley (1797-1851)玛丽．雪莱: gothic traditionFrankenstein (creation, childbirth, responsibility)3)Prose① Charles Lamb: Dream Children: A ReveriePoor RelationsTales from Shakespeare4)Drama①poetic drama 诗剧Wordsworth: The BordersS.T. Coleridge Remorse② Melo Drama 情节剧7.The Victorian Period (1837-1901):Age of Paradox[Novel]Key words: 3 periods: 30-40 rapid economic development and severe social problems50-60 prosperity and relative stability70-1901 decline of the British Empire1)Prose: Silver of prose①Thomas Carlyle (The savage of Chelesea) Past and Present(1843)②Cardinal John Henry Newman (a religious thinker, the leader of Oxford Movement)③Walter Pater (critic) Studies in the History of Renaissance(1837）2)Poetry: stricter morality; severe tone; polish①Alfred Lord Tennyson (Poet Laureate; people’s poet; Lord of Language)Ulysses(dramatic monologue 戏剧独白)Break! Break! Break!(Lyrics)Crossing the Bar②Robert Browning(Forerunner of modernism; dramatic monologue)My Last DuchessThe Ring and the Book(1868-1869)(12 books)--an epic length poemHomme-Thoughts, from Abroad③Matthew Arnold: Dover Beach(1867)④Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Sonnets from the Portuguese(1850)--Robert Browning Wife⑤Thomas Hood: The song of the shirt The Bridge of Signs⑥The pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1848)3)Novel: Gold age of novel, represent a large and comprehensive social world①Early phase(1830-1850s): optimisticCharles Dickens: Oliver Twist(1838) 雾都孤儿Hard Times (1854)艰难时代Great Expectation (1860-61) 远大前程②Mid and High Victorian Phase(1870s): dichotomy and complexityGeorge Eliot: Adam Bede ; The Mill on the Floss(1860)Anthony Trollope: Barchester Tower(1857)George Meredith: The Egoist(1879)③ Later phase(late 1880s~): naturalismThomas Hardy(fatalism): Tess of the Urbervrlles(1891)Far from the Madding Crowd(1874)Jude the Obscure(1896)④ OthersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair(1847)名利场The History of Henry Esmond(1852)Henry James(American; international theme; the outsider sense): Daisy Miller(1879) Chrlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre(1847)Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton(1848); North and South(1855); Wives and Daughters(1866) Robert Louis Stevenson: The Treasure Island(1883);The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde4)Drama①Oscar Wilde(naturalism; spokesman of Asthetic Movement)The Picture of Dorian(1891) Lady Windermere’e Fan(1892)The Happy Prince and Other Tales(collection)The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) high comedy 高雅喜剧《认真的重要性》Salome (1893) (biblical tragedy) 《莎乐美》8.The Twentieth-Century (1900-1945)Key words: rejection of 19th and the consensus between author and reader1)Poetry: modern poetry to 1945, easy language with various forms①Thomas Hardy(links bewteen 19&20th) Wessex Poems 性格与环境小说The Dynasts(1904-08)群王，唯一的史诗剧The Oxen②Modernist poetry: Imagism 意象派William Bulter Yeats(Irish Renaissance leader-Celtic twilight):Easter 1916The Second Coming(1921)Sailing to ByzantiumThe Lake Isle of InnisfreeT.S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Wasteland(1922)荒原Four Quaetets 四个四重素Objective Correlative 客观时应构2)Drama: drama of ideas①The Theatre of ideasGeorge Bernard Shaw: Major Barbara芭芭拉上校Pygmalion 皮革马利文Saint Joan圣女贞德Widower’s House 1892Mrs. Warren’s Profession Man Superman②Irish Dramatic Revival/RenaissanceJohn Millington Synge: The Thinker’s Wedding in 1908Sean O’Casey: Juno and the Peacock (1924) The Plough and the Stars③The Theater of Entertainment &Poetic DramaW. Somerset Maugham: The Circle (1921)3)Novel: realism VS modernism①Realism:Arnold Bennett: The Old Wives’ Tale (1908)John Galsworthy: The Forsyte SagaH.G. Wells: The Time Machine (1895)②NaturalismSaki: The Unbearable Bassington (1912)③ModernismJoseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness The Nigger of the NarcissusLord Jim NostromoE.M. Forster(freedom,tolerance, individualism)A Passage to India (1924) (Except for the Marabar Caves)Howards EndAspects of the novel 小说面面观D. H. Lawrence(critic to society):Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love④Stream of ConsciousnessVirginia Woolf: Orlando(A Biography) A Room of One’s OwnMrs. Dalloway (An Excerpt) Three GuineasThe (second) Common ReaderJames Joyce: DublinersA Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManUlyssesFinnegan Wake⑤ Satirical FictionAldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932)—anti-UtopiaEvelyn Waugh: A Handful of DustBrideshead RevistedGeorge Owell (political satirist ): Animal FarmNineteen Eight-Four(1949)⑥Woman WritersKatherine Mansfield(modern short story writer): The Garden Party and other storiesBliss&Other StoriesJean Rhys: Wide Saegasso SeaPart III Definition (5 * 4 = 20 points)The Anglo-Saxon Period:Epic:An epic is a long narrative poem (there are 3182 lines in Beowulf) that operates on a grand scale and deals with the deeds of warriors and heroes. Epic poems also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folktales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance was a European phenomenon. It marked a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally it referred to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It had its origin in north Italy in the fourteenth century with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature, and spread northward to other European countries—to France, to Germany, to the Low countries, and lastly to England. It revived the study of Roman and Greek classics and marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution.Humanism:Humanism was a literary and philosophic system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the centre of its concerns. Originating in Italy during the Renaissance, it soon spread throughout most of Western Europe. Humanist thought was based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, an affirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy, and areinterpretation of the writings of Aristotle.The 17th Century:Classical UnitiesClassicism in the theatre was developed by 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theatre, including the “Classical unities” of time, place and action, found in the Poetics of Aristotle.Unity of time referred to the need for the entire action of the play to take place in a fictional 24-hour periodUnity of place meant that the action should unfold in a single locationUnity of action meant that the play should be constructed around a single 'plot-line', such as a tragic love affair or a conflict between honor and duty.The 18th Century:NeoclassicismAll forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writersThe artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.Literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.The Romantic Period:Romantic MovementAn attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of arts in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th centuryA rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationalityA reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in generalEmphasizing the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendentalRomantic OdeEvolved from the ancient Greek ode, written in a serous tone to celebrate an event or to praise an individual;Not intended to be sung, yet quite emotional;The author focuses on a scene, ponders its meaning, and presents a highly personal reaction to it that includes a special insight at the end of the poem.Historical NovelThe historical novel is a literary genre characterized by the attempt to fuse strong dramatic plot lines and credible human psychology, within a setting constituted from specific historical detail (typically based upon diligent research into actual events, locations, and characters, as well as cultural customs, costume, and speech).The Victorian Age:The Victorian CompromiseThe Victorian compromise” is one wa y of seeing this dilemma. It implies a kind of double standard between national success and the exploitation of lowerclass workers at home and of colonies overseas; a compromise between philanthropy and tolerance (the abolition of slavery, 1833; tolerance for Catholics, 1829) and repression (the punishment of the Tolpuddle Martyrs (托尔普德尔蒙难者), 1834; the conditions of the poor).Aestheticisma literary movement, Aestheticism blossomed during the 1880s, influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites （前拉斐尔派）, John Ruskin and Walter Pater in particular.Aestheticism advocated a sentimental archaism as ideal of beauty, declaring that art is superior to life, proclaiming the famous doctrine of “art for art’s sake”.Aesthetes argued that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic, or other purpose.Dramatic MonologueDramatic monologue: a poem written in the form of a speech of an individual character; it compresses into a single vivid scene a narrative sense of the speaker’s history and psychological insight into his character.The form is chiefly associated with Robert Browning, who raised it to a highly sophisticated level in such poems as “My Last Duchess”, but it is actually much older.The form is also common in folk ballads, a tradition that Robert Burns imitated with broad satiric effect.The 20th Century: 1900-1945:ModernismA general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature of the early 20th century, including symbolism, futurism, expressionism, imagism, along with innovations of unaffiliated writers.Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader: the conventions of realism, for instance, were abandoned by Franz Kafka. In fiction, the accepted continuity of chronological development was upset by Joseph Conrad, and William Faulkner, while James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters’ thoughts in their stream-of-consciousness styles.Stream of ConsciousnessStream of consciousness is a term widely used in discussions of the twentieth-century novel. It is usually used to refer to particular techniques of presentation which a number of Modernist novelists developed.The term refers to the continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind; or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue. For many modern novelists it became a central task to find a way of recording this kind of subjective “flow” in the language and form of the novel.Poems:The Renaissance:William Shakespeare: Sonnet 18The 17th CenturyJohn Donne: “Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud”John Milton: “Sonnet: On His Blindness”The 18th CenturyThomas Gray: “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”The Romantic Period:William Wordsworth: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”George Gordon, Lord Byron: “She Walks in Beauty”Percy Bysshe Shelley: “Ode to the West Wind”John Keats: “Ode on a Grecian Urn”The Victorian Age:Alfred, Lord Tennyson: “Break, Break, Break”Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess”Matthew Arnold: “Dover Beach”Twentieth-Century Literature: 1900-1945:Thomas Hardy: “The Oxen”。
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英国的文学复习资料1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟12、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4 Popular Ballads 大众民谣 a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔2、The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期的文学(14世纪到16世纪中期) （Greek and Roman）戏剧drama 诗章canto总述：The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences. English literature developed with a great speed in Elizabethan period. The most distinctive achievement is the drama.the lyrical poetry(抒情诗)also develops and is remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feelings.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
戏剧发展最为明显，抒情诗也发展较快以其多样，新鲜和浪漫的感情著称。
(文艺复兴，斯宾塞诗体，夸饰文体p104)1、key work: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement代表作家诗歌poem1) Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter2) sir Philip Sidney 菲利普锡德尼爵士1554-1586英格兰诗人《Astrophel and stella 》爱星者与星《apology for poetry》诗辩3) Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞《The Fairy Queen》仙后(epic poem 史诗) 《the Shephearde's calendar》牧羊人日历散文prose1) Thomas More 托马斯莫尔1478 -1535 《utopia》乌托邦：ideal society2) Francis Bacon 佛朗西斯培根，1561-1626英国散文经典《essays》随笔3) John Lyly 约翰黎里英国1553-1606 《eupheus》尤弗伊斯euphuism 夸饰文体戏剧drama1) Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
He was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the "university wits"大学才子，he first made blank verse the principle instrument of english drama.his works paved the way for the plays of the greatest english dramatist :Shakespeare2）William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚1564-1616莎士比亚是英国文学史上最具影响力的作家，也是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家，他将英国戏剧创作推向顶峰，他主张戏剧不受三一律：the three unities束缚，他的十四行诗代表着伊丽莎白时期诗歌创作的最高成就，围绕友情和爱情两个方面，采用抑扬格五音部lambic pentameter.在他22年创作生涯中，共有37戏剧，154 十四行诗和两首长诗。
Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)》仲夏夜之梦《as you like it》皆大欢喜《merchant of Venice》威尼斯商人《the twelfth n ight》第十二夜3) ben Johnson 本琼森1572-1637 《Volpone》狐狸3 the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
玄学metaphysical和骑士派cavalier poets代表人物：诗人1)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿a great poet 诗人（poem 诗歌blank verse 无韵诗stylist 文体作家）《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护Paradise Regained》复乐园《samson agonistes》力士叁孙、2)、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的创始人物sonnet 十四行诗《Death be not proud》死亡你别骄傲《a valediction:forbidding mourning》分别：莫忧伤3）George Herbert 乔治赫伯特1593-1633of god它被称为玄学派圣人，最虔诚的英国国教牧师，认为诗人应该歌颂神的荣耀《the altar》祭坛《easter wings》复活节的翅膀散文家1）John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”the Bible,his language is easy to read ,colloquial ,and concise.the form of his writing is allegorical,realistic and true to life班扬是清教徒时期地位最高的散文家，文风仿照圣经，简单生动，语言口语化，简洁易懂，写作采用寓言的形式，忠于生活《the Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream” 主旨：every Christian has to take in his inner heart a journey in order to be saved.4 The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动1特点、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. 启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。